Chapter XII: Part III (10)

Morris, Robert (signer) (“Financier of the Revolution”), career of and
sites associated with, 18, 27, 28, 29, 50, _106–108_, 110,
129, 147, 160, 222, 224

Morris (Lewis) family, 105

“Morris’ Folly” (house), Pa., 107, 108

Morrisania (estate), N.Y., 105

Morrisville and Morrisville School District, Pa., 51, 229

Morton, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 98,
_109–110_, 147, 160

Morton, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 109

Morton, Sketchley, son of signer, 109

Morven (estate), N.J., 134, 135, _207–208_

Moultrie, Gen. William, Army officer, 76, 128

Mount Airy (estate), Va., 91, 242, _246–247_

Mount Vernon (Va.) Conference (_1785_), 46, 136

Municipal affairs and municipalities, _see_ Cities, towns,
and villages

Museums, 183, 187, 205, 218, 224, 234.
_See also specific historic house museums._

Music and musicians, 81–83, 85, 204

“My Days Have Been So Wondrous Free” (song), 82

Nash, Francis, and Nash-Hooper House, 214

Nash-Hooper House, N.C., _214–216_

Nassau Hall (Princeton University), 150, 151

National affairs, signers lack reputation in, 27, 39, 51, 71, 113,
116–117, 122, 137, 138, 139, 144, 154, 159;
signers later take major part in, 29

National Archives and Records Service, 265

National Archives Building, D.C., 3, 262, 265–266

National Historic Landmarks, described individually, 164–165, 168–175,
181–183, 185–189, 191–193, 195–209, 212–216, 229, 247, 249–256;
mapped, _facing page_ 163;
nature, eligibility, and designation of, 161–163, 226, 256, 270–271.
_See also_ National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings.

National origins of signers, compared, 27–28 (_and see individual
signers_)

National parks, National Park Service, and National Park System: and
historic-archeological preservation, 159–162;
sites considered for inclusion in, 161;
sites in, described individually, 193–195, 210–212, 216–227, 247–249;
sites in, in National Register, 162;
sites in, mapped, _facing page_ 163.
_See also_ National Register of Historic Places;
National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings;
Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation.

National Register of Historic Places, 162

_National Register of Historic Places, 1972_, 162

National significance of historic sites and buildings, _see_ National
Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings

National Society of Colonial Dames of America, 160

National Society of the Daughters of the American Revolution, _see_
Daughters of the American Revolution

National Survey of Historic Sites and Buildings, purpose and
procedures of, 161–162.
_See also_ National Historic Landmarks;
Other Sites Considered.

Nativity of signers, _see_ National origins of signers

Navies, _see_ Continental Navy;
United States Navy;
_and specific nations_

Negroes, _see_ Slaves

Nelson, Mrs. Thomas, Jr., wife of signer, 111

Nelson, Thomas (“Scotch Tom”), Sr., grandfather of signer, 247–248

Nelson, Thomas, Jr. (signer), career of and sites associated with, 88,
_110–112_, _247–249_

Nelson, William, father of signer, 247–248

Nelson family, 249

Nelson House (York Hall), Va., 112, 160, _247–249_

Netherlands, _see_ Holland

New Bern, N.C., 78

New Castle and New Castle County, Del., 82, 101, 118, 119,
120, 122, 204

New England and New England architectural style, 20, 28, 30, 66, 68,
69, 74, 81, 115, 139, 144, 164, 191, 193, 202, 203.
_See also specific colonies/States._

_New England Courant_ (newspaper), 55

New France, 139, 152

New Hall (Marine Corps Museum), Pa., 224, 226

New Hampshire (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 9,
15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 39–41, 76, 128, 139–140, 142–143,
177, 199–204

New Hampshire Medical Society, 40

New Haven, Conn., 130, 131

New Jersey (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 16,
18, 24, 47–48, 56, 71–72, 81–83, 101, 121, 124, 133–135,
149–151, 204–210

New Jersey, College of, _see_ Princeton University

New London and New London Township, Pa., 101, 118, 132

New London County, Conn., 84

New Milford, Conn., 129

New York (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 6, 9,
14, 16, 18, 22, 23, 24, 44, 53–54, 94–98, 104–105, 110, 115,
119, 134–135, 143, 144, 148, 153, 160, 210–213.
_See also entries immediately following._

New York Chamber of Commerce, 97

New York City and New York Harbor, N.Y., 22, 95–98, 135, 218, 263.
_See also_ Bronx;
Brooklyn and Brooklyn Heights;
Staten Island.

New York Hospital, 97

New York Society Library, N.Y., 97

Newark, N.J., 134

Newburyport, Mass., 140

Newington Plantation, Va., 41

Newport, R.I., 51, 52, 69, 80, 143

Newspapers, 20, 22, 37, 43, 55, 81, 124, 125, 127, 145

Newton, Mass., 129

Noke, William, architect, 182

Nonimportation agreements and measures, _see_ Independence movement
and British-colonial clash

North, Lord, British official, 82

North America, Bank of, _see_ Bank of North America

North Bridge, Mass., 8

North Burial Ground, R.I., 81

North Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in,
15, 16, 18, 24, 30, 73–75, 77–79, 99, 116–118, 161,
206, 213–216.
_See also_ Carolinas.

