Chapter XI: Part III (9)

172 Aquatint by an unknown artist, from Charles W. Janson, _The
Stranger in America_ (1807). Library of Congress.

174 National Park Service (Charles W. Snell).

175 National Park Service (John O. Littleton).

178 National Park Service (Wrenn).

179 National Park Service (Littleton).

181 National Park Service (Snell).

182 National Park Service (Littleton).

184 National Park Service (Snell).

185 National Park Service (Snell).

187 Photographer, William L. Klender.

188 National Park Service (Littleton).

190 National Park Service (Littleton).

192 Engraving (date unknown) probably by Stephen A. Schouff.
Library of Congress.

194 National Park Service (Joseph L. Winn, Jr.).

196 National Park Service (Wrenn).

197 National Park Service (Wrenn).

198 National Park Service (Snell).

200 National Park Service (Wrenn).

201 National Park Service (Wrenn).

203 National Park Service (Snell).

205 National Park Service (Snell).

206 Historical Society of Princeton, N.J. Photographer,
Constance Greiff.

207 National Park Service (Snell).

208 Department of Public Information, Princeton University,
Princeton, N.J.

210 National Park Service (Snell).

211 National Park Service (Snell).

212 National Park Service (Snell).

213 National Park Service (Snell).

215 National Park Service (Snell).

216 National Park Service (Ralph H. Anderson).

219 Engraving by an unknown artist, from Columbian Magazine
(July 1787). Library of Congress.

220 National Park Service.

223 National Park Service.

224 National Park Service (Jack E. Boucher).

225 National Park Service.

227 National Park Service (Snell).

229 National Park Service (Snell).

230 National Park Service (Snell).

232 National Park Service (Wrenn).

233 National Park Service.

235 National Park Service (Snell).

236 Photographer, Jesse Gibbes.

238 National Park Service (Snell).

239 National Park Service (Snell).

241 National Park Service (Littleton).

242 National Park Service (Littleton).

244 National Park Service (Snell).

246 National Park Service (Snell).

248 National Park Service (Snell).

250 National Park Service (Snell).

251 National Park Service (Littleton).

253 National Park Service (Snell).

256 National Park Service (Snell).

265 National Archives.

266 National Archives.

— FRONT END PAPER: Engraving (1776) by John C. McRae.
Independence National Historical Park.

— REAR END PAPER: National Park Service sketch.

Index

“A Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America
in General Congress Assembled,” _see_ Declaration of
Independence

_A Summary View of the Rights of British America_ (tract), 86, 87

Abingdon, Md., 113

Abolition of slavery, _see under_ Slaves

Academies and academic affairs, _see_ Education

Adam architectural style, 174, 239–240, 251–253

Adams, Abigail, _see_ Adams, Mrs. John

Adams, Brooks, great-grandson of signer, 33, 194, 195

Adams, Charles Francis, grandson of signer, 33, 194, 195

Adams, Charles Francis, Jr., great-grandson of signer, 33, 194

Adams, “Deacon” John, father of signer, 191–192, 193

Adams, Henry, great-grandson of signer, 33, 194

Adams, John (signer) (“Atlas of American Independence”), career of and
sites associated with, 16, 18, 20, 27, 29, 30, _33–35_, 37,
38, 58, 59, 61, 68, 74, 75, 88, 90, 93, 115, 124, 128,
_170–173_, _191–195_, 218, 222, 228, 262

Adams, John Quincy, son of signer and sites associated with, 30, 33,
35, _191–195_

Adams, John Quincy II, great-grandson of signer, 33, 194

Adams, Mrs. John (Abigail Smith), wife of signer, 34, 35, 191–192, 193

Adams, Mrs. Samuel, first wife of signer, 37

Adams, Mrs. Samuel, second wife of signer, 37

Adams, Samuel (signer) (“Firebrand of the Revolution”), career of and
sites associated with, 12, 27, 31, _36–39_, 59, 60, 68,
69, 160, 199

Adams (John) Birthplace, Mass., _191–192_

Adams (John Quincy) Birthplace, Mass., 191, _192–193_

Adams Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 192

Adams (John) family and descendants, 33, 34, 191–195 _passim_

Adams Mansion, _see_ Adams National Historic Site

Adams Memorial Society, 195

Adams National Historic Site (Adams Mansion; “Old House”; “Peacefield”;
Vassall-Adams House), Mass., 160, 192, _193–195_

Admiralty boards, courts, and judges:
civil, _see_ Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
naval, _see_ Continental Navy

Advisory Board on National Parks, Historic Sites, Buildings, and
Monuments, 161, 272

Age of signers: at time of death, compared, 28–29, 43, 45, 52, 62, 98,
99, 109, 199;
at time of signing, compared, 28–29, 55, 79, 99, 123, 127.
_See also specific signers._

Agencies of U.S. Government, _see under_ United States

Agricultural Society of S.C., 76

Agriculture, _see_ Farms and farming

Alamance, Battle of, N.C., 78

Albany, N.Y., 96, 153

Albany Congress (1754) and Albany Plan of Union, 56, 79, 80

Albemarle County, Va., 86

Alcoholic beverages, 51

Alexandria, Va., 136, 252

Alison, Rev. Francis, educator, 101, 118, 132

Allen, Md., 45

Allentown, Pa., 221

Almanacs, _see_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts

America and Americans, _see_ United States;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_

American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 116

American Philosophical Society, 126, 221, 222, 226

American Philosophical Society Hall (Philosophical Hall), Pa., 218–226

American Revolution, _see_ War for Independence;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_

American Revolution, Daughters of the, _see_ Daughters of the
American Revolution

American Revolution, Sons of the, _see_ Sons of the American Revolution

Amesbury, Mass., 39

Ammunition, _see_ Arms, ammunition, and ordnance

Ancestry of signers, compared, 27–28 (_and see particular signers_)

Anglican Church, 43–44, 45, 56, 62, 77, 113, 122, 136.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.

Anglo-Saxon origin of signers, 27

Annapolis and Colonial Annapolis Historic District, Md., 43, 44, 45,
46, 100, 113, 147, 170–191 _passim_, 263

Annapolis Convention (_1786_), 46, 48, 108, 119

Antifederalists and Antifederalism, 61, 94

Antislavery movement, _see under_ Slaves

Aquia Creek Quarries, Va., 171

Archeologists and archeological excavation, 177

Architects, architectural styles, and architectural features, _see
specific architects, architectural styles, and buildings
and residences_

Archives: Federal, _see_ National Archives and Records Service;
non-Federal, and Declaration of Independence, 262

Ariss, John, architect-builder, 242, 246

Aristocrats and aristocracy, 31, 37, 41, 61, 66, 76, 77, 79, 97, 99,
147

Arlington, Mass., 60

Armies, standing, 60.
_See also especially_ Continental Army;
_and various wars, battles, and nations_.

Arms, ammunition, and ordnance, 9, 22, 38, 42, 84, 103, 106, 111,
137, 138, 248

Army-Navy Museum, Pa., 224

Army of the Potomac (Civil War), 239

Arnold, Gen. Benedict, British officer, 239

Arson, and historic sites, 40

Art and artists, 81–83, 85, 134, 218, 234, 267 (_and see_ Museums _and
illustrations throughout this volume_)

Articles of Association (_1774_), 267

Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union: debated, drafted,
adopted, and signed, 29, 36, 39, 59, 71, 76, 81, 84, 90, 91,
93–94, 100, 106, 110, 117, 129, 131, 136, 145, 149, 151, 218;
document exhibited, 267;
signers of Declaration who also signed, 29, 36, 39, 59, 76, 90,
93–94, 100, 106, 117, 129, 149.
_See also_ Continental Congress.

Ashley River, 103, 237

Assemblies, colonial, provincial, and State: role of, in independence
movement, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial
clash;
signers serve in, _see specific signers_.
_See also individual colonies/States._

Assembly Room (Independence Hall, Pa.), _219–221_

Athens, Ga., 142

Attorneys and attorneys-general, _see_ Legal practice, legal
education, and jurisprudence

Augusta, Ga., 67, 141, 142, 161, 173, 175, 176

Augusta (Ga.) Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 176

Authors, _see_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts;
Literature and literary figures;
_and particular authors_

_Autobiography_, of Benjamin Franklin, 58

Bachelor signers, 29, 73, 120

Back River, 154

Baltimore, Md., 45, 46, 50, 124, 183, 184, 185, 187, 217, 263

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 44

Baltimore County, Md., 46

Baltimore Municipal Museum, 183

Baltimore Museum of Art, 187

Bank of England, 46

Bank of North America, 108, 147

Bank of the United States, First and Second, 218, 224, 226

Banks and banking, governmental and private, 46, 108, 147,
218, 224, 226.
_See also_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing;
Currency and money;
Speculators and speculation.

