Chapter XVIII: Appendix: III

Sir Christopher Wren left the rough drafts of four tracts on architecture, which are printed in the 'Parentalia,' and a few notes on Roman and Greek buildings, some of which Mr. Elmes transcribed in his 'Life;' they are for the most part very technical and are incomplete. The copy of the 'Parentalia' now in my hands contains the autograph draft of a Discourse on Architecture, which, as I think, has never been printed; it appears to me to be of great interest. It is therefore given entire, though I regret I cannot give the quaint prints of Noah's Ark, the Tower of Babel, Babylon, &c., with which the original is illustrated. The two former prints tally so exactly with the descriptions in the 'Discourse'--the print of the ark containing a small section, an elevation, and a vignette of a man feeding one of the creatures, besides a large drawing of the floating Ark--that I incline to think they were engraved, either by Wren himself, or from his drawings. Engraving was an art he well understood. He divides with Prince Rupert the honour of the invention of mezzo-tint. The prints are numbered Pl. IV. and V. respectively, and have no signature.

_Discourse on Architecture._

Whatever a man's sentiments are upon mature deliberation, it will be still necessary for him in a conspicuous Work to preserve his Undertaking from general censure, and so for him to accomodate his Designs to the gust of the Age he lives in, thô it appears to him less rational. I have found no little difficulty to bring Persons, of otherwise a good genius, to think anything in Architecture would be better then what they had heard commended by others, and what they had view'd themselves. Many good Gothick forms of Cathedrals were to be seen in our Country, and many had been seen abroad, which they liked the better for being not much differing from ours in England: this humour with many is not yet eradicated, and therefore I judge it not improper to endeavour to reform the Generality to a truer taste in Architecture by giving a larger Idea of the whole Art, beginning with the reasons and progress of it from the most remote Antiquity; and that in short touching chiefly on some things, which have not been remarked by others.

The Project of Building is as natural to Mankind as to Birds, and was practised before the Floud. By Josephus we learn that Cain built the first City, _Enos_, and enclosed it with Wall and Rampires; and that the Sons of Seth, the other son of Adam, erected two Columns of Brick and Stone to preserve their Mathematical Science to Posterity, so well built that thô ye one of Brick was destroy'd by the Deluge, ye other of Stone was standing in ye time of Josephus. The first Peece of Naval Architecture we read of in Sacred History was the _Arke_ of _Noah_, a work very exactly fitted and built for the Purpose intended.

It was by measure just 6 times as Long as Broad, and the Heighth was 3/5 of the Breadth. This was the Proportion of the Triremes afterwards. The Dimensions, and that It was 3 Stories high, and that It had a Window of a Cubit Square is only mention'd; but many things sure were of necessity to be contrived for Use in this Model of the Whole Earth.

First, One small Window was not sufficient to emit the Breath of all the Animals; It had certainly many other Windows as well for Light as Air. It must have Scupper-Holes and a large Sink and an Engin to Pump It; for It drew, as I compute, with all its Cargo and Ballast, at least 12 foot Water. There must be places for Insects the only Food of some Birds and Animals. Great Cisterns for Fresh Water not only for Land Animals, but for some Water fowl and Insects. Some Greens to grow in Tubs, the only food of Tortoises and some Birds and Insects; since we certainly have learnt that nothing is produced by Spontaneous Generation, and we firmly believe there was no new Creation. I need not mention stairs to the several Stories, with many other things absolutely necessary for a year's Voyage for Men and Animals, thô not mention'd in the Story, and Providence was the Pilot of this Little World, the Embrio of the next.

Most certainly Noah was divinly qualified not only as a Preacher of Righteousness but the greatest Philosopher in the 'Historia Animalium' that ever was; and it was Work enough for his whole Family to feed them, and take care of the young Brood; for in a year's time there must be a great increase in the Ark, w^{ch} was food for the Family, and the Beasts of Prey.

The first Peece of Civil Architecture we meet with in Holy Writ is the Tower of Babel. Providence scatter'd the first Builders, so the Work was left off, but the Successors of Belus the son of Nimrod probably finished It and made it His Sepulchre, upon his Deification.

It was built of Burnt Brick Cemented with Bitumen.

Herodotus gives us a surprizing Relation of it w^{ch} being set down by measure is not beside our subject to observe. It consisted of Eight several Stories; the First was one Stade, or 625 foot square, and of the same measure in Height upon which were rais'd seven more, w^{ch} if they were all equal with the First would amount to 2,500 foot, which is not credible: the Form must be therefore Pyramidal and being adorn'd on the outside with Rows of Galleries in divers stories diminished in Height in Geometrical Proportion; so the whole Mass would have the Aspect of Half an Octaedron, which is that of all the Egyptian Pyramids.

These Corridors being Brick wasted in more than 1600 years: and it was these which Alexander actually began to Repair, not the whole Bulk, as I suppose.

How Herodotus had his measures I question, for He flourish'd but 100 years before Alexander's Conquests of Babylon, so it was then 1500 years Old.

I proceed next to those mighty Works of Antiquity the Wonderful _Pyramids_ of Egypt yet remaining without considerable decay after almost 4000 years: for 2000 years agoe, they were reckon'd by Historians of Uncertain Original.

I cannot think any Monarch however Despotick could effect such things meerly for Glory; I guess there were reasons of State for it.

Egypt was certainly very early Populous, because so Productive of Corn by the help of Nile, in a manner without labour. They deriv'd the River when it rose, all over the Flat of the Delta; and as the People increas'd, over a great deal of Land that lay higher. The Nile did not always Flow high enough for a great Part of the then inhabited Country, and without the Nile, They must either Starve or prey upon those who had Corn; This must needs create Mutiny and Bloodshed, to prevent which it was the Wisdom of their ancient Kings and Priests to Exact a certain Proportion of Corn, and lay it up for those who wanted the benefit of the Rivers when it disappointed their sowing.

Thus Joseph lay'd up for seven years, and sur'ly He was not first: this Provision being ever so essentially necessary to support the Popularity and consequently the Grandure of the Kingdom; and continued so in all Ages, till the Turks neglected all the upper Canales except one which still suppli'd Alexandria. Now what was the consequence? It was not for the Health of the Common People nor Policy of the Government for them to be fed in Idleness: great Multitudes were therefore imploy'd in that which requir'd no great Skill, the Sawing of Stone Square to a few different scantlings, nor was there any need of Scaffolding or Engines, for hands only would raise them from step to step: a little teaching serv'd to make them set Line: and thus these great Works in which some Thousands of hands might be imploy'd at once, rose with Expedition: the difficulty was in mustering the men to move in order under proper Officers, and probably with Musick, as Amphion is said much about the same Age to have built the walls of Thebes with his Harp; that is Musick made the Workmen move exactly together without which no great weight can be moved, as Seamen know, for the Sheet Anchor will by no means be moved without a fiddle to make men exert their United force in equal time: otherwise they pull one against another and lose great part of their force.

