Chapter VII (2)

Text size

[27] The following method is suggested by the Committee for routine control work: Weigh out 5- to 25-g. portions of prepared sample into a glass or aluminum (_Caution_: Aluminum soap may be formed) beaker or casserole and heat on a heavy asbestos board over burner or hot plate, taking care that the temperature of the sample does not go above 130deg. C. at any time. During the heating rotate the vessel gently on the board by hand to avoid sputtering or too rapid evolution of moisture. The proper length of time of heating is judged by absence of rising bubbles of steam, by the absence of foam or by other signs known to the operator. Avoid overheating of sample as indicated by smoking or darkening. Cool in desiccator and weigh.

By co-operative work in several laboratories, the Committee has demonstrated that this method can be used and satisfactory results obtained on coconut oil even when a considerable percentage of free fatty acids is present, and the method is recommended for this purpose. Unfortunately on account of the very great personal factor involved, the Committee cannot establish this method as a preferred method. Nevertheless, after an operator has learned the technique of the method, it gives perfectly satisfactory results for ordinary oils and fats, butter, oleomargarine and coconut oil, and deserves more recognition than it has heretofore received.

[28] For routine control work, filter paper is sometimes more convenient than the prepared Gooch crucible, but must be very carefully washed, especially around the rim, to remove the last traces of fat.

[29] For routine work, an ash may be run on the original fat, and the soluble mineral matter obtained by deducting the ash on the insoluble impurities from this. In this case the Gooch crucible should be prepared with an ignited asbestos mat so that the impurities may be ashed directly after being weighed. In all cases ignition should be to constant weight so as to insure complete decomposition of carbonates.

[30] See note on Soluble Mineral Matter following these methods. When the ash contains phosphates the factor 10 cannot be applied, but the bases consisting of calcium oxide, etc., must be determined, and the factor 10 applied to them.

[31] For routine work methyl or denatured ethyl alcohol of approximately 95 per cent strength may be used. With these reagents the end-point is not sharp.

[32] P. C. McIlhiney, _J. Am. Chem. Soc._, 29 (1917), 1222, gives the following details for the preparation of the iodine monochloride solution:

The preparation of the iodine monochloride solution presents no great difficulty, but it must be done with care and accuracy in order to obtain satisfactory results. There must be in the solution no sensible excess either of iodine or more particularly of chlorine, over that required to form the monochloride. This condition is most satisfactorily attained by dissolving in the whole of the acetic acid to be used the requisite quantity of iodine, using a gentle heat to assist the solution, if it is found necessary, setting aside a small portion of this solution, while pure and dry chlorine is passed into the remainder until the halogen content of the whole solution is doubled. Ordinarily it will be found that by passing the chlorine into the main part of the solution until the characteristic color of free iodine has just been discharged there will be a slight excess of chlorine which is corrected by the addition of the requisite amount of the unchlorinated portion until all free chlorine has been destroyed. A slight excess of iodine does little or no harm, but excess of chlorine must be avoided.

[33] The melting point of oils may be determined in general according to the above procedure, taking into consideration the lower temperature required.

PLANT AND MACHINERY

Illustrations of machinery and layouts of the plant of a modern soap-making establishment.

Appendix

Tables marked * are taken from the German Year Book for Soap Industry.

(U. S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS)

THE METRIC SYSTEM.

The fundamental unit of the metric system is the meter (the unit of length). From this the units of mass (gram) and capacity (liter) are derived. All other units are the decimal sub-divisions or multiples of these. These three units are simply related, so that for all practical purposes the volume of one kilogram of water (one liter) is equal to one cubic decimeter.

The metric terms are formed by combining the words "Meter," "Gram" and "Liter" with the six numerical prefixes.

LENGTH

10 milli-meters mm = 1 centi-meter c m

10 centi-meters = 1 deci-meter d m

10 deci-meters = 1 meter (about 40 inches) m

10 meters = 1 deka-meter d k m

10 deka-meters = 1 hecto-meter h m

10 hecto-meters = 1 kilo-meter (about 5/8 mile) k m

MASS.

10 milli-grams. m g = 1 centi-gram c g 10 centi-grams = 1 deci-gram d g 10 deci-grams = 1 gram (about 15 grains) g 10 grams = 1 deka-gram d k g 10 Deka-grams = 1 hecto-gram h g 10 hecto-grams = 1 kilo-gram (about 2 pounds) k g

CAPACITY.

10 milli-liters. m l = 1 centi-liter c l 10 centi-liters = 1 deci-liter d l 10 deci-liters = 1 liter (about 1 quart) l 10 liters = 1 deka-liter d k l 10 deka-liters = 1 hecto-liter (about a barrel) h l 10 hecto-liters = 1 kilo-liter k l

The square and cubic units are the squares and cubes of the linear units.

The ordinary unit of land area is the Hectare (about 2-1/2 acres).

U.S. BUREAU OF STANDARDS TABLE OF METRIC EQUIVALENTS

Meter = 39.37 inches.

Legal Equivalent Adopted by Act of Congress July 28, 1866.

LENGTH.

Centimeter = 0.3937 inch Meter = 3.28 feet Meter = 1.094 yards Kilometer = 0.621 statute mile Kilometer = 0.5396 nautical mile Inch = 2.540 centimeters Foot = 0.305 meter Yard = 0.914 meter Statute mile = 1.61 kilometers Nautical mile = 1.853 kilometers

AREA.

Sq. centimeter = 0.155 sq. inch Sq. meter = 10.76 sq. feet Sq. meter = 1.196 sq. yards Hectare = 2.47 acres Sq. kilometer = 0.386 sq. mile Sq. inch = 6.45 sq. centimeters Sq. foot = 0.0929 sq. meter Sq. yard = 0.836 sq. meter Acre = 0.405 hectare Sq. mile = 2.59 sq. kilometers

WEIGHT.

Gram = 15.43 grains Gram = 0.772 U. S. apoth. scruple Gram = 0.2572 U. S. apoth. dram Gram = 0.0353 avoir. ounce Gram = 0.03215 troy ounce Kilogram = 2.205 avoir. pounds Kilogram = 2.679 troy pounds Metric ton = 0.984 gross or long ton Metric ton = 1.102 short or net tons Grain = 0.064 gram U. S. apoth. scruple = 1.296 grams U. S. apoth. dram = 3.89 grams Avoir. ounce = 28.35 grams Troy ounce = 31.10 grams Avoir. pound = 0.4536 kilogram Troy pound = 0.373 kilogram Gross or long ton = 1.016 metric tons Short or net ton = 0.907 metric ton

VOLUME.

Cu. centimeter = 0.0610 cu. inch Cu. meter = 35.3 cu. feet Cu. meter = 1.308 cu. yards Cu. inch = 16.39 cu. centimeters Cu. foot = 0.283 cu. meter Cu. yard = 0.765 cu. meter

CAPACITY.

Millimeter = 0.0338 U. S. liq. ounce Millimeter = 0.2705 U. S. apoth. dram Liter = 1.057 U. S. liq. quarts Liter = 0.2642 U. S. liq. gallon Liter = 0.908 U. S. dry quart Dekaliter = 1.135 U. S. pecks Hectoliter = 2.838 U. S. bushels U. S. liq. ounce = 29.57 millimeters U. S. apoth. dram = 3.70 millimeters U. S. liq. quarts = 0.946 liter U. S. dry quarts = 1.101 liters U. S. liq. gallon = 3.785 liters U. S. peck = 0.881 dekaliter U. S. bushel = 0.3524 hectoliter

AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHT.

1 pound = 16 ounces = 256 drams
1 ounce = 16 "

TROY (APOTHECARIES') WEIGHT (U. S.)

1 pound = 12 ounces = 96 drams = 288 scruples = 5,760 grains
1 ounce = 8 drams = 24 scruples = 480 grains
1 dram = 3 scruples = 60 grains
1 scruple = 20 grains

WINE (APOTHECARIES) LIQUID MEASURE (U. S.)

