Chapter XXX: Notes From the Zoological Gardens (3)

=TANGADOR=, 277;
_teuchlacotzauhqui_, 279;
_teutlacocauehqui_, 277;
_thanatophides_, 383;
_thorn-tail_, 172, 173, 175, _et seq._, 224;
_toboba_, 423;
_tomodon_, 347, 350, 407;
_tortrix_, 220;
‘=Totsey=’, 201, 216, 439, 516;
_trigonocephalus_, 172, 175, 176, 177, 226, 227, 319, 373, 388,
392, 397, 421, 422, 427;
_trimuresuri_, 177, 181, 386;
_tropidontus_, 37, 52, 89, 95, 127, 217, 223, 226, 227, 437, 439,
440, 450, 495, _et seq._, 571, _et seq._;
_two-headed_ s., 187, 190;
_typhlops_, 187, 189.

=URICANA=, 421;
_urocrotalon_, 292, 388;
_uropeltis_, 188;
_uropsophus_, 388.

=VAIA=, 423;
_viperidæ_, 348, 353, 355, 368;
v. _atropos_, 149;
v. _aquatica_, 174;
v. _arietans_, 148;
v. _caudisona_, 135, 275, 292, 370, _et seq._;
v. _elegans_, 339, 436;
_vipera_, 223, 433;
_vipers_, 13, 137, 168, 224, 274, 318, 324, 363, _et seq._, 371,
_et seq._, 424, 432;
v. _berus_, 441, 495;
v. _caudalis_, 177;
v. _cornuta_, 322;
v. _nasicornis_, 224, 317, 320, 324, 360, 387, 436, 441;
v. _rhinosceros_, 137, 150, 223;
_vivera de la cruz_, 423.

=WATER MOCASIN=, 224, 227;
_water rattle-s._, 174;
_water-ss._, 225;
_water-v._, 172, 224;
_whip-s._, 10, 219.

=XENODON=, 155, 347, 359, 395, 401, _et seq._, 407, 413, 421,
_et seq._

=YELLOW BOA=, 63 (see _Chilobothrus_).

=ZAMENIS=, 137.

=Sound=, ss. affected by, 525, _et seq._

=Specimens=, badly-prepared, 45, 117.

=Spencer=, Edmund, ‘Fairie Queen’, 486.

=Spine=, pliancy of, 212;
joints of, 213;
peculiar processes, 68;
illus., 68 (_see_ adaptation, anatomy, vertebræ, etc.).

‘=Spittle= from the Bag’ (1670), 556;
tasted and tested, _ib._

=Spix= and Martin; ‘Travels in Brazil’, 397;
the _jararacas_, _ib._ 427.

=Sprengle=, Mr. C. J., letter to the R. Soc. (1722), 280;
experiments with vipers, _ib._

‘=Springing= teeth’, 282, 370.

=Squires=, 514.

‘=Sting=:’ of a snake, 9, 95, _et seq._, 105;
of the tail, 170, _et seq._;
the word defined, 49.

=Stradling=, Arthur, Esq., M.D., C.M.Z.S. etc., cannibalism, 39;
tongues of ss., 127;
effect of warmth, 164;
the ‘Cribo’, 178;
sensitiveness of tail, 183;
‘Totsey’, 216, 439, 516;
illus. of, 201;
movements of ss., 217;
carried down by floods, 232;
sea-ss. in the Atlantic, 238;
can they climb? 239;
valuable specimens, 339, 359;
_crotalus_ bite, 366;
a gift to the Z. Gardens, 398;
C.M.Z.S., 399;
investigations, 400;
pseudo-fangs, 405, _et seq._;
vernaculars, 422, _et seq._;
confusion in names, 427;
ring s. incubating, 442;
an ‘affectionate’ snake, 516;
an eligible offer, 521;
ss. insensible to music, 526;
‘fascination’, 530;
antidotes, 534;
venoms differ chemically, _ib._;
fangs protective, 536;
disintegrating power of venom, 557.