North East (town), Md., 118

North Santee River, 99, 234

Northampton County, Pa., 137, 138

Northern United States, 28.
_See also specific colonies/States._

Norwich, Conn., 83, 84, 164

_Notes on the State of Virginia_ (book), 250

Nova Scotia, Canada, 139

Occupations of signers, _see_ Vocations of signers

Octagonal houses and rooms, 245, 249–251

Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation, National Park Service,
programs and activities of, 162

Offices, political, various local, State, and National, held by
signers, _see individual signers_

Offley Hoo (estate), Va., 112, 247

Ohio (State), 153

Old Burial Ground, Conn., 84, 166

Old Custom House, Pa., 224

Old Granary Burying Ground, Mass., 39, 69, 116

“Old House,” Mass., _see_ Adams National Historic Site

Old House Plantation, S.C., 75, 76

Old St. Paul’s Cemetery, Pa., 110

Old Swedes’ Church, Pa., _see_ Gloria Dei Church National Historic Site

Olive Branch Petition, 14

Oliver, Andrew, British official, 195

Oliver-Gerry-Lowell House, Mass., _see_ Elmwood

Orators and orations, and signers, 45, 52, 71, 78, 85, 86, 90, 92,
122, 136, 150, 151

Ordnance, _see_ Arms, ammunition, and ordnance

Orphans, 49, 95, 120, 141

Other Sites Considered, described individually, 165–167, 175–181,
183–185, 189–191, 197–198, 209–210, 213–214, 220–228;
nature of, 161–162

Otis, James, lawyer-radical leader, 77

Oxford, Md., 106

Paca, John, son of signer, 114

Paca, Mrs. William, first wife of signer, 113

Paca, Mrs. William, second wife of signer, 114

Paca, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 44,
46, _113–114_, 136, _188–189_

Paca family, 114

Paca House, Md., 113, _188–189_

Paine, Mrs. Robert Treat, wife of signer, 115

Paine, Robert Treat (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
_115–116_, 160

Paine, Robert Treat, son of signer, 115

Paine, Robert Treat, great-grandson of signer, 115

Paine, Thomas, author-patriot, 12, 15, 107, 124, 204

Painters and painting, _see_ Art and artists

Paisley (town), Scotland, 149, 150

Palladian architectural style, 172, 182, 183, 234, 246, 247

Pamphlets, _see_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts

Pamunkey River, 41, 240

Parchment copy of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of Independence

Parents of signers, _see specific signers_

Paris, France, 43, 88, 124.
_See also_ Treaty of Paris

Parishes, political, _see_ Counties and parishes;
religious, _see_ Christianity and religion

Parliament, British: and Colonies, _see under_ Independence movement
and British-colonial clash

Parsons, William, and Parsons-Taylor House, 226

Parsons-Taylor House, Pa., _226–227_

Parties, political, _see particular political parties and individuals_

Patent Office, D.C., 264

Patowmack (Potowmack) Company, 44

Patriotic-civic organizations, and historic sites, 160

Patriots and patriotic movement, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash

Peace negotiations and treaties, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy;
Indians and Indian affairs;
_and specific treaties_

“Peacefield,” Mass., _see_ Adams National Historic Site

Peach Tree Plantation, S.C., 99, 100

Peale, Charles Willson, artist, 218

_Peggy Stewart_ (ship), 189–190

Peggy Stewart House (Rutland-Peggy Stewart House; Rutland-Stewart-Stone
House), Md., _189–191_

Pemberton House (Army-Navy Museum), Pa., 224, 226

Penal matters, _see_ Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war

Pendleton, Edmund, lawyer-patriot, 88, 111, 117, 155

Peninsular Campaign (Civil War), 239–240

Penn, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, _116–118_,
160, 161

Penn, Mrs. John, wife of signer, 117

Penn, William, and Charter of Privileges, 221

Penn (John) family, 118

Penn (William) family, 56

Pennsylvania (colony and State), history of and historic sites in,
8–9, 14, 15, 16, 18, 24, 27, 30, 44, 49–51, 55–58, 82, 93,
100–102, 106–110, 118, 122–126, 132–133, 137–138, 143,
145–148, 153, 159–160, 216–231.
_See also_ Delaware.

_Pennsylvania Gazette (The)_ (newspaper), 55

Pennsylvania Hospital, 125, 126

Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery, 58, 126

Pennsylvania State House, _see_ Independence Hall

Persimmon Point, Ga., 177

Perth Amboy, N.J., 134

Philadelphia, Pa., 3, 8, 9, 14–24 _passim_, 38, 42, 44, 46, 47, 49–50,
51, 52, 55–56, 57, 58, 64, 73, 82, 83, 95, 100–133 _passim_,
138, 146–148, 159–160, 172, 199, 204, 209, 210, 216–226, 228,
230, 263–264.
_See also entries immediately following._

Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts, 51

Philadelphia Agricultural Society, 51

Philadelphia architectural style, 228

Philadelphia Bank, 51

Philadelphia Bible Society, 126

Philadelphia College of Physicians, 126

Philadelphia Dispensary, 126

Philadelphia (Merchants’) Exchange, 224, 226

Philadelphia Medical Society, 126

Philadelphia National Shrines Park Commission, 226

Philanthropists and philanthropy, 55, 56, 96, 97, 115

Philosophical Hall, Pa., _see_ American Philosophical Society Hall

Philosophical Society of Newport, R.I., 80

Physicians, _see_ Disease, sickness, and physical afflictions of
signers;
Doctors, medical education, medical practice, and hospitals

Piscataqua River, 177

Plainfield Academy, Conn., 84

Planters and plantations, 4, 28, 31, 41, 42, 43, 62, 63–64, 65, 66,
70, 75–76, 86, 94, 99, 103, 104, 106, 110, 111, 113, 120, 129,
135, 177, 186, 194, 233, 236–237, 239–256 _passim_.
_See also_ Slaves;
_and specific plantations._

Poets and poetry, _see_ Literature and literary figures

Politics, politicians, political parties, and political theory, _see
particular political parties, colonies/States, signers, other
individuals, and appropriate topics throughout this index_