The next observable Monument of great Antiquity which yet remain is the Pillar of Absolom.

By the description given of it, and what I have learnt from Travellers who have seen it, we must allow it to be very Remarkable though not great.

It is compos'd of seven Pillars six about in a Hexagon, and one in the middle and the Tholus solid, a large Architrave, Frize and Cornice lie upon the Pillars which are larger in proportion to their height then what we now allow to the Tuscan order, so likewise is the Entablature larger.

This whole composition though at least 30 foot high, is all of the one Stone, both Basis, Pillars and Tholus cut as it stood out of the adjacent Cliff of white Marble.

I could wish some skilful Artist would give us the exact dimensions to inches, by which we might have an idea of the Antient Tyrian manner; for it was probable Solomon by his correspondence with King Hiram employ'd the Tyrian Artists, in his Temple; and from the Phoenicians I derive as well the Arts as the Letters, of the Graecians, thô it may be, the Tyrians were Imitators of the Babylonians, and they of the Egyptians. Great Monarchs are ambitious to leave great Monuments behind them, and this occasions great Inventions and Mechanick Arts.

What the Architecture was that Solomon used we know little of, though Holy Writ hath given us the general dimensions of the Temple, by which we may in some manner collect the Plan but not of all the Courts.

Villapandus hath made a fine Romantick Piece after the Corinthian Order, which in that age was not used by any Nation: for the First Ages used grosser Pillars then Dorick. In after Times they began to refine from the Dorick, as in the Temple of Ephesus (the United Work of all Asia) and afterwards improved into a Slenderer Pillar, and Leavy Capital of various inventions which they called Corinthian. So that if we run back to the Age of Solomon, we may with reason believe they used the Tyrian manner, as gross at least as the Dorick, and that the Corinthian manner of Villapandus is meer fancy: Nay when long after Herod built the _Atrium Gentium_, he that carefully considers the description in Josephus will find it to be a Tripple Portico, and thick Pillars of the grosser Proportions which being whole stones of an incredible Bulk--our Saviour's Disciples admired them: _Master_, said they, _see what stones are here_! Titus would have sav'd this noble structure, but a soldier throwing a torch upon the Roof which was Cedar planks covered with Bitumen, it easily took Fire and consumed the whole Building. All the City was thus covered flat with Bitumen (easily gathered from the Lake of Sodom) and upon the flat roofs the Jews celebrated under Palm-boughs the Feast of Tabernacles.

The Body of the First Temple was gilt upon Bitumen, which is good Size for gilding and will preserve the timber. The Roof and Cedar Wainscot within being carved with Knotts was gilded all over with a thick Leaf, so I understand the word _Overlay'd_; for if it was cover'd with plate apply'd over the knots and Imbossments the gold nails to fix it on would have increased the Weight of the plate, whereas the quantity of the Nails is reckoned but small in Proportion. The Doors might be plated over and nail'd, and the Hinges and Bars, called Chains, might be solid; for these were afterwards stripp'd when the Egyptians pillaged the Temple in the Reign of Rehoboam.

That Herod did more than the Upper Portico doth not appear, for the substruction under the Portico was certainly Solomon's Work. The whole Hill Moriah was wall'd upright by him from the bottom of the Valley which render'd a broad Area above for all the Buildings of the Courts. This is the work in which were us'd stone of 10 and 12 Cubits, call'd as well they might _Costly Stones_.

Now it may well be inquired how in an uneven craggy Country, as it is about Jerusalem, such mighty Loads of Stone could be brought. I shall give my thoughts.

Solomon had an Army of Labourers in his Works; now suppose 12 Cubits long and 2 broad, and 1 thick, this would amount to 648 of our solid feet, which in marble would be 64 Tuns and more. Eight men can draw a Tun, but the ground being hilly, we will allow 10 men to a Tun which would be 640 men. Now how all these men can be brought to draw together I show as follows. First, 10 men draw in a Rope (as bargemen with us) at the end of this Rope is a Spring-tree (as our Coachmen use for ye two fore Horses) to each end of which is a rope so 20 men can draw in the second rank; each rope hath again its Spring-tree, and so on to a sixth rank each rank doubling the number and supposing 10 men to govern the rest (possibly with Musick) makes the number 640 men; and this will be found readier than capsterns, and by this means much vaster stones may be mov'd and even by Barbarous People without Engins. I cannot otherwise see what need Solomon had of such great multitudes of Labourers as _Threescore and ten Thousand Bearers of Burdens_, and _Fourscore Thousand Hewers of stone in the Mountains_, &c. Probably too they were employ'd by Months, and the rest were by turns to till the ground and bring food for the Labourers that the Country Work might proceed.

The Walls of Babylon were most stupendious Works, built with Brick and Cement with Bitumen; the Height of them, according to Herodotus, was Two Hundred Royal Cubits, and the Breadth Fifty; which in our measure (reckoning every Royal Cubit with Herodotus 1 foot 9 inches which is 3 inches above the common cubit measure) makes the Height 375 foot and the Breadth 93 ft. 9 in.

In these Walls were one hundred gates of Brass with Ornaments in Architecture of the same metal. Besides the first Wall, (which was encompassed with a wide and deep Foss always supply'd with water the sides of which were Lin'd with Brick) was an inner Wall built of near the same strength, thô not altogether of the same Breadth.

The extent of the City must add to the Surprise which being a Square contained a Front on every Side of one hundred and Twenty Stadia, that is Fifteen of our miles, and makes up in the whole Threescore miles.

Another stupendious Fabrick of I think also Tyrian architecture, was the monument of Porsenna, King of Etruria. This Sepulchre we have describ'd by Pliny, with the particular Dimensions in Feet which I have accordingly Delineated.

First, a Basis of squar'd stone fifty foot high rais'd the Pile above any vulgar contiguous Buildings which being solid only in those Parts that bore weight was so contriv'd within-side as to form a very intricate Labyrinth, into which whoever enter'd without a clew of thread would not be able to find the way out. Upon this Basis stood five Pyramids of 150 foot high; Four in the Angles, and one in the Centre; Bodies call'd Pyramids thô it is manifest they must have been so cut off as to have a large space on the Top to carry a Second Story of Four more lofty Pyramids of 100 foot high; and over them a third Order of Five more. Now how these could be borne is worth the consideration of an architect. I conceive it might be thus perform'd securely.