=Stridulating= apparatus, 309.

=Styng=, 49.

=Sucking=; of eggs doubted, 73;
of cows and women impossible, 84, _et seq._;
by suction, 90;
the process watched, 92.

‘=Suites= de Buffon’, 80 (_see_ Duméril).

=Sullivan=, ‘Rambles in Essequibo’, 419.

‘=Sun= and Serpent Worship’ (J. S. Phené), 514.

=Swallowing= (_see_ deglutition): vipers, their young? 483, _et seq._

=Swim=-bladder, the, 145.

=Swimming=, action of, 145, 175, 213, 217 (_see_ water-ss., sea-ss.,
etc.).

Synonyms, 48;
a plague to students, 396, _et seq._, 417, _et seq._;
a stumbling-block to writers, 395, _et seq._, 418, _et seq._;
the derivations useful, 416, 422, 427.

T

=Tail=; horny tip, 155, 172, _et seq._;
‘stinging’, 170, _et seq._;
‘mischievous’, 171, 173;
feelings expressed by, 155, 176, 179, 180, 587;
prehensile, 180, 202, 224, 233, 245, 472;
length varies, 177, 178;
sensitiveness, 183;
of burrowing ss., 188, _et seq._, 472, _et seq._;
a propeller, 213, 223, 233, 472;
power of, 183, 587;
a fulcrum, 187, 473;
of _Lachesis_, 387;
of _Xenodon_, 155;
of tree-ss., 218, 386;
of water-ss., 223;
of sea-ss., 233;
of rattlesnakes (_see_ rattle);
sloughs, 336;
how discarded, 337;
illus., 176, 188, 296, _et seq._

=Tasmania=;
broad-scaled ss., 423.

=Taste=; dull, 34, 59;
assisted by the tongue, 72, 86, 528;
Huxley on, 121.

=Taxidermy=, formerly bad, 45, 117.

‘=Tayle=’, the, 271, 280.

=Taylor=, Colonel Meadows, Indian castes, 513.

=Teeth=; as holders, 29;
six rows, 32, 343;
claw-shaped, 34, 344;
for grasping, 34;
replacement of, 344;
gradations in, 342;
specialties, 347;
illus., 349, 355;
exceeding fineness of, 137, 348, 360;
sometimes absent, 66, _et seq._ (_see_ dentition, fangs).

=Telegraph= cable, the, sea-s. caught in, 239.

=Templer=, Mr., catching a ‘Larke’, 50.

=Tennant=, Sir Emerson; sea-ss. near Ceylon, 245;
affection of cobras, 502.

=Texas=; cannibal ss. observed, 571.

‘=Thanatophidia=, the’ (_see_ Fayrer).

=Todd=, ‘Cyclopædia of Anatomy’, 118, 434.

=Tombes=, Charles, Esq., M.A., ‘On the Succession of Poison Fangs’,
363, 365, 373.

=Tongue=; sensitiveness, 72;
use in drinking, 80;
‘a sting’, 95, 106, _et seq._;
not a brush, 108;
a feeler, 109, 112, 121;
position of, 125;
activity, 126;
colour, 127, _et seq._;
Shakspeare on, 97, _et seq._;
of journalists, 103;
of sea-ss., 125, 234.

=Topsell=; his ‘Serpentes’, 43, 477;
his Natural History’, 101.

=Torpor=, period of, 162;
variable, 163 (_see_ hibernation, respiration).

=Torquata=, the collar, 52.

=Tortoise=; an ‘insect’, 43;
vulgarly ‘turtle’, _ib._

=Tortugas=, sea-ss. off, 231.

=Trachea=, 133 (_see_ windpipe, glottis).

=Traill=, Dr. Thos. Stewart, translator of Schlegel’s work, 3.

=Transactions=; of the Royal Society (_see_ Phil. Trans.);
of the Z. Soc., 82, 235, 440, 516, 592.