Poll taxes, _see under_ Taxes and taxation

_Poor Richard’s Almanac_, 55–56

Poplar Forest (retreat), Va., 89, _249–251_

Port Royal Island, S.C., 76, 128

Port Tobacco (town), Md., 136, 186

Portland, Mass., 115

Portraits of signers: collection of, discussed, 218;
collective, reproduced, ii;
individual, reproduced, _see specific signers_

Portsmouth and Portsmouth Harbor, N.H., 143, 177, 202

Post offices and postal officials, _see_ Mail service

Potomac, Army of the (Civil War), 239

Potomac River and Potomac River Valley, 44, 92, 251, 263

Potowmack Company, _see_ Patowmack Company

Poughkeepsie, N.Y., 98, 105

Powell, Thomas, newspaper publisher, 127

Poynton Manor, Md., 135

Prehistory and prehistoric sites, 177

Presbyterian Cemetery, N.J., 48

Presbyterian Cemetery, N.Y., 54

Presbyterian Church, N.C., 216

Presbyterians and Presbyterian Church, 48, 54, 56, 149–151, 216.
_See also_ Calvinists and Calvinism;
Christianity and religion.

Presidential electors, _see under_ United States Presidents
and Presidency

Presidents, of Continental Congress, _see under_ Continental Congress;
U.S., _see_ United States Presidents and Presidency

“President’s House,” D.C., _see_ White House

President’s House (Dean’s House; Maclean House) (Princeton
University), N.J., 150, 151, _208–209_

President’s Lot, Princeton (N.J.) Cemetery, 151

“President’s Palace,” D.C., _see_ White House

Press, _see_ Newspapers

Primogeniture, 120, 135

Prince George County, Va., 154

Prince George’s Parish, S.C., 99

Princess Anne (town), Md., 45

Princeton Alumni Council, 208

Princeton and Battle of Princeton, N.J., 23–24, 72, 73, 134,
135, 207, 263.
_See also_ Princeton University.

Princeton Cemetery, N.J., 151

Princeton University (College of New Jersey), 84, 124, 134, 149,
150–151, 208–209

Printing and publishing industry, 55.
_See also_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts;
Newspapers.

Printing of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of Independence

Prisons, prisoners, and prisoners-of-war, 31, 48, 50, 75, 76, 94, 103,
107, 108, 126, 128, 132, 134–135, 140–141

Private individuals, groups, and agencies: and historic
preservation, 160

Private schools, _see_ Education

Privateers and privateering, 60, 97

Professions of signers, _see_ Vocations of signers

Profiteering among signers, 31, 46, 59, 60, 106–107

“Progressive” party, in Va., 88

_Prophecy (The)_ (essay), 82

Proprietary colonies, _see under_ Colonies

Prospect Hill Cemetery, Pa., 98

Protestant Episcopal Church, 183.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.

Protestants and Protestant Church, 28, 183.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.

Protests, colonial, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial
clash

Providence and Providence County, R.I., 79–81

_Providence Gazette and Country Journal_ (newspaper), 81

Psychiatry, _see_ Insane and insanity

Public libraries, _see_ Libraries

Public schools, _see_ Education

Public service, role of signers in, 29, 31 (_and see specific signers_)

Public speaking, _see_ Orators and orations

Publishers and publishing, _see_ Printing and publishing industry

Puritans, 65–66

Putnam, Herbert, and Declaration of Independence, 264

Quakers, 56, 73. _See also_ Christianity and religion.

Queen Annes County, Md., 113, 188

Quincy (Braintree), Mass., 33, 34–35, 68, 192, 193

Quincy (Mass.) Historical Society, 192, 193

Radicals and radicalism, 16, 18, 34, 37–38, 45, 49, 71, 77, 78, 80,
88, 98, 103, 119, 130, 141, 147, 155

Rahway, N.J., 48

Raleigh’s Tavern, Va., 93

Randolph, Peyton, legislator, 42

Randolph, Thomas, relative of signer, 254

Randolph, Thomas Mann, relative of signer, 86, 254

Randolph, William, relative of signer, 86, 254

Randolph, William II, relative of signer, 254

Randolph family, 86, 255

Rappahannock Valley, 246

Read, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27, 29,
101, _118–119_, 120, 121, 135, 160

Read, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 118

Reading, Pa., 146

Redemptionist Fathers, 179, 180

Reform and reformers, _see_ Humanitarians and reformers

Regulators, of North Carolina, 78

Relatives of signers, _see individual signers_

Religion, _see_ Christianity and religion

Representation, political, and representative government, _see
specific governmental bodies, colonies/States, and appropriate
topics throughout this index_

Republicans and republicanism, 61, 79, 128, 145, 147

Residences of signers, condition and status of, 31 (_and see
particular residences_)

Retirement of signers, _see individual signers_

Revere, Paul, patriot and artist, 5, 10, 68, 199

Revolution, Daughters of the, 160

Revolution, Daughters of the American, _see_ Daughters of the
American Revolution

Revolution, Revolutionaries, and Revolutionary movement, _see_
Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
War for Independence;
_specific Revolutionaries_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_

Revolution, Sons of the, 160

Revolution, Sons of the American, 160

Revolutionary War (U.S.), _see_ War for Independence

Rhode Island (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 15,
16, 18, 24, 30, 51–52, 79–81, 143, 231–232

Rhode Island College, 80

Rice planters, _see_ Planters and plantations

Richmond, Va., 42, 86, 88, 156, 255

Richmond Academy, Ga., 142

Richmond County, Va., 91

Ridley Township, Pa., 109

Rights: Bill of, U.S., _see under_ United States Constitution;
declarations of, by colonies/States, 20;
of Englishmen, and Colonies, 8–9;
of man, and Declaration of Independence, 20;
of States, 123

“Rights of the Colonies Examined” (The) (article-pamphlet), 81

Rising Sun (town), Md., 124, 134

“Rising Sun” chair, 219

Risks and sacrifices of signers, 22, 23–24, 31–32 (_and see
individual signers_)

Robert E. Lee Memorial Foundation, Inc., 253

Rodney, Caesar (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18, 29,
101, _120–121_, 160

Roman Catholic Church, 28, 43, 44, 179, 180, 238.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.

