Chapter V: ART, ARCHITECTURE, ETC.--Artists' Homes. No. 7. Sir Frederick (3)

At the meeting of the Association of Nurserymen in Chicago, last July, one of our prominent horticulturists described leaf variegation as a disease. Incidentally this brought up the question: Does the graft affect the stock upon which it is inserted?

Much confusion of ideas exists upon this subject, largely due to a loose application of the term disease. Strictly speaking, this term is only applicable to that which shows the health of the plant to be impaired. It should be distinguished from aberrant or abnormal forms, for these are not necessarily indicative of disease. Nobody thinks of saying that red or striped roses are diseased because they are departures in color from the white flower of the type species; or that white, yellow, or striped roses are diseased when the color of the type species is red. Nobody thinks of saying that double flowers are evidences of disease in the plant, or that diminution in the size of leaves or variation in their form is a disease. Why then should it be said that because leaves may become of some other color than green, or become party-colored, therefore they are diseased? If it be said that flowers are not leaves, and that therefore the analogy is not a good one, the reply is, that flowers in all their parts, and fruits also, are only leaves differently developed from the type. This fact is a proven one, and so admitted to be by all botanists and vegetable physiologists of the present day. If it be objected that by becoming double, flowers lose the power of reproducing the variety or species, the answer is, that this loss of power is not necessarily the result of disease, but may arise from various other causes. Because an animal is castrated, it surely will not be claimed that therefore it is diseased. In man and in the higher animals the power of reproduction ceases at certain ages, but it cannot therefore be said that such men or animals are diseased. Neither is a redundancy of parts an unequivocal evidence of disease.

Topknot fowls and ducks are as healthy as those which do not have such appendages, and a Shetland pony is as healthy as a Percheron horse, notwithstanding the difference in their size and weight. Again, color in block or in variegation is not positive evidence of disease in animal life. The white Caucasian is as healthy as the negro, the copper-colored Malay as the red Indian. The horse, ox, and hog run through white and red to black both in solid and party-color, and all are equally healthy; so with the rabbit, dog, cat, and others of our domestic animals. In wild animals, birds, reptiles, fishes, and insects, it is the same, so that mere difference in color or combinations of color are not _prima facie_ evidence of disease.

But some will say this may be true of animal life, but not of plant life. That there is a strong and evident analogy, the one with the other, is now universally admitted by physiologists. Formerly many physiologists considered leaf variegation a disease, because it generally ran in stripes lengthwise of the leaf or in spots. In the former case it was supposed to originate from disease in the leaf cells of the leaf stalk, which, as the cells grow longitudinally, naturally prolonged it to the end of the leaf. But the originating of varieties in which the variegation did not assume this form, with other considerations, has done much to upset this theory. In the variegated leaved snowberry we have the center and border of the leaf green, separated the one from the other by an isolated white or yellow zone. In the zebra-leaved eulalia and the zebra-leaved juncus, from Japan, we have the variegation of the leaf transversely instead of longitudinally, so that according to the old theory we have the anomaly of a healthy portion of the leaf producing an unhealthy portion, and that again a healthy one, and thus alternately along the whole length of the leaf.

When we dissect a leaf in its primal development, we find that its cells contain colorless globules, by botanists called chlorophyl or phyto-color; these undergo changes according as they are acted upon by light, oxygen, or other agents, producing green, yellow, red, and other tints. This chlorophyl only exists in the outer or superficial cells of the parenchyma or cellular tissue of the leaf, and thus differs from starch and other substances produced in the internal cells, from which the light is more or less excluded. It is a fatty or wax-like substance, readily dissolved in alcohol or ether. The primal color of all leaves and flowers is white or a pale yellowish hue, as can readily be seen by cutting open a leaf or flower bud. The seed leaves of the French bean are white when they come out of the earth, but they become green an hour afterward under the influence of bright sunshine. A case is on record where in a certain section, some miles in extent, in this country, about the time of the trees coming into leaf, the sun did not shine for twenty days; the leaves developed to nearly their full size, but were of a pale or whitish color; finally, one forenoon the sun shone out fully, and by the middle of the afternoon the trees were in full summer dress. These facts show that the green color of leaves is due to the action of light. Variegation is sometimes produced independently of the chlorophyl, as in _Begonia argyrostigma_ and _Carduus marianus_, in which it is produced by a layer of air interposed between the epidermis or outer skin of the leaf and the cells beneath; this gives the leaf a bright, silvery appearance.