Set half Hemispherical Arches, such as we make the heads of Niches, but lay'd back to back, so that each of these have its Bearing upon three Pyramids of the Lower Order, that is two angular ones and the middle Pyramids; and these cutting one another upon the Diagonals will have a firm bearing for all the Works above.

Pliny mentions a Brass Circle and Cupola, lay'd upon the Five Lower Pyramids, not I suppose to bear anything, but chiefly for Ornament, and to cover the stone work of the Arches upon the strong Spandrells of which if another Platform were rais'd upon that might the upper structure be built and the whole have a stupendious effect, and seemingly very open. Pliny took his Description of this extraordinary Pile from the Measures set down by Varro, a diligent and therefore credible author, who probably might have taken his Dimensions when it was standing before the absolute conquest of Etruria by the Romans; the summary then of this prodigious Edifice (erected to show the Vanity of the Eastern Monarchy could be exceeded by the Italians) may be thus compriz'd.

The Basis of the whole was 300 ft. square, and 50 ft. high; upon which stood Five Pyramids each of 75 ft. square at 150 ft. high; upon which rested the Brazen Circle and Cupola, stil'd by Pliny _Petasus_, (which I take to be a Brass Covering securing the Arches) from which hung little Bells by Chains, which sounded as they mov'd by the Winds.

The Four Pyramids of the Second Order of 100 ft. high standing upon the Circle or Brim of the _Petasus_ as upon an Entablature, were evidently the Four First Angular Pyramids continu'd to an Apex, or near to a Point, so each will be in all from the Basis 450 ft. high, and rise as high as the _Petasus_; above which was again a Platform containing the Third Order of Five more Pyramids, of which the four angular Pyramids rested firmly upon the keys of the Diagonal Sections of the half Hemispherical Vaultings, which were called by the Ancients _Conchae_ resembling the heads of Niches joyn'd back to back. This Platform I take to have been round as being the Horizontal Section of the _Petasus_; and the Bases of the Five Upper Pyramids would be contiguous, and thus would be of the same shape and as high as the same below, as Varro asserts with some suspicion, fearing how they would stand, but I with confidence, the Proportions persuading, which indeed are very fine.

The Heighth to the Breadth of the Basis is 6 to 1. The Heighth of the Pyramids to the Brass _Petasus_ is 2 to 1, but taking in their whole heighth it would have 4 to 1, but allowing the Point of the Pyramid to be taken off (as it ought) and allowing for the Brasen Brim and Bells it will be 250 foot, above which was the Floor that bore the Five upper Pyramids of 4 to 1, so the Heighth is 550 foot as 6 to 11.

I have ventured to put some Ornaments, at ye Top belonging to the Tuscan superstition, (They then us'd not Statues) They are Golden Thunderbolts, so the whole will be 600 foot high, that is double to the Basis and the Heighth to the Brass circle will appear half the Face, or like the Façade of a Tuscan Temple, to which the Breadth of the Brim of the _Petasus_ and the Bells supply the Place of an Entablature:

I have been the longer in this Description because the Fabrick was in the Age of Pythagoras and his School, when the World began to be fond of Geometry and Arithmetick.

N.B. In all the Editions of Pliny for _Tricenum_ read Tricentinûm as the sense requires.

At the end of the Discourse on Architecture is an elevation, drawn
in pen and sepia, of the tomb of Mausolus, as Sir Christopher
supposed from Pliny's account that it must have been constructed.
It is drawn to a scale, with indications of statues, of which he
supposed there to have been forty-eight. It is remarkable how
closely Sir Christopher's conjectural elevation tallies with what
recent excavations have brought to light.

INDEX.

Abbot, Bishop of London, 11, 14;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 24

Académie Royale des Sciences, 148

Addison, 74, 179

All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt by Wren, 232;
destruction of, 232, 234

-- -- Lombard Street, rebuilt by Wren, 271, 272

-- -- Thames Street, 240

All Saints, Isleworth, 298

Andrewes, Lancelot, Dean of Westminster, Bishop of Chichester,
of Ely, of Winchester, kindness of, to Matthew Wren, 6, 7;
his prophecy, 10, 13;
his death, 14;
funeral of, at St. Saviour's, Southwark, 15;
care of, in giving church preferment, 31;
chaplain sent to the New Forest by, 40;
appointment of Mr. Bois by, 46;
quoted by Bishop Wren, 62;
church views of, 120;
legacy of, to Pembroke College library, 134

'Annals of England,' 20, 58, 77, 122

Anne, Queen, 300, 301, 305, 317, 320, 327

'Annual Register,' the (1765), 174

Arches Court, The, origin of the name, 184

Architecture, 119, 148, 150, 171, 184, 197, 240, 268, 290, 329;
Discourse on, by Sir C. Wren. _See_ Appendix III., 340

Artillery Company, the, 185

Ashburnham, Mr., 75

Ashmole, Mr. Elias, founder of the Ashmolean Museum, 217

Atterbury, Dean of Westminster, and Bishop of Rochester, 203, 209

Aubrey, the Wiltshire Antiquary, 91

Ayliffe's 'Oxford,' 125, 141

Bancroft, Archbishop, 14

Barrow, Dr. Isaac, eulogy of, on Christopher Wren, 128, 129

Barwick, Dr., Dean of Durham, of S. Paul's, 'Life of,' 72, 76, 85,
110, 112, 115, 120, 140

Bathurst, Dr., 144, 145, 270, 271

'Beauties of England and Wales,' 16

Bedloe, witness in the Popish plot, 227

Benson, William, appointed by George I. to supersede Wren, 329, 330

Bernini, Giov., 145, 149

Billing, A., 'Restoration of the Church of S. Sepulchre,' 183

Bird, Francis, sculptor, 300, 304

'Black Book of the Garter,' the, 4, 68

Blenheim Palace, building of, by Vanbrugh, 286

Blenheim, victory of (1704), 301

'Blue Book of the Garter,' the, 68

Blunt, 'Key to the Holy Bible,' 46

Bois, Mr. John, 46

Bow Church. _See_ S. Mary-le-Bow

Boyle, Robert, 283

Brewster, Sir David, 'Life of Newton,' 330

British Association, the, report of, for 1859, 333

Brouncker, Lord, 124, 126, 143

Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, 279

Burton, Henry, 251

Busby, Dr., head-master of Westminster, 41, 300

Bushnell, John, 179

Butler, Bishop of Bristol, 65

Butler, Samuel, 130

Cambridge, 6, 15, 45, 216

Canova, Antonio, 192

Catechism, the, clergy compelled to use, 22, 50

Cave, Dr. William, 240

Cemeteries, Wren's plan for placing outside London, 307

Chardin, Sir John, 230, 231

Charles I., his journey to Spain as Prince of Wales, 7-9;
his coronation in Scotland, 16;
sets up his standard at Nottingham (1642), 60;
sends a pardon to Laud, 70;
his flight from Oxford, 75;
his death, 86;
his bust by Bernini, 149;
proposed monument to, 209, 210