1 gallon = 8 pints = 128 fl. ozs. = 1,024 fl. drams = 61,440 minims
1 pint = 16 fl. ozs. = 128 fl. drams = 7,689 minims
1 fl. oz. = 8 fl. drams = 480 minims
1 fl. dram = 60 minims

_To find diameter of a circle_ multiply circumference by .31831.

_To find circumference of a circle_, multiply diameter by 3.1416.

_To find area of a circle_, multiply square of diameter by .7854.

_To find surface of a ball_, multiply square of diameter by 3.1416.

_To find side of an equal square_, multiply diameter by .8862.

_To find cubic inches in a ball_, multiply cube of diameter by .5236.

_Doubling the diameter of a pipe_, increases its capacity four times.

_One cubic foot of anthracite coal_ weighs about 53 lbs.

_One cubic foot of bituminous coal_ weighs from 47 to 50 pounds.

_A gallon of water_ (U. S. standard) weighs 8-1/3 pounds and contains 231 cubic inches.

_A cubic foot of water_ contains 7-1/2 gallons, 1728 cubic inches and weighs 62-1/2 pounds.

_To find the number of pounds of water a cylindrical_ tank contains, square the diameter, multiply by .785 and then by the height in feet. This gives the number of cubic feet which multiplied by 62-1/2 gives the capacity in pounds of water. Divide by 7-1/2 and this gives the capacity in gallons.

_A horse-power_ is equivalent to raising 33,000 pounds 1 foot per minute, or 550 pounds 1 foot per second.

_The friction of water in pipes_ is as the square of velocity. The capacity of pipes is as the square of their diameters; thus, doubling the diameter of a pipe increases its capacity four times.

_To find the diameter of a pump cylinder_ to move a given quantity of water per minute (100 feet of piston being the standard of speed), divide the number of gallons by 4, then extract the square root, and the product will be the diameter in inches of the pump cylinder.

_To find the horse-power necessary to elevate water_ to a given height, multiply the weight of the water elevated per minute in pounds by the height in feet, and divide the product by 33,000 (an allowance should be added for water friction, and a further allowance for loss in steam cylinder, say from 20 to 30 per cent).

_To compute the capacity of pumping engines_, multiply the area of water piston, in inches, by the distance it travels, in inches, in a given time. Deduct 3 per cent for slip and rod displacement. The product divided by 231 gives the number of gallons in time named.

_To find the velocity in feet per minute_ necessary to discharge a given volume of water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the area of the pipe in inches.

_To find the area of a required pipe_, the volume and velocity of water being given, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the velocity in feet per minute. The area being found, the diameter can be learned by using any table giving the "area of circles" and finding the nearest area, opposite to which will be found the diameter to correspond.

Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.

(FROM LEWKOWITSCH AND OTHER AUTHORITIES.)

______________________________________________________________________________ | |Specific | | | | Specific |gravity | Melting- |Solidifying- | | gravity | at | point. | point. | | at 15deg.C.|100deg.C. | deg. C. | deg. C. | _______________________|____________|__________|_____________|_______________| | | | | | Linseed oil | 0.931-0.938| 0.880 | -16 to -26 | -16 | Hemp-seed oil | 0.925-0.931| | | -27 | Walnut oil | 0.925-0.926| 0.871 | | -27 | Poppy-seed oil | 0.924-0.927| 0.873 | | -18 | Sunflower oil | 0.924-0.926| 0.919 | | -17 | Fir-seed oil | 0.925-0.928| | | -27 to -30 | Maize oil | 0.921-0.926| | | -10 to -15 | Cotton-seed oil | 0.922-0.930| 0.867 | | 12 | Sesame oil | 0.923-0.924| 0.871 | | -5 | Rape-seed oil | 0.914-0.917| 0.863 | | -2 to -10 | Black mustard oil | 0.916-0.920| | | -17.5 | Croton oil | 0.942-0.955| | | -16 | Castor oil | 0.960-0.966| 0.910 | | -12 to -18 | Apricot-kernel oil | 0.915-0.919| | | -14 | Almond oil | | 0.915-0.920| | | -10 to -20 | Peanut (arachis) oil | 0.916-0.920| 0.867 | | -3 to -7 | Olive oil | 0.914-0.917| 0.862 | | 2 | Menhaden oil | 0.927-0.933| | | -4 | Cod-liver oil | 0.922-0.927| 0.874 | | 0 to -10 | Seal oil | 0.924-0.929| 0.873 | | 3 | Whale oil | 0.920-0.930| 0.872 | | -2 | Dolphin oil | 0.917-0.918| | | 5 to -3 | Porpoise oil | 0.926 | 0.871 | | -16 | Neat's-foot oil | 0.914-0.916| 0.861 | | 0 to 1.5 | Cotton-seed stearine | 0.919-0.923| 0.867 | 40 | 31 to 32.5 | Palm oil | 0.921-0.925| 0.856 | 27 to 42 | | Cacao butter | 0.950-0.952| 0.858 | 30 to 33 | 25 to 26 | Cocoa-nut oil | 0.925-0.926| 0.873 | 20 to 26 | 16 to 20 | Myrtle wax | 0.995 | 0.875 | 40 to 44 | 39 to 43 | Japan wax | 0.970-0.980| 0.875 | 51 to 54.5 | 46 | Lard | 0.931-0.938| 0.861 | 41 to 46 | 29 | Bone fat | 0.914-0.916| | 21 to 22 | 15 to 17 | Tallow | 0.943-0.952| 0.860 | 42 to 46 | 35 to 37 | Butter fat | 0.927-0.936| 0.866 | 29.5 to 33 | 19 to 20 | Oleomargarine | 0.924-0.930| 0.859 | | | Sperm oil | 0.875-0.884| 0.833 | | -25 | Bottle-nose oil | 0.879-0.880| 0.827 | | | Carnauba wax | 0.990-0.999| 0.842 | 84 to 85 | 80 to 81 | Wool-fat | 0.973 | 0.901 | 39 to 42 | 30 to 30.2 | Beeswax | 0.958-0.969| 0.822 | 62 to 64 | 60.5 to 62 | Spermaceti | 0.960 | 0.812 | 43.5 to 49 | 43.4 to 44.2 | Chinese wax | 0.970 | 0.810 | 80.5 to 81 | 80.5 to 81 | Tung (Chinese wood oil)| 0.936-0.942| | | below -17 | Soya-bean oil | 0.924-0.927| | | 8 to 15 | _______________________|____________|__________|_____________|_______________|

Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.

(FROM LEWKOWITSCH AND OTHER AUTHORITIES.)

Column Headings: A: Saponification value. B: Maumene test. (deg.) C: Iodine value. D: Hehner value. E: Reichert value.