‘=Travels= in the Amazon’, 158, 396, 421.

‘=Travels= in Brazil’ (Spix and Martin), 397.

‘=Travels= in Peru’ (Tschudi), 419.

‘=Travels= Round the World’ (Kingston), 418.

=Tree= ss., 53, 54, 67, 181, 218, 386, 430.

‘=Tropical= World’ (Hartwig), 418.

=Tropidos=, the keel, 223.

=Tschudi=, the _Flammon_ of Peru, 419.

=Tyrrell=, keeper at the Reptilium, a witness, 185;
an assistant, 402 (_see_ Zoo. Gardens).

=Tyson=, Dr. Edward; dissection of _Vipera caudisona_, 275;
on the larynx, 135;
on the ‘pit’, 277;
volitionary action of fangs, 370 (_see_ Phil. Trans. 1683).

U

=United= States of America;
Association for the Advancement of Science, 485;
Science Convention on Snakes, 485, _et seq._;
Exploring Expeditions, 162, 291, 293, 309, 376;
official Reports to Congress, 162, 291;
Dr. Elliott Coues, 199, 309, 376, 394;
herpetologists of, quoted, De Kay, 85;
Emmons, _ib._;
Holbrooke, 86, _et seq._;
Dr. Weir Mitchel, 535, _et seq._;
F. W. Putnam, and the members of the Con., 485;
ophiological experiments (_see_ Coues, Mitchel, Putnam, etc.).

V

=Valenciennes=; on the py., 78, _et seq._, 444, _et seq._

=Vallée= gave drink to the py., 79.

=Valley= of Wyoming infested with ss., 289.

=Veleno=, _il della vipera_ (Fontana, 1767), 368.

=Venner=, Elsie, 301.

=Venom=; varies in ss., 534;
intensity of, 360, 537, 533;
remedies for, 552, _et seq._;
modes of treatment, 545, _et seq._ (_see_ Fayrer, Mitchell, etc.
etc.).

=Vernaculars=, 277, 279, 397, 419, 429;
Stradling on, 423.

=Vertebræ=; of _Deirodon_, 67;
number of joints, 209, 210;
articulation, 212;
capabilities of, 196, 202, _et seq._, 212, 587;
distinctions in, 211 (_see_ spine, constriction).

=Vestiges= of limbs, 54;
in anaconda, 220, 453;
in form of ‘claws’, 219, _et seq._;
Darwin on, 326;
Huxley on, 327.

=Vibratile=; action of fangs, 278, 375, 403, 409;
of tail, 155, 180, _et seq._, 587.

=Vibration= through solids affects ss., 526.

=Virginia=, 5;
‘Generall Historie of’, 272;
‘Account of’, 274;
‘History of’ (Beverley), 281, (Howe), 289;
old writers on, 369;
adventures in, 6, 64.

=Viviparous=, 431;
not peculiar to vs., 433 (_see_ incubation, gestation).

=Voice=, 146, _et seq._ (_see_ breathing, etc.).

‘=Voyage= of the _Alceste_’, Captain M’Leod, 111.

W

=Wagler=; _eunectes_, 228;
a herpetologist, 383;
not trustworthy, 427.

=Wales=, H. R. H. the Prince of, 22, 87.

=Wales=;
numbers of ss. in, 167;
a ‘venomous’ worm in, 480.

=Wallaby= hunters, 167.

=Wallace=, A. R., F.R.S., etc.; a half-strangled boa, 157;
the _crotalidæ_, 382, 386;
sound of rattle, 309;
the _Jararaca_, 396;
the _Surucurù_, 421.

‘=Wanderings=’ (_see_ Waterton).

=Washington=, D. C., Smithsonian Contributions, 374.

=Water= ss., 174, 221, _et seq._

=Waterton=, Charles, Esq.; the _Counacouchi_, 417;
high colouring, _ib._;
a stumbling-block, 419.

