Chapter XVI: Some Reflections and Forecasts (2)

NOTE I. The reader who desires fuller information regarding the countries treated of here may wish to be referred to some books in English. The most convenient general historical accounts are perhaps to be found in Mr. Akers' _History of South America, 1854-1904_, and in Mr. T. C. Dawson's _The South American Republics_ (2 vols.). For Peru Sir Clements Markham's _History of Peru_ is still the best, to which may be added, for the earlier period, his recent work, _The Incas of Peru_. Mr. Scott Elliot's _History of Chile_ is useful. The chapters on Peru in _The History of the New World_, by Mr. E. J. Payne, a scholar of great talents too soon lost to historical science, contain a thoughtful study of the causes to which the progress towards civilization of the ancient Peruvians was due. The two books of Professor Moses, _The Establishment of Spanish Rule in America_ and _South America on the Eve of Emancipation_, are fair in spirit and throw much light upon topics regarding which little has been written in English. The fullest and most careful account of Peruvian and Bolivian antiquities is still that of Mr. Squier: _Peru, Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas_ (1877). Of more recent works of travel that which stands first in the field of natural history is John Ball's _Notes of a Naturalist in South America_ (1887). Among others of a more general kind the following may be named: _Across South America_, by Hiram Bingham; _The South Americans_, by Albert Hale; _The Other Americans_, by Arthur Ruhl; _Uruguay_, by W. H. Koebel; _Argentine Plains and Andine Glaciers_, by Walter Larden; _Panama_, by Albert Edwards; _Argentina_, by W. A. Hirst; and the _Ten Republics_, by Robert P. Porter. Sir M. Conway's _Travels and Explorations in the Bolivian Andes_ is addressed primarily to mountain climbers, but contains much that is interesting to other readers also. A recent book in French entitled _Le Brésil au XXme Siècle_, by M. Pierre Denis, is short, but singularly clear, well informed, and judicious.

In the publications issued by the Pan American Union in Washington a great deal of valuable statistical information brought up to date may be found. The South American Supplements issued monthly by the London _Times_ are well edited and constitute a useful current record of what is going forward.

NOTE II. Some readers may also wish to hear what are the facilities for travel in the parts of South America covered by this book. There are now many well-appointed railways in Argentina and Uruguay, and a smaller number in Chile and Brazil, and both in these and other states the work of construction is going on steadily. Roads fit for driving are still comparatively few and rough, but in level countries like Argentina one drives over the Pampa wherever wire fences do not bar the way. Travel in the Andes is mostly upon mule back; it is slow and has become expensive. The capital cities of the republics have good hotels. In Arequipa, the larger coast towns of Chile, and three or four of the Argentine and Brazilian cities, fair accommodation can be had. Elsewhere it is very poor, and the food no better. The scale of prices is everywhere high, but most so in Buenos Aires and Montevideo, which have won the reputation of being the most expensive places in the world to live in, surpassing even Petersburg and Washington.

A great deal of what is most interesting in the six republics above referred to can now be seen by railway, and if a few plain but fairly comfortable hotels (such as that at Santa Rosa de los Andes on the Transandine Railway) were placed here and there upon the chief Peruvian, Chilean, and Brazilian lines, journeys along them would present no exceptional difficulties. There is now no yellow fever except in Guayaquil and on the Amazon; and the conditions of health are on the whole not unfavourable. Those who intend to travel in the loftier parts of the Andes ought, however, to satisfy themselves that their hearts and lungs are sound.

NOTE III. A remarkable testimony to the harm wrought by the Spanish Conquest on the aboriginal inhabitants of Peru may be found in the will of Leguisamo, one of the last survivors of the Conquistadores, made at Cuzco in 1589, and printed in Sir Clements Markham's book, _The Incas of Peru_.

"I took part in the conquest and settlement of these kingdoms when we drove out the Incas who ruled them as their own. We found them in such order and the Incas governed them in such wise that there was not a thief nor vicious man nor adulterer nor bad woman admitted among them. The men had honest and useful occupations. The lands, forests, mines, pastures, houses, and all kinds of products were regulated and distributed in such sort that each one knew his property without any one else seizing it, nor were there lawsuits. The operations of war, though numerous, never interfered with the interests of commerce or agriculture. All things from the greatest to the smallest had their proper place and order. The Incas were feared, obeyed, and respected by their subjects as men capable and versed in the arts of government.... We have subdued these kingdoms and we have destroyed by our evil example the people who had such a government as these natives enjoyed. They were so free from committing crimes that the Indian who had a large quantity of gold in his house left it open, only placing a small stick across the door as a sign that its master was absent. With that according to their custom no one could enter or take anything.... But now they have come to such a pass, in offence of God, owing to the bad example we have set them in all things, that these natives have changed into people who do no good or very little."

Some allowance must be made in this description for the disappointment and sadness in which Leguisamo wrote, as appears from other parts of his will; and other evidence at our disposal shews that his picture of Peru under the Incas is too favourable, yet even after making these deductions, the admission of the harm wrought by the conquerors and the consequent decline in native character and conduct carries weight.

INDEX

A

Aboriginal population, present condition of, in Andean regions,
180-186;
the Araucanians in southern Chile, 232-238;
of Brazil, 367;
influence of, on differentiation of various parts of Spanish
America into nations, 432-433;
importance of, as a factor in all parts of the continent except
Argentina and Uruguay, 454 ff.
_See_ Indians.

_Achachila_, Mountain Spirit, 186.

Aconcagua, Mt., 57, 142, 214, 268;
description of, 257-258.

Adams, John Quincy, diplomacy of, 497, 508.

Adobe houses, Payta, 41;
at Sicuani, 88;
in Lake Titicaca region, 123.

Agriculture, in Peru, 41-42, 78;
of Indians in interior of Peru, 87-88;
on central plateau of Peru, 120, 122-124;
importance of, to Bolivia, 193;
in southern Chile, 231, 240;
difficulties of practice of, on Falkland Isles, 310;
in Argentina, 329-331;
risks to, in Argentina, from drought and locusts, 333-334, 557;
rank of Argentina in agricultural products, 336;
in Uruguay, 354;
in Brazil, 403 ff.;
retardation of, by the unassimilated Indian population, 475-476;
suitability of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern Brazil for, 556-557.

Aguas Calientes, town of, 87.

Akers, _History of South America_ by, 587.

Alakaluf tribe of Fuegians, 294.

Albatrosses, seen on voyage to Straits of Magellan, 287, 288.

Alcaldes of Indian villages, 91;
powers and duties of, 180-181.

Alcohol from sugar-cane, made by Peruvian Indians, 467.

Alexander VI, Pope, bull of, dividing New World between Spain and
Portugal, 366.

Alfalfa, 177, 202, 263, 334.

Almagro, Diego de, 204, 218.

Alpacas, 78, 81.

Alpaca wool, 122.

Alps, comparison of Andes and, 277.

Altars of churches, Cuzco, 99.

Altitude, mountain sickness resulting from high, 83;
effects of, of La Paz, 171-174;
of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia a deterrent to immigration, 555.

Amazonian plain (the Selvas), 369-370;
future of, 558-562.

Amazon River, 40, 369;
forests of the, 75-76, 393-394;
sources of the, 86.

_American Commonwealth_, cited, 340 n.

Americas, the two: the naming of, 484-487;
names which might have been given, 487;
physical similarities between, 488-489;
points of similarity in settlement of, 489-490;
points of divergence, 490 ff.;
Latin America and Teutonic America, 490;
differences in the aboriginal tribes, 491-492;
differences in climate, in discoveries of mines, and in class of
immigrants to, 492-494;
differences in the sphere of government and administration, 494-495;
resultant unlikeness of, in everything but position in Western
Hemisphere, 495-496;
effect on mutual relations of achievement of independence, 496-497;
divergence of fortunes of, as to wealth and population, 497-499;
difference in the formation of nations,--two in Teutonic America
against nineteen states in Latin America, 499-500;
points of resemblance to be found in republican forms of government,
in social equality, and in detachment from European politics,
501-504;
contrasts between people of, in ideas and temperament, 504-505;
present attitude of, toward one another, 507 ff.;
common relations between, shown to be wholly wanting, 507-520;
the Monroe Doctrine, and South American view of, 508-510.