Charles II., escape of, after the battle of Worcester, 91;
letter of, to Monk from Breda, 112;
entry of, into London, 117;
encouragement given by, to the founding of the Royal Society,
124, 130;
spirited behaviour of, at the Fire of London, 156;
first stone of the Royal Exchange laid by, 178;
portion of the tax on coal given to building of S. Paul's by,
198;
palace at Newmarket built for, 225;
death of, 246

Chelsea College, building of the hospital at, 239, 240, 300, 326,
327

Chichester, sack of, by the Parliamentary troops, 79, 123

-- cathedral of, spire repaired by Wren, 243

Christ Church, Newgate, repaired by Wren, 260

Christ Church, Oxford, gateway at, built by Wren, 232

'Church Quarterly Review,' the, 65, 123

Cibber, Caius, 207

City churches, the. _See_ Names of Churches.
For complete list of, see Appendix II., 338

City Church and Churchyard Protection Society, 191;
Report of, 205

City companies' halls rebuilt by Wren, 266.
For list of, see Appendix II., 339

Clarendon, Lord, 19, 20, 23, 47, 110, 121, 160

Claypole, Richard, 99

Coal, portion of tax on, granted for the rebuilding of S. Paul's,
198

Coghill, Faith, 91, 176, 177

Collier, 'Ecclesiastical History,' 20

Common Prayer. _See_ Prayer Book

Compton, Bishop of London, 220, 279, 323, 324

Convocation, meeting of, in S. Paul's (1661), 119, 120

Corbet, Bishop of Norwich, of Oxford, 22, 24, 27, 215

Cosin, Dean of Peterborough, Bishop of Durham, 153

Coverdale, Bishop Miles, 219

Cowley, Abraham, 124, 147

Cromwell, Oliver, 9, 91, 99, 102

Cromwell, Richard, 103

Custom-house, the, rebuilt by Wren, 176

Dale, Rev. T. P., rector of S. Vedast's, Foster Lane, imprisonment
of, 273

Davenport, 'Oxfordshire Annals,' 25

'Decoy Duck,' the, a pamphlet against Archbishop Williams, 59

Denham, Sir John, 127, 139

De Ros, Lord, 'The Tower of London,' 211

Dore, Abbey of, 19

Doyley, 'Life of Sancroft,' 165, 166

Dunton, John, leader of the expedition against the Sallee
pirates, 20

Duppa, Dr. Brian, Bishop of Salisbury, appointed executor of
Archbishop Laud's will, 71;
Archbishop Tenison secretly ordained by, 123

East Knoyle, living of, held by Dr. Wren, 31, 32, 33

Elmes, 'Life of Sir C. Wren,' 90, 97, 200, 230

Ely, 44, 45

Ely House, 118, 119

Ely, Bishop of. _See_ Wren; Turner

Emmanuel College, Chapel of, built by Wren, 215, 216

Evelyn, John, 'Diary' of, 15, 49, 50, 51, 89, 93, 94, 95, 99, 114,
117, 118, 127, 145, 146, 154, 155, 181, 206, 209, 215, 217,
226, 228, 229, 230, 242, 244, 260, 286, 287, 302

-- -- death of, 304

Exchange. _See_ Royal Exchange

Fawley Court built by Wren, 245

Fell, Bishop of Oxford, 220

Fergusson 'Hist. of Architecture,' 15, 184, 192

-- 'Illustrated Handbook of Architecture,' 139

Fifty new churches, Act for building the, 305

Fire of London, the, 155, 159, 175, 184, 185, 187, 191, 192, 204,
219, 243, 288

Flamsteed, Astronomer Royal, 216, 299, 327

Fogg, Captain, pillage of S. George's Chapel by, 67

Fox, Sir Stephen, 239, 269, 327

'Fragmentary Illustrations of the History of the Book of Common
Prayer,' 120

Freemasons, the Order of, 147, 200, 285

Frogley, Richard, Wren's carpenter, 142

Fuller, Dr. Thomas, 6, 10

Garter, the Order of the, 4, 5, 16, 34-36, 67, 68, 80, 81, 123, 217

Garth, Samuel, physician and poet, 265

George I., 329

George, Prince, 235, 300

Gibbons, Grinling, 194, 195, 242, 252, 253, 324

Gibbs, James, pupil of Wren's builder of S. Mary-le-Strand and
S. Martin's-in-the-Fields, 233, 286, 305

Goddard, Dr., Warden of Merton College, 77, 78, 103, 104, 105, 124,
125

Godwin, 'De Præsulibus Angliae Commentarius,' 57, 94

Grainger, 'Biographical History of England,' 59, 149, 231

Great Haseley, detection of a murder at, 38

Greenwich Hospital, 269, 299

-- Observatory, 216, 327

-- Palace, 127

Gresham College, London, 98, 103, 105, 123, 240

Gresham Professors. _See_ Ward's 'Lives of'

Grey, 'Examination of Neale's Hist. of the Puritans,' 62, 86, 122

Griffiths, Matthew, Rector of S. Mary Magdalene's, Fish St. 248

Gustavus Adolphus, his George and Garter, 37, 67

Hackett, Dr., 18

Hall, Bishop of Norwich, 58

Halley, Dr., 247, 299, 333

Hampton Court Palace, Wren's alterations at, 267, 268.

Hare, A. C., 'Walks in London,' 119, 252

Harris, Renatus, builder of the organ at S. James', Westminster,
243;
at S. Paul's, 274, 275

Hatton, E. 'New View of London,' 219, 262, 271, 272

Hawkins, Sir John, monument of, at S. Dunstan's-in-the-East, 287.