=Webster=, Noah;
a doubtful snake, 396.

‘=Western= World’, the (Kingston), 418.

=Whisky=; a popular remedy, 548;
enormous doses, 549;
approved by Halford, 550;
Mitchell, _ib._;
Shortt, _ib._;
generally efficacious, 549, _et seq._

=White=, Gilbert; believed the maternal affection of vipers, 490.

=Whydah=, py. deities at, 514.

‘=Wild= Life’ (Du Chaillu), 186.

=Wilson=, Dr. Andrew; reptiles not highly organized, 18;
unscientific observers, 50;
imaginary sea-ser., 250;
abnormal developments, 265.

=Wind=-pipe, the, 130;
with a volitionary action, 131;
Owen on, _ib._;
formation of, 133;
length, 134;
Tyson on, 135;
Duméril, _ib._;
observations, 137, _et seq._;
muscles of, 141 (_see_ glottis).

=Wood= (‘Natural History’); the slow-worm, 453.

=Woodward=, the Messrs., ‘South Africa’, 70, _et seq._

=Worcester=; a doubtful s., 397.

=Worms=, gigantic, 45;
the Laidley, 117;
occasionally ‘venomous’, 480.

=Wright=; a doubtful snake, 397.

‘=Wrongly=-named’, 470 (_see_ ‘Lizzie’).

=Wucherer=, Dr., on _Xenodon_, 155, 401, 409;
tree ss. 219;
C.M.Z.S., 401;
the _Surucucus_, 421.

=Wyman=, Professor, U.S., gastric juice of ss., 489.

Y

=Yarmouth=, sea-sers. at, 252.

=Yates=, F. H., Esq., ‘History of Egypt’, how ss. insert venom, 96.

=Yawning=; after meals, 30, 36;
quite a business, 37;
position of jaws when, 37, 136;
opportunities for inspection, 136, 139.

Z

=Zambesi=, Expedition to the (Livingstone), 230.

_Zeuglodontia_, the, imaginary sea-ser., 249.

=Zimmermann=, Professor (1800) incipient rattles, 299.

=Zoological= Gardens, 10;
Royal ophiophilists, 20;
a boon, 23;
blanket swallowed, 35;
cannibals, 39;
the ‘moccasins’, 10, 227, 572;
lectures at, 24;
eggs for food, 62;
the tanks, 92, 145;
snakes drinking, 92;
actions of snakes in water, 145, 218;
gossip, 94, 105, 585;
old coats, 193;
a means of instruction, 105, 110, 441;
What can it be? 129;
the air tube, 138;
hibernation, 163;
observations, 127, 333, 528, 561, _et seq._;
baby vipers, 321, 432, 499;
acrobatic performances, 200, _et seq._, 214;
seizing the opportunity, 203;
length of anaconda, 230;
Mr. Bartlett of, 255, 322;
interrupted studies, 138;
snakes born there, 321, 436, _et seq._, 499, 500;
important additions, 398, 402, 455, 520;
a newly-hatched brood, 500;
a sudden thought, _ib._;
‘Totsey’, 201, 216, 439, 516;
slow-worms climbing, 482;
fascination, 528, 578;
tame ss., 515;
casting the cuticle, 333, _et seq._;
_Heterodons_, 411;
the _Xenodons_, 402, _et seq._;
notes from the Z.G., 562, _et seq._;
the _Ophiophagus_, 565, _et seq._;
a Government agent, 570;
relative poisons, 575, _et seq._;
‘coiling’, 573;
dinner time, 582;
the blankets, 588;
the keepers’ risks, 564, 588;
the Heloderm, 589, _et seq._;
‘horrid’, 591;
the new Reptilium, 592.

‘=Zoological= Journal’ (1826), edited by Bell; Broderip on
lubrication, 113, 134;
his observations confirmed by Bell, 140.

‘=Zoological= Miscellany’, the (J. E. Gray, ed.), _Crotalidæ_, 385.