Ampato, Mt., 57, 81.

Anahuac, Peruvian Indians compared with those of, 159, 160;
plateau of, compared with the Andes, 278.

Anarchist propaganda in Argentina, 343.

Ancohuma (Hanko Uma), peak of, 142.

Ancon, hill of, 9-12.

Ancon, village of, 27.

Ancud, channel of, 239.

_Andenes_, terraces in Lake Titicaca region, 122.

Andes mountains, 38, 39, 42, 47;
description of peaks of Western Cordillera, 55-58, 60, 61,
63, 81, 82;
gold in the, 192;
splendor of scenery of, 200-201, 203, 241-242;
tunnel through the, 251, 256;
trips across the, 252-261, 267-271;
passage of, by San Martin's army, 268, 280-281;
the Christ of the, summit of Uspallata Pass, 269-270;
descent of, on open trolley, 270-271;
comparisons of, with other great ranges, 271 ff.;
as a field for mountain climbers, 272;
advantages of distance for viewing, 272-275;
why an unfavourable field for landscape painters, 275-276;
comparison of, with Himalayas, 276-277;
comparison with Alps and North American ranges, 277-279;
expense and difficulty of travel in the, 588.

Andrez, nephew of Tupac Amaru, 92.

Animals, on Peruvian highlands, 77-78, 81-82;
of Bolivia, 177;
of forests of southern Chile, 245;
absence of, among Fuegians, 294-295;
on Pampas of Argentina, 325-326.

Antarctic current, the, 38, 39, 43, 45, 489.

Antimony mines, 87.

Antiquities. _See_ Ruins.

Antiquity of Cuzco, 109 n.

Antofagasta, 169, 202, 210, 211, 215.

Antofagasta and Bolivia Railroad, 187, 189-190, 191-192.

_Araucana_, epic by Alonzo de Ercilla, 236.

Araucanian Indians, 159, 225;
home of, in Central Valley of Chile, 232-233;
primitive semi-civilization of, 233-234;
maintain their independence against the Spanish, 233-235;
Chile asserts authority over, 235-236;
remain the one unconquered native people of South America, 236;
estimates of former and present numbers, 236;
inroads of disease and drink among, and government protection
of, 236-237;
religion of, 237-238.

_Araucaria_, conifer of southern Chile, 244.

Arawak Indians, 457.

Areche, Spanish judge, 116.

Arequipa, Peru, 60;
history, 60;
altitude, 60;
climate, 60-61;
Harvard Observatory at, 61;
scenic wonders at, 62-64;
houses, streets, and people, 64-66;
Indian labourers in, 66;
an ecclesiastical stronghold, 66-67;
romance of the runaway nun at, 69-74;
terminal of Southern Railroad of Peru, 80.

Argentina, 52;
entrance to, across the Andes, 251-260;
contrasts between Chile and, 264-265;
railways of, 264, 329, 337, 588;
difference as to interest aroused between Peru, Bolivia, and Chile
and, 315, 346;
proportion of population of, dwelling in Buenos Aires, 322-323;
natural features of, 324-325;
the Pampas, 325-329;
farms and cattle ranches of, 329-331;
allotment of land into large estates held by great landowners,
331-333;
Italians in, 332-333, 339-340, 438, 516-517;
leading agricultural products of, 336;
cattle, sheep, and horses in, 336 n.;
possibilities of, as to growth in wealth and population, 337-338;
composition of population of the country, 338-340;
effect on future of nation of European commingling, 339-341,
346-348;
separation of church from politics in, 342-343;
anarchist propaganda in, 343;
relative positions held by politics, literature, and business
in, 344-346;
excessive patriotism of people, 346;
influence of geographical position on its differentiation as a
separate political entity, 429;
a true nation by the test of possessing a distinctive national
quality and a strong national sentiment, 441;
armament maintained by, 449;
slight influence of Italians on political and intellectual life
of, 516-517;
British capital invested in railways of, 517;
a _bona fide_ republic, after a troubled and sanguinary political
history, 544-545;
pre-eminent fitness of, for immigration, 556-557;
universities and schools in, 575;
writers on theoretical jurisprudence and international law in, 578 n.

Arias, Pedro de, 477.

Arica, 169.

Aridity of the Pampas of Argentina, 333.

Armies of South American countries, 449.

Arrow points found at Tiahuanaco, 148.

Art, displayed in altars of churches at Cuzco, 99;
lack of excellence in, in South America, 99;
ancient Peruvian, 106-107;
inferiority of ancient Peruvian, as a whole, 154.

Artigas, José, savage treatment of prisoners by, 548, 584.

Ascotan, 201.

Assassinations, political, in South America and in Europe, 548.

Asuncion, 179.

Atacama, Desert of, 204.

Atahuallpa, treachery of Pizarro to, 98, 192.

Aullagas Lake, 126, 190-191.

Australia, effect of Panama Canal on trade to, 34;
decreasing birth-rate of, 563 n.

Australian gum trees, world-wide spread of, 92-93;
at La Paz, 176-177;
on the Pampas, 335;
in Montevideo, 353.

Ausungate, Mt., 108.

Avenida Central, Rio de Janeiro, 381.

Avenida de Mayo, Buenos Aires, 316-317, 346.

Ayacucho, battle of, 166.

_Ayllu_, Indian clan, 180.

Aymará Indians, 121-124;
traditions of the, 149;
at La Paz, 179, 182;
one of the two divisions of Indians found by Spanish, 183-184;
present condition of, 460-462;
isolated social position of, 474-475.

Ayuntamiento, municipal council, 535.

B

Bahia, city of, 400-401.

_Bahia_, battleship, 396-399.

Balboa, Vasco Nuñez de, 1, 4, 8, 11, 37, 283, 477.

Balboa Hill, Panama, 8.

Ball, John, _Notes of a Naturalist in South America_ by, 227, 289, 587.

Ballivian, Señor, 178.

Balmaceda, President of Chile, 222;
advanced policies, defeat, and death of, 544.

Balsas, boats of _Totora_, Lake Titicaca, 125, 141.

Bandelier, _Islands of Titicaca and Koati_ by, quoted and cited,
63-64, 142 n., 185 n., 465-466, 467-468.

Barley, grown on central plateau of Peru, 120, 122.

Barnevelt Island, 293.

Barrios, Gerardo, 545.

Bas Obispo, 21.

Bath of the Inca, Island of the Sun, 133.

Beagle Sound, 292.

"Big Trees" of California, comparison of South American trees
with, 245, 391.

Bingham, Professor Hiram, ascent of Coropuna by, 57 n.;
cited on antiquity of Cuzco, 109 n.;
_Across South America_ by, cited, 113 n., 588;
quoted on South American view of Monroe Doctrine, 509-510;
on number of North Americans as compared with number of Germans in
Brazil, 510 n.

Biobio River, 225, 227, 235.

Birds seen on voyage to Straits of Magellan, 287-288.

Birth-rate, acceleration of, among immigrants to Argentina, 339, 566;
decrease in the world's, may help to solve overpopulation
problem, 554-555;
unreliability of estimates based on, as shown by Australia, 563;
higher among Indians than among whites, 566.

Blanco, Guzman, 519, 525.

Blanco, Rio, 254.

Boats of Indians on Lake Titicaca, 125, 141.

Bogota, 52.

_Boleta_, weapon of Gauchos, 328.

Bolivar, Simon, 167;
fame of, exceeds merits, 507;
Pan-American Union project of, 511 n.;
form of government favoured by, 538, 540.