Hawksmore, Nicholas, a pupil of Wren's, 206, 286, 293, 305

Henchman, Bishop of London, 154, 222

Henley-on-Thames, 38, 75, 159

Henry VI., 4

Hewet, Dr., 99

Heylin, 'Cyprianus Anglicus,' 15, 22, 44

Hoare, Sir R., 'History of Wiltshire,' 33

Holder, Dr. 42, 177, 222, 223, 261, 300

Holder, Mrs., 42, 176, 223, 224, 225, 261, 300

Hooke, Robert, 159, 246, 247

Hope, Right Honourable, A. J. B. B. 'Worship in the Church of
England,' 65

Hoskyns, C. Wren, 3, 231

Hoskyns, Sir John, 231

Hudson, Dr., chaplain to Charles I., 75

Hume, 'History of England,' 102

Hyde, Mr., 110, 111, 112, 113, 115.
_See_ Clarendon.

Inigo Jones, 42, 93, 127, 166, 243, 269

Ipswich, Disturbances at, stirred up by Prynne, 44, 45;
Tower church at, 65.

James I., visit of, to Cambridge, 6;
plans the Spanish match, 7;
his opinion of Bishop King, 222

James II., Inscription on Monument effaced by, 208;
continues Wren on S. Paul's commission, 248;
Declaration by, of liberty of conscience, 260;
Abdication of, 263;
Residence of, at S. Germain's, 283

Jarman, the city architect, 266

Jeffreys, Judge, his letter to Pepys, 161, 162

Jennings, Richard, Wren's master carpenter, 159, 200, 321, 323

Juxon, Bishop of London, 17, 49, 86, 109;
Archbishop of Canterbury, 118

Ken, Prebendary of Winchester, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 220, 234,
260

Kennet, Bishop, 122

Kensington Palace, additions to, made by Wren, 268

King, Bishop of London, his gravestone, 222

Knolles, 'Historie of the Turks,' 19

Lake, Bishop of Chichester, 260

Lalanne, L., 'Dictionnaire Historique de la France,' 149

Lambeth Palace, 41, 47, 48, 239

Lane, Mr. Peter, Rector of S. Bennet's, Paul's wharf, 243

Lathbury, 'History of Book of Common Prayer,' 123

Laud, Bishop of S. David's, of London, Archbishop of Canterbury,
advice of, respecting chaplains for the Prince of Wales, 7;
form of penance, and reconciliation for a renegado prepared with
Bishop Wren by, 20;
measures taken by, against the lecturers, 22;
his treatment of the foreign congregations, 23, 24;
works at S. Paul's carried on by order of, 41, 42;
yearly report of, to the King, 45;
impeachment and imprisonment of, in the Tower, 48, 50;
his refusal to escape, 61;
Trial of, 69, 70;
his execution on Tower Hill, 70;
order of, respecting altar-rails, 249

Lecturers, measures taken against, 22, 27

Lenthall, William, Speaker of the House of Commons, 38, 79

Le Soeur, Hubert, his statue of King Charles, 195

Littleton, Lord Keeper, 57

Lloyd, Bishop of S. Asaph, 217, 226, 260, 281

Longitude, the, attempts to discover accurately, 215, 331, 332

London, city of, 25, 41, 98, 142, 154, 155, 179, 186, 188, 335.
_See_ Fire; Plague; Tower.

London Bridge, 204, 262, 288

-- Stone, 219

Long Parliament, the, 56, 68, 103

Longman, 'Three Cathedrals dedicated to S. Paul's in London,' 198,
222, 273, 293

Louvre, the, 148, 149

Lysons, 'Environs of London,' 298

Macaulay, 'History of England,' 261, 281

Marah, 'Life of Archbishop Juxon,' 18

Marlborough, Duchess of, 285, 286

-- Duke of, 301, 302

Mary, Princess, her marriage, 49

-- Queen, her arrival in England, 263;
employs Wren to rebuild Hampton Court, 267;
her death, 268

Maw, Bishop of Bath and Wells, 7

'Memorials of the See of Chichester,' 79, 123, 245

Merchant Taylors' School, 6

Milford, Rev. R.N., 33

Milman, 'Annals of S. Paul's Cathedral,' 197, 203, 318

Milton, 122, 232

Monk, George, afterwards General, 71, 72, 103, 112, 114

Monument, the, built by Wren, 207;
inscriptions on, 207, 208

Morley, Bishop of Winchester, 220

Morton, Bishop of Durham, 112

Motley 'Life of Barnevelde,' 61

Neale, 'History of the Puritans,' 58

Neile, Bishop of Rochester, of Lichfield, of Lincoln, of Durham,
of Winchester, and Archbishop of York, 10, 11, 13, 57, 70

Newcourt, 'Repertorium,' 118, 183, 218, 222, 241, 243, 249, 250,
273

Newmarket, hunting palace built for Charles II. at, 225

Newport, Lord, 218

Newton, Sir Isaac, 154, 193, 232, 246, 247, 324, 327

Noble, 'Biographical History of England,' 225, 330

Non-jurors, the, 264, 281

Norris, Lord, 38, 39

Norwich, diocese of, overrun with lecturers, 22;
weavers at, Bishop Wren's treatment of, 23, 25

Notes and queries, 90

Oates, Titus, 226

Oldenburg, Mr., Secretary of the Royal Society, 299

Oughtred, the Rev. W., 78;
his death from joy at the Restoration, 79

Oxford, 25, 31, 74, 75, 90, 93, 140, 144, 192, 217, 232

Papin, Denys, inventor of Papin's Digestor, 229, 230

Parentalia, the, 26, 32, 34, 66, 74, 82, 87, 90, 98, 153, 154, 155,
177, 200, 201, 203, 223, 235, 247, 281, 325, 326, 330

Pascal, 101, 102, 148

Pearson, Dr., His sermon at Bishop Wren's funeral, 160

Peck, 'Desiderata Curiosa,' 46, 75, 160

Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 6, 134;
Consecration of chapel of, 162;
Bishop Wren buried at, 160;
Matthew Wren buried at, 161;
Sir C. Wren's son educated at, 265