____________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | [A] | [B] | [C] | [D] | [E] | ___________________|_____________|___________|____________|_________|______| | | | | | | Linseed oil | 190-195 | 104-111 | 175-190 | | | Hemp-seed oil | 190-193 | 95-96 | 148 | | | Walnut oil | 195 | 96-101 | 144-147 | | | Poppy-seed oil | 195 | 86-88 | 134-141 | 95.38 | | Sunflower oil | 193-194 | 72-75 | 120-129 | 95 | | Fir-seed oil | 191.3 | 98-99 | 118.9-120 | | | Maize oil | 188-193 | 56-60.5 | 117-125 | 89-95.7 | 2.5 | Cotton-seed oil | 191-195 | 68-77 | 104-110 | 96-17 | | Sesame oil | 189-193 | 64-68 | 105-109 | 95.8 | 0.35 | Rape-seed oil | 170-178 | 51-60 | 95-105 | 95 | | Black mustard oil | 174-174.6 | 43-44 | 96-110 | 95.05 | | Croton oil | 210.3-215 | | 101.7-104 | 89 | 13.5 | Castor oil | 178-186 | 46-47 | 83.4-85.9 | | 1.4 | Apricot-kernel oil | 192.2-193.1 | 42.5-46 | 100-107 | | | Almond oil | 190.5-195.4 | 51-54 | 93-97 | 96.2 | | Peanut (arachis) | | | | | | oil | 190-197 | 45-49 | 85-98 | 95.86 | | Olive oil | 191-196 | 41.5-45.5 | 80.6-84.5 | 95.43 | 0.3 | Menhaden oil | 189.3-192 | 123-128 | 140-170 | | 1.2 | Cod-liver oil | 182-187 | 102-103 | 154-180 | 95.3 | | Seal oil | 190-196 | 92 | 127-140 | 94.2 | 0.22 | Whale-oil | 188-193 | 91-92 | 110-136 | 93.5 | 2.04 | Dolphin {Body oil | 197.3 | | 99.5 | 93.07 | 5.6 | oil {Jaw oil | 200 | | 32.8 | 66.28 |65.92 | Porpoise {Body oil | 216-218.8 | 50 | 119.4 | |23.45 | oil {Jaw oil | 253.7 | | 49.6 | 68.41 |65.8 | Neat's-foot oil | 194.3 | 47-48.5 | 69.3-70.4 | | | Cotton-seed | | | | | | stearine. | 194.6-195.1 | 48 | 88.7-92.8 | 96.3 | | Palm oil | 196.3-202 | | 53-57 | 95.6 | 0.5 | Cacao butter | 192.2-193.5 | | 32-41 | 94.59 | 1.6 | Cocoa-nut oil | 250-253 | | 8.5-9.3 | 88.6 | 3.7 | Myrtle wax | 205.7-211.7 | | 2.9 | | | Japan wax | 220-222.4 | | 4.2-8.5 | 90.6 | | Lard | 195.3-196.6 | 27-32 | 57-70 | 96 | | Bone fat | 190.9 | | 46.3-49.6 | | | Tallow | 195-198 | | 36-47 | 95.6 | 0.25 | Butter fat | 221.5-227 | | 26-35 | 87.5 |28.78 | Oleomargarine | 194-203.7 | | 55.3-60 | 95-96 | 2.6 | Sperm oil | 132.5-147 | 47-51 | 84 | | 1.3 | Bottle-nose oil | 126-134 | 41-47 | 77.4-82 | | 1.4 | Carnauba wax | 80-84 | | 13.5 | | | Wool-fat | 98.2-102.4 | | 25-28 | | | Beeswax | 91-96 | | 8.3-11 | | | Spermaceti | 128 | | | | | Chinese wax | 63 | | | | | Tung (Chinese | | | | | | wood oil) | 193 | | 150-165 | | | Soya-bean oil | 190.6-192.9 | 59-61 | 121.3-124 | 95.5 | | ___________________|_____________|___________|____________|_________|______|

*Temperature Correction Table for Hehner's Concentrated Bichromate Solution for Glycerine Analysis

_____________________________________________
| |
A | f |
Temperature | Corrected Volume | Logarithm
| 1 c.c. |
_______________|__________________|__________
| |
11deg. C | 0.9980 ccm | 99913
12deg. " | 0.9985 " | 99935
13deg. " | 0.9990 " | 99956
14deg. " | 0.9995 " | 99978
15deg. " | 1.0000 " | 00000
16deg. " | 1.0005 " | 00022
17deg. " | 1.0010 " | 00043
18deg. " | 1.0015 " | 00065
19deg. " | 1.0020 " | 00087
20deg. " | 1.0025 " | 00108
21deg. " | 1.0030 " | 00130
22deg. " | 1.0035 " | 00152
23deg. " | 1.0040 " | 00173
_______________|__________________|__________

*Table of Important Fatty Acids

______________________________________________________________________________ | | | | | | | | Boiling Point | | | | |______________________| |Neutral- | | Mol. | | | Melt- |ization Name | Formula | Wt. | Ordinary | 100 mm | ing |value | | | Pressure | Pressure | Pt. | Mg. KOH ___________|___________________|______|__________|___________|_______|________ | | | | | | Butyric | C_{4}H_{8}O_{2} | 88 | 162.3 | | |637.5 Caproic | C_{6}H_{12}O_{2} | 116 | 199.7 | | |483.6 Caprylic | C_{8}H_{16}O_{2} | 144 | 236-237 | | 16.5 |389.6 Capric | C_{10}H_{20}O_{2} | 172 | 268-270 | 199.5-200 | 31.3 |326.2 Lauric | C_{12}H_{24}O_{2} | 200 | | 225 | 43.6 |280.5 Myristic | C_{14}H_{28}O_{2} | 228 | | 250.5 | 53.8 |246.1 Palmitic | C_{16}H_{32}O_{2} | 256 | | 268.5 | 62 |219.1 Stearic | C_{18}H_{36}O_{2} | 284 | | 291 | 69.2 |197.5 Arachidic | C_{20}H_{40}O_{2} | 302 | | | 75 |185.8 Behenic | C_{22}H_{44}O_{2} | 330 | | | 77-78 |170.0 Cerotic | C_{27}H_{54}O_{2} | 400 | | | 78 |140.25 Melissic | C_{30}H_{60}O_{2} | 442 | | | 90 |126.5 Oleic | C_{18}H_{34}O_{2} | 282 | | 185.5-286 | 14 |198.9 Erucic | C_{22}H_{42}O_{2} | 338 | | | 33-34 |165.9 Linolic | C_{18}H_{32}O_{2} | 280 | | | |200.4 Linolenic | C_{18}H_{30}O_{2} | 278 | | | |201.5 Ricinoleic | C_{18}H_{34}O_{3} | 298 | | | |181.6 ___________|___________________|______|__________|___________|_______|________

*Comparison of Thermometer Scales

n Degree Celsius = 4/5n Degree Reaumur = 32 + 9/5n Degree Fahrenheit

n Degree Reaumur = 5/4n Degree Celsius = 32 + 9/4n Degree Fahrenheit

n Degree Fahrenheit = 5/9 (n - 32) Degree Celsius = 4/9 (n - 32) Deg. R

============================================================================ C. R. F. | C. R. F. | C. R. F. | C. R. F. --------------------|------------------|------------------|----------------- -20 -16 -4 | 20 16 68 | 60 48 140 | 100 80 212 -19 -15.2 -2.2 | 21 16.8 69.8 | 61 48.8 141.8 | 101 80.8 213.8 -18 -14.4 -0.4 | 22 17.6 71.6 | 62 49.6 143.6 | 102 81.6 215.6 -17 -13.6 1.4 | 23 18.4 73.4 | 63 50.4 145.4 | 103 82.4 217.4 -16 -12.8 3.2 | 24 19.2 75.2 | 64 51.2 147.2 | 104 83.2 219.2 | | | -15 -12 5 | 25 20 77 | 65 52 149 | 105 84 221 -14 -11.2 6.8 | 26 20.8 78.8 | 66 52.8 150.8 | 106 84.8 222.8 -13 -10.4 8.6 | 27 21.6 80.6 | 67 53.6 152.6 | 107 85.6 224.6 -12 -9.6 10.4 | 28 22.4 82.4 | 68 54.4 154.4 | 108 86.4 226.4 -11 -8.8 12.2 | 29 23.2 84.2 | 69 55.2 156.2 | 109 87.2 228.2 | | | -10 -8 14 | 30 24 86 | 70 56 158 | 110 88 230 -9 -7.2 15.8 | 31 24.8 87.8 | 71 56.8 159.8 | 111 88.8 231.8 -8 -6.4 17.6 | 32 25.6 89.6 | 72 57.6 161.6 | 112 89.6 233.6 -7 -5.6 19.4 | 33 26.4 91.4 | 73 58.4 163.4 | 113 90.4 235.4 -6 -4.8 21.2 | 34 27.2 93.2 | 74 59.2 165.2 | 114 91.2 237.2 | | | -5 -4 23 | 35 28 95 | 75 60 167 | 115 92 239 -4 -3.2 24.8 | 36 28.8 96.8 | 76 60.8 168.8 | 116 92.8 240.8 -3 -2.4 26.6 | 37 29.6 98.6 | 77 61.6 170.6 | 117 93.6 242.6 -2 -1.6 28.4 | 38 30.4 100.4 | 78 62.4 172.4 | 118 94.4 244.4 -1 -0.8 30.2 | 39 31.2 102.2 | 79 63.2 174.2 | 119 95.2 246.2 | | | 0 0 32 | 40 32 104 | 80 64 176 | 120 96 248 1 0.8 33.8 | 41 32.8 105.8 | 81 64.8 177.8 | 121 96.8 249.8 2 1.6 35.6 | 42 33.6 107.6 | 82 65.6 179.6 | 122 97.6 252.6 3 2.4 37.4 | 43 34.4 109.4 | 83 66.4 181.4 | 123 98.4 253.4 4 3.2 39.2 | 44 35.2 111.2 | 84 67.2 183.2 | 124 99.2 255.2 | | | 5 4 41 | 45 36 113 | 85 68 185 | 125 100 257 6 4.8 42.8 | 46 36.8 114.8 | 86 68.8 186.8 | 126 100.8 258.8 7 5.6 44.6 | 47 37.6 116.6 | 87 69.6 188.6 | 127 101.6 260.6 8 6.4 46.4 | 48 38.4 118.4 | 88 70.4 190.4 | 128 102.4 262.4 9 7.2 48.2 | 49 39.2 120.2 | 89 71.2 192.2 | 129 103.2 264.2 | | | 10 8 50 | 50 40 122 | 90 72 194 | 130 104 266 11 8.8 51.8 | 51 40.8 123.8 | 91 72.8 195.8 | 131 104.8 267.8 12 9.6 53.6 | 52 41.6 125.6 | 92 73.6 197.6 | 132 105.6 269.6 13 10.4 55.4 | 53 42.4 127.4 | 93 74.4 199.4 | 133 106.4 271.4 14 11.2 57.2 | 54 43.2 129.2 | 94 75.2 201.2 | 134 107.2 273.2 | | | 15 12 59 | 55 44 131 | 95 76 203 | 135 108 275 16 12.8 60.8 | 56 44.8 132.8 | 96 76.8 204.8 | 136 108.8 276.8 17 13.6 62.6 | 57 45.6 134.6 | 97 77.6 206.6 | 137 109.6 278.6 18 14.4 64.4 | 58 46.4 136.4 | 98 78.4 208.4 | 138 110.4 280.4 19 15.2 66.2 | 59 47.2 138.2 | 99 79.2 210.2 | 139 111.2 282.2 ============================================================================