Bolivia, 42, 57;
distinction between Peru and, purely arbitrary, 121-122;
reasons for lack of natural boundaries, explained by history
of, 166-167;
named for Simon Bolivar, 167;
an entirely inland state, 167;
people, 167;
area, population, and towns, 168;
railways of, 168-169, 186-187, 191-192, 193-194;
minerals of, 190, 192-193;
necessity of railways to, for sake of cohesiveness of country,
193-194;
the risk of a future partitioning of, 448;
proportion of Indians in population of, 458;
population in proportion to area, 527;
not a country for immigrants to turn toward, 555.

_Bolson_, basin-shaped hollow, 95.

Borax, lakes of, 199;
mining and preparing of, 199-200.

Botafogo Bay, Rio de Janeiro, 381.

Botanical Garden, Buenos Aires, 319;
Montevideo, 353-354;
Rio de Janeiro, 382.

Bougainville, colony planted at Falkland Isles by, 312.

Brazil, area and aboriginal Indians of, 367;
mountains, valleys, and inland plain of, 368-369 (_see_ Selvas);
exportation of coffee, 372;
wonders of scenery of, 385 ff.;
character of villages, 389-390;
trees, flowers, and forests of, 390-394;
how it fell to the Portuguese to colonize, 401-402;
negroes in, 401, 404-405, 408;
account of different regions of, 402 ff.;
proportion of foreign population in, 407;
political history of, 410-411;
present political conditions, 411-413;
chief economic and political issues in, 413;
transitional state of society in, 414;
status of coloured population, 414-415, 479-480;
financial standing of the nation, 415;
letters and oratory in, 416-417;
possibilities of, in other hands than its present possessors,
420-421;
characterized by true national qualities, 441;
armament maintained by, 449;
slavery in, 456;
effect of intermixture of blood in, 480;
titles of nobility in, 502 n.;
slight influence of Italians on political and intellectual life
in, 516-517;
pre-eminent fitness of southern, for immigration, 556-557.

Brewery, at Cuzco, 102;
at Valdivia, 229.

Brigandage, decrease in, 548.

British, at Valdivia, 229;
population of Falkland Isles composed of, 310;
capital invested by, in Argentine railways, 337;
in Argentina, 340-341;
capital of, in railways of Uruguay, 354-355;
Santos-São Paulo railway line built and owned by, 372;
Leopoldina railway owned by, 386;
capital of, invested in South America generally, 517.
_See also_ English.

Buccaneers, English, 12, 15-16.

Bueno, Rio, excursion on the, 242-243.

Buenos Aires, city of, 216 n., 262;
dulness of water approach to, 315-316;
general appearance, streets, houses, etc., 316-318;
business rush and social gaiety of, 318;
docks and harbour works at, 319-320;
shanties in suburbs of, 320;
outer rim of pretentious places, 320-321;
make-up of population of city, 321-322;
predominance of Spanish and Italian speech in, 322;
proportion of population of whole country dwelling in, 322-323;
terms used to designate population of, as opposed to that of rest
of nation, 323;
anarchists in, 343;
the press of, 344;
numbers of North Americans and of Germans in, 510 n.;
University of, 575;
expense of living in, 589.

Buenos Aires, viceroyalty of, 166, 327, 349.

Building, excellence of ancient Peruvians in, 154-155.

C

Cabildos, municipal councils, 535.

_Caboclos_, half-breeds called, 408.

Cabral, Pedro Alvares, 366-367.

Cachendo, town of, 56.

Calama, village of, 202.

Calcutta, comparison of Botanic Garden at, with that at Rio de
Janeiro, 382.

California poppy about Valparaiso, 214.

Callao, 46.

Canal Zone, the, 4-35.

Canary Isles, mummies of primitive inhabitants of, 157 n.

Candelaria, celebration of feast of, Copacavana, 129-130.

Candido, João, mutineer leader, 396.

Cannibalism in ancient Peru and among Amazonian tribes, 157.

Canning, George, diplomacy of, 497, 508.

Cape Horn, 293.

Caracoles, 270.

Cara Indians, 159.

Carbajal, Francisco, 477.

Carib Indians, 456-457.

Casas, Bartolomé de las, 464.

Castro, dictator of Venezuela, 525.

Cathedral, Lima, 48-49;
Arequipa, 65, 67;
Cuzco, 97-98;
La Paz, 175;
Santiago, 217.

Catholicism, position of, in Argentina, 342-343;
effect of, on attitude of whites toward Indians and negroes, 471-472;
status of the Church in Spanish America generally, 582-584.

Cattle, transportation of, across the Andes, 252 n.;
breeding of, about Buenos Aires, 321;
on Pampas of Argentina, 327, 328;
numbers of, in Argentina, 336 n.;
in Uruguay, 354.

Caupolican, Araucanian chief, 184, 235;
memorial to, at Temuco, 516.

Cedars of southern Chile, 245.

Census of Peruvian Indians taken by Viceroy Toledo, 457.

Central America, ruins in Peru contrasted with those in, 106, 113;
to be grouped with South America rather than North, 490;
impossibility of existence of a real democracy in, 539.

Cereals, the important production of Argentina, 336.

Ceremonial dances of aboriginal tribes, 130, 185, 467-468.

Cerro, hill and castle of, Montevideo, 353.

Chachani, Mt., 56-57, 60, 62, 81.

Chagres River, 6, 7, 8, 15, 20-21, 24.

Challa, Bay of, 134.

Charles V, Emperor, 12, 98, 284, 499, 500.

Charrua Indians, 159, 355.

_Chenopodium_, 120.

Chibcha Indians, Bogota, 13, 457.

Chicha, drink brewed from maize, 90, 123, 467, 468 n.

Chile, 52, 57;
Peruvian nitrate provinces conquered by, 42;
peculiarity of length and breadth of, 205;
mountains and valleys of, 205-206;
three regions of, 206-207;
the nitrate fields, 207-209;
revenue to, from export duties on nitrates, 209;
large estates and landed aristocracy of, 220;
predominance of politics in, 221;
civil war in (1890), 222;
party divisions and an election in, 222-223;
description of southern portion, 223 ff.;
coast towns and seaports of the south, 225-232;
fusion of whites and Indians in, 232;
immigration into southern, from Europe, 239-240;
lake, river, and mountain region of, 241-247;
contrasts between Argentina and, 264-265;
influence of its geographical position on separate political
status of, 429;
a true nation in possessing a distinctive national quality and a
strong national sentiment, 441;
armament maintained by, 449;
successful working of real republican government in, 543-544;
room for increased population in, 557-558;
university in Santiago, 575.

Chile River, 60, 82.

Chiloe, island of, 223, 239.

Chimborazo, Mt., 40.

Chimu city, ruins of, near Truxillo, 44, 153, 183.

China, slight immigration into South America from, 438;
improbability of danger to South America from, 504.

Chincha Islands, guano deposits on, 46.

Chinchilla, habitat of the, 200.

Chingana, Labyrinth, on Titi Kala, 136-137.

_Cholos_, half-breeds at Oruro, 190, 195 n.

Choqquequirau, ruins at, 113.

Christianity, attitude of Indians toward, 465-466.

Christ of the Andes, statue of, 256, 269-270.

Chucuito, lake of, 136 n.

Chullpas, on Island of the Sun, 133.

Chuquisaca (Sucre), 166, 167, 168, 193-194.

Church, of Company of Jesus, Arequipa, 67;
at Copacavana, 129-130;
at Tiahuanaco, 148.

Church, the Roman Catholic, separation of, from politics in
Argentina, 342-343;
party antagonistic to, in Uruguay, 363-364;
complete separation of state and, in Brazil, 412-413;
slight influence of, on progress of South American countries toward
national life, 436-437;
present status in Spanish America, and causes, 582-584.

Churches, Cuzco, 98-99;
La Paz, 174-175.

Cities, phenomenon of growth of, out of proportion to that of the
countries to which they belong, 322.

Clémenceau, Georges, _South America of To-day_ by, quoted, 412, 417.

Climate, on coast of Peru, 38-39;
at Lima, 51;
effect of differences in, on development of the two Americas,
431, 492.