Barbados, 59

Barclay, Thomas, merchant, 229

Bartlett, Josiah (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
_39–41_, _199–201_

Bartlett, Mrs. Josiah, wife of signer, 40

Bartlett descendants, 201

Bartlett House, N.H., _199–201_

Battles, _see under name of battle_

Bedford County, Va., 249

Beith (town), Scotland, 149

Benezet, John, merchant, 230

Bennington, Battle of, N.Y., 40

Berkeley (Harrison’s Landing) (estate), Va., 70, 71, _239–240_

Bible, _see_ Christianity and religion

Bicentennial, U.S., 222

Bill of Rights, U.S., _see under_ United States Constitution

Birthplaces of signers, _see specific signers_

Bishop White House, Pa., 224, 226

Blacks, _see_ Slaves

Bonaparte, Joseph, Napoleon’s brother, 204

Bonaparte, Napoleon, French ruler, 204

Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts:
favor or oppose U.S. Constitution, 94, 125;
on astronomy, 130;
on monetary theory, 130;
on religion, 149;
signers write, 33, 35, 55–56, 58, 86, 87, 94, 125, 126, 130, 145,
146, 149, 150;
support Revolutionary cause, 9, 11, 12, 15, 33, 35, 86, 87,
145, 146, 150.
_See also_ Libraries;
Literature and literary figures;
_and particular works_.

Borden, Joseph, father-in-law of signer, 204

Bordentown, N.J., 82, 204, 205

Bordentown (N.J.) Chamber of Commerce, 205

Borland, Leonard Vassall, and Adams National Historic Site, 194

Boston and Boston Harbor, Mass., 6, 7, 9, 10, 12, 33–34, 36, 37–39,
53–54, 59–60, 68, 69, 77, 93, 115, 116, 120, 143, 193, 199.
_See also entries immediately following._

Boston (Mass.) Latin School, 36, 68, 77, 115

Boston Massacre, 5, 34, 37, 68, 115

Boston Port Act, 111

“Boston Tea Party,” 7, 38

“Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man or Tarring and Feathering,” (The)
(cartoon), reproduced, 6

Boudinot, Annis, marries signer, 134

Boudinot, Elias, brother-in-law of signer, 207

Boyhood homes of signers, _see specific signers_

Braintree, Mass., _see_ Quincy

Brandywine, Battle of, Pa., 50

Braxton, Carter (signer), career of and sites associated with, 29,
_41–42_, 70, 71, 135, _240–242_

Braxton, George, brother of signer, 41, 240

Braxton, Mrs. Carter, first wife of signer, 41

Braxton, Mrs. Carter, second wife of signer, 41

Bridgeport, Conn., 65

Bristol, England, 62

Britain, British, British Isles, British Empire, and British
Commonwealth of Nations, _see_ Great Britain

Broadside copies of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of
Independence

Bronx, N.Y., 105.
_See also_ New York City and New York Harbor.

Brookhaven and Brookhaven Township, N.Y., 53

Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights, N.Y., 97, 98.
_See also_ New York City and New York Harbor.

Brothers, among signers, 92

Brown University, R.I., 80

Bruton Parish, Va., 256

Buckland, William, architect, 181–182

Bucks County, Pa., 137, 138

Builders, buildings, and building materials, _see specific
builder-architects, buildings, and residences_

Burgesses, House of, _see_ Virginia House of Burgesses

Burgoyne, Gen. John, British officer, 40, 143, 153

Burial places and burial grounds, _see_ Cemeteries and burial places

Burke County, Ga., 67

Burlington, Mass., 199

Burlington and Burlington County, N.J., 148

Business and businessmen, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Butterfield, Gen. Daniel, and “Taps,” 240

Byberry (“The Homestead”), Pa., 124

Byfield (plantation), Del., 120, 121

Cadwalader House, Pa., 228

Calvinists and Calvinism, 116, 149.
_See also_ Christianity and religion;
Presbyterians and Presbyterian Church.

Cambridge, Mass., 9, 60, 68, 196, 197

Cambridge University (England), 99, 103, 111

Canada, 44, 46, 173

Canals, 44

Cape Fear region of N.C., 77

Capital cities: national, _see_ United States Capitals;
State, _see particular cities_

Capital punishment, 50, 126

Capitol (U.S.), _see_ United States Capitol

Carlisle, Pa., 146

Carolinas, 115.
_See also_ North Carolina;
South Carolina.

Caroline County, Va., 117

Carpenters, 114, 201, 217, 221

Carpenters’ Company of Philadelphia, 217, 221

Carpenters’ Hall, Pa., 8, 217, 221, 224, 226

Carroll, Charles I, grandfather of signer, 185

Carroll, Charles II, father of signer, 43, 185

Carroll, Charles III, of Carrollton (signer), career of and sites
associated with, 16, 28, 31, 35, _43–45_, 46, 52, 114,
_179–181_, _183–186_

Carroll, Charles V, grandson of signer, 186

Carroll, Father John, cousin of signer, 44

Carroll, Mary, daughter of signer, 45, 183

Carroll (Charles) American Heritage Association, Inc., 185

Carroll family and descendants, 43, 179, 180, 181, 183, 185

Carroll Mansion, Md., 43, _179–180_

“Carroll Vocational School,” Md., 184

Carrollton Manor, Md., 43, _180–181_, 185

Carskerdo, Scotland, 145

Carter, Robert “King,” grandfather of signer, 41

Carter-May House, S.C., _see_ Rutledge House

Carvel Hall Hotel, Md., 189

Catasauqua, Pa., 230

Catholic Church, _see_ Roman Catholic Church

Caton, Mary Carroll, daughter of signer, 45, 183

Caton, Richard, son-in-law of signer, 45, 183

Caton family, 184

Cecil County, Md., 118, 124

Cemeteries and burial places, of signers, marked, 160 (_and see
specific signers_)

Centennial (U.S.) Exposition, 264

Chain Bridge, 263

Chancery courts, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and
jurisprudence

Channing, William Ellery, descendant of signer, 52

Chantilly (estate), Va., 92, 94

Chapels and chaplains, _see_ Christianity and religion

Charitable organizations, 166

Charles Carroll American Heritage Association, Inc., 185

Charles City and Charles City County, Va., 70

Charles County, Md., 135–136, 189

Charleston and Charleston Harbor, S.C., 65, 76, 103, 104, 127,
128, 129, 233

Charleston County, S.C., 99

Charleston “double house,” 233–234

Charleston (S.C.) Museum, 234

Charlestown, Mass., 9

Charlottesville, Va., 88, 89, 243, 250

Charter of Privileges (_1701_), 221

Chase, Mrs. Samuel, first wife of signer, 45, 46

Chase, Mrs. Samuel, second wife of signer, 46

Chase, Samuel (signer) (“Demosthenes of Maryland”), career of and
sites associated with, 16, 29, 44, _45–46_, 113, 114, 136,
161, _181–182_

Chase family and descendants, 183

Chase-Lloyd House, Md., 161, _181–183_

Chatham County, Ga., 67

“Chawton Manor,” Pa., 230

Chemistry education, 123, 124

Chericoke (estate), Va., 42, 240

Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company, 44

Chester and Chester County, Pa., 50, 101, 109, 110, 118, 137, 138

Chestertown, Md., 114

Chew, Benjamin, lawyer-jurist, 82

Chilbury Hall, Md., 113

Children of signers, number and careers of, compared, 29–30, 41 (_and
see individual signers_)

Christ Church, Christ Churchyard, and Christ Church Burial Ground,
Pa., 58, 75, 83, 108, 123, 126, 148, 224, 226

Christ Episcopal Church, Del., 121

Christianity and religion, and historic sites, 160, 181, 186, 199;
and signers, 28, 31, 33, 43, 45, 65, 68, 73, 77, 88, 90, 95, 97,
115, 116, 122, 149–150, 181, 186;
freedom in, 88, 90, 97;
in Colonies, 55–56;
in public education, 126;
in Scotland, 149–150;
in Va., 90, 93, 263;
theologian prominent in, 52.
_See also specific denominations and churches._

Churches and church affairs, _see_ Christianity and religion

Circuit courts and judges, U.S., _see_ United States Judiciary

Cities, towns, and villages: and committees/councils of
correspondence, _see_ Committees of correspondence;
and committees/councils of safety, _see_ Committees of safety;
and historic preservation, 160;
and signers, _see particular signers_.
_See also individual cities, towns, and villages._

City Hall, old, New York City, _see_ Federal Hall

City Hall (Philadelphia), 218, 221

City Tavern (Philadelphia), 222

Civic affairs and politics, role of signers in, _see specific signers_

Civic organizations, and historic preservation, 160

Civil War (U.S.), 186, 236, 239, 251

Clark, Abraham (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_47–48_, 160

Clarke, Rev. Jonas, relative of signer, 199

Clarke Hall (Philadelphia), 222

Classical and Classic Revival architectural style, 183–184.
_See also_ Greek Revival architectural style.