=Zoological= myths, 50, 266.

‘=Zoological= Notes’ (Arthur Nicols, Esq.), 125, 310, 504.

=Zoological= Proceedings, 140, 155, 401, 421, 456, 497, 516.

=Zoological= Society, 24;
Cantor, 82, 235;
A. R. Wallace, 309;
Dr. Edwardes Crispe, 490.

=Zoological= Society;
Council of, Professor Bell, 78, 493;
a fortuitous arrival, 322;
Sec. of, 440.

=Zoological= Society, C.M. of, 399, 401.

=Zoological= Transactions, 82, 235, 440, 516.

_Zoologist_, the, 3, 70, 73, 442, 490, 492.

=Zoology=;
a progressive science, 3;
assisted by observations (_see_ Convention, Florence, Phil. Trans.,
Z. G., etc.).

‘=Zoology=’, Carpenter’s, 44.

‘=Zoology= of New York’ (De Kay), 85.

‘=Zoology= of South Africa’, Andrew Smith, M.D., F.Z.S., 66, 68, 177,
230, 407.

=Zurich=, Gesner, Professor at, 102.

THE END.

MORRISON AND GIBB, EDINBURGH,
PRINTERS TO HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] _Aunt Jenny’s American Pets._ By Catherine C. Hopley. London, 1872.

[2] ‘Snakes and their Food,’ _Modern Thought_, Jan. 1881, in reply to a paper in _Time_ of the previous September.

[3] _Odontography._ By Richard Owen. London.

[4] _Essai sur la Physionomie des Serpents._ Par Herman Schlegel. Paris, 1837.

[5] _Règne Animal_, p. 108. Paris.

[6] January 1882.

[7] I have ventured to coin this word for the cages and buildings likely to be required in parks and gardens for pet snakes, so notably growing in popularity.

[8] _Thanatophidia of India_, 1st ed. 1872.

[9] _Ib._ 2d ed. p. 6. 1874.

[10] _Zoology of South Africa_, by Dr. A. Smith. 1849.

[11] _Odontography_, by Richard Owen, 1840, and _Anatomy of the Vertebrates_, 1866.

[12] _Natural History Notes from South Africa_, by R. B. and J. D. S. Woodward. Lond. 1874.

[13] See _Aunt Judy’s Magazine_, Aug. 1874, London,—‘The Deirodon, or neck-toothed snake.’

[14] _British Reptiles_, by Thomas Bell, F.L.S., etc. 1849.

[15] _Physiognomie des serpents_, p. 97. Par H. Schlegel. Amsterdam, 1837.

[16] _Annales des sciences naturelles_, 2d Series, tome xvi. Paris, 1841.

[17] _Erpétologie genéral_, par MM. Dumeril et Bibron, tome i. p. 136. Paris, 1844.

[18] _Schlangen und Schlangen fiend_, par II. O. Lenz. Gotha, 1832.

[19] _Sea Snakes: Pelagic Serpents_, by Dr. Theo. E. Cantor. London, 1842. Zoological Society’s _Transactions_, 1841.

[20] See _Field_ newspaper, September and October 1862. London.

[21] _Zoology of New York_, by J. E. De Kay. Albany, 1844.

[22] _Natural History of New York._ 5 vols. New York, 1842.

[23] _North American Herpetology._ Phil., U. S., 1842.

[24] _History of Carolina_, by Jno. Lawson, 1709.

[25] Balfour’s _British India_; also the _Cyclopedia of India_.

[26] See _Medical Times_, 1872, p. 730.

[27] _Reptiles of British India_, by Dr. A. Günther, F.R.S. London, 1864.

[28] _Indian Snakes_, by E. Nicholson, Madras Army. Madras, 1870.

[29] _Natural History of Reptiles_, by P. H. Gosse. 1850.

[30] _Encyclopedia Britannica_, 1859, see art. ‘Reptilia,’ p. 47.