Coal, lignite, at Punta Arenas, 300;
lack of, in Argentina, 336.

Coast Range, western South America, 81, 224, 225, 297;
of Brazil, 381, 384.

Coca, liquor made from, 89-90.

Coca-leaf chewing, 182, 467.

Cochabamba, 168, 193.

Cochrane, Lord, 230, 280.

Cockburn Channel, 292, 298-299.

Coffee, exportation of, from Brazil, 372;
description of a plantation, 387-388;
region where grown, in Brazil, 403.

Cog-wheel railway on Transandine line, 252.

Coillelfu, town of, 244.

Collahuasi copper mine, 198.

Collao, country called the, 121, 183.

Collao Indians, 86.

Colombia, 17, 76;
forests of coast, 39;
question of true national qualities of, 441-442;
population in proportion to area, 527;
poetic output of, 578 n.

Colon, city of, 5, 11, 13, 23.

Colour line, absence of a, in South America, 470-474, 479, 482.

Columbus, Christopher, statue of, 5;
voyage of Magellan as compared with voyages of, 282;
belief of, that it was India he had reached, 484-485.

Commerce, effect of Panama Canal on European, 34.

Concepcion, 225-226.

Condorcanqui, José Gabriel (Tupac Amaru), 92, 116.

Congresses of American republics, 511 n.

Conquistadores, undeniable piety of, 584.
_See_ Pizarro.

Conway, Sir Martin, climbing in the Bolivian Andes by, 142;
on composition of mountains in Cordillera Real, 143;
on varying effects of rarity of air, 173;
attempted ascent of Mt. Sarpiento by, 299;
book by, 588.

Copacavana, shrine of Virgin of the Light at, 126, 129.

Copan, ruins of, comparison of ruins at Cuzco with, 106.

Copper mines, Peru, 42;
near Aguas Calientes, 87;
Bolivia, 189, 190, 192;
the Collahuasi mine, 198.

Copper smelting, Corral, 229.

Coquimbo, 39, 206, 211.

Corcovado, peak of, Rio de Janeiro, 380.

Cordillera range in Peru, 55-58, 77-79.

Cordillera Real, the, 127, 141-143.

Cordova, Argentina, 323, 326;
University of, 323, 575.

Coronel, port of, 227.

Coropuna, Mt., 57, 83.

Corral, town of, 229-230, 280.

Cortes, 516.

Costa Rica, 13, 503.

Cotton, production of, in Argentina, 336;
labour on Brazilian plantations of, 404-405.

Courtship, South American, 51.

_Criollos_, the, 513.

Criticism, susceptibility of South Americans to, 506.

Croker Peninsula, 292.

Crooked Reach, Straits of Magellan, 293, 297.

Crucero Alto, the, 83.

Cuahtémoc, last of the Aztec kings, 516;
statue of, 516.

Cuba, influence of geographical position on its status as a political
entity, 429.

Culebra Cut, Panama Canal, 8-9, 20, 21-22, 23, 24-25.

Cumbre, the, 267, 268, 280.

Cusipata, plaza of, Cuzco, 97.

Cuzco, 54;
position as an ancient capital, 95;
description of the present-day city, 95-97;
cathedral of, 97-98;
churches at, 98-99;
merits and demerits as a place of residence, 100;
University of, 100-101;
Indian population of, 101-102;
walls at, 103 ff.;
walls of Sacsahuaman, 106 n., 107-112, 118;
proof of extreme antiquity of, 109 n.;
rumours of subterranean passages at, 110;
the Rodadero, 111;
the Seat of the Inca, 111-112;
Sacsahuaman probably older than, 112-113;
other ruins of walls about, 113;
horrors of Spanish rule at, 115-117;
memories and reflections aroused by, 117;
railway lines to, 194;
contrast between Santiago and, 217.

D

"Dago" and "Gringo," use of the words, 506.

Dances, primitive heathen, 130, 185, 467-468.

Darwin, Charles, _Voyage of the Beagle_ by, 294 n.

Darwin, Mt., 293.

Davis, John, discoverer of Falkland Isles, 311.

Dawson, T. C., _The South American Republics_ by, 587.

Death rate, Canal Zone, 29;
a high, among Indians of South America, 236-237, 457-458, 566.

De Lesseps, Ferdinand, 4, 18.

Delimitation Award, 449.

Democracies, impossibility of existence of real, in Spanish American
states, 539.

Denis, Pierre, work on Brazil by, 588.

Desaguadero River, 126, 143-144;
Indians on lagoons of the, 183.

Deseado, Cabo (Cape Pilar), 285, 290, 291.

Deserts, 40-41, 75;
in Bolivia, 167, 196;
scenery on, 196-197;
of Argentina, 266-267.

Desolation Island, 291, 293, 295.

Diaz, Bartholomew, 283.

Diaz, Porfirio, 532 n., 548;
autocratic government of, the form best suited for Mexico, 542-543.

Dictatorships in young South American republics, 538-539.

Dominican missionaries, 464-465.

Drake, Sir Francis, 15, 17;
attack of Araucanians on, 235;
passage of Straits of Magellan by, 286.

Dramas of ancient Peruvians, 155-156.

Dress, of Indians of Peru, 89;
of Indians at La Paz, 175-176;
of Gauchos, 328.

Drought, the risk of, in Argentina, 333, 557 n.

Dry farming, 330.

Dumas, Alexandre, a saying of, quoted, 490.

Dungeness, Cape, Tierra del Fuego, 305.

Duties, protective, in Brazil, 413.

E

Earthquakes, freedom of Panama from, 24;
prevalence of, at Lima, 48;
at Arequipa, 64;
at Valparaiso, 203;
at Mendoza, 262;
absence of, at Buenos Aires, 317.

Earth Spirit of Indian tribes, 185, 466.

Easter Island, figures on, compared with figures at Tiahuanaco, 150.

Eastern Cordillera, 188.

East Indian coolies in Guiana, 564 n.

Ecuador, 39, 40, 76, 342;
question of true national qualities of, 442;
not a country for immigrants, 555.

Eden, _Decades of the New World_ by, 303.

Education, comparatively small provision made for in South
America, 575;
the outlook for a wider, 579-580.

Edwards, A., _Panama_ by, 588.

Elliot, Scott, _History of Chile_ by, 587.

_Encomienda_, system of the, 455.

English, residing at La Paz, 179;
at Valparaiso, 215-216;
adverse criticism on, quoted, 216;
at Buenos Aires, 321;
in Argentina, 340-341;
in state of São Paulo, 377;
lack of sympathy of feeling between South Americans and, 506;
influence of, restricted to commercial relations, 517-518.
_See also_ British.

English names of headlands, bays, and channels of Straits of
Magellan, 292-293.

English Reach, Straits of Magellan, 293, 298.

Ercilla, Alonzo de, _Araucana_ of, 236.

Espiritu Santo, Cape, 305.

Estates of great landowners, Chile, 220-221;
in Argentina, 331-333.

Eucalyptus trees in South America, 92-93, 176-177, 335, 353.

Evangelists, islands called, 290.

Export duties on nitrates, 209.

F

Falkland Isles, visit to, 308-314;
sheep industry predominant on, 310;
possibilities for development of, 310-311;
chequered history of, 311-312;
present form of government, 312;
impressions of nature obtained at, 313-314.

Farming country, Argentina, 329-330.
_See_ Agriculture.

Ferro Carril Transandino, 251.

Fevers, Isthmus of Panama, 3;
preventive measures, Canal Zone, 28-30;
at Guayaquil, 40.

Fitzgerald, E. A., _High Andes_ by, 258 n.

Fitzroy, Cape, 292.

_Flor del Inca_, shrub called, 133.

Flowers, Isthmus of Panama, 7;
in forests of southern Chile, 243, 244, 245, 246;
of Brazil, 391-394.

Flying fish, 43.