Classics, studied, _see under_ Education

Clay, Henry, law student, 154, 156

Clergymen, _see_ Christianity and religion

Clymer, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 29,
_49–51_, 134, _229_

Cobblers, 129

Codes, legal, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence

Codfish, 59

College Hill (Walton-Harper House), Ga., 142, _173–175_

College of Charleston, S.C., 104

College of New Jersey, _see_ Princeton University

College of Philadelphia, 82, 113, 124, 126, 146, 148

College of William and Mary, Va., 41, 70, 86, 154–156

Colleges and universities, and historic sites, 160;
chemistry education in, 123, 124;
classical education in, 154, 156;
legal education in, 154–156;
medical education in, 123–126;
signers aid, head, and serve, 67, 123–126, 142, 146, 148,
150–151, 154–156;
signers attend, 30 (_and see particular signers_).
_See also_ Education;
and _specific colleges and universities_.

Colonial and colonial Philadelphia architectural style, 172,
228, 246, 252

Colonial Annapolis Historic District, Md., _see_ Annapolis and
Colonial Annapolis Historic District

Colonial Dames of America, 160, 202

Colonial National Historical Park, Va., 160, 247–249

Colonial Park Cemetery, Ga., 64

Colonial Williamsburg, Va., _see_ Williamsburg, Williamsburg Historic
District, and Colonial Williamsburg

Colonies, Thirteen (British-American): and British Empire, 147, 156;
and signers, _see_ Signers of the Declaration _and individual
signers_;
architecture in, _see particular styles_;
confederations of, actual and proposed, 16, 34, 56, 79, 80 (_and
see_ Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union);
constitutions, legislatures, and governments of, 9, 15 (_and see
specific colonies/States_);
cultural heritage of, 8;
foreign nations recognize independence of, 35;
government and diplomacy of, _see_ Continental Congress;
heroes and prominent men in, 27, 31, 34, 37, 43, 55, 56, 68, 115;
independence movement in, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash, Declaration of Independence, _and_
Independence resolution;
meetings and congresses of, 56, 79, 80, 93, 132;
proprietary, 43, 56–57, 113, 120, 122, 136;
publications popular in, 15, 55–56, 81;
regions and trade of, 30, 62;
status of Ga. in, 15, 64, 89;
territory added to, 3;
wars in, _see specific wars_.
_See also_ Continental Congress;
States;
War for Independence;
_individual colonies/States and regions_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_.

Columbia University (King’s College), N.Y., 97

Commerce, trade, and manufacturing: and colonial protest, 97;
and historic sites, 160, 181, 228;
and signers, 27, 31 (_and see specific signers_);
Britain-Colonies, 4, 8, 9, 37–38, 62, 68;
Continental Congress regulates, 49, 52, 95;
embargoes and restrictions on, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash;
France-Colonies, 147;
in slaves, _see_ Slaves;
in various colonies, 36, 52, 55, 80, 101, 120, 184, 202;
Indian-Colonies, 4;
individuals other than signers in, 51, 59, 62, 68, 106, 111, 115,
184, 204, 251;
treaties deal with, 35, 58, 88–89.
_See also_ Banks and banking;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
Taxes and taxation.

Commissions and commissioners, _see individual commissions,
governmental bodies, and topics_

Committee of fifty-one, 95, 98

Committee of one hundred, 98

Committee of sixty, 95, 98

Committees, _see particular agencies, governmental bodies, topics, and
entries immediately preceding and following_

Committees of correspondence, 7–8, 37–38, 40, 44, 45, 59, 70, 72, 73,
78, 81, 93, 106, 113, 130, 136, 138, 146, 150

Committees of safety, 9, 10, 40, 42, 44, 45, 47, 49, 54, 60, 68, 72,
76, 103, 106, 114, 122, 131, 138, 139, 140, 141, 143, 145

Common Ground Cemetery, R.I., 52

Common schools, _see_ Education

_Common Sense_ (pamphlet), 11, 12, 15, 124

Community affairs and politics, role of signers in, _see specific
signers_

Companies, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Composers, musical, _see_ Music and musicians

Concord and Battle of Concord, Mass., 8, 9, 10, 12, 38, 42, 60, 68

Confederacy (Civil War), 251

Confederations: of Colonies, actual and proposed, _see under_ Colonies;
of Thirteen States, _see_ Articles of Confederation and Perpetual
Union;
Continental Congress

Conferences, _see particular agencies, governmental bodies, and topics_

Confiscation of lands, _see under_ Land

Congregationalists and Congregational Church, 65, 68, 77, 144, 150,
166.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.

Congresses, colonies/States, _see individual colonies/States_;
Continental, see Continental Congress;
intercolonial, _see under_ Colonies;
U.S., _see_ United States Congress

Congress Hall (County Court House), Pa., 218, 221, 223, 226

Congressional Cemetery, D.C., 62

Connecticut (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 16,
18, 24, 53, 72, 83–84, 123, 129–131, 133, 143, 144–145,
152–153, 164–170, 211

Connecticut (Great) Compromise, in U.S. Constitutional Convention, 131

Conservatives and conservatism, political, 14, 16, 18, 22–23, 37, 41,
42, 45–46, 56, 70, 71, 72, 73, 79, 80, 88, 94, 96, 101, 113,
114, 118, 119, 128, 135, 136, 141–142, 145, 147;
religious, 56, 65

_Considerations on the Nature and Extent of the Legislative Authority
of the British Parliament_ (tract), 146

Constitutional conventions and constitutions: British, _see under_
Great Britain;
colonies/States, _see specific colonies/States_;
U.S., _see_ United States Constitution _and_ United States
Constitutional Convention

Continental Army, and signers, 27, 34, 40, 60, 99–100, 107, 111;
battles and campaigns of, _see_ War for Independence;
Continental Congress regulates, 34, 49, 60, 71, 84, 91, 98, 101,
105, 115, 143, 145, 147, 151;
created, 14, 217;
Declaration distributed to, 22;
financed, 14, 60, 106–108;
inspected, 134;
leadership of, 14, 29, 34, 41, 69, 74–75, 217, 264;
medical service and conditions in, 40, 125, 228;
recruiting poster of, reproduced, 10;
recruitment-enlistment for, 60, 121;
supplied, 14, 60, 84, 95, 106–108, 137, 138;
veterans of, 60, 114.
_See also_ Militia.