[31] _Ibid._ p. 47.

[32] Author of _Zoological Researches_, and _Leaves from the Notebook of a Naturalist_.

[33] In the ‘Laidley Worm,’ exhibited at the Grosvenor Gallery in 1881, the artist must have copied one of these.

[34] _Elementary Lessons in Physiology._ London, 1875.

[35] Tome i. p. 126 of _Erpétologie générale_.

[36] _Ibid._ p. 135.

[37] Tome vi. p. 100 of _Erpétologie générale_.

[38] _Philosophical Transactions_, vol. xiii. p. 25. 1684.

[39] _Erpétologie générale_, tome vi. p. 177 _et seq._

[40] _Erpétologie générale_, tome i. p. 180.

[41] _American Naturalist_, vol. ix.

[42] _Missionary Travels in South Africa_, by David Livingstone.

[43] _Snakes of Australia_, by Gerard Krefft.

[44] _Life in the South_, vol. i. p. 260. By Catherine C. Hopley. Lond. 1862.

[45] Dumeril et Bibron’s _Erpétologie générale_, tome vi. p. 186.

[46] _Travels in the Amazons_, p. 47. By A. R. Wallace. London, 1853.

[47] _Erpétologie générale_, tome vi. p. 184.

[48] _Ibid._ tome i. p. 180.

[49] Dumeril et Bibron, tome vi. p. 184.

[50] _Pseudoxia; or, Vulgar Errours_, Book iii. p. 207. By Sir Thomas Browne.

[51] _Snakes of Australia_, by Gerard Krefft.

[52] _The Natural History of Carolina_, by Mark Catesby. London, 1731.

[53] The vipers in the London Gardens labelled _Cenchris piscivorus_ have _not_ the thorny tail, nor are they fish eaters. Nor can the spectator form any idea of their swimming capacities, their dark, narrow tank barely enabling them to extend themselves full length. Herpetologists differ in assigning the above name, and in deciding which is really the ‘Thorn-tail’ or ‘Horn snake’ of Lawson and Catesby. Those at the Zoological Gardens, notwithstanding their specific name, are never regaled on fish.

[54] _Reptiles of British India._

[55] Dr. A. Stradling affirms that these two snakes do not invariably molest each other. He had the Rat-tail (_Fer de lance_) and two _Cribos_ with others in one cage, living on peaceful terms.

[56] _Erpélogie générale_, tome i. p. 47.

[57] _Essai sur la physiognomie des serpents_, par Herman Schlegel. Amsterdam, 1837.

[58] _Curiosities of Natural History_, by F. Buckland.

[59] _Anatomy of the Vertebrates_, p. 260.

[60] Since the above was in type, I have on several occasions observed vertical coils in constricting snakes. Twice a python constricted an animal in _distinct vertical coils_. I drew the attention of Keeper Tyrrell to this, and we were both convinced that no lateral coils whatever were used. On another occasion, while Mr. Elwes was studying the action of _Elaphis quater-radiatus_ for the illustration, p. 205, its coils were entirely vertical, _not_ lateral.

[61] _A Naturalist in Jamaica_, by P. H. Gosse.

[62] _Pseudoxia_, Book iii. chap. xx. p. 155.

[63] Since this was in type, I find that not even a porcupine is safe from a hungry snake. In vol. xliii. of the _Philosophical Transactions_ (1744), p. 271, is a letter from a gentleman in India, who states that on an island near Bombay a dead snake was found with the quills of a porcupine ‘sticking out of its Belly.’ The snake had ‘sucked it in Head foremost, while the Quills were flatted down. Afterwards they rose and ran through the Snake’s Belly, and so killed it.’ The pressure of the jaws had ‘flatted’ the quills, but not killed the animal, which, when in its expansile tomb, had, though vainly, erected its natural armour.

[64] Owen’s _Anatomy of the Vertebrates_, p. 261.