Forests, of Colombia and Ecuador, 39;
of the Amazon, 75-76;
of Brazil, 390-394;
of southern Chile, 241-247;
of the Selvas, 558-560.

Formosa, Cape, 291.

Fortifications, Panama Canal, 19, 32-33.

Francia, José Gaspar Rodriguez, 465, 525, 584.

Franciscan monks, Copacavana, 129.

Frazer, J. G., _Golden Bough_ by, cited, 159 n.

Free trade, an issue in Brazil, 413.

French, attempts of, to construct Panama Canal, 18, 31-32;
mining carried on by, at Pulucayo, 195;
copper smelting at Corral by, 229;
residing at Coillelfu, 244;
on the Falkland Isles, 311-312;
colony at Buenos Aires, 321;
in Argentina, 340;
in state of São Paulo, 377;
influence of, in things intellectual and social, 518-520;
spread of language and literature of, in South America, 576.

Froward, Cape, 293, 298, 305.

Fuegian Indians, 292, 294.

Fury Island, 293.

G

Gama, Vasco da, voyage of, as compared with that of Magellan, 282.

Garden, at Lota, 227-228;
Botanical Garden at Buenos Aires, 319;
at Montevideo, 353-354;
at Rio de Janeiro, 382.

Garden Mountain, the, 201.

Garibaldi, story of fighting by, in Uruguay, 358.

Gatun Dam, 6, 21-22, 23-24.

Gaucho horsemen, Argentina, 321, 328;
in Uruguay, 355-356;
in Brazil, 406.

Gavea, Mt., 383.

Germans in South America, 102;
at La Paz, 179;
at Valparaiso, 215-216;
at Valdivia, 229;
immigration of, into Chile, 239, 438;
at Osorno, 239;
at Buenos Aires, 321;
in Argentina, 340-341;
in state of São Paulo, 377;
large number of, in Rio Grande do Sul, 406;
in Brazil, 438;
in Uruguay, 438;
a factor to be reckoned with commercially in Brazil and South
America generally, 510 n.;
influence of, restricted to commercial relations, 517-518.

Glaciers, Andean, 84, 85;
of Cordillera Real, 141, 143;
on Mt. Illimani, 176;
on Mt. Aconcagua, 249, 258;
on mountains along Straits of Magellan, 295, 296.

Goethals, Colonel, 26-27, 30.

Gold, in Peruvian and Bolivian Andes, 192;
retardation of real development of Spanish America caused by, 493.

Gold Hill, 21, 25 n.

Gorgas, Colonel, 29.

Governments of Spanish American states, effect of physical conditions
on, 527-528;
of racial conditions, 528-531;
of economic and social conditions, 532-534;
of historical conditions during the colonial period, 534-536;
of historical conditions at close of War of Independence, 536-539;
have never been real democracies, 539-540;
question of what form might have been preferable, 540-541;
three classes of states under republican forms, 541-545;
encouragement to be got from Chile and Argentina, 543-546;
states still unfitted for popular self-government, 547-548;
leniency called for in judging Spanish American, 549-551.

Graham Land, 284.

Gran Chaco, the, 327, 329, 338, 478;
plagues of locusts emanating from, 334.

"Gringo," use of word, 506.

Guanacos, in Tierra del Fuego, 304;
in Argentina, 326.

Guano, 42, 45-46;
a source of evil to Peru, 209.

Guaqui, Bolivia, 125, 144, 169.

Guarani Indians in Paraguay, 441, 459.

Guayaquil, city of, 40, 589.

Guayaquil, Gulf of, 38-39, 40.

H

Hale, Albert, _The South Americans_ by, 510, 588.

Half-breeds, in Brazil, 407-408;
social status of, in South America, 472-473;
a negligible quantity in North America, 491-492.
_See_ Mestizos _and_ Mulattoes.

Hanko Uma, peak of, 142.

Harvard Observatory, Arequipa, 61.

Hayti, government of, 542.

Himalaya Mountains, comparisons between Andes and, 276-277.

Hindus in British Guiana, 438.

Hirst, W. A., _Argentina_ by, 588.

Horse-racing, in Chile, 221-222;
at Buenos Aires, 318, 345;
in Brazil, 415.

Horses, importance of, in Uruguayan insurrections, 359;
found on Pampas of Argentina, 327, 328;
numbers of, in Argentina, 336 n.

Hotel accommodations, 589.

Houses, adobe, 41, 88, 123;
cane and reed, Lima, 47-48;
ancient Peruvian, 131-132.

_Huaca_, sacred object (fetish), 139.

Huanchaca, 195.

Huayna Capac, Inca sovereign, 111.

Huayna Potosi, Mt., 142, 187.

_Huillca_ of ancient Peruvians, 157.

Humboldt current, the, 38, 39, 43, 45, 489.

I

_Ilacata_, Indian official, 180.

Iles Malouines, French name for Falkland Isles, 311.

Illampu, Mt. (Sorata), 57, 134, 141-142.

Illimani, Mt., 134, 142, 176, 177, 186, 188.

Immigration, to southern Chile, 239-241;
to Argentina, 338-339;
of Germans and Italians to Brazil, 405-407;
of Portuguese, Spaniards, and Syrians, 407;
slight effect of, on national differentiation in South America,
437-438;
from Spain, 514;
of Italians to Argentina and Brazil, 516;
mountainous parts of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia unsuited for, 555;
the three sections of South America to be regarded as a
field for, 555;
pre-eminent fitness of Argentina, Uruguay, and southern
Brazil, 556-557;
room for, to Chile, 557-558;
the Amazonian Selvas considered with a view to, 560-562.

Incas, the, 41, 44, 45, 46, 60, 92, 94;
civilization of the, 78-79;
ancient highway of the, 86;
traces of empire of, at Cuzco, 102-118;
stories of the gold of the, 110;
depth of the fall of the, 114-115;
relics of, at Copacavana, 128-130;
on Sacred Isles, Lake Titicaca, 132, 133, 135-139;
Sacred Rock honoured as the ancient home of race of, 139;
traces of people who antedated the, at Tiahuanaco, 149-150;
type of civilization of, compared with that of Aztecs, 160;
administration of government, roads, rest-houses, etc.,
of, 160-161;
political astuteness of, 161-162;
disastrous results of overthrow of, by Spanish, 162;
destruction of people of, 162-163;
question of completeness of development of semi-civilization of,
when overthrown, 164-165;
belonged to the Quichua race of Indians, 183;
naming of unusual natural phenomena after the, 258-259.

Inca's Bridge, the, 258-259.

Indian runners, service of, under the Incas, 60, 161.

Indians, prehistoric, 3, 13;
of San Blas, 13-14;
on Isthmus of Panama, 13-14;
at Arequipa, 66;
enslavement of, by rubber producers, 76, 458;
as shepherds, Peru, 81, 83;
of towns in interior of Peru, 84;
at Sicuani, 88-92;
predominance of, at Cuzco, 101-102;
of central plateau of Peru, 121-124;
inferiority of Andean, compared with other tribes, 159-160;
in Bolivia, 168;
large proportion of, among population of La Paz, 179;
present condition of aborigines in Andean regions, 180 ff.;
tribal organization of, 180-181, 461-462;
_Ilacatas_ and _Alcaldes_ of, 180-181;
illiteracy of, 181-182, 468;
indulgence in alcohol and more especially in coca leaf chewing,
181-182;
two divisions of, the Quichuas and the Aymarás, 182-184;
characteristics of, 184-185;
religion of, 185;
feelings toward white men, 185-186;
fusion of, with white race in Chile, 232;
the Araucanians, 232-238;
to south of Araucanians, 238-239;
on islands off south Chilean coast, 288, 478;
along Straits of Magellan, 294;
of the Pampas of Argentina, 326, 327, 338;
among the police of Buenos Aires, 343;
of Uruguay, 355;
of Brazil, 367, 369;
statistics of, in Brazil, 408 n.;
influence of, on differentiating various parts of Spanish America
from one another into separate nations, 432-433;
have nothing to do with government of countries they inhabit, 439,
469-470, 529;
constitute an economic factor of the first magnitude except in
Argentina and Uruguay, 454;
attitude of Spanish conquerors toward, 454-456;
vast differences in qualities of aboriginal, 456-457;
present numbers of, 457;
proportion of, in population of Mexico and South America, 458-460;
numbers of wild tribes, 460;
civil and ecclesiastical oppression of, under the Spaniards and
later, 460-465;
religion of, 462-466;
work of Dominicans and Jesuits among, 464-465;
attitude toward Christianity, 465-466;
indulgence of, in drinking and dancing, 467-468;
safety of white people among, 468-469;
relations between whites and, in Paraguay, 470-473;
constitute separate nationalities from those of the combined white
and mestizo, 474;
retardation of industrial and intellectual progress by, 475-476,
580-581;
effect of intermarriage with, on the Spanish stock, 476-477;
Peruvian Indians free from bloodthirstiness, 477;
of the Selvas, 559;
estimated total number in whole continent, 564;
rate of increase of, 566.