*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 670

(Cocoanut Oil, Palmkernel Oil)

______________________________________________ | | | Liters Alkali | Liters Alkali | Solution | Solution Kilos | Sp. Gr. 1.3 | Sp. Gr. 1.355 ______|___________________|___________________ | | | | | NaOH | KOH | NaOH | KOH ______|_________|_________|_________|_________ | | | | 1000 | 510.27 | 622.71 | 409.61 | 517.97 2000 | 1020.54 | 1245.41 | 819.21 | 1035.95 3000 | 1530.81 | 1868.12 | 1228.82 | 1553.92 4000 | 2041.01 | 2490.83 | 1638.43 | 2071.90 5000 | 2551.35 | 3113.54 | 2048.04 | 2589.87 6000 | 3061.61 | 3736.24 | 2457.65 | 3107.84 7000 | 3571.88 | 4358.95 | 2867.26 | 3625.82 8000 | 4082.15 | 4981.66 | 3276.86 | 4143.79 9000 | 4592.42 | 5604.36 | 3886.47 | 4661.77 10000 | 5102.69 | 6227.02 | 4096.08 | 5179.74 ______|_________|_________|_________|_________

*Quantities of Alkali Required for Saponification of Fats of Average Molecular Weight 860

(Tallow, Cottonseed Oil, Olive Oil, Etc.)

_________________________________________________ | | | | Liters Alkali | Liters Alkali | | Solution | Solution | Kilos | Sp. Gr. 1.1 | Sp. Gr. 1.2 | ______|_____________________|___________________| | | | | | | NaOH | KOH | NaOH | KOH | ______|__________|__________|_________|_________| | | | | | 1000 | 1461.40 | 1482.56 | 658.05 | 724.81 | 2000 | 2922.81 | 2965.12 | 1316.12 | 1449.61 | 3000 | 4384.21 | 4447.67 | 1974.18 | 2174.42 | 4000 | 5845.62 | 5930.23 | 2632.24 | 2899.22 | 5000 | 7307.02 | 7412.79 | 3290.80 | 3624.03 | 6000 | 8768.42 | 8895.85 | 3948.35 | 4348.84 | 7000 | 10229.83 | 10377.91 | 4606.41 | 5073.64 | 8000 | 11691.23 | 11860.45 | 5264.47 | 5798.45 | 9000 | 13152.64 | 13343.02 | 5922.53 | 6523.25 | 10000 | 14614.04 | 14825.58 | 6580.59 | 7248.06 | ______|__________|__________|_________|_________| ______________________________________________ | | | Liters Alkali | Liters Alkali | Solution | Solution Kilos | Sp. Gr. 1.3 | Sp. Gr. 1.355 ______|___________________|___________________ | | | | | NaOH | KOH | NaOH | KOH ______|_________|_________|_________|_________ | | | | 1000 | 397.54 | 485.13 | 319.11 | 403.54 2000 | 795.07 | 970.27 | 638.23 | 807.08 3000 | 1192.61 | 1455.40 | 957.34 | 1210.61 4000 | 1590.14 | 1940.53 | 1276.45 | 1614.15 5000 | 1987.68 | 2425.67 | 1595.57 | 2017.69 6000 | 2385.21 | 2910.80 | 1914.68 | 2421.23 7000 | 2782.75 | 3395.93 | 2233.79 | 2824.77 8000 | 3180.28 | 3881.06 | 2552.90 | 3228.30 9000 | 3577.82 | 4366.20 | 2872.02 | 3631.84 10000 | 3975.35 | 4851.33 | 3191.13 | 4035.38 ______|_________|_________|_________|_________

DENSITY AND STRENGTH OF SULPHURIC ACID (SIDERSKY).

Column Headings: A: Degrees Twaddell B: Sp. Gr. at 15deg. C. C: % of pure acid (H_{2}SO_{4}). D: Equivalent (in cc.) of a kilo of pure acid. E: Equivalent (in cc.) of a liter of pure acid.

=========================================

[A] [B] [C] [D] [E] _________________________________________

1 1.007 1.9 52.620 96.930 3 1.014 2.8 35.710 66.450 4 1.022 3.8 25.650 47.230 6 1.029 4.8 20.410 37.582 8 1.037 5.8 16.670 30.690 9 1.045 6.8 14.085 25.938 10 1.052 7.8 12.198 22.460 12 1.062 8.8 10.755 19.803 13 1.067 9.8 9.524 17.540 15 1.075 10.9 8.547 15.740 17 1.083 11.9 7.752 14.278 18 1.091 13.0 7.042 12.969 20 1.100 14.1 6.452 11.882 22 1.108 15.2 5.953 10.962 23 1.116 16.2 5.526 10.177 25 1.125 17.3 5.405 9.954 27 1.134 18.5 4.76 8.770 29 1.142 19.6 4.465 8.223 30 1.152 20.8 4.184 7.723 32 1.162 22.2 3.876 7.138 34 1.171 23.3 3.663 6.745 36 1.180 24.5 3.541 6.521 38 1.190 25.8 3.258 5.999 40 1.200 27.1 3.077 5.666 42 1.210 28.4 2.907 5.353 44 1.220 29.6 2.770 5.102 46 1.231 31.0 2.618 4.865 48 1.241 32.2 2.500 4.604 50 1.252 33.4 2.392 4.406 53 1.263 34.7 2.283 4.205 55 1.274 36.0 2.179 4.012 57 1.285 37.4 2.079 3.829 60 1.297 38.8 1.988 3.661 62 1.308 40.2 1.905 3.508 64 1.320 41.6 1.821 3.354 66 1.332 43.0 1.745 3.214 69 1.345 44.4 1.665 3.085 71 1.357 45.5 1.621 2.985 74 1.370 46.9 1.558 2.869 77 1.383 48.3 1.497 2.757 80 1.397 49.8 1.436 2.646 82 1.410 51.2 1.386 2.551 85 1.424 52.6 1.335 2.459 88 1.438 54.0 1.287 2.370 91 1.453 55.4 1.237 2.270 94 1.468 56.9 1.195 2.200 97 1.483 58.3 1.156 2.130 100 1.498 59.6 1.116 2.050 103 1.514 61.0 1.080 1.980 106 1.530 62.5 1.045 1.930 108 1.540 64.0 1.010 1.860 113 1.563 65.5 0.975 1.800 116 1.580 67.0 0.950 1.740 120 1.597 68.6 0.917 1.690 123 1.615 70.0 0.888 1.630 127 1.634 71.6 0.855 1.570 130 1.652 73.2 0.845 1.520 134 1.671 74.7 0.800 1.470 138 1.691 76.4 0.774 1.430 142 1.711 78.1 0.749 1.390 146 1.732 79.9 0.722 1.320 151 1.753 81.7 0.705 1.280 155 1.774 84.1 0.672 1.235 160 1.798 86.5 0.639 1.190 164 1.819 89.7 0.609 1.120 168 1.842 100.0 0.544 1.000