To what, then, are we to ascribe leaf variegation? I think that it is entirely due to diminished root power; by this I do not mean that the roots are diseased, but that they are either in an aberrant or abnormal state; but disease cannot be predicated upon either of these states. To explain: everybody knows _Spirea callosa_ to be a strong growing shrub, having umbels of rosy-colored flowers and strong, stout roots; the white flowered variety is quite dwarf, is more leafy and bushy than the species, and has more fibrous and delicate roots than the type; the crisp-leaved variety is still more dwarf, very bushy, and very leafy, and has very fine threadlike roots. This would indicate that the aberrance is in the roots; the two varieties are much more leafy in proportion to their size than the species, so that if the leaves controlled the roots, the latter should have been larger in proportion than those of the species. Again, once when, in the autumn, I was preparing my greenhouse plants for their winter quarters, I cut back a "Lady Plymouth" geranium, which chanced to be set away in a cool and somewhat damp cellar. When discovered the following February and started into growth in the greenhouse it produced nothing but solid green leaves, and never afterward produced a variegated leaf. This I attributed to its having gained greater root power during its long season of rest. By this I mean that the roots had grown and greatly increased in size, although there had not been any leaf growth. That roots under certain circumstances do so is well known. The roots of fir trees have been found alive and growing forty five years after the trunks were felled. The same has occurred in an ash tree after its trunk had been sawn off level with the ground. A root of _Ipomea sellowii_ has been known to keep on growing for twelve years after its top had been destroyed by frost; and in all that time it never made buds or leaves, yet it increased to seven times its original weight. The tuberous roots of some of the _Tropoeolums_ will continue to grow and increase in size after the tops have been accidentally broken off; and potatoes buried so deep in the earth that they cannot produce tops will produce a crop of new potatoes.

On the other hand, I have had an oak-leaved geranium overlooked in a corner of the greenhouse until it was almost dried up for lack of water. When its branches were pruned back and it was started into growth only one branch showed the almost black center of the leaf, all the rest were clear green. This was an evident case of diminished root power, but the plant grew as thriftily as ever. The lack of the dark marking in the leaves was equivalent to the variegation in other varieties, only in a reverse direction.

In practice, when gardeners wish to produce an abnormal condition in a tree or plant, they will, if they wish to dwarf it, graft it on a species or variety of diminished root power, and contrariwise, if they wish to increase its growth, will graft it upon a stock of strong root power. But in neither case can the graft be said to be diseased by the action of the roots of the stock.

When this root power is so far diminished as to produce complete albinism, the shoots from such roots appear to partake of this diminished power, and to lose the power of making roots, and thus become very difficult to propagate. It is sometimes said that albino cuttings cannot be rooted at all, but this is a mistake, for I have succeeded in striking such cuttings from the variegated leaved _Hydrangea_. It required much care to do it; they did not, however, retain their albino character after they rooted and started into growth.

Albinism and white variegation in leaves appear to be due to the chlorophyl in such leaves being able to resist the action of the three (red, yellow, and blue) rays of light. What we call color in any substance or thing is due to its reflecting these different rays in various proportions of combination and absorbing the rest of them, the various proportions giving the various shades of color. White is due to the reflection of all of them, and black to the absorption of them. In some plants with variegated foliage we have the curious fact that the cells containing chlorophyl reflecting one color produce cells which reflect an entirely different color. In the coleus "Lady Burrill," for instance, the lower half of the leaf is of a deep violet-crimson color, and the upper half is golden yellow. In other varieties of coleus, in _Perilla nankiensis_, and other plants, we have foliage without a particle of green in it, and yet they are perfectly healthy. This shows that green leaves are not absolutely necessary to the health of a plant.