Roman Doric and Roman Revival architectural style, 189, 219, 221,
234, 245, 247

Rome, N.Y., 54, 212

Roselle, N.J., 47, 48

Rosney Cemetery, Ga., 142

Ross, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 118,
_122–123_, 160, 224

Ross, John, stepbrother of signer, 122

Ross, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 122

Rough draft of Declaration, _see under_ Declaration of Independence

Royalists, _see_ Loyalists and Tories

Royalty, _see_ Kings

Rush, Benjamin (signer), career of and sites associated with, 27, 31,
_123–126_, 134, 160, 222, 224, 228

Rutland, Thomas, and Peggy Stewart House, 189

Rutland-Peggy Stewart House, Md., _see_ Peggy Stewart House

Rutland-Stewart-Stone House, Md., _see_ Peggy Stewart House

Rutledge, Edward (signer), career of and sites associated with, 18,
28, 31, 99, 104, _127–129_, 135, _237–238_

Rutledge, John, brother of signer, 127, 128

Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, first wife of signer, 127

Rutledge, Mrs. Edward, second wife of signer, 129

Rutledge (Carter-May) House, S.C., _237–238_

Sacrifices of signers, _see_ Risks and sacrifices of signers

Safety, committees/councils of, _see_ Committees of safety

St. Andrews (city), Scotland, 145

St. Andrew’s Society, 97

St. Ann’s Church, N.Y., 105

St. Augustine, Fla., 76, 104, 128, 233

St. Catherines Island, Ga., 63, 64, 176–177

St. George’s Church, Pa., 224

St. Helena’s Parish, S.C., 75

St. James Parish, S.C., 99

St. John’s Episcopal Church, Va., 156

St. John’s Parish, Ga., 64, 65–66, 67, 141

St. Joseph’s Church, Pa., 224–226

St. Luke’s Parish, S.C., 75

St. Mary’s Catholic Church, Md., 179–180

St. Mary’s Church, Pa., 226

St. Paul’s Cemetery, Md., 46

St. Paul’s Cemetery, Old, Pa., 110

St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, S.C., 129

Salem, Mass., 68

Salem, N.J., 82

Saltbox architectural style, 164, 191, 193, 203

Santa Catalina Mission, Ga., 177

Santee River, North, 99, 234

Santee River, South, 99

Saratoga (Schuylerville) and Battle of Saratoga, N.Y., 40, 143, 153

Savannah, Ga., 63, 64, 66, 67, 76, 140–142, 175, 176, 233

Savannah River, 67

Sawmills, 72

Schools, _see_ Education

Schuylerville, N.Y., _see_ Saratoga and Battle of Saratoga

Schuylkill River, 108

Science and scientists, 55, 56, 80, 85, 89, 116, 130

Scituate (city) and Scituate Township, R.I., 80

Scots, Scotland, and Scotch-Irish, 74, 77, 96, 101, 122, 124, 134,
139, 145, 146, 149–150, 208.
_See also_ Great Britain.

Scotland (city), Conn., 83

Seamen, _see_ Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
_and various nations_

Second Bank of the United States, _see_ Bank of the United States

Second Bank of the United States Building, Pa., 218, 226

Second Continental Congress, _see_ Continental Congress

Second Treaty of Fort Stanwix (N.Y.), 153

Secondary education, _see_ Education

Secretaries, of Continental Congress, _see under_ Continental Congress;
of U.S. Government Departments, _see following_ United States;
of various other bodies, signers as, _see individual signers_

Senate, U.S., _see_ United States Senate

Servants, 31, 137, 186, 194, 195, 203.
_See also_ Slaves.

Seven Buildings, D.C., 263

Shadwell (plantation), Va., 86, 244, 254

Shell Bluff Plantation, Ga., 67

Shenandoah River Valley, 44

Sherman, Roger (signer), career of and sites associated with, 16, 18,
20, 29, 106, _129–131_, 160

Ship carpenters, 201

Shippen, Dr. William, Sr., and Philadelphia, 228

Shippen, Dr. William, Jr., brother-in-law of signers, 125, 228

Shippen-Wistar House, Pa., 228

Shippensburg, Pa., 132

Ships, shippers, and shipping, _see_ Continental Navy;
Merchant marine and maritime affairs;
United States Navy;
_and various nations_

Sickness of signers, _see_ Disease, sickness, and physical
afflictions of signers

Signers of the Constitution (U.S.), _see_ United States Constitution

Signers of the Declaration: age of, at time of signing and death,
compared, _see_ Age of signers;
biographical analysis and comparison of, collective, 27–32;
biographical sketches of, individual, 33–156;
books on, 268–269;
early (formal signing), 23, 67, 217, 262;
furniture and items associated with, collectively, 219, 221;
honored and commemorated, ii, 159–160, 224;
interest in, increases, 160;
largest number of, from one State, 30;
late, 23, 24, 60, 93, 100, 139, 140, 153, 155, 217, 262;
nationally famous, 34;
one of, prominent in affairs of two States, _see_ McKean, Thomas;
one of, votes against independence, 27, 118, 121;
painted, ii, 218, _and see individual portraits_, 33–156 _passim_;
prominent patriots who were not, 27, 28, 29;
reflect regional and colonial attitudes, 30;
remarks of, on signing, 52, 58, 79;
replace opponents of independence, 27, 47, 72;
residences and sites associated with, collective, status of, 31,
159–163, 216 (_and see particular residences and sites_);
subsequent careers of, 29, 31 (_and see individual signers_);
traditions regarding, 24, 52, 58;
tragic life among, 99;
way of life of, 28–29, 159;
who also signed Articles of Confederation, 29, 36, 39, 59, 76, 90,
93–94, 100, 106, 117, 129, 149;
who also signed Articles of Confederation and Constitution (U.S.),
29, 106, 129;
who also signed Constitution (U.S.), 29, 49, 50, 55, 58, 106, 129;
who did not vote for or take a stand on independence, 27,
106, 118–119;
who were non-natives of States they signed for, 30, 39, 55, 62, 65,
72, 73, 77, 82, 95, 101, 106, 116, 118, 122, 129, 132, 137,
139, 140, 143, 145, 149.
_See also_ Declaration of Independence;
_specific signers_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index._