_Indios bravos_, wild Indians, 460, 470, 530 n.

Inquisition, hall of the, Lima, 50.

Insurrections, South American and other, 359-361, 362-363.
_See also_ Revolutions.

Intensive cultivation, postponement of fear of overpopulation by, 554.

Intermarriage, of whites and Indians in Paraguay, 471;
effect of, on quality of Spanish stock, 476-477, 530-531;
between whites and negroes in Brazil, 480.

Invention, lack of, in ancient Peruvians, 155.

Inventors, esteem of Spanish Americans for scientists as, 581.

Iodine, a by-product of nitrate, 208.

Iquitos, town of, 559.

Irrigation, Lima, 47;
at Mendoza, 263.

Isabella the Catholic, statue of, returned to Spain, 515.

Island of the Sun, Lake Titicaca, 132-140.

Isthmuses, interest attached to, geographically and commercially, 1-2.

Italians, at Mendoza, 263;
increasing numbers of, in Argentina, 264-265, 438;
in Buenos Aires, 321-322;
as labourers in Argentina, 332-333;
distribution of, in Argentina, 339;
birth-rate among immigrants, 339;
question of influence of, on future nation, 339-340;
in Uruguay, 355;
in São Paulo and Rio Grande do Sul, 376-377, 406-407;
slight effect of, on political and intellectual life in South
America, 516-517.

Italiaya, Mt., 368.

J

Japanese, slight immigration of, to South America, 438;
remoteness of danger from, 504.

Jesuit annalist quoted, 63-64.

Jesuits, churches of, in Peru, 67, 98-99;
mission work of, among the Indians, 464-465.

Jockey Club, Buenos Aires, 318.

John VI of Portugal, 410.

Johnson, Sir H. H., on coloured race in Brazil, 408 n.

Juarez, Benito, 184, 521, 585.

Jujuy, town of, 330, 478.

Juliaca, village of, 84.

Juncal, town of, 254, 270.

Juncal Valley, the, 271.

Jungle, Isthmus of Panama, 6-7;
of Amazonian plain, 75, 76, 393-394.

K

Kaka Aka, Mt., 142.

Koati (Koyata), Island of the Moon, Lake Titicaca, 131-132.

Koebel, W. H., _Uruguay_ by, 588.

L

Labourers, Panama Canal, 26 n., 27-30;
negro, on Brazilian cotton and sugar plantations, 404-405;
in coffee, cattle, and cereal regions of Brazil, 405-407;
importance of Indian population as, 454.

Ladrone Islands, Magellan reaches the, 285.

Lakes in southern Chile, 246-247.

Landowners, class of great, in Chile, 220-221;
in Argentina, 331-333;
absence of a middle class of small, in South America, 532-533.

La Paz, 121, 141, 144;
population, 168;
the approach to, 168-169;
site called Our Lady of Peace, 170;
choice of singular site of, 170-171;
altitude of, 171;
effects on strangers of altitude, 172-174;
streets, churches, houses, and people, 174-176;
fascination of strange scenes and scenery at, 176-178;
museum at, 178;
legislative session at, 178-179;
contrast between Santiago and, 217.

La Plata, University of, 575.

La Raya, pass of, 85.

Larden, Walter, work by, 588.

Las Cuevas, 257, 267, 269.

La Serena, town of, 211.

Las Heras, Colonel, 280.

Latin America and Teutonic America, 490.
_See_ Americas.

Lautaro, Araucanian chief, 184, 235.

Lemaire, Neveu, work by, cited, 191.

Leopoldina Railway, 386-390.

Lignite coal near Punta Arenas, 300.

Lima, ancient importance of, 46-47;
situation, 47;
streets and houses, 47-48;
square and cathedral, 48-50;
notable buildings, 49-50;
University of, 50;
climate, 50-51;
gaiety and social enjoyment at, 51-52;
Spanish air retained by, 52-53;
lack of evidences of the past and lack of progress at, 53;
contrast between Santiago and, 217;
society in, for the protection of the Indians, 470 n.

Limon, Bay of, 6, 20.

Linseed, production of, in Argentina, 336.

Literature, of ancient Peruvians, 155-156;
place of, in Argentina, 344;
influence of the French on South American, 518-519;
comparative smallness of output, 576;
outlook for, 578-580.

Llai Llai, station of, 251.

Llamas, Peru, 65, 77, 81, 86, 92, 94;
droppings of, used as fuel, 121;
at La Paz, 169, 176, 177.

Loa River, 202.

Locks, Panama Canal, 22, 23, 24, 31 n.

Locusts, plagues of, 333-334, 557.

Long Reach, Straits of Magellan, 293, 295.

Lopez, Francisco Solano, 465 n., 525, 545, 584.

Los Patos Pass, 268.

Lota, town of, 227, 286;
garden at, 227-228.

Lowell, James Russell, quoted, 283.

Lumbering on the Amazonian plain, 559-560.

_Lusiad_, Camoens', 416.

Lynch, Patricio, 230.

Lynching practically unknown in South America, 480.

M

Macchu Pichu, ruins at, 113.

_Machete_, cutlass-like knife, 7, 385.

Madre de Dios River, 194.

Magellan, Ferdinand, remarkable voyage of, 282, 291-292, 305, 486;
discovery and exploration of Straits of Magellan by, 284-286,
297-298, 299;
great geographical importance of voyage of, 307.

Magellan, Straits of, discovery, 282-286;
Francis Drake's passage of, 286;
account of trip from Lota, Chile, to, 286-290;
entrance to, from the west, 290-291;
English names of headlands, bays, and channels of, 292-293;
mountains along the, 293, 295-297;
First and Second Narrows, 304-305;
general physical character of, 305-307.

Maine, Sir Henry, work on Popular Government by, 524-525.

Maize, on central plateau of Peru, 120;
in Argentina, 336;
in Uruguay, 351.

Maize Mother in Peruvian mythology, 157.

Malarial fever, Guayaquil, 40.

Malthusian theory, question of correctness of, 554.

Mamelucos, half-breeds called, 407.

Manaos, town of, 559.

Manco Capac, Inca sovereign, 108, 137, 138.

Manufacturing, small amount of, in Argentina, 336.

Mapoche Indians, 233, 236, 238.
_See_ Araucanian Indians.

Maranon River, 86.

Markham, Sir C., works on South America by, 147 n., 587.

Marriage between races, 471, 480.
_See_ Intermarriage.

Marriage fees imposed on Indians, 461.

Maule River, 225.

Maya Indians, 13.

Meat-packing, Argentina, 336;
Uruguay, 354.

_Médanos_, sand hills, 58-59.

Medina, José Torribio, historian and bibliographer, 221.

Megillones, 202, 210-211.

Mendoza, Spanish governor, 249.

Mendoza, town of, 249, 250, 253, 256, 261, 280;
location and growing importance of, 261-262;
description of, 261-263;
beauty of scenery at, 265-266.

Mendoza River, 262.