As a proof of leaf variegation being a disease, the speaker alluded to cited a case in which a green leaved abutilon, upon which a variegated leaved variety had been grafted, threw out a variegated leaved shoot below the graft. This can easily be explained. The growth of the trunk or stem of all exogenous plants, or those which increase in size on the outside of the stem, is brought about by the descent of certain formative tissue called cambium, elaborated by the leaves and descending between the old wood and the bark, where it is formed into alburnum or woody matter. Some think that it is also formed by the roots and ascends from them as well as descending from the leaves. Be this as it may, there is no doubt about its descent. In such comparatively soft-wooded, free growing plants as the abutilon the descent of the cambium is very free and in considerable quantity, so that the stock would soon be inclosed in a layer of it descending from the graft. When being converted into woody matter it also forms adventitious buds which under certain favorable circumstances will emit shoots of the same character as the graft from which it was derived. The graft is such cases may be said to inclose the stock in a tube of its own substance, leaving the stock unaffected otherwise. The variegated shoot in this case was in reality derived from the downward growth of the graft and not from the original stock, which was not therefore contaminated by the graft. In cases where the stock is of much slower growth than the graft, or the graft is inserted upon a stock of some other species, the descending cambium does not inclose the stock, but makes layers of wood on the stem of the graft, which thus, as is frequently seen, overgrows the stock, sometimes to such an extent as to make it unsightly. Nobody ever saw an apple shoot from a crab stock, a pear from a quince stock, or a peach shoot from a plum stock. This is one of the arguments in favor of the view that cambium also rises from the roots.

Again, to show that the stock is not affected by the graft, or the graft by the stock, except as to root power, let any person graft a white beet upon a red beet, or contrariwise, when about the size of a goosequill, and when they have attained their full growth, by dividing the beet lengthwise he will find the line of demarkation between the colors perfectly distinct, neither of them running into the other.

The theory that leaf variegation is a disease has been held by many distinguished botanists and is in nowise new. But this theory has been controverted, and we think successfully, by other botanists, and it is not now accepted by the more advanced vegetable physiologists. There are now so many acute and industrious students and observers in every department of science, and the accumulation of facts is so rapid and so great, that very many of the older theories are being set aside as not in accord with the newly discovered facts. A student brought up in institutions where the old theories are inculcated has afterward to spend half his time in unlearning what he had been previously taught, and the other half in studying the new facts brought to his notice and testing the theories promulgated by men of science. Botanical science does not wholly consist in the classification and nomenclature of plants, but largely consists in a knowledge of vegetable anatomy and physiology, and these require much study and some knowledge of other sciences, such as chemistry, meteorology, geology, etc. Without such general knowledge it is difficult to form a harmonious theory in regard to any of the phenomena of plant life.

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VANILLA, CINNAMON, COCOANUT.

The following interesting facts concerning the cultivation of the above products in the island of Ceylon, were given in Mr. H. B. Brady's recent address before the British Pharmaceutical Conference at Swansea:

The vanilla plant is trained on poles placed about twelve or eighteen inches apart--one planter has a line of plants about three miles in length. Like the cardamom, it yields fruit after three years, and then continues producing its pods for an indefinite period.

The cinnamon (_Cinnamomum zeylanicum_) is, as its name indicates, a native of Ceylon. It is cultivated on a light sandy soil about three miles from the sea, on the southwest coast of the island, from Negumbo to Matura. In its cultivated state it becomes really productive after the sixth year, and continues from forty to sixty years. The superintendent of the largest estate in this neighborhood stated that there were not less than fifteen varieties of cinnamon, sufficiently distinct in flavor to be easily recognized. The production of the best so injures the plants that it does not pay to cut this at any price under 4s. 6d. to 5s. per lb. The estate alluded to above yields from 30,000 to 40,000 lb. per annum; a uniform rate of 4½ d. per lb. of finished bark is paid for the labor. Cinnamon oil is produced from this bark by distillation; the mode is very primitive and wasteful. About 40 lb. of bark, previously macerated in water, form one charge for the still, which is heated over a fire made of the spent bark of a previous distillation. Each charge of bark yields about three ounces of oil, and two charges are worked daily in each still.