Continental Association, 9, 66, 103
Continental Congress (First and Second), adjourns and convenes, 7–8,
9, 14, 38, 93;
and Adams (John), 18, 33–35, 38;
and Articles of Confederation, _see_ Articles of Confederation and
Perpetual Union;
and Bank of North America, _see_ Bank of North America;
and Colonies, _see_ Colonies;
and committees of correspondence and safety, _see_ Committees of
correspondence _and_ Committees of safety;
and Cornwallis’ surrender, 218;
and Declaration of Independence, _see_ Declaration of Independence;
and Halifax Resolves, 74;
and Hancock, 69;
and independence from Britain, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash _and_ Independence resolution;
and Indians, _see_ Indians and Indian affairs;
and maritime matters, _see_ Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
and Olive Branch Petition, 14;
and signers, _see particular signers_;
and U.S. Constitution, _see_ United States Constitution;
book on, 268;
Delegates and delegations to, _see individual Delegates and
colonies/States and under_ Counties and parishes;
diplomatic program of, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy;
father-son team in, 100;
fiscal problems and policies of, 31, 49–50, 60, 71, 106–108, 111,
117, 131, 141, 143, 151;
gathering place for members of, 222;
key days in, 18;
meetingplaces of, _front endpaper_, 8, 14, 50, 217, 219–221, 224,
263;
memorialized, 221;
officials of, 22, 24, 39, 52, 67, 69, 84, 92, 94, 101, 117, 136,
207, 262–263, 267;
organization and committees/commissions of, 8, 15, 16, 34, 40, 44,
49–50, 52, 54, 71, 74, 81, 84, 91, 95, 98, 105, 110, 115, 131,
138, 141, 143, 147, 151;
profiteering in, 31, 46, 106–107;
prominent men not Delegates to, 27;
regulates commerce, 49, 52, 95;
representation and voting procedures in, 8, 15, 18, 24, 27, 39, 66
(_and see individual colonies/States_);
sectional rivalries in, 74;
temper and range of political opinion in, 8–9, 14–15, 16, 18, 34,
88, 135, 136, 141, 147.
_See also entries immediately preceding and following, specific
colonies/States, and appropriate topics throughout
this index._

Continental currency, 31, 49, 69

Continental Loan Office, 52

Continental Navy, 15, 34, 52, 74–75, 81, 82, 108

Continental Navy Board, 82. _See also_ Continental Navy.

Convention of Saratoga, _see_ Saratoga and Battle of Saratoga

Conventions, _see individual conventions, colonies/States, and
appropriate topics_

Conway, Thomas, and Conway Cabal, 60, 95, 125

Coopers, 83

Corbin, Richard, father-in-law of signer, 42

Cornwallis, Gen. Charles, British officer, 218, 248

Corporations, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Correspondence, committees/councils of, _see_ Committees of
correspondence

Coton (estate), Va., 91

Cotton planters, _see_ Planters and plantations

Councils, _see particular councils, cities, towns, colonies/States,
and appropriate topics_

Councils of correspondence, _see_ Committees of correspondence

Councils of safety, _see_ Committees of safety

Counties and parishes, and committees/councils of correspondence and
safety, _see_ Committees of correspondence _and_ Committees of
safety;
militia of, _see_ Militia;
offices in and affairs of, role of signers in, _see specific
signers_;
send Delegates to Continental Congress, 54, 66, 141.
_See also individual colonies/States and counties/parishes._

Counting rooms and houses, 36, 184, 202

County Court House, Pa., _see_ Congress Hall

Courts, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence

Coventry Forge, Pa., 137

Criteria of eligibility of sites and buildings for National Historic
Landmark status, 161, 270–271

Crown, British, _see_ Colonies;
Great Britain

Crown Point, N.Y., 115

Cumberland County, Pa., 122

Currency and money, and Continental Congress, _see under_ Continental
Congress;
British problems with, 3;
Continental, 31, 49, 69;
signers raise to further Revolutionary cause, 31, 49;
speculation in, _see_ Speculators and speculation;
status of signers regarding, _see_ Wealth and financial status of
signers;
theory on, 130. _See also_ Banks and banking.

Customs laws, collection, and officials, British and American, 3, 4,
6, 34, 37, 52, 68, 82, 101

Dana, Richard Henry, Sr., grandson of signer, 52

Dartmouth College, N.H., 40, 84

Daughters of signers, _see particular signers_

Daughters of the American Revolution, 160, 176, 192, 224, 227

Daughters of the Revolution, 160

Dawes, William, patriot, 10, 199

“Dean’s House,” N.J., _see_ President’s House

Deaths of signers: age at, compared, 28–29;
earliest, 62, 98, 109, 199;
latest, 35, 43;
on anniversary of adoption of Declaration, 35, 90.
_See also specific signers._

Debts and economic reversals of signers, 36–37, 46, 63–64, 69, 73, 78,
89–90, 107–108, 112, 132, 146, 148, 196, 213

“Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America in
General Congress Assembled” (A), _see_ Declaration of
Independence

Declaration of Independence, and Adams (John), 16, 18, 20, 33–34;
and Va. constitution, 20;
anniversary of, 35, 90, 264;
author of, _see_ Jefferson, Thomas;
books on, 268–269;
broadside copies of, 22, 69, 262;
building, residence, and rooms involved in creation of, 18, 159–160,
217, 222, _rear endpaper_;
celebrated and read publicly, 22, 217, 264;
contents and style of, analyzed, 20, 22;
debated, altered, adopted, and signed, 3, 18, 20, 22, 23–24, 28, 33,
34, 67, 69, 71, 72, 76, 81, 82, 88, 90, 93, 95, 100, 106, 110,
117, 120, 123, 124, 129, 136, 159–160, 217, 219–220, 222, 262
(_and see individual signers_);
desk written on, 222, 245;
displayed, in various places, 3, 262–267;
displayed, photo of, 266;
drafted, 14, 16, 18, 33, 34, 55, 57–58, 88, 90, 93, 129, 130, 217,
228, 245, 262, 263;
drafting committee of, illus. of, ii;
historical background and origins of, 3–24;
history of document, 262–267;
Jefferson presents to Hancock, in mural, 267;
misconceptions concerning, 23–24;
newspapers describe and publish, 21;
parchment copy of, 23–24, 69, 262–267;
parchment copy of, facsimile of, reproduced, 19;
political philosophy of, 20;
preamble of, 20;
predicted, 78, 82;
presented to Continental Congress, illus. of, ii;
printed and distributed, 22, 23–24, 262;
reflects unanimity, 23;
revised draft of, 262;
rough draft of, illus. of first page of, 17;
rough drafts of, 17, 18, 20, 262;
signatures on, order and nature of, 23–24, 39, 60, 67, 93, 100, 139,
140, 153, 155, 217, 262;
signers of, _see_ Signers of the Declaration _and specific signers_;
significance and influence of, 3, 20;
text of, reprinted, 259–262;
titles of, 23;
traditions concerning, 52, 58, 69, 79.
_See also_ Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
Independence resolution.

“Declaration of Independence” (The) (painting), reproduced, ii

“Declaration of Rights,” 20.
_See also_ Rights.

Degrees, academic and honorary, signers earn, _see individual signers_

Deists, 28

Delaware (Three Lower Counties) (colony and State), history of and
historic sites in, 16, 18, 24, 27, 100–102, 118–121, 122, 135.
_See also_ Pennsylvania.

Delaware County, Pa., 109

Delegates, _see particular legislative bodies and appropriate topics_

Democracy, 3.
_See also appropriate related topics throughout this index._

Democratic-Republicans and Democratic-Republican Party, 52, 61–62,
85, 89, 102.
_See also_ Jeffersonians.

Departments of U.S. Government, _see appropriate departments
following_ United States

Derry Village, N.H., 139, 203

Descendants of signers, achieve distinction, 29–30;
and historic sites, 160.
_See also specific signers and individuals_.

Descendants of the Signers of the Declaration of Independence,
Inc., 160

Deshler-Morris House, Pa., 224, 226

Deshon, Christopher, merchant, 183

Deshon-Caton-Carroll House, Md., 45, _183–185_

Dickinson, John, lawyer-legislator, 18, 69, 93, 110, 119, 146

Dickinson College, Pa., 126

Dinwiddie, Robert, British official, 154

Diplomats and diplomacy, 15, 16, 29, 33, 35, 44, 46, 55, 58, 61, 71,
85, 88, 93, 95, 98, 128, 136, 143, 151, 193–196

Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of signers, _see
particular signers_

District courts, U.S., _see_ United States Judiciary

District of Columbia, _see_ Washington, D.C.

Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals, 31,
39–40, 56, 65, 66, 67, 97, 98, 121, 123–127, 139–140, 152,
201, 203, 218, 228.
On the health of individual signers, _see specific signers._

Dorchester, Mass., 129

Dorchester, S.C., 65

Doric architectural style, 166, 176, 186, 244

“Double house,” 233–234

Doughoregan Manor, Md., 43, 45, 179, 180, 183, _185–186_

Dover, Del., 18, 101, 119, 120, 121

Down Hatherly (village), England, 62

Drafting, of Articles of Confederation, _see_ Articles of Confederation
and Perpetual Union;
of Declaration, _see_ Declaration of Independence;
of key State documents, _see individual States_;
of U.S. Constitution, _see_ United States Constitution

Drafts, various, of Declaration, _see_ Declaration of Independence

Dublin, Ireland, 118, 172

Duels, 62, 63, 64, 117

Duke of Leinster, 172

Dunmore, Lord John M., British official, 42, 111

Durham Furnace, Pa., 137, 138

Dutch, _see_ Holland

Duties, _see_ Customs laws, collection, and officials

East Cemetery, Conn., 153

East River, 97

East Windsor, Conn., 153

Eastern Shore, _see_ Maryland

Easton, Pa., 137, 138, 230

Easton Cemetery, Pa., 138

Economic matters, _see mainly_ Banks and banking;
Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Economic status of signers, _see_ Wealth and financial status of
signers

Edenton, N.C., 73, 78, 148

Edge, Gov. (N.J.) and Mrs. Walter E., and Morven, 208

Edinburgh, Scotland, 134, 149

Education, and Jefferson, 85, 86;
and Lowell, 195–196;
classical, 39, 45, 154;
in chemistry, 123, 124;
in various colonies/States, 84, 102, 229, 245, 252, 255;
legal, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence;
medical, _see_ Doctors, medical education, medical practice,
and hospitals;
of signers, compared, 27, 28, 30 (_and see specific signers_);
reform of, 126;
religious, in public schools, 126 (_and see_ Christianity
and religion);
signers further as teachers, professors, and administrators, 33, 56,
65, 67, 80, 85, 115, 142, 154–156.
_See also_ Colleges and universities.

Elections and elective officials, _see particular legislative bodies,
offices, individuals, and colonies/States_

Electors, presidential, _see under_ United States Presidents
and Presidency

Elementary schools, _see_ Education

Eligibility of sites and buildings for National Historic Landmark
status, _see_ National Historic Landmarks

Elizabeth City County, Va., 154

Ellery, William (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_51–52_, 160

Elmwood (Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House), Mass., _195–197_

Elsing Green (estate), Va., 41, 42, _240–242_

Emancipation of slaves, _see_ Slaves

Embargoes, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial clash

Emley, John, _see_ Imlay, John

England and Englishmen, _see_ Colonies;
Great Britain

English language and literature, _see_ Literature and literary figures

Epidemics, _see_ Doctors, medical education, medical practice,
and hospitals

Esopus, N.Y., 98

Essays and essayists, _see_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts

_Essays: Literary, Moral, and Philosophical_ (book), 126

Essex County, N.J., 47

Eton (school), England, 99

Europe, and _Poor Richard’s Almanac_, 55–56;
architecture in, 172;
capital from, 148;
colonists from, and western lands, 148;
culture of, 88;
medical students from, 126;
signers visit and study in, 30, 43, 88, 92, 95, 103, 179, 180,
192, 193, 235;
U.S. diplomats in, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy.
_See also specific countries._

Excavation, archeological, 177

“Exceptional value,” sites and buildings of, _see_ National
Historic Landmarks

Excise taxes, _see under_ Taxes and taxation

Exeter, N.H., 143

Exhibition Hall (National Archives Building, D.C.), 262, 266, 267

Exports, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Facsimiles of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of Independence

Fairfax County, Va., 91

Families of signers, suffer during War for Independence, 31, 47, 54,
71–72, 94–95, 104–105, 110.
_See also specific signers and families._

Farms and farming: and signers, 31, 45, 47, 53, 72, 80, 83, 85, 101,
109, 110, 117, 124, 129, 134, 140, 164, 203, 209, 210–211,
212–213;
in various areas, 33, 76, 101, 117, 138, 140, 164, 166, 230, 255.
_See also_ Planters and plantations.

Farmville, Va., 141

Federal, _see United States entries and those immediately following_

Federal City, _see_ Washington, D.C.

Federal Hall (old City Hall), New York City, 263

Federal period architecture and literature, 81, 170

Federalists and Federalist Party, 35, 44, 46, 52, 61, 89, 102, 108,
116, 119, 128, 131, 156.
_See also_ Hamilton, Alexander, and Hamiltonians.

Ferries, 140

Financial matters, _see_ Currency and money;
Wealth and financial status of signers

Finian (estate), N.C., 77, 78, 79, 214

Finns and Finland, 109

Fire Island National Seashore, N.Y., 160, 210–212

Fires, and historic sites, 40, 86, 97, 159, 199, 207, 247, 250, 263

First Bank of the United States, _see_ Bank of the United States

First Bank of the United States Building, Pa., 224, 226

First Baptist Church, N.J., 72

First Continental Congress, _see_ Continental Congress

First Presbyterian Church Cemetery, Pa., 133

First South Carolina Regiment of Continentals, 99

Fiscal matters, _see_ Currency and money

Floor plans, _see specific houses_

Florida (region and State), 76, 104, 128, 233

Floyd, Mrs. William, first wife of signer, 53

Floyd, Mrs. William, second wife of signer, 54

Floyd, Nicoll, son of signer, 54, 211, 212

Floyd, William (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_53–54_, _210–213_

Floyd Birthplace (Fire Island National Seashore), N.Y., 53, 54,
160, _210–212_

Floyd family and descendants, 54, 210–213

Floyd (General) House, N.Y., _see_ General Floyd House

Flushing, N.Y., 95

Food shortages, 147

Foreign affairs, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy

Foreign born signers, 27–28 (_and see particular signers_)

“Formation of the Union” exhibit, 267

Fort Knox, Ky., 265

Fort Oswego, N.Y., 95

Fort Stanwix, N.Y., Second Treaty of (_1784_), 153

“Fort Wilson” (residence), Pa., 146, 147, 222

Foundations, historic, and historic sites, 160

Founders’ Monument, Ga., _see_ Signers’ Monument

France, and Democratic-Republicans, 61;
and signers, 35, 43, 58, 95, 100, 145, 147;
and War for Independence, 145;
artist-engineer from, 171;
cedes land to Britain, 3, 4;
commerce of, 147;
diplomacy of and U.S. diplomats in, 35, 55, 58, 61, 88;
fortress of, 139;
loans money to Continental Congress, 108;
revolution in, 35, 88–89;
undeclared war of, with U.S., 35, 61;
wallpaper from, 202;
wars of, _see specific wars_.
_See also_ New France.

Franklin, Benjamin (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16,
18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 35, 44, _55–58_, 79, 82, 88, 110, 124,
128, 147, 160, 221, 222, 224

Franklin, James, half-brother of signer, 55

Franklin College, Ga., 67, 142

Franklin stoves, 204

Frederick and Frederick County, Md., 43, 135

French and Indian War, 3, 56, 95, 97, 115, 144

French language, 44

French Revolution, 35, 88–89

Friends Meeting House Cemetery, N.J., 51

Frontier and frontiersmen, 4, 54, 56, 78, 85, 86, 108, 141,
147, 148, 212

Fulling mills, 72

Furniture and furnishings, associated with signers, collectively,
219, 221.
_See also individual sites._

Gadsden, Christopher, legislator, 128

Gage, Gen. Thomas, British officer-official, 10

Galloway, John, Loyalist, 138

Gardens, famous, 236–237. _See also specific sites._

Garrison house, 178

General Floyd House, N.Y., 54, _212–213_

General Services Administration (U.S.), _see_ United States General
Services Administration

George II, King of England, 68

George III, King of England, 4, 8, 15, 22, 24, 68

George Taylor Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 227

Georgetown and Georgetown County, S.C., 99

Georgia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 8, 9,
15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 51, 54, 56, 62–67, 76, 138, 140–142, 148,
161, 173–177

Georgia State Society, Daughters of the American Revolution, 176

Georgian architectural style, 176–178, 181–183, 185–191, 194–198,
201–202, 206–213, 218–219, 226–227, 229–234, 239–249, 251–256

German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Pa., 138

Germans and Germany, 40

Germantown and Battle of Germantown, Pa., 23, 151, 224

Germantown (Pa.) Historical Society, 226

Gerry, Elbridge (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 29,
_59–62_, _195–198_