*Densities of Potassium Carbonate Solutions at 15 C (Gerlach)

======================= | | | Per cent | Sp. Gr. | of pure | | K_{2}CO_{3} | ________|_____________| | | 1.00914 | 1 | 1.01829 | 2 | 1.02743 | 3 | 1.03658 | 4 | 1.04572 | 5 | 1.05513 | 6 | 1.06454 | 7 | 1.07396 | 8 | 1.08337 | 9 | 1.09278 | 10 | 1.10258 | 11 | 1.11238 | 12 | 1.12219 | 13 | 1.13199 | 14 | 1.14179 | 15 | 1.15200 | 16 | 1.16222 | 17 | 1.17243 | 18 | 1.18265 | 19 | 1.19286 | 20 | 1.20344 | 21 | 1.21402 | 22 | 1.22459 | 23 | 1.23517 | 24 | 1.24575 | 25 | 1.25681 | 26 | 1.26787 | 27 | 1.27893 | 28 | 1.28999 | 29 | 1.30105 | 30 | 1.31261 | 31 | 1.32417 | 32 | 1.33573 | 33 | 1.34729 | 34 | 1.35885 | 35 | 1.37082 | 36 | 1.38279 | 37 | 1.39476 | 38 | 1.40673 | 39 | 1.41870 | 40 | 1.43104 | 41 | 1.44338 | 42 | 1.45573 | 43 | 1.46807 | 44 | 1.48041 | 45 | 1.49314 | 46 | 1.50588 | 47 | 1.51861 | 48 | 1.53135 | 49 | 1.54408 | 50 | 1.55728 | 51 | 1.57048 | 52 | 1.57079 | 53.024 | ________|_____________|

*Constants of Certain Fatty Acids and Triglycerides

========================================================= | | | | | | Per cent Yield Triglycerides | Mol. Wt. | Mol. Wt. |__________________ of | of Fatty | of Tri- | | | of Fatty | glycerides | Fatty | Glycerine | | | Acid | ______________|__________|____________|_______|___________ | | | | Stearic Acid | 284 | 890 | 95.73 | 10.34 Oleic Acid | 282 | 884 | 95.70 | 10.41 Margaric Acid | 270 | 848 | 95.52 | 10.85 Palmitic Acid | 256 | 806 | 95.28 | 11.42 Myristic Acid | 228 | 722 | 94.47 | 12.74 Lauric Acid | 200 | 638 | 94.04 | 14.42 Capric Acid | 172 | 594 | 93.14 | 15.48 Caproic Acid | 116 | 386 | 90.16 | 23.83 Butyric Acid | 88 | 302 | 87.41 | 30.46 ______________|__________|____________|_______|___________

PERCENTAGES OF SOLID CAUSTIC SODA AND CAUSTIC POTASH IN CAUSTIC LYES ACCORDING TO BAUME SCALE.

Degrees % % Baume. NaOH KOH

1 0.61 0.90 2 0.93 1.70 3 2.00 2.60 4 2.71 3.50 5 3.35 4.50 6 4.00 5.60 7 4.556 6.286 8 5.29 7.40 9 5.87 8.20 10 6.55 9.20 11 7.31 10.10 12 8.00 10.90 13 8.68 12.00 14 9.42 12.90 15 10.06 13.80 16 10.97 14.80 17 11.84 15.70 18 12.64 16.50 19 13.55 17.60 20 14.37 18.60 21 15.13 19.50 22 15.91 20.50 23 16.77 21.40 24 17.67 22.50 25 18.58 23.30 26 19.58 24.20 27 20.59 25.10 28 21.42 26.10 29 22.64 27.00 30 23.67 28.00 31 24.81 28.90 32 25.80 29.80 33 26.83 30.70 34 27.80 31.80 35 28.83 32.70 36 29.93 33.70 37 31.22 34.90 38 32.47 35.90 39 33.69 36.90 40 34.96 37.80 41 36.25 38.90 42 37.53 39.90 43 38.80 40.90 44 39.99 42.10 45 41.41 43.40 46 42.83 44.60 47 44.38 45.80 48 46.15 47.10 49 47.58 48.25 50 49.02 49.40

GLYCERINE CONTENT OF MORE COMMON OILS AND FATS USED IN SOAP MAKING.

Kind. Theoretical Average Free % Pure Yield
Yield of Pure Fatty Acid in Glycerine Soap Lye
Glycerine of Commercial in Commercial 80% Crude
Neutral Oil Oil. Oil. Glycerine.
or Fat.

Beef Tallow 10.7 5 10.2 12.75 Bone Grease 10.5 20-50 5.2- 8.4 6.5-10.5 Castor Oil 9.8 0.5-10 8.8- 9.8 11.0-12.45 Cocoanut Oil 13.9 3-5 13.2-13.5 16.5-16.9 Cocoanut Oil Off 15-40 8.3-11.8 10.37-14.75 Corn Oil 10.4 1-10 9.3-10.3 11.62-12.9 Cottonseed Oil 10.6 Trace 10.6 13.25 Hog Grease 10.6 0.5-1 10.5-10.6 13.12-13.25 Horse Grease 10.6 1-3 10.5-10.6 13.12-13.25 Olive Oil 10.3 2-25 7.7-10.2 9.62-12.75 Olive Foots 30-60 4-7 5-8.75 Palm Oil 11.0 10-50 5.5-10 6.87-12.5 Palmkernel Oil 13.3 4-8 12.2-12.8 15.25-16 Peanut Oil 10.4 5-20 8.3-9.9 10.37-12.37 Soya Bean Oil 10.4 2 10.2 12.75 Train Oil 10.0 2-20 8-9.8 10.0-12.25 Vegetable Tallow 10.9 1-3 10.5-10.8 13.12-13.5

*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Commercial Glycerine with Corresponding Percentage of Water. Temperature 15 C.