The cultivation of the cocoanut tree and the production of the valuable cocoanut oil are two important Cingalese occupations. These trees, it appears, do not grow with any luxuriance at a distance from human dwellings, a fact which may perhaps be accounted for by the benefit they derive from the smoke inseparable from the fires in human habitations. The cultivation of cocoanuts would seem to be decidedly profitable, as some 4,000 nuts per year are yielded by each acre, the selling price being £3 per thousand, while the cost of cultivation is about £2 per acre. In extracting the oil, the white pulp is removed and dried, roughly powdered, and pressed in similar machinery to the linseed oil crushing mills of this country. The dried pulp yields about 63 per cent by weight of limpid, colorless oil, which in our climate forms the white mass so well known in pharmacy.

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LEARNING TO TIE KNOTS.

A correspondent suggests that it would be a handy accomplishment for schoolboys to be proficient in the handling, splicing, hitching, and knotting of ropes. He suggests the propriety of having the art taught in our public schools. A common jackknife and a few pieces of clothes line are the main appliances needed to impart the instruction with. He concludes it would not only be of use in ordinary daily life, but especially to those who handle merchandise and machinery. Any one, he adds, who has noticed the clumsy haphazard manner in which boxes and goods are tied for hoisting or for loading upon trucks, will appreciate the advantage of practical instruction in this direction. Probably a good plan, he further suggests, would be to have one schoolboy taught first by the master, and then let the pupil teach the other boys. Our correspondent thinks most boys would consider it a nice pastime to practice during recess and at the dinner hour, so that no time would be taken from study or recitation time.

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DECISIONS RELATING TO PATENTS.

Supreme Court of the United States

PEARCE _vs._ MULFORD _et al._

Appeal from the Circuit Court of the United States for the Southern District of New York.

1. Reissued patent No. 5,774 to Shubael Cottle, February 24, 1874, for improvement in chains for necklaces, declared void, the first claim, if not for want of novelty, for want of patentability, and the second for want of novelty.

2. Neither the tubing, nor the open spiral link formed of tubing, nor the process of making either the open or the closed link, nor the junction of closed and open spiral links in a chain, was invented by the patentee.

3. All improvement is not invention and entitled to protection as such. Thus to entitle it it must be the product of some exercise of the inventive faculties, and it must involve something more than what is obvious to persons skilled in the art to which it relates.

The decree of the circuit court is therefore reversed, and it is ordered that the bill be dismissed.

BY THE COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS.

DICKSON vs. KINSMAN.--INTERFERENCE.--TELEPHONE.

The subject matter of the interference is defined in the preliminary declaration thereof as follows:

The combination in one instrument of a transmitting telephone and a receiving telephone, so arranged that when the mouthpiece of the speaking or transmitting telephone is applied to the mouth of a person, the orifice of the receiving telephone will be applied to his ear.

1. While it is true that the unsupported allegations of an inventor, that he conceived an invention at a certain date, are not sufficient to establish such fact, the testimony of a party that he constructed and used a device at a certain time is admissible.

2. Abandonment is an ill-favored finding, which cannot be presumed, but must be conclusively proven.

The decision of the Board of Examiners-in-Chief is reversed, and priority awarded to Dickson.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF ARCTIC WINTER.

Lieutenant Schwatka, whose recent return from a successful expedition in search of the remains of Sir John Fanklin's ill-fated company, combats the prevalent opinion that the Arctic winter, especially in the higher latitudes, is a period of dreary darkness.

In latitude 83° 20' 20" N., the highest point ever reached by man, there are four hours and forty-two minutes of twilight on December 22, the shortest day in the year, in the northern hemisphere. In latitude 82° 27' N., the highest point where white men have wintered, there are six hours and two minutes in the shortest day; and latitude 84° 32' N., 172 geographical miles nearer the North Pole than Markham reached, and 328 geographical miles from that point, must yet be attained before the true Plutonic zone, or that one in which there is no twilight whatsoever, even upon the shortest day of the year, can be said to have been entered by man. Of course, about the beginning and ending of this twilight, it is very feeble and easily extinguished by even the slightest mists, but nevertheless it exists, and is quite appreciable on clear cold days, or nights, properly speaking. The North Pole itself is only shrouded in perfect blackness from November 13 to January 29, a period of seventy-seven days. Supposing that the sun has set (supposing a circumpolar sea or body of water unlimited to vision) on September 24, not to rise until March 18, for that particular point, giving a period of about fifty days of uniformly varying twilight, the pole has about 188 days of continuous daylight, 100 days of varying twilight, and 77 of perfect inky darkness (save when the moon has a northern declination) in the period of a typical year. During the period of a little over four days, the sun shines continuously on both the North and South Poles at the same time, owing to refraction parallax, semi-diameter, and dip of the horizon.