[65] _Genius of Christianity._

[66] _Anatomy of the Vertebrates_, vol. iii. p. 260 _et seq._

[67] _Organization of the Animal Kingdom._

[68] _Essay on the Physiology of Serpents._ Translated from the original by Thomas Stewart Trail, M.D., F.R.S.E., etc. Edin. 1843.

[69] ‘On the Movements of Snakes in Flight,’ by Dr. Arthur Stradling, C.M.Z.S., _Nature_, Feb. 1882.

[70] Letter to Sir Emerson Tennant.

[71] Dumeril et Bibron, _Erpétologie générale_, tome i. p. 179.

[72] Since this has been in type, there has been brought to the Gardens an Indian ‘River snake’ (_Tropidonotus quincunciatus_), affording me an opportunity to observe that there is a notable modification of the glottis, as also of the nostrils. Not a true water snake, but one of the intermediate families, so do we find the nostrils somewhat higher than those of land snakes, while yet not quite on the top of the snout as in sea snakes; the glottis has a corresponding upward direction to meet them, and is a more elongated, longitudinal slit than those furnished with the _petite languette_.—June 1882.

[73] _Prairie Farms and Prairie Folk_, vol. ii. pp. 83, 84.

[74] See _Field_ newspaper, June 25, 1881.

[75] _Thanatophidia of India_, 1st ed.

[76] _Origin of Species_, 6th ed. 1872, p. 83.

[77] See _Philosophical Transactions_, London, 1672.

[78] _New Experiments upon Vipers, with Exquisite Remedies that may be drawn from them: as well as Cure for their Bitings, as for that of other Maladies._ By M. Charas, now rendered English, 1673.

[79] _Philosophical Transactions_, vol. xxxviii. p. 321. 1733.

[80] _History of Virginia_, 1722.

[81] _Last Rambles among the Indians_, by Geo. Catlin. London, 1865.

[82] See _Philosophical Transactions_, vol. xxxii. A paper on the Crotalus, by Paul Dudley, Esq.

[83] _North American Herpetology_, vol. iii. p. 15. By J. E. Holbrooke. 1842.

[84] ‘The History of a Rattle,’ by Catherine C. Hopley, _Aunt Judy’s Magazine_, July 1877.

[85] _Erpétologie générale_, tome vii. part. ii, p. 1457, par MM. Dumeril et Bibron. Paris.

[86] _Organization of the Animal Kingdom_, p. 732. By T. Rymer Jones.

[87] From the Bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey by Dr. Elliot Coues, Appointed Surgeon and Naturalist to the Expedition, 1878.

[88] _The Country_ newspaper, August 1878 _et seq._

[89] _Erpétologie générale_, tome vii. p. 1456.

[90] _Reptiles of British India_, by Dr. Albert Günther, F.R.S.

[91] _Reptiles of British India_, by Dr. Albert Günther, F.R.S.

[92] _Indian Snakes_, by Ed. Nicholson, M.D. Madras, 1870.

[93] Introduction to the _Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum_, 1858.

[94] _Physiognomie des serpents_, par H. Schlegel. Amsterdam, 1837.

[95] _The Albert Nyanza, or Great Basin of the Nile_, by Sir Sam. Baker. London, 1866.

[96] _Essai sur la physiognomie des serpents_, par Herman Schlegel. Amsterdam, 1837.

[97] _Smithsonian Contributions._ Washington, 1860.

[98] _Thanatophidia of India_, 2d ed. p. 72.

[99] _Ricerche fisiche sopra il vel no della vipera._ Lucca, 1767.

[100] _The Relations of the World, and the Religions observed in all Ages and in all Places discouered since the Creation_, Book I. 1st ed. p. 842. London, 1614.

[101] _Ib._ 4th ed. p. 1393. 1625.

[102] Paper on the ‘Vipera Caudisona,’ by Ed. Tyson, M.D., _Philosophical Transactions_, vol. xiii. p. 25. 1683.