Signers’ Monument, Ga., 67, 142, 161

Six Indian Nations, _see_ Iroquois Indians

Skelton, Martha Wayles, marries signer, 86, 244, 249

Sketchley, John, stepfather of signer, 109

Slaves, and Congress, 58;
and Declaration of Independence, 20;
and Ga. economy, 66;
and New England shippers, 28;
British capture, 76;
burn estate, 236;
emancipated, 156;
in N.Y., 53;
institution of, opposed and condemned, 20, 28, 58, 80, 92,
123, 126, 156;
labor in gardens, 236;
laws on, 80;
quarters for, 177, 184, 234, 255;
signers own and trade, 28, 53, 63, 90, 110.
_See also_ Servants.

Smith, Abigail, _see_ Adams, Mrs. John

Smith, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
_132–133_, 160–161

Smith, Rev. Samuel S., son-in-law of signer, 151, 208

Smith, Robert, carpenter, 209

Smugglers and smuggling, 34, 68

Social status of signers, _see_ Aristocrats and aristocracy;
_and individual signers_

Society of Colonial Dames in the State of Rhode Island, 232

Songs, _see_ Music and musicians

Sons of Liberty, 37, 45, 95, 97

Sons of signers, careers of, 30 (_and see particular signers_)

Sons of the American Revolution, 160

Sons of the Revolution, 160

Sourland Mountains, 72

South Carolina (colony and State), history of and historic sites in,
16, 18, 24, 64, 66, 75–76, 99–100, 103–104, 117, 127–129,
135, 233–238.
_See also_ Carolinas.

South Santee River, 99

South Windsor, Conn., 152

Southern United States, 28, 30, 70, 74–75, 140–141, 233.
_See also_ Planters and plantations;
_and specific colonies/States._

Spain and Spaniards, 59, 115, 177, 196

Speaking, public, _see_ Orators and orations

Speculators and speculation, 4, 108, 143, 147, 148, 213

Spoils system, 102

Spotsylvania County, Va., 154

Staffordshire, England, 62

Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp Act agitation, 34,
37, 45, 56–57, 68, 70, 91, 93, 95, 97, 101, 106, 110, 119,
120, 134, 146, 155, 195

Stark, Gen. John, Army officer, 40

State Department, _see_ United States Department of State

State House for the Province of Pennsylvania, _see_ Independence Hall

Staten Island, N.Y., 98, 128. _See also_ New York City and New
York Harbor.

States (U.S.), and historic preservation, 160;
and National Register of Historic Places, 162;
economic and financial problems of, 107–108;
governmental bodies and other agencies of, _see individual
colonies/States_;
honor and maintain homes of signers, 160, 161;
land disputes among, 119, 133, 143, 153;
large and small, and U.S. Constitution, 131;
militia of, _see_ Militia;
receive taxes, 117;
rights of, _see_ States’ rights;
role of, in Revolution, _see particular States and appropriate
topics_;
seals of, 155;
signer prominent in affairs of two, _see_ McKean, Thomas;
signers non-natives of those they signed for, 30, 39, 55, 62, 65,
72–73, 77, 82, 95, 101, 106, 116, 118, 122, 129, 132, 137,
139, 140, 143, 145, 149;
signers’ role in affairs of, _see specific States and signers_.
_See also_ Continental Congress;
_and individual States._

States’ rights, 123

Statues of signers, 161

Stewart, Anthony, merchant, 189

Stewart (Peggy) House, Md., _see_ Peggy Stewart House

Stockton, Julia, wife of one signer and daughter of another, 124

Stockton, Mrs. Richard, wife of signer, 134

Stockton, Richard, grandfather of signer, 207

Stockton, Richard (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
33, 124, _133–135_, _207–208_

Stockton family, 134, 208

Stone, Mrs. Thomas, wife of signer, 136

Stone, Thomas (signer), career of and sites associated with,
_135–136_, _186–188_, _189–191_

Stonington, Conn., 72

Stony Brook Quaker Meeting House Cemetery, N.J., 135

Stores, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Stoughton, Mass., 129

Stovall (town), N.C., 117

Stratford Hall (estate), Va., 91–92, _251–253_

Strickland, William, architect, 218

Students, _see_ Education

Suffolk County, N.Y., 53, 54

Suffolk Resolves, 38

Sugar Act, 37

Sugar planters, _see_ Planters and plantations

_Summary View of the Rights of British America (A)_ (tract), 86, 87

Summerseat (estate), Pa., 51, _229_

Sunbury, Ga., 63, 64, 66

Superior Courts, State, _see individual States_

Supreme courts, of colonies and States, _see specific colonies/States_;
of United States, _see_ United States Judiciary

Surgeons, _see_ Doctors, medical education, medical practice,
and hospitals

Surveyors and surveying, 47, 80, 86, 109, 130, 132

Susquehanna River, 132

Sussex County, Del., 101, 121

Swedes and Sweden, 109

Tabby construction material, 177, 235

Tabby Cottage, Ga., 63, _176–177_

Taliaferro, Richard, father-in-law of signer, 255

“Taps” (bugle call), 240

Tariffs, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Taunton, Mass., 115

Taverns, 222

Taxes and taxation, and British-colonial conflict, _see_ Independence
movement and British-colonial clash;
and signers, 37, 56, 131;
excise, on alcoholic beverages, 51;
in Boston, 36;
on stamps, _see_ Stamp Act, Stamp Tax, Stamp Act Congress, and Stamp
Act agitation;
on sugar, _see_ Sugar Act;
on tea, _see_ Tea and Tea Act;
poll, 113, 114, 136;
States receive, 117.
_See also_ Customs laws, collection, and officials.