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THE COLLINS LINE OF STEAMERS.

The breaking up of the Baltic, the last of the famous Collins line of steamships, calls out a number of interesting facts with regard to the history of the several vessels of that fleet. There were five in all, the Adriatic, Atlantic, Pacific, Arctic, and Baltic. They were built and equipped in New York. Their dimensions were: Length, 290 feet; beam, 45 feet; depth of hold, 31½ feet; capacity, 2,860 tons; machinery, 1,000 horse power. In size, speed, and appointments they surpassed any steamers then afloat, and they obtained a fair share of the passenger traffic. A fortune was expended in decorating the saloons. The entire cost of each steamer was not less than $600,000, and notwithstanding their quick passages, the subsidy received, and the high rates of freight paid, the steamers ran for six years at great loss, and finally the company became bankrupt.

The Atlantic was the pioneer steamship of the line. She sailed from New York April 27, 1849, and arrived in the Mersey May 10, thus making the passage in about thirteen days, two of which were lost in repairing the machinery; the speed was reduced in order to prevent the floats from being torn from the paddle-wheels. The average time of the forty-two westward trips in the early days of the line was 11 days 10 hours and 26 minutes, against the average of the then so called fastest line of steamers, 12 days 19 hours and 26 minutes. In February, 1852, the Arctic made the passage from New York to Liverpool in 9 days and 17 hours.

The Arctic was afterward run into by a French vessel at sea and only a few of her passengers were saved. The Pacific was never heard from after sailing from Liverpool, and all the persons on board were lost. The Atlantic, after rotting and rusting at her wharf, was deprived of her machinery and converted into a sailing vessel, and was broken up in New York last year. The Adriatic, the "queen of the fleet," made less than a half dozen voyages, was sold to the Galway Company, and is now used in the Western Islands as a coal hulk by an English company.

The Baltic was in the government service during the war as a supply vessel, and was afterward sold at auction; her machinery was removed and sold as old iron. She was then converted into a sailing ship, and of late years has been used as a grain carrying vessel between San Francisco and Great Britain. On a recent voyage to Boston she was strained to such an extent as to be made unseaworthy, and for that reason is to be broken up.

One cannot but remark in this connection how small has been the advance in steamship building during the quarter century since the Collins line was in its glory.

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CHINESE WOMEN'S FEET.

An American missionary, Miss Norwood, of Swatow, recently described in a _Times_ paragraph how the size of the foot is reduced in Chinese women. The binding of the feet is not begun till the child has learnt to walk. The bandages are specially manufactured, and are about two inches wide and two yards long for the first year, five yards long for subsequent years. The end of the strip is laid on the inside of the foot at the instep, then carried over the toes, under the foot, and round the heel, the toes being thus drawn toward and over the sole, while a bulge is produced on the instep, and a deep indentation in the sole. Successive layers of bandages are used till the strip is all used, and the end is then sewn tightly down. The foot is so squeezed upward that, in walking, only the ball of the great toe touches the ground. After a month the foot is put in hot water to soak some time; then the bandage is carefully unwound, much dead cuticle coming off with it. Frequently, too, one or two toes may even drop off, in which case the woman feels afterward repaid by having smaller and more delicate feet. Each time the bandage is taken off, the foot is kneaded to make the joints more flexible, and is then bound up again as quickly as possible with a fresh bandage, which is drawn up more tightly. During the first year the pain is so intense that the sufferer can do nothing, and for about two years the foot aches continually, and is the seat of a pain which is like the pricking of sharp needles. With continued rigorous binding the foot in two years becomes dead and ceases to ache, and the whole leg, from the knee downward, becomes shrunk, so as to be little more than skin and bone. When once formed, the "golden lily," as the Chinese lady calls her delicate little foot, can never recover its original shape. Our illustrations show the foot both bandaged and unbandaged, and are from photographs kindly forwarded by Mr. J. W. Bennington, R.N., who writes: "It is an error to suppose, as many do, that it is only the Upper Ten among the daughters of China that indulge in the luxury of 'golden lilies,' as it is extremely common among every class, even to the very poorest--notably the poor sewing women one sees in every Chinese city and town, who can barely manage to hobble from house to house seeking work. The pain endured while under the operation is so severe and continuous that the poor girls never sleep for long periods without the aid of strong narcotics, and then only but fitfully; and it is from this constant suffering that the peculiar sullen or stolid look so often seen on the woman's face is derived. The origin of this custom is involved in mystery to the Westerns. Some say that the strong-minded among the ladies wanted to interfere in politics, and that there is a general liking for visiting, chattering, and gossip (and China women _can_ chatter and gossip), both and all of which inclinations their lords desired, and desire, to stop by crippling them."