------------------+------------------
Sp. Gr. % Water | Sp. Gr. % Water
1.262 0 | 1.160 38
1.261 1 | 1.157 39
1.258 2 | 1.155 40
1.255 3 | 1.152 41
1.2515 4 | 1.149 42
1.250 5 | 1.1464 43
1.2467 6 | 1.1437 44
1.2450 7 | 1.141 45
1.243 8 | 1.1377 46
1.241 9 | 1.1353 47
1.237 10 | 1.1326 48
1.235 11 | 1.1304 49
1.2324 12 | 1.127 50
1.229 13 | 1.125 51
1.2265 14 | 1.1224 52
1.2245 15 | 1.1204 53
1.2225 16 | 1.117 54
1.2185 17 | 1.114 55
1.2174 18 | 1.112 56
1.2142 19 | 1.109 57
1.211 20 | 1.106 58
1.207 21 | 1.103 59
1.203 22 | 1.1006 60
1.2004 23 | 1.088 65
1.198 24 | 1.075 70
1.195 25 | 1.0623 75
1.1923 26 | 1.049 80
1.189 27 | 1.0365 85
1.188 28 | 1.0243 90
1.1846 29 | 1.0218 91
1.182 30 | 1.0192 92
1.179 31 | 1.0168 93
1.176 32 | 1.0147 94
1.1734 33 | 1.0125 95
1.171 34 | 1.01 96
1.168 35 | 1.0074 97
1.165 36 | 1.0053 98
1.163 37 | 1.0026 99
------------------+------------------

Table of Percentage, Specific Gravity and Beaume Degree of Pure Glycerine Solutions

=========+===========+===========++=========+===========+===========
Per cent |Sp. Gr. |Degree ||Per cent |Sp. Gr. |Degree
Water |Champion |Beaume ||Water |Champion |Beaume
|and Pellet |(Berthelot)|| |and Pellet |(Berthelot)
=========+===========+===========++=========+===========+===========
0 | 1.2640 | 31.2 || 11.0 | 1.2350 | 28.6
0.5 | 1.2625 | 31.0 || 11.5 | 1.2335 | 28.4
1.0 | 1.2612 | 30.9 || 12.0 | 1.2322 | 28.3
1.5 | 1.2600 | 30.8 || 12.5 | 1.2307 | 28.2
2.0 | 1.2585 | 30.7 || 13.0 | 1.2295 | 28.0
2.5 | 1.2575 | 30.6 || 13.5 | 1.2280 | 27.8
3.0 | 1.2560 | 30.4 || 14.0 | 1.2270 | 27.7
3.5 | 1.2545 | 30.3 || 14.5 | 1.2255 | 27.6
4.0 | 1.2532 | 30.2 || 15.0 | 1.2242 | 27.4
4.5 | 1.2520 | 30.1 || 15.5 | 1.2230 | 27.3
5.0 | 1.2505 | 30.0 || 16.0 | 1.2217 | 27.2
5.5 | 1.2490 | 29.9 || 16.5 | 1.2202 | 27.0
6.0 | 1.2480 | 29.8 || 17.0 | 1.2190 | 26.9
6.5 | 1.2465 | 29.7 || 17.5 | 1.2177 | 26.8
7.0 | 1.2455 | 29.6 || 18.0 | 1.2165 | 26.7
7.5 | 1.2440 | 29.5 || 18.5 | 1.2150 | 26.5
8.0 | 1.2427 | 29.3 || 19.0 | 1.2137 | 26.4
8.5 | 1.2412 | 29.2 || 19.5 | 1.2125 | 26.3
9.0 | 1.2400 | 29.0 || 20.0 | 1.2112 | 26.2
9.5 | 1.2390 | 28.9 || 20.5 | 1.2100 | 26.0
10.0 | 1.2375 | 28.8 || 21.0 | 1.2085 | 25.0
10.5 | 1.2362 | 28.7 || | |
=========+===========+===========++=========+===========+===========

*Table of Specific Gravities of Pure Glycerine Solutions with Corresponding Beaume Degree and Percent Water

--------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------
Per cent| Sp. Gr.| Degree| Percent | Sp. Gr.| Degree
Water | | Beaume| Water | | Beaume
--------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------
| | | | |
0.0 | 1.2640 | 31.2 | 1.0 | 1.2612 | 30.9
0.5 | 1.2625 | 31.0 | 1.5 | 1.2600 | 30.8
2.0 | 1.2585 | 30.7 | 12.0 | 1.2322 | 28.3
2.5 | 1.2575 | 30.6 | 12.5 | 1.2307 | 28.2
3.0 | 1.2560 | 30.4 | 13.0 | 1.2295 | 28.0
3.5 | 1.2545 | 30.3 | 13.5 | 1.2280 | 27.8
4.0 | 1.2532 | 30.2 | 14.0 | 1.2270 | 27.7
4.5 | 1.2520 | 30.1 | 14.5 | 1.2255 | 27.6
5.0 | 1.2505 | 30.0 | 15.0 | 1.2242 | 27.4
5.5 | 1.2490 | 29.9 | 15.5 | 1.2230 | 27.3
6.0 | 1.2480 | 29.8 | 16.0 | 1.2217 | 27.2
6.5 | 1.2465 | 29.7 | 16.5 | 1.2202 | 27.0
7.0 | 1.2455 | 29.6 | 17.0 | 1.2190 | 26.9
7.5 | 1.2440 | 29.5 | 17.5 | 1.2177 | 26.8
8.0 | 1.2427 | 29.3 | 18.0 | 1.2165 | 26.7
8.5 | 1.2412 | 29.2 | 18.5 | 1.2150 | 26.5
9.0 | 1.2400 | 29.0 | 19.0 | 1.2137 | 26.4
9.5 | 1.2390 | 28.9 | 19.5 | 1.2125 | 26.3
10.0 | 1.2375 | 28.8 | 20.0 | 1.2112 | 26.2
10.5 | 1.2362 | 28.7 | 20.5 | 1.2100 | 26.0
11.0 | 1.2350 | 28.6 | 21.0 | 1.2085 | 25.9
11.5 | 1.2335 | 28.4 | | |
--------+--------+-------+---------+--------+--------

INDEX

Acetin process for the determination of glycerol, 155.

Acid, Clupanodonic, 20.

Acid, Hydrochloric, 111.

Acid, Lauric, 2.

Acid, Myristic, 2.

Acid, Napthenic, 24.

Acid, Oleic, 15, 19.

Acid, Palmitic, 2.

Acid, Pinic, 22.

Acid, Resin, 144.

Acid, Stearic, 15, 19.

Acid, Sulfuric, 112.

Acid, Sylvic, 22.

Acid saponification, 120.

Air bleaching of palm oil, 12.

Albuminous matter, Removal from tallow, 6.

Alcohol, Denatured, 82.

Alcoholic method for free alkali in soap, 139.

Alkali Blue 6 B, indicator, 129.

Alkali, Total, determination of in soap, 147.

Alkalis, 25.

Alkalis used in soap making,
Testing of, 134.

Amalgamator, 33.

Analysis, Glycerine, International, 150.

Analysis, Soap, 137.

Analysis, Standard methods for fats and oils, 165-196.

Aqueous saponification, 121.

Arachis oil, 79.

Autoclave saponification, 118.

Automobile soaps, 41.

Barrels, sampling, 168.

Baume scale, 25.

Bayberry wax, Use in shaving soap, 89.

Bichromate Process for glycerol determination, 160.

Bleaching, Fullers' earth process for tallow, 4.

Bleaching palm oil by bichromate method, 9.

Bleaching palm oil by air, 12.

Bosshard & Huggenberg method for determination of free alkali, 140.

Bunching of soap, 52.

Candelite, 96.

Candle tar, 125.

Carbolic soap, 77.

Carbon Dioxide, Formation of in carbonate saponification, 45.

Carbonate, potassium, 29.

Carbonate, saponification, 35, 45.

Carbonate, sodium, 28.

Castile soap, 79.

Castor oil ferment, 121.

Castor oil, Use of in transparent soaps, 83.

Caustic potash, 26.

Caustic potash, Electrolytic, 27.

Caustic soda, 26.

Changes in soap-making, 36.

Chemist, Importance of, 127.

Chipper, Soap, 32.

Chip soap, 54.

Chip soap, Cold made, 55.

Chip soap, Unfilled, 56.

Chrome bleaching of palm oil, 9.

Cloud test for oil, Standard method, 182-183.

Clupanodonic acid, 20.

Cocoanut oil, 6.

Cold cream soap, 78.

Cold made chip soaps, 55.

Cold made toilet soaps, 72.

Cold made transparent soaps, 84.

Cold process, 35, 43.

Colophony, 22.

Coloring soap, 75.

Copra, 7.

Corn oil, 14.

Corrosive sublimate, 78.

Cotton goods. Soaps used for, 103.

Cottonseed oil, 14.

Cream, Shaving, 90.

Crude glycerine, 113.

Crutcher, 32.

Curd soap, 71.

Cutting table, 32.

Determination of free fatty acid, 128.

Determination of unsaponifiable matter, 132.

Distillation of fatty acids, 125.

Drying machine, 32.