Gerry, Mrs. Elbridge, wife of signer, 61–62

Gerry, Thomas, father of signer, 197

Gerry Birthplace, Mass., _197–198_

Gerry family, 197

“Gerrymander,” 61

Gifford (village), Scotland, 149

Glamorganshire, Wales, 95

Glasgow, Scotland, 149

Gloria Dei (Old Swedes’) Church National Historic Site, Pa., 226

Gloucestershire, England, 62

“God save the King” (British national anthem), 76

“God save the thirteen States” (song), 76

Goochland County, Va., 86

Governor Hopkins House, R.I., _231–232_

Governor Huntington House, Conn., _see_ Huntington House

Governors, _see specific colonies/States and individuals_

Grace Episcopal Church, Va., 112

Graff, Jacob, Jr., House, Pa.: and Declaration of Independence,
18, 222;
illus. of, 225, _rear endpaper_

Graham, Gov. (N.C.) William A., and Nash-Hooper House, 214

Grammar schools, _see_ Education

Granville County, N.C., 117

Graves, graveyards, and gravestones, _see_ Cemeteries and burial places

Great Britain, agents of various American colonies in, 56;
and Federalists, 61;
and Ga., 15, 64, 89;
and Liberty Bell, 221;
and signers, 28, 31, 41, 56, 62, 64, 68, 76, 82, 88, 95, 99, 103,
106, 109, 111, 113, 115, 127, 136, 143, 240;
and slave trade, 20;
Army of, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial clash _and
specific wars_;
Bank of England in, 46;
clashes with American Colonies, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash _and_ War for Independence;
colonies of, _see_ Colonies;
Commonwealth of Nations of, 147;
“conspiracy” in, 3–4;
constitution of, 15;
creditors in, 4, 78;
debtors in, 78;
diplomacy of and U.S. diplomats in, 35, 194, 196;
Empire of, and Colonies, 155;
financial problems of, 3;
France cedes lands to, 3, 4;
grants lands, 95;
kings of, _see specific kings_;
national anthem of, 76;
navy of, 64, 98, 141;
Parliament of, _see under_ Independence movement and British-colonial
clash;
people of, and Declaration of Independence, 20;
recognizes U.S. independence, _see_ Treaty of Paris;
reorganization of imperial structure of, 147;
Revolutionary tracts circulate in, 81, 146;
rights of citizens of, 8–9;
ties of, to American Colonies, 8;
trade of, 8, 9, 31, 37, 46;
treasury of, 3;
wars of, _see specific wars_.
_See also_ Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish;
Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish;
Wales and Welshmen;
_and other appropriate topics throughout this index_.

Great Compromise, in U.S. Constitutional Convention, 131

Greek language, 39, 156

Greek Revival architectural style, 164–165, 166, 168, 180, 185–186,
199–201, 203–204, 207–208, 231

Greenland, 115

Greensboro, N.C., 79, 118, 161

Greenwich Forge and Greenwich Township, N.J., 138, 226

Grievances, colonial, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial
clash

Grist mills, 72

Grove Street Cemetery, Conn., 131

Guilford Courthouse National Military Park, N.C., 79, 118, 161, 216

Guns and gunpowder, _see_ Arms, ammunition, and ordnance

Gwinnett, Button (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27–28,
_62–64_, 65, 67, 98, 140, 161, _176–177_

Gwinnett, Mrs. Button, wife of signer, 62

H-shaped buildings, 251–253, 253–255

Habre-de-Venture (estate), Md., 136, _186–188_, 189

Hackney School, England, 103, 111

Haddington (town) and Haddington Presbytery, Scotland, 149

Hague (town), Va., 94

“Hail Columbia” (song), 81

Halifax Resolves, 74

Hall, Lyman (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 64,
_65–67_, 140, 141, 160, 161

Hall, Mrs. Lyman, first wife of signer, 65

Hall, Mrs. Lyman, second wife of signer, 65

Hall, Rev. Samuel, uncle of signer, 65

Hall family, 66

Hall’s Knoll (estate), Ga., 66, 67

Hamilton, Alexander, and Hamiltonians, 35, 89.
_See also_ Federalists and Federalist Party.

Hamilton, Andrew, lawyer-architect, 217

Hampton, Va., 154

Hancock, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 12, 22,
24, 34, 37, 38, 39, 59, 60, _67–69_, 115, 116, _198–199_,
262, 267

Hancock, John George Washington, son of signer, 69

Hancock, Rev. John, grandfather of signer, 199

Hancock, Thomas, uncle of signer, 68, 199

Hancock-Clarke House, Mass., _198–199_

Hancock family, 199

Hanover County, Va., 42, 112, 247

Harford County, Md., 113

Harper family, 175

Harrison, Benjamin IV, father of signer, 239

Harrison, Benjamin V (signer) (“Falstaff of Congress”), career of and
sites associated with, 30, 69, _70–71_, _239–240_

Harrison, Benjamin VI, son of signer, 239

Harrison, Benjamin, great-grandson of signer and President, 30, 70, 239

Harrison, Joseph H., legislator, 114, 136

Harrison, Mrs. Benjamin V, wife of signer, 70

Harrison, William Henry, son of signer and President, 30, 70, 239

Harrison family, 70, 71, 240

Harrison’s Landing, Va., _see_ Berkeley

Hart, John (signer) (“Honest John”), career of and sites associated
with, _71–72_, 160

Hart, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 72

Harvard College and University, Mass., 30, 33, 36, 51, 59, 68, 77,
115, 144, 197

Hayes Plantation, N.C., 148

Health of signers, _see specific signers_

Henry, Patrick, career of, 27, 28, 42, 70, 71, 86, 88, 92, 93, 111

Heraldic emblems, 82

Hessians, _see_ Germans and Germany

Hewes, Joseph (signer), career of and sites associated with, 29,
_73–75_, 116, 117, 161, _206_, 224

Heyward, Daniel, father of signer, 233

Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., first wife of signer, 76

Heyward, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., second wife of signer, 76

Heyward, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with,
31, _75–76_, 99, 104, 127, 128, _233–234_

Heyward family, 76, 234

Heyward-Washington House, S.C., _233–234_

Higher education, _see_ Colleges and universities

Hills, The (estate), Pa., 108

Hillsborough, N.C., 79, 214

Historians and historiography, 33, 194.
_See also entries immediately following_.

Historic Annapolis, Inc., 189

Historic Districts, _see_ National Historic Landmarks

Historic foundations, and historic sites, 160

Historic Places, National Register of, _see_ National Register of
Historic Places

Historic preservation activities and problems, 159–162.
_See also entries immediately preceding and following_.

Historic sites and buildings of national significance, _see_ National
Historic Landmarks

Historical societies, State and local: and historic preservation, 160

Historiography, _see_ Historians and historiography

Hoban, James, architect, 171, 172

Holland (Dutch Republic; Netherlands), 35, 96, 211

Homes of signers, _see_ Residences of signers

“Homestead” (The), Pa., _see_ Byberry

“Honeymoon Cottage,” Va., 244, 245

Hooper, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 77

Hooper, Rev. William, father of signer, 77

Hooper, William (signer) (“Prophet of Independence”), career of and
sites associated with, 31, _77–79_, 116, 117, 161, _214–216_

Hopewell, N.J., 72

Hopkins, Alden, descendant of signer, 232

Hopkins, Esek, brother of signer, 80, 81

Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, first wife of signer, 80

Hopkins, Mrs. Stephen, second wife of signer, 80

Hopkins, Stephen (signer), career of and sites associated with, 51,
_79–81_, _231–232_

Hopkins (Governor) House, R.I., _see_ Governor Hopkins House

Hopkinson, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_81–83_, _204–205_, 224

Hopkinson, Joseph, son of signer, 81, 204

Hopkinson, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, 82

Hopkinson family, 204

Hopkinson House, N.J., _204–205_

Hopsewee-on-the-Santee (plantation), S.C., 99, _234–236_

Horses, 101, 121, 134

Hospitals, _see_ Doctors, medical education, medical practice,
and hospitals

House of Burgesses, _see_ Virginia House of Burgesses

Howard County, Md., 43, 180, 183

Howe, Lord Richard, British admiral, 98, 128, 136

Howe, Sir William, British officer, 13, 128

Humanitarians and reformers, 50, 80, 97, 123–126

Humphreys, Charles, legislator, 110

Hunterdon County, N.J., 72

Huntington, Mrs. Samuel, wife of signer, 83

Huntington, Samuel (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_83–84_, _164–166_, 222