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To the alteration and metamorphism of rocks by the infiltration of rain and other meteoric waters, M. De Koninck, of the Belgian Academy of Sciences, assigns the cause of many hitherto unexplained phenomena in geology.

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CORRESPONDENCE

ICE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.

_To the Editor of the Scientific American:_

Your issues of October 23 and 30 contain some remarkable articles under the heading of "Ice at High Temperatures."

Prof. Carnelley says; "In order to convert a solid into a liquid, the _pressure_ must be above a certain point, otherwise no amount of heat will melt the substance," as it passes at once from the sold state into the state of gas, subliming away without previous melting. And, "having come to this conclusion, it was easily foreseen that it would be possible to have solid ice at temperatures far above the ordinary melting point."

The first conclusion of the professor is correct, but not new. The second conclusion is new, but very doubtful as to its correctness, and certainly does not follow as a sequence from his premise.

If we try to heat ice in a vacuum, we cannot apply any heat to the ice direct, but only to the vessel containing the ice. The vessel may be much heated; but whether it will convey heat to the ice quick enough to heat it over 32°, and whether at all it can be heated over 32°, this is a question of a different nature. Before crediting such a conclusion we must know more of the details of the experiments which the professor made in order to verify its correctness. When saying that "on one occasion a small quantity of water was frozen in a glass vessel which was so hot that it could not be touched by the hand without burning it," he evidently assumes that if the vessel is hot, the ice inside must be equally so; but this assumption is erroneous. Faraday has made water to freeze in a red hot platina pot; the ice thus formed was not red hot like the platina, but was below the freezing point. Just so with Professor Carnelley's glass vessel: the vessel was hot, but the ice inside no doubt was "ice cold." If the professor would surround a thermometer bulb with ice and then make the mercury rise above the freezing point, we would believe in "hot ice;" not before. Until he does, we prefer to believe that the heat conveyed through the vessel to the ice is all absorbed in vaporizing the ice, and not in raising its temperature above 32°.

Professor Carnelley's further statement, apparently proving his theory, that the ice at once liquefies as soon as pressure is admitted (say by admitting air), is readily accounted for by the phenomena connected with the "Leydenfrost Drop." Water in a red hot vessel will vaporize off much slower than in a vessel heated a little above the boiling point, from the reason that in the red hot vessel no _real contact_ takes place between the vessel and the water. At the place where the two ought to touch, steam is formed quicker than it can escape, which steam prevents the contact between vessel and water; therefore, as no real contact takes place, the heat from the vessel can pass into the water but slowly, viz., in the proportion as it works itself through the layer of steam, which in itself is a bad conductor. Just so in Prof. Carnelley's experiment: The heated glass vessel will convey heat to the ice only at those points where it touches the ice; at those points at once a formation of vapor takes place, which prevents an intimate contact between the glass and the ice, so that they do not really touch each other, consequently the heat can pass into the ice but slowly, having to work its way through the thin layer of rarefied vapor between the two. As soon as pressure is admitted by admitting atmospheric air, vapors can no longer form; an intimate contact will take place between the glass and the ice, and consequently the heat be conveyed over quick enough to make the ice melt away rapidly.

The professor's experiments, therefore, so far as published, do not prove anything to justify his strange conclusion. It is perfectly true that in a vacuum of less than 4.6 mm. mercury pressure, no amount of heat will melt ice, all heat that can be conveyed to the ice being absorbed by vaporization. But before crediting the professor's further conclusion, that ice can be heated much above the freezing point, he must actually produce "hot ice," not only a hot vessel containing ice. N. J.