[103] _Philosophical Transactions_, vol. xxxiv. p. 309. 1726.

[104] _Philosophical Transactions_, vol. xxxviii. 1733-34.

[105] _Osservazione intorno alle Vipere_, by Francesco Redi. Florence, 1664.

[106] Ed. of 1876.

[107] _Erpétologie générale_, tome 7, p. 1451.

[108] _Erpétologie générale_, tome 7, p. 1367.

[109] _Ibid._ p. 1503.

[110] _Travels in Brazil._ London, 1824.

[111] _Historiæ Rervm Natvralivm Braziliæ._ Antwerp.

[112] Corresponding Member of the Zoological Society.

[113] _Zoology of South Africa._

[114] _Odontography_, vol. i. p. 225.

[115] _Science News_, Feb. 15, 1879.

[116] _Davis Lecture_, July 28th, 1881. Since the above was written, Professor Flower on ‘Armadillos,’ at the opening lecture of the ‘Davis Series,’ June 8th, 1882, further corroborated the difficulties presented in these mixed characters, which have caused zoologists to place the armadillo among the _Edentata_, ant-eaters, sloths, etc., notwithstanding it is permanently supplied with teeth.

[117] _Wanderings in South America_, by Charles Waterton. London, 1825.

[118] _The Tropical World._ London, 1873.

[119] _The Western World._ London, 1874.

[120] _Travels in Peru._ London, 1847.

[121] _Rambles and Scrambles in Essequibo._ London, 1852.

[122] _History of British Guiana_, vol. ii. p. 370. By G. Dalton, M.D. Lond. 1855.

[123] _The Naturalist on the Amazons_, by H. W. Bates. Lond. 1873.

[124] _Proceedings of the Zoological Society_, Jan. and Nov. 1861.

[125] _Travels in the Amazon._ Lond. 1855.

[126] _Thanatophidia_, p. 8.

[127] _Land and Water_, October 16, 1880.

[128] By J. B. von Spix, _Publié par Jean Wagler_. Monarchu, 1826.

[129] Article ‘Reptilia’ in Todd’s _Encyclopædia of Anatomy_, vol. iv. pt. i. p. 264.

[130] Since this was written, Dr. Stradling informed me that a very tame ring snake in his Reptilium laid some eggs and coiled herself upon them zealously for some days. A remarkable proof of her care for them was seen in her trying to bite when disturbed. He had never before known _Coluber natrix_ to display this anger. In the _Zoologist_ of September 1882, the Doctor contributed a long and important account of this incubation with its attendant features.

[131] ‘Wrongly named; or, Poor Little Lizzie,’ by Catherine C. Hopley. June 1880.

[132] _Memoirs of Captivity among the Indians._ London, 1823.

[133] _Tree and Serpent Worship_, 2d ed., by J. Ferguson. London, 1873.

[134] _Old Deccan Days._ London, 1870.

[135] See _Land and Water_, June 10th, 1876.

[136] _Times_, 1st July 1875, paper by C. C. H. _Ibid._ 7th July.

[137] Some interesting correspondence on this subject appeared in the _Field_ during August and September 1881.

[138] _Anecdotes of Serpents_, by the late J. K. Lord. Messrs. Chambers’s _Miscellany of Tracts_, Edinburgh, 1870.

[139] _Land and Water_, April 3d, 1880.

[140] _Zoology of South Africa._

[141] Papers on the Ophidians in the _Dublin University Magazine_, January 1876 et seq.

[142] _Thanatophidia of India._

[143] _Land and Water_, September 11, 1880.

[144] _Nature_, July 6, 1882: ‘Hydrophobia and Snake-Bite,’ by Dr. A. Stradling.

[145] _Medical Times_, 1873, vol. ii. p. 90.

[146] _Smithsonian Contributions._ Washington, D.C., 1860.

* * * * * *

Transcriber’s note:

—Obvious errors were corrected.