Huntington Birthplace, Conn., _164–165_

Huntington House (Governor Huntington House), Conn., _165–166_

Illnesses of signers, _see_ Disease, sickness, and physical
afflictions of signers

Imlay (Emley), John, merchant, 204

Immanuel Episcopal Churchyard, Del., 119

Impeachment, 46, 102, 148

Imports, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Imprisonment, _see_ Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war

Inaugurations and inaugural addresses of U.S. Presidents, _see under_
United States Presidents and Presidency

Indentured servants, 31, 137

Independence Day (U.S.), 76

Independence Hall (State House for the Province of Pennsylvania), Pa.,
_front endpaper_, 14, 18, 22, 216, _217–226_

Independence Mall, Pa., 226

Independence movement (U.S.) and British-colonial clash: and Adams
(John), 18, 33–34;
and Adams (Samuel), 36–38;
and British Parliament, 8, 9, 14, 15, 38, 42, 56, 57, 59, 72, 81,
86, 93, 134, 146, 155;
and Continental Congress, _see_ Continental Congress;
and R.I., 15;
and Va., 15;
British actions and postures during, 3–156 _passim_, 199;
colonial grievances, protests, and actions during, 3–156 _passim_,
189–190, 195, 199, 217, 259–262;
fathers of, 33, 67;
fruition and celebration of, 15, 22, 218;
outcome of, predicted, 78, 82;
public attitudes toward, 22–23;
range of reaction to, _see_ Conservatives and conservatism,
Loyalists and Tories, Moderates, _and_ Radicals and radicalism;
results in war, _see_ War for Independence;
signers’ role in, _see individual signers_;
timing of, 8, 16, 217.
_See also_ Declaration of Independence;
Independence resolution;
_specific colonies/States_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_.

Independence National Historical Park, Pa., 159–160, _216–226_

Independence resolution (U.S.), background, introduction, and adoption
of, 14, 15–18, 22, 27, 34, 39, 44, 46, 60, 67, 72, 74, 92, 93,
95, 98, 100, 101, 106, 109, 110, 111, 114, 118, 119, 120–121,
122, 127, 128, 134, 135, 136, 147, 153, 217.
_See also_ Declaration of Independence;
Independence movement and British-colonial clash.

Independence Square, Pa., 217, 221, 222, 226

Indians and Indian affairs, 4, 51, 84, 89, 98, 105, 115, 122, 131,
138, 141, 147, 152–153, 177

Indigo, 66

Indigo Society School, S.C., 99

Individuals, and historic preservation, 160 (_and see particular
sites_);
rights of, _see_ Rights

Inflation, 147

Insane and insanity, 126

Intellectuals and intellectual life, 43, 55, 85, 145, 194, 228

Intercolonial affairs, _see_ Colonies

Interstate disputes, _see under_ States

Inventors and invention, 55, 85

Ionic architectural style, 182, 184, 197, 244

Iredell, James, U.S. Supreme Court Justice, 78, 148, 213

Iredell, Mrs. James, and certain signers, 79, 214

Iredell House, N.C., _213–214_

Irish, Ireland, and Scotch-Irish, 43, 101, 118, 127, 132, 137, 139,
146, 171, 172, 204

Iron and iron manufacturing, 31, 132, 137, 226

Iroquois (Six Indian Nations) Indians, 138, 153

Italy and Italians, 88, 113, 183, 243

Jacob Graff, Jr., House, Pa., _see_ Graff, Jacob, Jr., House

Jails, _see_ Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war

James River, 239, 253

Jasper County, S.C., 75

Jay, John, diplomat, 35, 58, 263

Jefferson, Martha, daughter of signer, 245

Jefferson, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, 88, 244, 249

Jefferson, Peter, father of signer, 86, 254

Jefferson, Thomas (signer and author of Declaration), career of and
sites associated with, 16, 18, 20, 27, 28, 29, 33, 34, 35,
_85–90_, 93, 124, 154, 155, _170–173_, 217, 222, 228,
_243–245_, _249–251_, _253–255_, 262, 263, 267,
_rear endpaper_.
_See also_ Jeffersonians.

Jefferson family, 245

Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial, D.C., 161

Jefferson (Thomas) Memorial Foundation, 245

Jefferson Papers, 262

Jeffersonians, 35. _See also_ Democratic-Republicans and
Democratic-Republican Party.

_Jersey_ (ship), 48

Jesuits, _see_ Roman Catholic Church

John Adams Birthplace, Mass., _see_ Adams (John) Birthplace

John Quincy Adams Birthplace, Mass., _see_ Adams (John Quincy)
Birthplace

Johnson, Thomas, lawyer, 114, 136

Jones, John Paul, naval officer, 74–75

Judges, judicial matters, and jurisprudence, _see_ Legal practice,
legal education, and jurisprudence

Kent County, Del., 120, 121

King and Queen County, Va., 41

King George’s War, 139, 152

King William County and King William Courthouse, Va., 41

Kings, denounced, 15 (_and see specific kings_)

King’s Attorneys, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and
jurisprudence

King’s College, N.Y., _see_ Columbia University

Kingston, N.H., 39, 41

Kingston, N.Y., 98

Kittery, Maine, 143, 177

Ladd family, 201–202

Lafayette, Marquis de, visits U.S., 248

Lake George, 144

Lancaster, Pa., 122, 132, 218, 263

Land, and signers, 31, 47, 61, 63, 66, 67, 95, 102, 108, 119, 133,
138, 141, 142, 143, 146, 147, 148, 175, 212, 213;
interstate disputes over, 119, 133, 143, 153;
Loyalist, confiscated, 61, 67, 103, 138, 142, 175;
major grants of, 54, 63, 95, 102, 212;
speculation in, 108, 147, 148, 213

Landmarks, National Historic, _see_ National Historic Landmarks

Languages, _see specific languages_

Latin language, 39, 146, 156

Latrobe, Benjamin H., architect, 172

Laurel Hill Cemetery, Pa., 102

Laurens, Henry, legislator, 117

Laws and lawyers, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and
jurisprudence

Learned societies, 80, 116, 126, 218–226 _passim_

Lebanon, Conn., 144–145, 166

Lee, Arthur, brother of signers, 35, 90, 228, 251

Lee, Francis Lightfoot (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_90–91_, 92, 93, 228, _242–243_, _246–247_, _251–253_

Lee, Henry (Col. “Lighthorse Harry”), relative of signers, 251–252

Lee, Matilda, niece of signers, 251–252

Lee, Mrs. Francis Lightfoot, wife of signer, 91, 242, 246

Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, first wife of signer, 92

Lee, Mrs. Richard Henry, second wife of signer, 92

Lee, Philip Ludwell, brother of signers, 91, 92, 251

Lee, Richard Henry (signer and sponsor of independence resolution),
career of and sites associated with, 15–16, 18, 22, 24, 27,
28, 44, 46, 71, 74, 86, 90, 91, _92–94_, 111, 128, 147, 217,
228, _251–253_

Lee, Richard Henry, grandson of signer, 264

Lee, Robert E., Confederate officer, 251–253

Lee, Thomas, father of signers, 91, 92, 251

Lee, Thomas Ludwell, brother of signers, 251

Lee, William, brother of signers, 90, 251

Lee family, 91, 94, 251–253

Lee (Robert E.) Memorial Foundation, Inc., 253

Leesburg, Va., 91, 263

Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence: admiralty, _see_
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
and colonial protests, 97;
and slaves, 80;
codes for, State, compiled and revised, 88, 101, 120, 131, 148, 155;
famous trials in, 34;
Federal, _see_ United States Judiciary;
impeachment in, 46, 148;
individuals other than signers practice, 97, 101, 113, 117, 118,
122, 132, 134, 135, 141, 204, 217, 232;
political partisanship in, 46;
schools teach, 43, 154–156;
signers study and practice, _see specific signers_.
_See also particular laws._

Legislatures, colonial, provincial, and State: role of, in
independence movement, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash;
signers serve in, _see individual signers_.
_See also specific colonies/States._

Lehigh County (Pa.) Historical Society, 231

Lehigh River, 230

Leinster, Duke of, 172

L’Enfant, Maj. Pierre Charles, artist-engineer-architect, 108, 171

“Letters of the Federal Farmer to the Republican,” 94

Lewis, Francis (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
_94–96_, 160

Lewis, Mrs. Francis, wife of signer, 31, 94, 95

Lexington and Battle of Lexington, Mass., 12, 38, 42, 60, 68

Lexington (Mass.) Historical Society, 199

Liberty Bell, 221

Liberty County, Ga., 65–66

Libraries, public and private, 56, 80, 134, 151, 176, 186, 193, 195,
207, 209, 222, 236, 253, 262, 264–265.
_See also_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts.