Brooklyn, N. Y., October 25, 1880.

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SCHOOLS OF INVENTION.

The school of invention has not yet been established, but its germ is growing in the mechanical schools. This school, according to Hon. W. H. Ruffner, in _Va. Ed. Journal_, will educate men, and women too, for the special career of inventing new things. Why not? We already have something closely analogous in schools of design, where the pupil is trained to invent new forms or patterns, chiefly of an artistic or decorative character. The same idea will be applied to the invention of machinery, or improvements in machinery, or the adaptation of machinery to the accomplishment of special ends. Inventions usually spring from individuals striving to lighten their own labor, or from some idea entering the brain of a genius. But we shall have professional inventors who will be called on to contrive original devices, and his success will depend on the sound and practical character of his prescriptions.

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PROPOSED EXHIBITION OF BATHING APPLIANCES.

The Board of Health of this city has recently been notified that a Balneological Exhibition, to illustrate the various systems of bathing, bath appliances, and kindred matters, is to be held in Frankfort-On-Main, Germany, next summer. The exhibition will last from May to September, 1881.

H. H. Heinrich, No. 41 Maiden Lane, New York, Inventor Patentee, and Sole Manufacturer of the Self-Adjusting Chronometer Balance, which is not affected by "extremes of high and low temperatures, as fully demonstrated by a six months' test at the Naval Observatory at Washington, D. C., showing results in temperatures from 134° down to 18°, of 5-10 of a second only, unparalleled in the history of horology and certified to by Theo F. Kone. Esq., Commander U. S. N. in charge of the Observatory. Mr. Heinrich is a practical working mechanic and adjuster of marine and pocket chronometers to positions and temperatures, and is now prepared to apply his new balance wheel to any fine timekeeping instrument, either for public or private use, he also repairs marine and pocket chronometers, as well as all kinds of complicated watches, broken or lost parts made new and adjusted. Mr. Heinrich was connected for many years with the principal manufacturers of England, Geneva and Locle, Switzerland, and for the last fifteen years in the United States, and very recently with Messrs. Tiffany & Co., of Union Square, New York. Shipowners, captains naval and army officers, railroad and telegraph officials, physicians and horsemen, and all others wanting true time, should send to him. Fine watches of the principal manufacturers, for whom he is their agent, constantly on hand. His office is connected by electric wires with the Naval Observatory's astronomical clock, through the Western Union Telegraph, thus giving him daily New York's mean time. Many years ago the British Government made an offer of £6,000 for a chronometer for her navy, keeping better time than the ones in use, but no European horologist ever discovered the sequel which Mr. Heinrich has now worked out to perfection, overcoming the extremes, as stated above. With him is connected Mr. John P. Krugler for thirty years connected with the trade as salesman.--Adv.

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Toope's Felt and Asbestos Covering for Steam Pipes and other surfaces, illustrated on page 357, present volume, received a Medal of Excellence at the late American Institute Fair. See advertisement on another page.

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50,000 Sawyers wanted. Your full address for Emerson's Hand Book of Saws (free). Over 100 illustrations and pages of valuable information. How to straighten saws, etc. Emerson, Smith & Co., Beaver Falls, Fa.

Interesting to Manufacturers and Others.--The worldwide reputation of Asbestos Liquid Paints, Roofing, Roof Paints, Steam Pipe, Boiler Coverings, etc., has induced unscrupulous persons to sell and apply worthless articles, representing them as being made of Asbestos. The use of Asbestos in these and other materials for structural and mechanical purposes is patented, and the genuine are manufactured only by the H.W. Johns M'f'g Co., 87 Maiden Lane, New York.

Three requisites--pens, pins, and needles. The two latter you can get of any make, but when you want a good pen get one of Esterbrook's.

For Heavy Punches, etc., see illustrated advertisement of Hilles & Jones, on page 380.

Frank's Wood Working Mach'y. See illus. adv., p. 382.

Painters' list of 65 good recipes. J. J. Callow, Clevel'd, O.

Improved Speed Indicator. Accurate, reliable, and of a convenient size. Sent by mail on receipt of $1.50. E. H. Gilman, 21 Doane St., Boston, Mass.