Enzymes, 17.

Eschweger soap, 81.

Examination of fats and oils, 128.

Fahrion's method for moisture, 138.

Fats and oils, Examination of, 128.

Fats and oils used in soap manufacture, 3.

Fatty acids, 14.

Fatty acids, Distillation of, 125.

Ferments, Splitting fats with, 121.

Fillers for laundry soaps, 53.

Fillers for soap powders, 58.

Finishing change, 36.

Fish oils, 20.

Floating soap, 62.

Formaldehyde soap, 78.

Frames, 31.

Free alkali in soap, Determination of, 139.

Free fatty acid, Determination of, 128.

Free fatty acids, Extraction from tallow, 6.

Free fatty acid, Standard method of dilu., 174.
Note on method, 188-189.

Full boiled soaps, 35.

Fullers' earth bleaching of tallow, 4.

Glycerides, 2.

Glycerine, 2.

Glycerine analysis, 150.

Glycerine change, 36.

Glycerine, Crude, 113.

Glycerine in spent lyes, Recovery of, 106.

Glycerine in soap, Determination of, 149.

Glycerine, Sampling crude, 162.

Glycerine soaps, 83.

Glycerol content, Ways of calculating actual, 159.

Glycerol determination, Acetin process, 155.

Glycerol determination, Bichromate process for, 160.

Graining soap, 30.

Grease, 21.

Grease, Bleaching, 21.

Grinding soap, 34.

Hand Paste, 93.

Hard water, 29.

Hardened oils in toilet soap, Use of, 96.

Hydrocarbon oils, 2.

Hydrogenating oils, 19.

Hydrolysis of fats and oils, 17.

Hydrolytic dissociation of soap, 1.

Hydrometers, 25.

Indicators, Action, 135-6.

Insoluble impurities in fatty oils, Determination of
(standard method), 172.
Note on method, 187.

Insoluble matter in soap, determination of, 143.

International committee on glycerine analysis, 150.

Iodine manufacturing oil, 191.

Iodine member Wijs method, Standard, 177-181.
Note on method, 191.

Iodine soap, 78.

Joslin, ref., 113.

"Killing" change, 36.

Koettstorfer number (Standard method), 181-182.

Kontakt reagent, 117.

Krebitz Process, 123.

Krutolin, 96.

Leiste & Stiepel method for rosin in soap, 146.

Liebermann, Storch reaction, 144.

Light powders, 60.

Laundry soap, 48.

LeBlanc Process, 28.

Lewkowitsch, ref., 17, 146.

Lime saponification, 118.

Lime, Use in Krebitz Process, 123.

Lime, Use in treatment of glycerine water, 116.

Liquid medicinal soaps, 79.

Liquid soaps, 94.

Lyes, Spent, 37.

Magnesia, Use in autoclave saponification, 120.

Manganese sulfate,
Use of as catalyzer in fermentative cleavage of fats, 122.

Marine soaps, 39.

Medicinal soaps, 76.

Medicinal soaps, Less important, 78.

Medicinal soaps, Therapeutic value of, 76.

Melting point of fat or oil, Standard method, 193.

Mercury soaps, 78.

Metallic soaps, 1.

Methyl orange, indicator, 136.

Meyerheim, ref., 21.

Mill soap, 32.

Moisture in soap, Determination of, 138, 130.

Moisture and volatile matter in fats and oils, Standard method for
detm. of, 170.
Note on method, 184-185.

Mottle in soap, 81.

Mug shaving soap, 90.

Naphtha, Incorporation in soap, 49.

Naphthenic acids, 24.

Nigre, 36.

Normal acids, Equivalent in alkalis, 136.

Oils and fats, 1.

Oils and fats, Chemical constants, 18.

Oils and fats, Distinction, 1.

Oils and fats, Preserving, 18.

Oils and fat, Nature of used in soap manufacture, 2.

Oils and fats, Rancidity of, 16.

Oil hardening, 19.

Oleic acid, 15, 19.

Olein, 2, 19.

Olive oil, 14.

Olive oil foots, 14.

Organoleptic methods, 127.

Palmatin, 2.

Palm kernel oil, 8.

Palmitic acid, 2.

Palm oil, 8.

Palm oil, air bleaching, 12.

Palm oil, Chrome bleaching of, 9.

Palm oil soap, 66.

Pearl ash, 29.

Perfuming and coloring toilet soaps, 73.

Peroxide soap, 78.

Petroff reagent, 117.

Pfeilring reagent, 117.

Phenol, 77.

Phenolphthalein, indicator, 38.

Phenolphthalein, Using as indicator, 51.

Phenols, Soaps containing, 77.

Pinic acid, 22.

Plodder, 33.

Potash from wood ash, 27.

Potassium carbonate, 29.

Powders, Light, 60.

Powders, Scouring, 61.

Powders, Shaving, 90.

Powders, Soap, 56.

Precipitation test for treated spent lyes, 110.

Prevention of rancidity, 18.

Pumice or sand soaps, 93.

Purple shade in soap, 75.

Rancidity of oils and fats, 16.

Rancidity, Prevention, 18.

Recovery of glycerine from spent lye, 106.

Red oil, 15.

Red oil, Saponified, 15.

Resin acids, Total fatty and, Determination of in soap, 144.

Ribot, ref., 20.

Rosin, 22.

Rosin, Determination of in soap, 144.

Rosin saponification, 23.

Run and glued up soaps, 69.

Run soaps, 39.

Sal soda, 29.

Salt, 30.

Salting out, 30.

Salt "pickle," 37.

Sampling crude glycerine, 162.

Sampling for standard method, 166.
Note on, 184.

Sampling oils and fats, 128.

Sampling soap, 137.

Saponification by ferments, 121.

Saponification, Acid, 120.

Saponification, Aqueous, 121.

Saponification, Autoclave, 118.

Saponification, Carbonate, 45.

Saponification defined, 2, 105.

Saponification, Lime, 118.

Saponification number, 181-182.

Saponification, Rosin, 23.

Saponification, Various methods, 105.

Scouring and fulling soaps for wool, 98.

Scouring powders, 61.

Scouring soap, 61.

Semi-boiled laundry soaps, 49.

Semi-boiled process, 44.

Shaving cream, 90.

Shaving powder, 90.

Shaving soaps, 87.

Silica and silicates, Determination of in soap, 148.

Silk dyeing, 102.

Silk industry, Soaps used in, 101.

Slabber, 32.

Smith method for moisture in soap, 138.

Soap analysis, 137.

Soap, Automobile, 41.

Soap, Carbolic, 71.

Soap, Castile, 79.

Soap, Chip, 54.

Soap Chip, cold made, 55.

Soap, Chip, unfilled, 56.

Soap, Cold cream, 78.

Soap, Coloring, 75.

Soap containing phenols, 77.

Soap, Curd, 71.

Soap, Defined, 1.

Soap, Determination insoluble matter, 143.

Soap, Determining glycerine in, 149.

Soap, Eschweger, 81.

Soap, Floating, 62.

Soap, Formaldehyde, 78.

Soap for wool, Scouring and fulling, 98.

Soap, Full boiled, 35.

Soap, Iodine, 78.

Soap kettle, 31.

Soap, Laundry, 48.

Soap, Liquid, 94.

Soap lye crude glycerine, 113.

Soap, Marine, 39.

Soap, Medicinal, 76.

Soap, Medicinal, less important, 78.

Soap, Mercury, 78.

Soap, Metallic, 1.

Soap, Peroxide, 78.

Soap powders, 56.

Soap, Pumice or sand, 93.

Soap, Rosin settled, 50.

Soap, Run and glued up, 69.

Soap, Scouring, 61.

Soap, Semi-boiled laundry, 49.

Soap, Shaving, 87.

Soap, Sulphur, 77.

Soap, Tannin, 78.

Soap, Tar, 77.

Soap, Test for color of, 133.

Soap, Textile, 98.

Soap, Toilet, 65.

Soap, Toilet cheaper, 68.

Soap, Toilet, cold made, 72.

Soap, Toilet perfuming and coloring, 73.

