Chapter II: Part I: Growth, Manufacture and Distribution

WHAT SUGAR IS 3

THE GROWING OF SUGAR CANE 6
SOIL ANALYSIS 8
ENTOMOLOGY 8
PATHOLOGY 9

THE MANUFACTURE OF RAW SUGAR 22
EXTRACTION 22
PURIFICATION 25
EVAPORATION 28
CONCENTRATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION 31
PREPARATION OF CRYSTALS FOR THE MARKET 33

TRANSPORTATION AND DELIVERY OF RAW SUGAR 37
POLARIZATION 39

REFINING OF RAW SUGAR 44
WASHING 50
MELTING 54
DEFECATION 54
BONE-CHAR FILTRATION 59
CRYSTALLIZATION 65
PARTIAL DRYING 69
FINAL DRYING OF CRYSTALS 69
SCREENING 71
PACKING 73
CUBE SUGAR 77
POWDERED AND BAR SUGAR 79
YELLOW SUGARS 81
MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT 84
LABORATORY 87
COST OF REFINING 88

SHIPPING DEPARTMENT 91

MARKETING 93

BEET SUGAR 100
THE SUGAR BEET 102
SELECTION OF THE SOIL 103
PLANTING 104
THINNING 106
CULTIVATION 107
HARVESTING AND TOPPING 107
MANUFACTURE OF BEET SUGAR 110
TRANSPORTATION AND CLEANING 110
EXTRACTION OF JUICE, SLICING AND DIFFUSION 111
PURIFICATION OF JUICE, CARBONATION AND FILTRATION 112
CONCENTRATION OF JUICE 113
SULFITATION 114
FORMATION OF GRAIN 115
STEFFEN PROCESS 115