Pepys' Diary, 118, 142, 143, 144, 156, 158, 161, 175, 178, 182, 228

Perier, Madame, 'Vie de Pascal,' 102

Peter the Great at Sayes Court, 286, 287

Peterhouse, Cambridge, 15, 17, 45, 88, 153, 160

Petty, Dr., afterwards Sir William, 89, 124, 125

Phelp, Richard, bell-founder, 321, 323

Philosophical Society, the, 126

Philosophy Act, the, kept at Cambridge, 6;
at Oxford, 93

Physicians, College of, built by Wren, 265

Pierce, Edward, sculptor under Wren, 207

Pigott, Mrs., only surviving descendant of Sir C. Wren, 231, 304,
317

Plague, the (in 1636), 25; (in 1665), 142, 143, 144, 154, 243

Plot, Dr., 142, 300

Pope, 'Moral Essays,' 208

-- 'Dunciad,' 330

Popish Plot, the, 227

Portland, Earl of, 282, 303

Portland quarries, the, 221, 279

Prayer Book, the, 65, 69, 118

-- of Edward VI., the first, 121

Prynne, William, 44, 45, 50, 70

'Quench Coal,' pamphlet by Prynne, 44

'Querela Cantabrigiensis,' 76

Raikes, Captain, 'History of the Honourable Artillery Company,' 185

Randolph, Thomas, 90

Red Book of the Garter, the, 68

Renegado, form of penance and reconciliation for, 19, 20

Restoration, the, 79

Rooke, Laurence, Astronomy Professor at Gresham College, 125, 128

Rowe, Sir Thomas, 34, 35

Royal Exchange, the, rebuilt by C. Wren, 178

Royal Society, the, 95, 124, 129, 141, 145, 154, 159, 193, 194,
203, 208, 222, 223, 228, 230, 231, 239, 240, 246, 284, 299,
327, 333;
'History of,' by Sprat, 95

-- 'History of,' by Weld, 124, 327

Ryswick, peace of (1697), 271

Ryves, Dr., Bruno, Dean of Chichester, and of Windsor, and
Registrar of the Garter, 123

S. Alban's, Lord, 146, 148, 241

-- Alban's, Wood St., rebuilt by Wren, 248

-- Andrew's, Holborn, rebuilt by Wren, 259, 297

-- Andrew's-by-the-Wardrobe, rebuilt by Wren, 271

SS. Anne and Agnes' Church, rebuilt by Wren, 218

S. Anne's, Soho, 300

-- Antholin's, Watling St., rebuilt by Wren, 233;
destruction of, 234

-- Augustine's Church, 234

-- Bartholomew's, Bartholomew Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 218;
destroyed to give site for the Sun Fire-office, 219

-- Bartholomew's Day (1662), 122

-- Bennet's, Gracechurch St., rebuilt by Wren, 250;
destruction of, 250

-- Bennet's, Paul's Wharf, rebuilt by Wren, 243

-- Bennet Fink, rebuilt by Wren, 194;
destruction of, 194

S. Bride's, Fleet St., rebuilt by Wren, 219, 220

-- Christopher-le-Stocks, repaired by Wren, 185

-- Clement Danes, rebuilt by Wren, 233

-- -- Eastcheap, rebuilt by Wren, 252

-- Dionysius or S. Dionis, Back Church, rebuilt by Wren, 194;
destruction of, 194

-- Dunstan's in the East, repaired by Wren, 287, 288

-- Edmund the King, rebuilt by Wren, 267

-- Faith (crypt of S. Paul's), built by Wren, 262

-- George's, Botolph Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 194

-- George's Chapel, Windsor, 4, 5, 67, 68, 209

-- Gregory's Church, 41, 99, 250

-- James's, Garlickhithe, rebuilt by Wren, 243

-- -- Westminster, built by Wren, 241, 242, 310

-- John's College, 31, 71

-- Lawrence, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, 206

-- Magnus, London Bridge, 5;
rebuilt by Wren, 204, 297

-- Margaret's, Fish St., 5

-- -- Lothbury, rebuilt by Wren, 267

-- -- Pattens, rebuilt by Wren, 259

-- Martin's-in-the-Fields, 191;
rebuilt by Gibbs, 233

-- Martin's, Ludgate Hill, rebuilt by Wren, 248

-- Mary's, Abchurch, rebuilt by Wren, 252

-- -- Aldermanbury, rebuilt by Wren, 207

-- -- -at-Hill, 191

-- -- -le-Bow, rebuilt by Wren, 183

S. Mary-le-Strand, built by Gibbs, 233, 305

-- -- Somerset, rebuilt by Wren, 273

-- -- Woolnoth, repaired by Wren, rebuilt by Hawksmore, 206

-- -- Magdalene, Fish St., rebuilt by Wren, 248

-- Matthew's, Friday St., rebuilt by Wren, 250

-- Michael's, Bassishaw, rebuilt by Wren, 219

-- -- Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, 191

-- -- Crooked Lane, rebuilt by Wren, 262;
destruction of (1830), 262

-- -- Queenhithe, repaired by Wren, 207

-- Mary's, Royal College Hill, rebuilt by Strong, Wren's
master-mason, 272

-- Mildred's, Bread St., rebuilt by Wren, 240

-- -- Poultry, rebuilt by Wren, 205;
destruction of, in 1872, 205

-- Nicholas, Cole Abbey, rebuilt by Wren, 206

-- Olave's, Jewry, rebuilt by Wren, 194

-- Paul's Cathedral, old, repairs of, 41, 42;
attacked by the Puritan mob (1640), 46-47;
meeting of the Convocation of Canterbury at (1661), 119;
Wren's proposed repairs of, 139, 140, 154;
burning of, in the Great Fire (1666), 156, 158;
removing the ruins of, 165;
Sancroft's letters to Wren respecting, 166, 168;
Wren's account of the effect of the fire upon, 169, 170, 171;
sale of the ruins of, for the rebuilding of parochial churches,
186, 187;
ruins of, blown up with gunpowder, 187, 188;
New or present building, different designs for, and Wren's model
of, 196, 197;
first stone of, laid by Wren, 200;
Wren's care in laying the foundations of, 201;
Bishop Compton's address to obtain contributions for, 220;
quarries of Portland stone set apart for, 221;
the crypt of, finished, 261, 262;
part of the money for, taken by Parliament for the expenses of
King William's wars, 273;
placing of the organ in, 273, 274, 275;
opening of the choir of, 279;
Wren's order against swearing among the workmen in, 285;
morning-prayer chapel of, opened, 288;
burial of Jane Wren in, 300;
thanksgiving for the victory of Blenheim at, 301;
covering of the dome of, with lead, 303;
last stone of, laid by Wren's son, 318, 319;
the iron gates set up in, 324;
Wren's design for east end of, 324, 325;
iron fence round, 326;
design of the commissioners to put up a balustrade, in, 328;
late improvements in, 334

S. Peter's, Cornhill, rebuilt by Wren, 233;
charitable legacies belonging to, 233

-- Sepulchre's Church, 182, 183

-- Stephen's, Coleman St., rebuilt by Wren, 205

-- -- Walbrook, rebuilt by Wren, 192, 225, 226

-- Swithin's, Cannon St., rebuilt by Wren, 219

-- Vedast's, Foster Lane, steeple of, added by Wren, 273

Salisbury Cathedral, Wren's work at, 17

Sancroft, Dr., Dean of S. Paul's and Archbishop of Canterbury,
appointed a S. Paul's commissioner, 154;
sermon of, after the Fire, 1, 5;
letters of, to Sir C. Wren, 166-168;
contributions of, to the building of S. Paul's, 220;
imprisonment of, in the Tower, 260, 261;
refuses to take the oath of allegiance to William III., 264