Astronomical Telescopes, first quality & low prices, Eye Pieces, Micrometers, etc. W. T. Gregg, 75 Fulton St., N. Y.

Engines. Geo. F. Shedd, Waltham, Mass.

The Mackinnon Pen or Fluid Pencil. The commercial pen of the age. The only successful reservoir pen in the market. The only pen in the world with a diamond circle around the point. The only reservoir pen supplied with a gravitating valve: others substitute a spring, which soon gets out of order. The only pen accompanied by a written guarantee from the manufacturers. The only pen that will stand the test of time. A history of the Mackinnon Pen, its uses, prices, etc., free. Mackinnon Pen Co. 200 Broadway, New York.

Among the numerous Mowing Machines now in use, none ranks so high as the Eureka. It does perfect work and gives universal satisfaction. Farmers in want of a mowing machine will consult their best interests by sending for illustrated circular, to Eureka Mower Company, Towanda, Pa.

Peck's Patent Drop Press. See adv., page 333.

The Inventors Institute, Cooper Union Building, New York. Sales of patent rights negotiated and inventions exhibited for subscribers. Send for circular.

Fragrant Vanity Fair Tobacco and Cigarettes. 7 First Prize Medals--Vienna, 1873: Philadelphia. 1876; Paris, 1878: Sydney, 1879--awarded Wm. S. Kimball & Co., Rochester, N. Y.

Superior Malleable Castings at moderate rates of Richard P. Pim, Wilmington, Del.

Wood Working Machinery of Improved Design and Workmanship. Cordesman, Egan & Co., Cincinnati, O.

The E. Stebbins Manuf'g Co. (Brightwood, P. O.), Springfield, Mass., are prepared to furnish all kinds of Brass and Composition Castings at short notice; also Babbitt Metal. The quality of the work is what has given this foundry its high reputation. All work guaranteed.

The "1880" Lace Cutter by mail for 50 cts.; discount to the trade. Sterling Elliott, 262 Dover St., Boston, Mass.

The Tools, Fixtures, and Patterns of the Taunton Foundry and Machine Company for sale, by the George Place Machinery Agency, 121 Chambers St., New York.

Improved Rock Drills and Air Compressors, Illustrated catalogues and information gladly furnished. Address Ingersoll Rock Drill Co., 1½ Park Place. N. Y.

Mineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by Pa Diamond Drill Co. Box 423. Pottsville, Pa. See p. 349.

Experts in Patent Causes and Mechanical Counsel. Park Benjamin & Bro., 50 Astor House, New York.

Corrugated Wrought Iron for Tires on Traction Engines, etc. Sole mfrs. H. Lloyd, Son & Co., Pittsb'g, Pa.

Malleable and Gray Iron Castings, all descriptions, by Erie Malleable Iron Company, limited, Erie, Pa.

Power, Foot, and Hand Presses for Metal Workers. Lowest prices. Peerless Punch & Shear Co. 52 Dey St., N. Y.

Recipes and Information on all Industrial Processes. Park Benjamin's Expert Office, 50 Astor House, N. Y.

For the best Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery, address H. A. Crossley, Cleveland, Ohio.

National Steel Tube Cleaner for boiler tubes. Adjustable, durable. Chalmers-Spence Co., 40 John St., N. Y. For Mill Mach'y & Mill Furnishing, see illus. adv. p. 349.

The Brown Automatic Cut-off Engine; unexcelled for workmanship, economy, and durability. Write for information. C. H. Brown & Co., Fitchburg, Mass.

Gun Powder Pile Drivers, Thos. Shaw, 915 Ridge Avenue, Philadelphia, Pa.

For Separators, Farm & Vertical Engines, see adv. p. 349.

For Patent Shapers and Planers, see ills. adv. p. 349.

Best Oak Tanned Leather Belting. Wm. F. Forepaugh, Jr., & Bros., 531 Jefferson St., Philadelphia, Pa.

Stave, Barrel, Keg, and Hogshead Machinery a specialty, by E. & B. Holmes, Buffalo, N.Y.

Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength and appearance as Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's Shafting Works, Drinker St., Philadelphia. Pa.