Tayloe, Col. John, father-in-law of signer, 91, 242, 246

Tayloe, Mrs. John, mother-in-law of signer, 91

Tayloe, Rebecca, marries signer, 91, 242, 246

Tayloe family and descendants, 91, 247

Taylor, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 31,
_137–138_, _226–227_, _230–231_

Taylor, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 137, 242

Taylor (George) Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, 227

Taylor House, Pa., 137–138, _230–231_

Tea and Tea Act, 7, 38, 49, 53–54, 189–190

Teachers and teaching, _see_ Education

Temperance, 123, 126

“Temple of Minerva” (opera), 82

“The Bostonians Paying the Excise-Man or Tarring and Feathering”
(cartoon), reproduced, 6

“The Declaration of Independence” (painting), reproduced, ii

The Hills (estate), Pa., 108

“The Homestead,” Pa., _see_ Byberry

_The Pennsylvania Gazette_ (newspaper), 55

_The Prophecy_ (essay), 82

“The Rights of the Colonies Examined” (article-pamphlet), 81

“The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America,”
_see_ Declaration of Independence

Theology, _see_ Christianity and religion

Thirteen Colonies, _see_ Colonies

Thomas Jefferson Memorial, D.C., 161

Thomas Jefferson Memorial Foundation, 245

Thomson, Charles, and Declaration of Independence, 22, 69, 262

Thornton, Matthew (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24,
28, 31, _139–140_, _203–204_

Thornton House, N.H., _203–204_

Thornton’s Ferry and Thornton’s Ferry Cemetery, N.H., 140

Three Lower Counties, _see_ Delaware

Tobacco planters, _see_ Planters and plantations

Todd House, Pa., 224, 226

Tombs and tombstones, _see_ Cemeteries and burial places

Tories, _see_ Loyalists and Tories

Townhouses, 43, 50, 76, 96, 97, 107, 108, 120, 179, 185, 188, 228, 233

Towns, _see_ Cities, towns, and villages

Townshend Acts (_1767_), 37, 93, 120

Tracts, _see_ Books, pamphlets, essays, and tracts

Trade and traders, _see_ Commerce, trade, and manufacturing

Traditions regarding signing of Declaration, 24, 52, 58

Treasury, British, _see under_ Great Britain;
U.S., _see_ United States Treasury Department

Treasury Building (old), D.C., 263

Treaties, _see_ Diplomats and diplomacy;
Indians and Indian affairs;
_and specific nations and treaties_

Treaty of Fort Stanwix, Second, 153

Treaty of Paris (_1783_), 24, 35, 58, 207, 267

Trenton and Battle of Trenton, N.J., 23–24, 51, 72, 263

Trials, _see_ Legal practice, legal education, and jurisprudence

Trinity Church, N.Y., 96

Trumbull, John, artist, painting by, reproduced, ii

Trumbull, Jonathan, father-in-law of signer, 144–145

Trumbull Cemetery, Conn., 145

Tryon, William, British official, 77, 153

Tuckahoe (estate), Va., 86, _253–255_

Tuscan architectural features, 196, 250

Tuscarora Creek, Md., 180

Tusculum (home), N.J., 151, 208, _209–210_

Tutors and tutorial system, _see_ Education

U-shaped buildings, 240, 242

“Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America”
(The), _see_ Declaration of Independence

Union Army, _see_ Civil War

Union Cemetery, N.H., 143

Unitarians and Unitarianism, 52, 116.
_See also_ Christianity and religion.

United First Parish Church, Mass., 35

United Kingdom, _see_ Great Britain

United States, and Declaration of Independence, 3, 32;
architectural and historical heritage of, 32, 159–160, 216–217,
218, 245;
early antislavery law in, 80;
early chapel in, 186;
early chemistry education in, 124;
early legal education in, 155–156;
early libraries in, 222;
early medical practice and hospitals in, 123–126;
early music in, 82;
famous families in, 33, 91, 193;
famous writer in, 83;
first banks in, 108;
founding and early growth of, 3, 216–217;
major literary and political figures of, 194;
oldest learned society in, 221.
_See also various colonies/States, regions, entries immediately
following, and appropriate topics throughout this index._

United States, Bank of the, _see_ Bank of the United States

United States Bicentennial, 222

United States Bill of Rights, _see under_ United States Constitution

United States Capitals, 50, 124, 217, 263, 264

United States Capitol, D.C., ii, 161, 171, 173

United States Centennial Exposition, 264

United States circuit courts and judges, _see_ United States Judiciary

United States Congress, 29, 30, 33, 40, 44, 46, 48, 50–51, 53, 54, 58,
61, 81, 106, 118, 160, 194, 218, 221.
_See also_ Continental Congress;
United States Government;
United States House of Representatives;
United States Senate;
_and specific Congressmen_.