Library Company of Philadelphia, 222

Library Hall, Pa., 222, 226

Library of Congress, 90, 262, 264–265

Linlithgo, N.Y., 96

Litchfield, Litchfield Historic District, and Litchfield County,
Conn., 152, 153, 169

Literature (English and American) and literary figures, 8, 18, 33,
36–37, 45, 52, 55, 81–83, 86, 115, 123–126, 134, 146, 156,
194, 195–196, 204.
_See also_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts.

Liverpool, England, 106

Livingston, Mrs. Philip, mother of signer, 96

Livingston, Mrs. Philip, wife of signer, 96–97

Livingston, Philip, father of signer, 96

Livingston, Philip (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_96–98_, 160

Livingston, Robert R., helps draft Declaration, 14, 16, 18, 20, 228

Livingston Manor, N.Y., 96, 98

Llandaff (city), Wales, 95

Lloyd, Edward IV, planter-politician, 181

Lloyd family, 183

Local affairs and politics, role of signers in, _see specific signers_

Local groups and historical societies, and historic preservation, 160

Locke, John, British political philosopher, 20

London, England, 43, 46, 55, 56, 68, 76, 99, 103, 113, 124

Londonderry, N.H., 139, 140, 203

Long Island, Long Island Sound, and Battle of Long Island, N.Y., 53,
54, 95, 98, 212

Longevity of signers, _see_ Age of signers

Lord North, British official, 82

Loudoun County, Va., 91

Louisbourg (fortress), Nova Scotia, 139

Lowell, James Russell, career of, 195–196

Lower Counties, Three, _see_ Delaware

Loyalists and Tories: activities of, in various colonies/States, 7,
22–23, 40, 46, 53–54, 66, 77, 95, 104, 105, 119, 121, 122,
134, 138, 211;
criticized, 127;
forgiven, 79;
lands and property of, confiscated, 61, 67, 103, 138, 142, 175, 195;
legally defended, 147;
punishment of, recommended, 103, 143;
ridiculed, 82

Ludowici tile, 177

Lutwyche’s Ferry, N.H., 140

Lynch, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, 99, 100

Lynch, Thomas, Sr., father of signer, 99, 100, 128

Lynch, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_99–100_, 127, _234–236_

Lynchburg, Va., 89

Maclean House, N.J., _see_ President’s House

McClellan, Gen. George B., Union officer, 239–240

McIntosh, Gen. Lachlan, and signer Gwinnett, 63, 64

McKean, Mrs. Thomas, first wife of signer, 101

McKean, Mrs. Thomas, second wife of signer, 101

McKean, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18, 24,
_100–102_, 119, 120, 121, 160, 222

Madison, James, President, 61, 85, 89, 267

Magistrates, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence

Mail service, 56, 57, 264

Maine (region and State), history of and historic site in, 139,
143, 177–178.
_See also_ Massachusetts.

Malvern Hill, Va., Battle of, 239

Manhattan, _see_ New York City and New York Harbor

Manor houses, 185–186, 230

“Manor of Chawton,” 230

Manufacturing, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Marblehead, Mass., 59, 196

Marine and maritime matters, _see_ Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
_and foreign navies_

Marine Corps Museum, Pa., _see_ New Hall

Marital status of signers, compared, 29 (_and see_ Bachelor signers
_and individual signers_)

Marshall, John, Supreme Court Justice and Secretary of State, 46, 154,
155, 221, 263

Maryland (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 9, 16,
18, 24, 43–46, 106, 113–114, 118, 124, 134, 135–136, 179–191

Maryland Historical Trust, 189

Mason, George, and Declaration of Independence, 20

Masonboro Sound, N.C., 77

Massachusetts (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 6,
7, 9, 10, 12, 16, 18, 24, 30, 33–39, 53–54, 55, 56, 59–62,
67–69, 77, 93, 115–116, 119, 129, 139, 140, 160, 177,
191–199, 203, 217.
_See also_ Maine.

Mastic, N.Y., 53, 54, 212

Mathematics, 47, 109

Matlack, Timothy, and Declaration of Independence, 262

Mattaponi River, 41

Maybury Hill (estate), N.J., 73, 206

Meadow Garden (cottage), Ga., 142, _175–176_

_Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon the Diseases of the
Mind_ (book), 126

Medicine, medical practice, and medical societies, _see_ Doctors,
medical education, medical practice, and hospitals

Memorials and monuments to signers, 161.
_See also specific signers._

Menokin (estate), Va., 91, _242–243_, 246

Menotomy, Mass., 60

Merchant marine and maritime affairs, 20, 28, 31, 42, 52, 59, 64, 68,
70, 71, 73, 74, 80, 82, 84, 91, 95, 98, 99, 100, 114, 119,
121, 123, 136, 142–143, 147, 177, 201–202, 251.
_See also_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing.

Merchants and mercantile firms, _see_ Commerce, trade, and
manufacturing

Merchants’ Exchange, Pa., 224, 226

Meredith family, 49

Merrick’s Brook, Conn., 164

Merrimack, N.H., 140, 203

Merrimack River, 140

Middle Colonies, 4, 16, 30, 134, 150

Middleton, Arthur (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
99, _103–104_, 127, 128, _236–237_

Middleton, Henrietta, sister of one signer and wife of another, 127

Middleton, Henry, father of one signer and father-in-law of another,
104, 127, 128, 234

Middleton, Mrs. Arthur, wife of signer, 103

Middleton, William, and Middleton Place, 236

Middleton family and descendants, 103, 237

Middleton Place (estate), S.C., 103, 104, _236–237_

Middleton Place Gardens, S.C., 236–237

Middletown, Conn., 54, 211

Midway (town) and Midway District, Ga., 66

Midway Congregational Church, Ga., 64

Mikveh Israel Cemetery, Pa., 226

Military affairs, _see_ Continental Army;
Militia;
_specific nations and individuals_;
_and other appropriate topics throughout this index_

Militia, of various colonies/States and counties: activities of, 9,
10, 12, 22, 38, 40, 42, 53, 54, 64, 69, 76, 111, 146;
signers aid and serve in, 18, 27, 31, 40, 53, 54, 69, 75, 101, 103,
104, 105, 110–112, 114, 120–121, 122, 124, 127, 128, 132, 133,
138, 139, 140–141, 142–143, 145, 152–153

Mills, 72, 253

Ministers, diplomatic, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy;
religious, _see_ Christianity and religion

Mint, U.S., _see_ United States Mint

Mission of Santa Catalina, Ga., 177

Moderates, political, 8, 16, 42, 69, 98, 110, 119, 127, 128, 138, 147

Moffatt, Catherine, marries signer, 202

Moffatt, John, father-in-law of signer, 201–202

Moffatt, Samuel, merchant-shipowner, 201

Moffatt family, 201–202

Moffatt-Ladd House, N.H., _201–202_

Mohawk River, 54

Monarchs and monarchy, _see_ Kings

Monetary theory and money, _see_ Currency and money

Monmouth County, N.J., 134

Monocacy River, 180

Monroe, James, President, 85, 154, 155, 173, 263

Monticello (“Little Mountain”) (estate), Va., 86, 88, 90,
_243–245_, 250

Montreal, Canada, 46

Monuments to signers, _see_ Memorials and monuments to signers

Moore, Thomas, Irish poet, 204

Morality, in Scotland, 149

Morris, Gouverneur, and Mrs. Robert Morris, 108

Morris, Lewis (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_104–105_, 160

Morris, Mrs. Lewis, wife of signer, 105

Morris, Mrs. Robert, wife of signer, 106