Merced, church of, Cuzco, 98-99.

Mercedario, Mt., altitude of, 260 n.

Mestizos, half-breeds of Spanish and Indians, 90-91;
position of, regarding Indians, 186;
proportion of, in population of Mexico, Peru, and South America
generally, 458-460;
social status of, 472-473;
forceful leaders found among, 477;
estimated total number of, in the continent, 564;
numerical predominance of (excepting in Argentina and Uruguay), 565;
rate of increase of, 566;
predominance of the white element in, 566-567.

Mexican War, suspicions of South America against United States
aroused by, 447, 497, 508.

Mexico, ruins in Peru contrasted with those in, 106, 113;
the qualities of a true nation possessed by, 441;
proportion of Indians in population of, 458;
secret idol worship in, 466;
characteristics of Indians of, 474;
to be grouped with South America rather than North, 490;
impossibility of existence of a real democracy in, 539;
suitability of Diaz' autocratic form of government for, 542-543.

Military school, University of La Plata, 575.

Minas Geraes, state of, Brazil, 370.

_Minas Geraes_, battleship, 396-399.

Mineral springs, Aguas Calientes, 87.

Mines, silver and copper, Peru, 42.

Mining, at Oruro, Bolivia, 189;
condition of, in Argentina, 336;
evils to early Spanish America resulting from, 493-494.

Miraflores, Isthmus of Panama, 22, 27.

Misti, volcano, Peru, 56-57, 60, 61, 63, 81, 82, 392.

_Mita_, personal service rendered landlords by Indians, 462.

Mitla, comparison of ruins of, with ruins at Cuzco, 106.

Mitre, _Historia de San Martin_ by, 281.

Mochica Indians, 457.

Mochica language, 44, 183.

Mollendo, town of, 54-55, 187, 215.

Monolithic gateway at Tiahuanaco, 146-147.

Monroe Doctrine, 508-510.

Montaña, district called the, 75.

Montevideo, 314;
description of, 351-354;
population, 352;
University of, 575;
expense of living in, 589.

Moon, Island of, Lake Titicaca, 131-132.

Moon, worship of, by Peruvians, 157.

Morgan, English buccaneer, 12, 15-16, 17.

Moses, Bernard, works by, quoted and cited, 463-464, 587.

Mosquitoes, preventive measures against, in Canal Zone, 28-29.

Mountain climbers, Andes considered from viewpoint of, 272.

Mountains, Isthmus of Panama, 7-8;
Andes, 38, 39, 42, 47;
Western Cordillera of Andes, 55-58, 60, 61, 63, 77-87, 198, 203;
Coast Range, 81, 224, 225, 297;
Cordillera Real, 127, 141-143;
attitude of aborigines toward, in the way of names, 142-143;
Eastern Cordillera, 188;
along Straits of Magellan, 293, 295-297;
Brazilian Coast Range, 368;
about Rio de Janeiro, 379-381, 384-386.
_See also_ Andes.

Mountain sickness, 83, 172.

Mulattoes, estimated total number of, in the continent, 564;
predominance of the white element in, 566-567.

Mummies, Peruvian, 107, 157.

Museum, at La Paz, 178.

Museums, inferiority of South American, 376.

Mussulmans, negroes of Brazil as, 409 n.

Mutiny on battleships at Rio de Janeiro, 395-400.

Mythology of primitive Peruvians, 156-159.

N

Napoleon III, theories of, concerning the "Latin" peoples, 512 n.

Nassau Bay, 293.

Nations, the division of Spanish America into, 422-424;
question of what constitutes, 424-426;
lines of old administrative divisions a primary factor in
determining territorial limits in Spanish America, 427-428;
influence of geographical position in differentiating, 429-430;
influence of physical environment, 430-431;
effect of presence of aboriginal tribes, 432-434;
effect of War of Independence and later civil wars, 434-436;
effect of conditions of industrial and commercial life, 437;
position of different Spanish-American countries as true
nations, 438 ff.;
judged by the test of possessing a distinctive national character
and a strong national sentiment, 439-443;
test of creative activities in art, science, and letters applied to
South American republics, 443;
question concerning the sense of a common Hispano-American
nationality, 444 ff.

Naval harbour of Talcahuano, Chile, 226-227.

Navies of South American countries, 449.

Negroes, West Indian, as labourers on Panama Canal, 26 n.;
living in Peru, 66;
in Uruguay, 355;
in state of São Paulo, 376;
in Bahia, Pernambuco, and other cities, 401;
in Brazil, 401, 404-405, 408, 456;
status of, as compared with coloured race in United States, 414-415,
472-475, 479-480;
influence of, felt as a race factor, 433-434;
numbers of, in all South America, 459 n., 564.

New Granada, Republic of, 17.

New South Wales, decrease in birth-rate of, 563 n.

Newspapers, Argentine, 344.

Nictheroy, town of, 378, 390.

Nitrates, deposits of, 42, 202, 206;
account of work in fields, 207-208;
export duties on, 209;
question of benefits of this natural wealth, 209-210.

Nombre de Dios, 5, 14, 15.

North Americans at La Paz, 179.
_See under_ Americas.

Norway, scenery of Straits of Magellan compared with that of, 296.

Novo Friburgo, town of, 389.

Nuestra Señora de los Dolores, convent of, Arequipa, 69.

O

Oca, grown on central plateau of Peru, 120.

Ocean currents, 489.

O'Higgins, Bernardo, 230.

Oil wells, Piura, 41.

Ollague, Mt., 198, 199.

Ollantay, drama of, 156.

Ollantaytambo, ruins at, 113.

Ornate, volcano of, 63, 64 n.

Ona tribe of Patagonian Indians, 303-304, 478.

Orchids, Isthmus of Panama, 7;
in Brazilian forests, 393.

Organ Mountains (Serra dos Orgãos), 381, 384-385.

Oribe, General, 357.

Oriental quality in Spanish-American cities, 65-66.

Oruro, town of, 168, 183, 189-190.

Osorno, town of, 224, 239.

Our Lady of Peace, original name given to La Paz, 170.

Overpopulation, the danger of, 552-554;
partial solution of problem of, by intensive cultivation,
developments of chemical science, and decline in birth-rate,
554-555;
South America viewed as a means of postponing menace of, 555 ff.

P

Pachacamac, Earth God of Peruvians, 156.

Pachacamac, Peru, excavations at, 153-154.

Pacific Steam Navigation Company, 54.

Paganism, among Andean tribes, 158, 467.

Palace of the Inca Roca, Cuzco, 104-105.

Palace of the Viceroys, Lima, 49.

Palace of the Virgins of the Sun, Koati, 132.

Palacios, Dr., _Raza Chilena_ by, cited, 531.

Palenque, comparison of ruins of, with ruins at Cuzco, 106.

Palermo, park at Buenos Aires, 318-319.

Pampaconas River, ruins on the, 113 n.

Pampa of Peru, 58-59;
of Argentina, 262, 266.

Pampas of Argentina, 324-325;
horses and cattle on the, 327;
Gauchos on the, 328;
agricultural possibilities of, 333-334;
monotony of scenery, 334-335.

Panama, city of, 9, 11, 12, 15-16, 19.

Panama, Isthmus of, 1-36.

Panama, Republic of, 14, 18-19, 503.

Panama Canal, 4-5;
French attempts to construct, 18;
enterprise taken over by United States, 18-19;
length, breadth, and width, 20;
description of the four sections, 20-23;
the Culebra Cut, 20-22, 23, 24-26;
the Gatun dam, 23-24;
labourers and conditions of labour, 26 ff.;
mortality rate, 29;
importance of sanitation of Canal Zone, 30;
cost of canal, 32;
fortifying of, 32-33;
effect of, on international trade, 33-35;
the last of large changes in earth's surface, 35-36.

Panama Railway, 5-9, 12, 17-18.

Pan Americanism, 488.

Pan American Union, 511 n.;
publications issued by, 588.

Pan de Azucar, Rio de Janeiro, 380.