United States Constitution, and Connecticut (Great) Compromise,
118, 131;
and Pa. constitution, 148;
and signers of Declaration, 29, 39, 40, 44, 46, 50, 55, 58, 92, 106,
129, 144, 145–148;
Bill of Rights of, 48, 61, 71, 92, 94;
Bill of Rights of, displayed, 266, 267;
Bill of Rights of, displayed, photo of, 266;
debated, drafted, adopted, and signed, 50, 106, 129, 145–148,
218–221;
displayed, 264–265, 267;
displayed, photo of, 266;
favored and advocated, 40, 51, 61, 69, 125;
history and protection of document, 264–267;
Madison presents to Washington, mural of, 267;
opposed, 39, 46, 48, 61, 69, 71, 79, 84, 92, 94, 102, 105, 114, 119,
125, 131, 144, 148, 151, 153, 156;
room adopted and signed in, 218–221;
signers of, who also signed Declaration, 29, 49, 50, 55,
58, 106, 129;
significance of, 217;
takes effect, 263.
_See also_ United States Constitutional Convention.

United States Constitutional Convention, and signers of Declaration,
39, 44, 48, 61, 94, 108, 118, 119, 131, 136, 142, 145–148;
compromise at, 118, 131;
leader in, 228;
membership, deliberations, and actions of, 29, 49, 50, 55, 58, 61,
131, 145–148, 154, 156, 217, 218, 222, 267;
room held in, 218–221.
_See also_ United States Constitution.

United States courts, _see_ United States Judiciary

United States Declaration of Independence, _see_ Declaration of
Independence

United States Department of State, 33, 85, 88, 194, 228, 263–264

United States Department of the Interior, and historic
preservation, 161.
_See also_ National parks, National Park Service, and National
Park System.

United States Department of War, 263, 264

United States General Services Administration, 265

United States Government, and Declaration, 264;
and historic sites and buildings, 195, 212, 226;
buildings of, 173;
capitals of, _see_ United States Capitals;
first official document of, _see_ Declaration of Independence;
formation of, exhibit on, 267;
Jefferson sells library to, 90;
permanent records of, 265, 267;
role of signers in, 29, 60 (_and see specific signers_).
_See also_ Colonies;
Continental Congress;
_entries immediately preceding and following_;
_and appropriate topics throughout this index_.

United States House of Representatives, 48, 50–51, 54, 131, 195.
_See also_ United States Congress.

United States Judiciary, 29, 45, 46, 114, 145, 148, 213, 218, 219, 221

United States Mint, 125

United States Navy, 264.
_See also_ Continental Navy.

United States Presidents and Presidency, and John and John Quincy
Adams, 29, 30, 33, 35, 193, 194, 195, 218, 222;
and Mrs. John Adams, 34;
and signers, 29, 30, 85, 89, 239;
dignity of, 171;
electors for, 54, 84, 128, 142;
inaugurations and inaugural addresses of, 239, 267;
official residence of, _see_ White House;
unofficial residence of, 222.
_See also specific Presidents._

United States Secretary of State, _see_ United States Department of
State

United States Secretary of the Interior, _see_ United States
Department of the Interior

United States Secretary of the Treasury, _see_ United States
Treasury Department

United States Senate, 40, 44, 62, 92, 94, 106, 108, 118, 119, 131, 142.
_See also_ United States Congress.

United States Supreme Court, _see_ United States Judiciary

United States Treasury Department, 106, 108, 152

United States Vice Presidents, 29, 33, 35, 59, 61, 85, 88, 193,
195, 196, 228

United States War Department, 263, 264

United States War for Independence, _see_ War for Independence

Universalist Church, N.H., 41

Universities, _see_ Colleges and universities

University of Edinburgh, Scotland, 124, 134, 145, 149

University of Georgia, 67, 142

University of Glasgow, Scotland, 145

University of New York, 105

University of Pennsylvania, 82, 113, 126, 228

University of Pennsylvania Medical School, 228

University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 145

University of the State of Pennsylvania, 126

University of Virginia, 89, 90, 243

Urbanization, and historic preservation, 159

Valley Forge, Pa., 29

Van Brugh, Catherine, and signer, 96

Van Doren, Carl, historian, quoted, 217

Vandalism, and historic sites, 50, 159

Vassall, Maj. Leonard, and Adams National Historic Site, 194

Vassall-Adams House, Mass., _see_ Adams National Historic Site

Vermont (colony and State), 153

Verse, _see_ Literature and literary figures

Vice Presidents, U.S., _see_ United States Vice Presidents

Villa architectural plan, 246

Villages, _see_ Cities, towns, and villages

Virginia (colony and State), history of and historic sites in, 7, 9,
15, 16, 18, 20, 24, 41–42, 70–71, 74, 75, 85–94, 110–112, 117,
135, 136, 141, 154–156, 160, 239–256, 263.
_See also entries immediately following._

Virginia Association, 42, 93

Virginia House of Burgesses, 38, 41–42, 70, 86, 91, 92, 93, 111, 155

Virginia Resolves, 42

Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, 88, 90

Vocations of signers, compared, 31.
_See also individual signers._

Wakefield Academy, England, 92

Wales and Welshmen, 53, 62, 118

Wallingford, Conn., 65, 130

Walton, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31, 50,
64, 65, 66, 138, _140–142_, 161, _173–176_

Walton, George, Jr., son of signer, 175

Walton, Mrs. George, wife of signer, 141

Walton descendants, 175

Walton-Harper House, Ga., _see_ College Hill

Wamassee Head, Ga., 177

War for Independence (U.S.), and Declaration of Independence,
3, 23–24, 217;
and Loyalists, _see_ Loyalists and Tories;
battles and campaigns, land and naval, and course of, 3–156
_passim_, 207–218 _passim_, 228, 233, 236, 239, 248, 263, 264;
begins, 12, 38, 42;
ends, _see_ Treaty of Paris;
feared, 134;
financed, _see_ Continental Congress, fiscal problems and
policies of;
generated, _see_ Independence movement and British-colonial clash;
heroes of, 75, 251;
heroes of, painted, 218;
impact of, on signers and their families, _see_ Risks and
sacrifices of signers;
Iroquois Indians neutral during, 153;
peace negotiations during, 35, 58, 98, 128, 136;
verge of, 9;
won, 24.
_See also appropriate topics throughout this index._