Soap, Transparent, 82.

Soap, Transparent, cold made, 84.

Soap used for cotton goods, 103.

Soap used in the silk industry, 101.

Soap, Witch hazel, 78.

Soap, Wool thrower's, 100.

Soap, Worsted finishing, 101.

Soda ash, 28.

Sodium carbonate, 28.

Sodium perborate, Use of in soap powders, 57.

Soft soaps, 40.

Soluble mineral matter detm. of in fats and oils, 173.
Note on method, 187-188.

Solvay process, 28.

Soya bean oil, 14.

Spent lye, Recovery of glycerine from, 106.

Spent lyes, 37.

Spent lyes, Treatment of for glycerine recovery, 107.

Splitting fats with ferments, 121.

Standard methods of analysis for fats and oils, 165-196.

Starch and gelatine, Determination in soap, 143.

Stearic acid, 15, 19.

Stearin, 2, 19.

Strengthening change, 36.

Strengthening lyes, 38.

Strunz crutcher, 63.

Sugar in soap, Determination of, 150.

Sugar, Use in transparent soap, 83.

Sulfate of alumina, Use of in spent lyes, 108.

Sulphonated oils, 104.

Sulphur soaps, 77.

Sweating of soap, 62.

Sweet water, 119.

Sylvic acid, 22.

Talgol, 96.

Tallow, 4.

Tallow, Fullers' earth bleaching of, 4.

Tallow, Improving color by extraction of free fatty acid, 6.

Tannin soap, 78.

Tar soap, 77.

Test for color of soap, 133.

Testing of alkalis used in soap making, 134.

Textile soaps, 98.

Titer, 130.

Tank cars, Sampling, 166.

Tierces, Sampling, 168.

Titer, Standard method, 175.

Titer, Note on, 189.

Tung oil, Note one iodine, number of, 180.

Toilet soap, 65.

Toilet soaps, Cheaper, 68.

Toilet soap, Use of hardened oils in, 96.

Total alkali, Determination of in soap, 147.

Total fatty and resin acids, Determination of in soap, 144.

Train oils, 20.

Transparent soap, 82.

Transparent soap, Cold made, 84.

Troweling soap, 52.

Tsujimoto, ref., 20.

Tubes for transparent soap, 85.

Turkey red oil, 104.

Twaddle scale, 25.

Twitchell method for rosin, 145.

Twitchell process, 113.

Twitchell process, Advantages, 113.

Unsaponifiable matter, Determination of in oils and fats, 132.

Unsaponifiable matter, Determination of in soap, 148.

Unsaponifiable matter, determination of by standard method, 176.

Vacuum Oven, Standard, 176.

Vegetable oils, 6.

Water, 29.

Water, Hard, 29.

Witch hazel soap, 78.

Wool thrower's soap, 100.

Worsted finishing soaps, 101.

Zinc oxide, Use of in autoclave saponification, 120.

Zinc oxide, Use of in soap, 33.

LITERATURE OF THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES

On our shelves is the most complete stock of technical, industrial, engineering and scientific books in the United States. The technical literature of every trade is well represented, as is also the literature relating to the various sciences, both the books useful for reference as well as those fitted for students' use as textbooks.

A large number of these we publish and for an ever increasing number we are the sole agents.

ALL INQUIRIES MADE OF US ARE CHEERFULLY AND CAREFULLY ANSWERED AND COMPLETE CATALOGS AS WELL AS SPECIAL LISTS SENT FREE ON REQUEST

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY

_Publishers and Booksellers_

8 WARREN STREET NEW YORK

The Soap-Maker's Book Shelf

A list of standard books relating to soapmaking and allied industries.

Published and For Sale by

D. VAN NOSTRAND COMPANY

_Publishers and Booksellers_

8 WARREN STREET NEW YORK

~Askinson, George W.~ Perfumes and Cosmetics. Their preparation and manufacture. Fourth Edition, translated from the German, and revised with additions by W. L. Dudley. 32 illustrations. 6-1/4 x 9-1/2. Cloth. 354 pp. New York, 1915. ~$5.00~

~Chalmers, T. W.~ The Production and Treatment of Vegetable Oils. Including chapters on the refining of oils, the hydrogenation of oils, the generation of hydrogen, soap making, the recovery and refining of glycerine, and the splitting of oils. 95 illustrations, 9 folding plates. 8 x 11-1/2. Cloth. 163 pp. London, 1919. ~$7.50~

~Deite, C.~ Manual of Toilet Soap-Making. Comprising toilet soaps, medicated soaps, and other specialties. Second Revised Edition. 85 illustrations. 6-1/2 x 10. Cloth. 356 pp. London, 1920. ~$7.50~

~Ellis, Carleton G.~ The Hydrogenation of Oils, Catalyzers and Catalysis and the Generation of Hydrogen and Oxygen. Second Edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged. 240 illustrations. 6-1/4 x 9-1/2. Cloth. 767 pp. N. Y., 1919. ~$7.50~

~Fischer, M. H.~ Soaps and Proteins, Their Colloid Chemistry in Theory and Practice. With the collaboration of G. D. McLaughlin and M. O. Hooker. 114 illustrations. 6 x 9-1/4. Cloth. 281 pp. New York, 1921. ~$4.00~

~Holde, D.~ The Examination of Hydrocarbon Oils, and of the Saponifiable Fats and Waxes. Translated from the Fourth German Edition by Edward Mueller. 115 illustrations. 6-1/4 x 9-1/4. Cloth. 499 pp. N. Y., 1915. ~Net, $5.00~

~Hurst, G. H~. Soaps. A practical manual of the manufacture of domestic, toilet and other soaps. Second Edition. 66 illustrations. 6 x 8-3/4. Cloth. 385 pp. London, 1907. ~$6.00~

~Hurst, George H., and Simmons, W. H.~ Textile Soaps and Oils. A handbook on the preparation, properties, and analysis of the soaps and oils and in textile manufacturing, dyeing and printing. Third Edition, revised. 12 illustrations. 5-1/2 x 8-3/4. Cloth. 212 pp. London, 1921. ~$4.00~

~Koller, T. Cosmetics.~ A handbook of the manufacture, employment, and testing of all cosmetic materials and cosmetic specialties, with numerous recipes. Translated from the German. Third Edition. 5 x 7-1/2. Cloth. 264 pp. London, 1920. ~$3.50~

~Koppe, S. W. Glycerine.~ Its introduction, Uses and Examination. For chemists, perfumers, soapmakers, pharmacists, and explosives technologists. 7 illustrations. 5-1/4 x 7-1/2. Cloth. 260 pp. New York, 1915. ~$3.50~

~Lamborn, L. L.~ Modern Soaps, Candles, and Glycerin. A practical manual of modern methods of utilization of fats and oils in the manufacture of soaps and candles, and the recovery of glycerin. 228 illustrations. 6-1/2 x 9-1/4. Cloth. 708 pp. N. Y., 1906. ~$10.00~

~Murray, B. L.~ Standards and Tests for Reagent Chemicals. 6 x 9. Cloth. 400 pp. New York, 1920. ~$3.00~

~Parry, Ernest J.~ The Chemistry of Essential Oils and Artificial Perfumes. Vol. I, Monographs on Essential Oils. Fourth Edition, revised and enlarged. 51 illustrations. 6-1/4 x 10. Cloth. 557 pp. London, 1921. ~$9.00~

Vol. II. Constituents of Essential Oils, Synthetic Perfumes and Isolated Aromatics, and the Analysis of Essential Oils. Third Edition, revised and enlarged. Illustrated. 351 pp. London, 1919. ~$7.00~

~Partington, J. R.~ The Alkali Industry. 63 illustrations. 5-1/2 x 8-1/2. Cloth. 318 pp. London, 1918. ~$3.00~

~Rogers, Allen.~ Industrial Chemistry. A manual for the student and manufacturer. Third Edition, thoroughly revised and enlarged. 377 illustrations. 6-1/2 x 9-3/4. Flexible fabrikoid. 1255 pp. New York, 1920. ~$7.50~

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