Savoy conference, the, 120

Sayes Court occupied by Peter the Great, 286, 287

Scarborough, Sir Charles, 78, 224

Scudamore, Lord, 19

'Sessional Papers, R. I. B. A.,' 267, 268

Seven Bishops, the, trial of, 235, 260

Seward, 'Anecdotes of Distinguished Persons,' 222

Sheldon, Bishop of London and Archbishop of Canterbury, 140, 146

Sheldonian Theatre, the, built by Wren, 140, 331

Sherlock, Dean of S. Paul's, 281

Simpson, Dr. Sparrow, 'Documents illustrating the History of
S. Paul's,' 27, 274, 280, 288, 323

Smith, Bernard, or Father, builder of organ at S. Paul's, 275, 288

South, Dr., 69, 141

Spain, expedition of the Prince of Wales to, 7, 9

'Spectator, the,' 179

Sprat, Dr., Dean of Westminster and Bishop of Rochester,
his account of the meetings of the Royal Society, 95;
'History of Royal Society,' 95;
letters of, to Christopher Wren, 105, 132, 133;
his sermon before the Commons, 209;
is succeeded by Atterbury, 289

Steele, Sir R., 'The Tatler,' 239

Strafford, Lord, 48, 49, 50

Strong, Edward, Wren's master-mason, 272, 284, 297, 303

-- Thomas, brother of Edward, 200

Tangiers, fortifications of, 132

Tenison, Thomas, Bishop of Lincoln and Archbishop of Canterbury,
his secret ordination by Bishop Duppa, 123;
founding of a library at S. Martin's by, 226;
building of the Chapel of the Holy Trinity, Conduit St., by, 243

Temple Bar, built by Wren, 179

Tijou, M., worker in iron, maker of the gates in S. Paul's, 324,
326

Tilbury Fort, 216

Torricelli, his invention of the barometer, 100, 101

Tower of London, the, 44, 58, 59, 69, 71, 87, 114, 115, 187, 210,
211, 260, 261

Tradescant, John, collector of the objects of natural history in
the Oxford Museum, 217

Trelawney, Bishop of Winchester, 235

Trinity College, Oxford, 144, 145, 146

Trinity College, Cambridge, 146

Turner, Bishop of Ely, 260

Vanbrugh, Sir John, 286, 305

Van Vianen, Christian, 37

Ven, Colonel, 68

Verrio, painter, his work at Whitehall and Windsor, 252

Wadham College, Oxford, 73, 77, 79, 93, 95, 105

Waller, Edmund, 9, 196

Waller, Sir William, sack of the city of Chichester by, 79, 123

Wallis, Dr., 77, 78, 112, 141, 222, 223

Walpole, 'Anecdotes of Painting,' 37, 268

Walworth, Sir William, his tomb, 262

Ward, 'Lives of the Gresham Professors,' 79, 89, 128, 226

Ward, Dr. Seth., Bishop of Exeter, of Salisbury, 90, 124, 125, 171,
206

'Warwickshire Worthies,' 3, 330

Weather-clock, the invention of, by Wren, 89

Weavers, the, at Norwich, 23

Weld, 'History of the Royal Society,' 124, 193, 327

Westminster Abbey, 57, 230, 289, 293, 320, 331

-- School, 41, 57, 69, 90, 231

White, Bishop of Peterborough, 260, 281

Whitehall, 144, 149, 252, 299, 317

Whittington, Sir Richard, 272

Wilkins, Dr. John, Bishop of Chester, 74, 77, 93, 94, 95, 124, 206

William, Prince of Orange, 49

William III., 208, 263, 268, 299

Williams, Bishop of Lincoln, and Archbishop of York, 57, 59

Wilson, Bishop of Sodor and Man, 220

Winchester, Wren's scheme for palace at, 234, 235

-- House, conference at, 10, 11

Windsor, 4, 16, 37, 40, 68, 263, 264, 265, 300

Wiseman, attack of the mob on Westminster Abbey, led by, 57

Wood, 'Athenæ Oxonienses,' 153

-- 'Fasti,' 223

Wood, Philip, carvings of, 253-255

Woodward, Dr., 202, 203

Worcester, battle of (1651), 91, 93

'Workman, the British,' 253

Wren, Capt, 161, 162

-- Charles, son of Bishop Wren, 161

Wren, Christopher, Dr., birth of, 5;
education of, 31;
given the living of Fonthill Bishops, 31;
of East Knoyle, 31;
made Dean of Windsor and Registrar of the Garter, 34;
made rector of Great Haseley, 38;
building at Windsor for Charles I. designed by, 40;
his care for the treasures of the Order of the Garter, 67;
letter of, to the Knights of the Garter, 80, 81;
death of, 96