War of _1812_, 172, 173, 263

War Office Building, D.C., 263

Ward, Samuel, politician, 80

Warren (town), R.I., 80

Wars, and historic sites, 159. _See also specific wars._

Warwick Furnace, Pa., 137

Washington, President George, career of and sites associated with, 14,
23–24, 27, 29, 34, 35, 42, 46, 52, 60, 69, 75, 95, 98, 104,
107, 108, 114, 124, 125, 148, 171, 217, 218, 228, 233,
255, 264, 267

Washington, D.C., history of and historic sites in, 3, 62, 108, 161,
170–173, 218, 263–266 _passim_

Washington College, Md., 114

Watkins, Thomas, and Meadow Garden, 175

Wealth and financial status of signers, compared, 27, 28–29, 30,
31, 43.
_See also_ Debts and economic reversals of signers;
_and individual signers._

Weapons, _see_ Arms, ammunition, and ordnance

Webster, Daniel, Secretary of State, 264

Welcome (village), Md., 135

Welles, Rev. Samuel, and Williams Birthplace, 166

Welles-Williams House, Conn., _see_ Williams Birthplace

Wells family, 204

West, Benjamin, artist, 82

West Indies, 100, 194, 202

West Nottingham Academy, Md., 124, 134

Westchester County, N.Y., 105

Western Reserve (in present Ohio), 153

Western United States, _see_ Frontier and frontiersmen

Westernville, N.Y., 54, 211, 212

Westminster School, England, 95

Westmoreland Association (_1766_), 93

Westmoreland County, Va., 91, 92

Westward expansion, _see_ Frontier and frontiersmen

Whedbee, Joseph, builder, 214

Whigs (patriots) and Whig Party, _see_ Independence movement and
British-colonial clash

Whipple, Joseph, brother of signer, 143

Whipple, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 143, 202

Whipple, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
_142–143_, _177–178_, _201–202_

Whipple Birthplace, Maine, _177–178_

White Hall Plantation, S.C., 76, 233

White (Bishop) House, Pa., 224, 226

White House (“President’s House”;
“President’s Palace”), D.C., 34, 85, _170–173_

White Plains, N.Y., 105

Whitestone, N.Y., 95

Widowers, signers as, 35, 41, 46, 54, 148

Widows of signers, _see_ Wives and widows of signers

Wilkins, John, builder, 214

William and Mary, College of, _see_ College of William and Mary

William and Mary architectural style, 252

Williams, Mrs. William, wife of signer, 144

Williams, Rev. Solomon, father of signer, 166, 168

Williams, William (signer), career of and sites associated with, 31,
_144–145_, _166–169_

Williams Birthplace (Welles-Williams House), Conn., _166–167_

Williams House, Conn., _168–169_

Williamsburg, Williamsburg Historic District, and Colonial
Williamsburg, Va., 15, 42, 86, 93, 111, 154–156, 255–256

Willing, Charles, shipper, 106

Willing, Thomas, shipper-legislator, 106, 110

Wills, 67, 120, 156

Wilmington, Del., 119

Wilmington, N.C., 77, 78, 214

Wilson, James (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28, 29,
110, 125, _145–148_, _213–214_, 222, 224

Wilson, Mrs. James, first wife of signer, 146

Wilson, Mrs. James, second wife of signer, 148

Windham, Windham County, and Windham district, Conn., 83, 144

Windsor, Conn., 152, 169

Winyaw, S.C., 99

Wiscasset, Maine, 139

Wistar, Dr. Caspar, and Philadelphia, 228

Witherspoon, James, son of signer, 151

Witherspoon, John (signer), career of and sites associated with, 28,
31, 124, 134, _149–151_, _208–210_, 228

Witherspoon, Mrs. John, first wife of signer, 124, 134, 149, 150

Witherspoon, Mrs. John, second wife of signer, 151

Wives and widows of signers, last to survive, 62 (_and see particular
signers and individuals_)

Wolcott, Oliver (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 31,
_152–153_, _169–170_

Wolcott, Oliver, son of signer, 152, 153

Wolcott, Roger, father of signer, 152, 153

Wolcott descendants, 170

Wolcott House, Conn., _169–170_

Wolverhampton, England, 62

Wooley, Edmund, carpenter, 217

Worcester, Mass., 33, 139, 203

World War II, 265

Writers and writing, _see_ Literature and literary figures

Wyandotte Indians, 153

Wye Hall, Wye Island, and Wye Plantation, Md., 113, 114, 188

Wyoming Valley land dispute, 133, 143

Wythe, George (signer), career of and sites associated with, 24, 86,
88, _154–156_, _255–256_

Wythe, Mrs. George, first wife of signer, 154

Wythe, Mrs. George, second wife of signer, 154–155, 255

Wythe, Thomas, brother of signer, 154

Wythe House, Va., _255–256_

XYZ affair, 61

Yale College, Conn., 65, 84, 96, 105, 130, 152

Yeoman farmers, 86

York and York County, Pa., 98, 132, 133, 218, 263

York County, Va., 111

York Hall, Va., _see_ Nelson House

Yorkshire, England, 92

Yorktown and Battle (siege) of Yorktown, Va., 108, 111, 112,
218, 248, 255

☆ U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1974 O-477-940

Transcriber’s Notes

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained; occurrences of inconsistent hyphenation have not been changed.

For compatibility with various display devices, the symbols for Site Categories beginning on page 163 are slightly different from the ones used in the original book.

Index not checked for proper alphabetization or correct page references.