Chapter I: Front Matter

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Transcriber’s Note:

This version of the text cannot represent certain typographical effects. Italics are delimited with the ‘_’ character as _italic_. Boldface type is delimited with the ‘=’ character as =Boldface=.

Footnotes have been moved to follow the paragraphs in which they are referenced.

The many marginal notes usually appeared at the beginning of a paragraph. These are given here on a separate line as

[Sidenote: A topic.]

Where the notes are in mid-paragraph, they are merely interpolated in the text [Sidenote: Inline] at an appropriate point.

There are a number of diagrams that cannot be directly rendered in this version. An attempt has been made for each to retain the information conveyed. For instance, the chart of the various municipal offices facing p. 205 has been rendered here as an indented list.

All illustrations, charts, tables and graphs are accompanied by a separate explanatory page, either preceding or following. Neither are included in the pagination. They have been moved to the nearest logical paragraph break, and demarcated by horizontal rules, which do not appear in the text. A chart, “The Commission Plan”, facing p. 195, is missing from the list of Maps, Charts, and Diagrams.

Minor errors, attributable to the printer, have been corrected. Please see the transcriber’s note at the end of this text for details regarding the handling of any textual issues encountered during its preparation.

SOCIAL CIVICS

┌──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ Books by WILLIAM BENNETT MUNRO │
│ │
│ THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES │
│ THE GOVERNMENT OF AMERICAN CITIES │
│ THE GOVERNMENT OF EUROPEAN CITIES │
│ PRINCIPLES AND METHODS OF MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION │
└──────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

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JUSTICE

By Edward Simmons

This frontispiece is a reproduction of a famous
mural decoration in the New York Criminal Court
House.

The background is the doorway of the criminal court
room. Justice stands before the entrance holding in
one hand the conventional scales as a token of
impartiality, and in the other hand a globe to
symbolize the world. Over her left shoulder is
draped the national flag. Condemnation and Acquittal
are typified by the two children, one of whom holds
a sword, the other the dove of peace.

It has been usual to prefigure the Goddess of
Justice with her eyes bandaged, in token of her
immunity from outside influence. Mr. Simmons,
however, has here portrayed Justice with her eyes
uncovered, because he believed that “Justice should
have her eyes wide open—particularly in New York
City”.

The artist’s wife and two children were the models
for this painting.

JUSTICE. By Edward Simmons

_Copyright by Edward Simmons. From a Copley Print,
copyright by Curtis & Cameron, Boston.
Reproduced by permission._
]

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SOCIAL CIVICS

BY

WILLIAM BENNETT MUNRO

PROFESSOR OF MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
IN HARVARD UNIVERSITY

AND

CHARLES EUGENE OZANNE

TEACHER OF CIVICS
IN THE CENTRAL HIGH SCHOOL, CLEVELAND, OHIO

NEW YORK
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
1922

_All rights reserved_

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

COPYRIGHT, 1922
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

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Set up and electrotyped. Published June, 1922