Wren, Sir Christopher, birth of, 32;
sent to school at Westminster, 41;
his Latin letter to his father, 42, 43;
goes to Oxford, 73, 74;
his life there, 77, 78;
his translation of the 'Clavis Aurea,' 78, 79;
his early Inventions, 88, 89, 90;
friendship of, with Evelyn, 93, 94;
made Gresham professor of astronomy, 97;
his first lecture, 97, 98;
discovery of the barometer by, 101;
origin of the Royal Society in meetings in his rooms, 124;
is made Savilian professor, 125;
and doctor of civil laws at Oxford and Cambridge, 126;
his letter to Lord Brouncker on Experiments, 126, 127;
writes the preamble to the Charter of the Royal Society, 129;
declines the commission to direct the fortifications of
Tangiers, 132;
his designs for the chapel at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, 134;
his letter to Dr. Bathurst, 144;
his journey abroad, 146;
his journal, 149-152;
his return to London and inspection of S. Paul's, 154;
his plan for rebuilding the city after the fire, 157, 158, 172,
173;
Sancroft's letters to him as to the patching of S. Paul's,
166-171;
his work at Salisbury Cathedral, 171;
letter of, to Faith Coghill, 177;
his marriage, 178;
rebuilding of the Exchange by, 178;
building of Temple Bar by, 178;
petition of, to Charles II., 180-182;
rebuilding of Bow Church by, 183-184;
of S. Christopher-le-Stocks, 184;
is made a member of the Honourable Artillery Company, 185;
resigns the Savilian astronomy professorship, 186;
appointed architect of S. Paul's, 187;
clears away the ruins of old S. Paul's, 187;
his experiment in blowing up the tower with gunpowder, 188;
his use of a battering ram, 188;
birth of his eldest son, 191;
repair of S. Mary-at-Hill by, 191;
building of S. Stephen's, Walbrook, by, 192, 225;
knighted by Charles II., 194;
rebuilding of Drury Lane by, 196;
salary as architect of S. Paul's, 196;
his model for S. Paul's, 196-198;
lays the first stone of S. Paul's, 200;
death of his wife, 203;
his second marriage, 203;
rebuilding of eight city churches by, 204-207;
building of the Monument by, 207;
his designs for a monument to Charles I., 209;
building of the chapel at Emmanuel College by, 216;
of the Observatory at Greenwich, 216;
birth of his daughter Jane, 217;
rebuilding of five more city churches by, 218, 219;
the marking out of the dome of S. Paul's by, 222;
death of his second wife, 226;
elected President of the Royal Society, 228;
Christ Church gateway built by, 232;
All Hallows, Bread Street, rebuilt by, 232;
S. Peter's, Cornhill, and S. Clement Danes rebuilt by, 233;
his design for a palace at Winchester, 234, 235;
Chelsea Hospital built by, 240;
S. James's, Westminster, built by, 241;
Chichester Cathedral repaired by, 245;
Fawley Court built by, 245;
made Controller of the Works, 246;
elected member for Plympton, 247;
eight more city churches built by, 248-252;
death of his sister Susan, 261;
buildings by, erected at Windsor, 264, 265;
College of Physicians built by, 265;
halls of city companies rebuilt by, 266;
Hampton Court palace rebuilt by, 257, 268;
scheme of, for Greenwich Palace, 269;
his difficulties in placing the organ of S. Paul's, 273;
invention by, of a pulpit on wheels, 280;
letter of, to his son in Paris, 282, 283;
chosen Grand Master of the Freemasons, 285;
Marlborough House built by, 286;
S. Dunstan's-in-the-East repaired by, 287, 288;
statement of, as to repairs of Westminster Abbey, 289-293;
elected member for Weymouth, 298;
death of his daughter Jane, 300;
second letter of, to his son, 302, 303;
letter of, on church building, 305-313;
private houses built by, 317;
last stone of S. Paul's laid by his son, 318;
attack on, by S. Paul's Commissioners, 320;
his petition to Queen Anne, 320, 322;
his unfulfilled design for east end of S. Paul's, 324, 325;
dismissal of, by George I., from the post of surveyor-general,
329;
purchase of Wroxhall Abbey by, 330;
his studies and papers in cipher respecting the longitude at sea,
331, 332;
his death 333;
his burial and monument, 334

Wren Christopher, son of Sir C. Wren, 200, 265, 269, 281, 282, 283,
302, 303, 304, 318, 330

Wren, Francis, 5

-- Geoffrey, 4, 5

-- Jane, daughter of Sir C. Wren, 217, 269, 288, 300, 301

-- Matthew, birth and education of, 6;
sent with the Prince to Spain, 7, 8;
return and statement of, to three Bishops respecting the Prince
of Wales, 10-13;
elected Master of Peterhouse, 15;
made Dean of Windsor, 16;
his marriage, 16;
made Bishop of Hereford, 17;
Clerk of the Closet, 17;
service composed by, for the Reconciliation of Renegados, 19, 20;
made Bishop of Norwich, 23;
translated to Ely, 44;
his care for his diocese, 45, 46;
Sir Harbottle Grimston's and Hampden's attack upon him, 48, 49;
officiates at the marriage of Princess Mary, 49;
resigns the Deanery of the Chapels Royal, 51;
articles of accusation drawn up against him in the Commons, 55;
his imprisonment, 58;
his defence, 61-66;
death of his wife, 85;
his life in the Tower, 86;
refuses freedom on Cromwell's terms, 100;
his conferences with Dr. Barwick, 110-113;
released from prison, 115, 116;
revision of the Prayer Book by, 120;
consecration and dedication of Pembroke Chapel by, 152;
second visitation, 153;
death and funeral of, 159, 160, 161

Wren, Matthew, son of Bishop

Wren, 60, 78, 85, 88, 92, 103, 112, 124, 160, 161, 194

-- Stephen, grandson of Sir C. Wren, 224

-- Susan, daughter of Dean Wren, 34, 41.
_See_ Holder.

-- Thomas, son of Bishop Wren, 161, 162, 224

-- William, 4, 5

-- Sir William, son of Bishop Wren, 161, 162

Wrenne, ancient form of spelling Wren, 4

Wrenne, John, 4

Wroxhall Abbey, purchase of, by Sir C. Wren, 330

York, Duke of, 160, 185, 228, 234.
_See_ James II.

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Transcriber's note:

Separate characters 'oe' are used for the 'oe' ligature.

Each chapter begins with a separate chapter page and summary, followed by a separate epigraph page, and an additional chapter heading. The redundant chapter headings have been removed.

Quoted matter was printed with a reverse, or hanging indentation, with the first line of each quotation on the normal margin and the remaining lines indented. This indentation was repeated on each new page. These quotations are rendered here by simply indenting all the quoted matter.

The reference made in Archbishop Laud's diary, quoted on p. 48, would seem to be to Isaiah 50 (i e., 'l').

Words found only when hyphenated across lines were handled according to modern usage. A number of words are found both with and without hyphens in mid-line, and are left as printed.

Irregularities in the punctuation of the Index have been corrected. The entry for Nicholas Hawksmore was incorrectly placed, and has been moved to its proper position. An incorrect page reference for the Tower of London (pp. 211, 212) was changed to pp. 210, 211 where the White Tower is discussed.

The following corrections, most of them sins of omission, presumably by the printer, are corrected, except as noted. There is a discrepancy in the quotation marks on p. 64 which is not readily resolved, and has been left as printed.

Corrections:

p. 32 _March_ 1631[.] (O.S.) Removed.

p. 43 foveasque sinu.['] Removed.

p. 64 of Popish recusants.['] ... not to say _sic?_.

p. 76 propriety of our goods[.] Removed.

p. 89 n. 56 an interesting [a]ccount Added.

p. 127 made as bi[g] as a tennis-ball Added.

p. 149 n.102 in the fire[ ]at Whitehall Space added.

p. 153 n. 105 repeated at [t]he consecration Added.

p. 167 [']Sir,--Yesterday my Lords of Canterbury Added.

p. 245 n. 190 _Memorials of the See of Chichester_,
p. 306[.] Added.