Pando, General, 179.

Paraguay, question of true national qualities of, 441;
despotisms of Francia and Lopez in, 465;
social relations of white and Indian races in, 470-472.

Paraguay River, 326.

Parahyba River, 386, 387;
scenery along the, 388-389.

_Paramo_, bleak regions between valleys in Peru, 79 n.

Paraná, state of, 403.

Paraná River, 167, 316, 326, 429.

Paris, the Mecca of South American pleasure-seekers, 519.

Patagonia, 284;
aborigines of, 303-304, 327.

Paterson, William, 16.

Patriotism of Argentines, 346.

Payne, E. J., chapters on Peru by, 587.

Payta, Peru, 40-42, 54.

Pearl Islands, 10, 37.

Pedrarias, Spanish viceroy, 11, 14.

Pedro I of Brazil, 410;
statue of, 376.

Pedro II of Brazil, 384, 410.

Pedro Miguel, Isthmus of Panama, 22.

Pelucon, the word, 232 n.

"Penitentes" in the Andes, 259-260.

Peons in Argentina, 332.

Peru, coast of, 37 ff.;
coast towns, 44;
ruins, 44-45, 152 ff.;
mountains of Western Cordillera, 55-58;
great inner plateau of, 58-60;
central Peru, 77 ff.;
height of central plateau, 77;
area and population, 78;
plateau surrounding Lake Titicaca, 119-124;
distinction between Bolivia and, purely arbitrary, 121-122;
antiquity of the semi-civilization of, 149-151;
disadvantages of isolated position of, as to civilization, 151;
reasons for importance of prehistoric remains in, 152-153;
discussion of religion, mythology, and semi-civilization of
primitive inhabitants of, 152-165;
true national qualities possessed by, 441;
proportion of Indians in population of, 458;
not a country for immigrants to turn toward, 555.

Peruvian Corporation, the, 80.

Petrels seen on voyage to Straits of Magellan, 287.

Petropolis, 384, 385.

Philip II of Spain, 4, 36.

Pichu Pichu, Mt., 56, 60, 62.

Pigafetta, Magellan's chronicler, 284, 285;
quoted, 285-286, 303.

Pilar, Cape (Magellan's Cabo Deseado), 290, 291.

Pinzon, Martin Alonso, 96, 367, 494.

Pisac, ruins at, 113.

Piura, town of, 41.

Piura, valley of, ancient population, 44.

Pizarro, Francisco, 11-12, 37, 39, 44, 46, 47, 60, 96, 97, 102, 103 n
., 192, 307, 494;
assassination of, 49;
massacre of Atahuallpa's followers by, 98.

Pizarro, Gonzalo, 96, 170, 494.

Plata, Rio de la, 167, 284, 316, 486;
advantages to Montevideo from the, 351-352.

Plaza, La Paz, 175.

Plaza de Armas, Lima, 48-49.

Plazas, Cuzco, 96-97.

Politics, interest in, in Chile, 221;
in Argentina, 344;
in Uruguay, 358-359.

Polo-playing, Valparaiso, 214-215.

Poncho, dress of Gauchos, 328.

Poopo, Lake, 124, 126, 190-191, 488.

Population, growth of, of cities, 322-323;
questions raised by the growth of, 552 ff.;
forecasts of growth of, in South America, 562-565;
estimates of total number of whites, Indians, negroes, mestizos,
and mulattoes, 564-565;
of the future will be white rather than negro or Indian, 567-569.
_See_ Races.

Porteños and Campos, Argentina, 323.

Porter, R. P., _Ten Republics_ by, 588.

Port Louis, Falkland Isles, 312.

Port St. Julian, 303.

Port Stanley, Falkland Isles, 308-309, 313.

Portuguese, in Uruguay, 349, 350;
explanation of possession of Brazil by, 366-367.

Potatoes, raised on central plateau of Peru, 120, 122.

Potosi, 168;
silver mining at, 192.

Pottery, Peruvian, 106.

Prehistoric monuments at Tiahuanaco, 144-148.
_See_ Ruins.

Protection, economic issue of, in Brazil, 413.

Protector of the Indians, office of, 237.

Puente del Inca, 258-259.

Puerto Bello, 5.

Puerto Montt, 206.

Pulucayo, mine at, 195.

_Puna_, mountain sickness, 172.

Puno, port on Lake Titicaca, 84, 125.

_Puno_, the, 77, 84.

Punta Arenas (Sandy Point), 284, 300;
the commercial centre of southern South America, 300-301.

Q

_Quebradas_, narrow glens, of the Andes, 224.

Quichua Indians, 90, 101-102, 110, 121;
one of the two divisions of Indians found by Spanish, 183-184;
present condition of, 460-462;
isolated social position of, 474-475.

Quinoa, grown on central plateau of Peru, 120.

_Quipus_, knotted strings of various colours used by primitive
Peruvians, 160.

R

Races, mixture and numbers, in Brazil, 407-410, 414-415;
discussion of relations between, in South America generally,
452-483;
difference in relations between, in South America and United
States, 470-475;
conclusions on relations of the, 480-483;
favourable or unfavourable results of commingling of, 530-531;
total population of the continent according to, 564-565;
questions as to their respective increase, as to continuation of
their intermingling, as to which type predominates in persons
of mixed race, and as to ultimate outcome of the mixture,
566-567.

Rafts of _Totora_, Lake Titicaca, 125, 141.

Railways: Panama Ry, 5-9, 12, 17-18;
in Peru, 41, 54, 55-56, 59;
Southern Railroad of Peru, 80-86, 125;
Bolivian, 168-169, 186-187, 191-192, 193-194;
Chilean, 223-224, 244, 588;
Transandine line, 249-261;
Argentine, 264, 329, 337, 588;
British capital invested in, 337, 372-373, 517;
Uruguayan, 354, 588;
line from Santos to São Paulo, 372-373;
São Paulo-Rio Janeiro line, 377-378;
Leopoldina Railway, 386-390;
facilities for travel by means of, 588.

Rainfall, Isthmus of Panama, 3;
absence of, on coast of Peru, 45;
in Chile, 224;
at Punta Arenas, 301;
on the Pampas of Argentina, 325;
smallness of, in Argentina, 333.

Reds and Whites, parties called, in Uruguay, 357-359.

Religion: of primitive Peruvians, 156-159 (_see under_ Indians);
open attacks on, in Uruguay, 363-364;
of Indian population, 462-466;
a matter for women and peasants only, 582-584.

Religious toleration in Argentina, 342-343.

Republics, division of Spanish America into, 422 ff.;
lack of success of South American countries as, 524-526;
impossibility of real democracies existing in Spanish-American
states, 539.

Revolutions, Lima, 51-52, 53;
in Brazil, 410-411;
frequency of, in early South American republics, 524-525;
breaking the habit of, by a growing sense of order, 546.

Rimac River, 47.

Rinihue, Lake, 244, 246-247.

Rio Blanco, station of, 270.

Rio Branco, Baron do, 416.

Rio de Janeiro, 216 n.;
description of, 378 ff.;
harbour, 378-379;
mountain landscapes about, 379-381, 382-383;
settlement, and growth in population, 383-384;
comparisons of, with ancient and modern European cities, 394-395;
account of mutiny on battleships at, 395-400.

Rio Grande do Sul, state of, 370, 403, 405.

Rivera, General, 357.

Roads, of the Incas, 161;
scarcity of modern, for driving, 588.

Rock of the Sun and the Wild Cat, shrine of, island of Titicaca, 126.

Rodadero, the, at Cuzco, 111.

Romero, Dr., _Los Lagos de los Altiplanos_ by, 191 n.

Root, Elihu, common Court of Justice for Spanish-American countries
set up through efforts of, 448;
speech by, 506 n.

Rosas, Juan Manuel de, 327, 329, 477, 544-545, 584.

Rosas Pata, ruins at, 113.

Ross, Sir James, Antarctic Expedition of, 310.

_Rotos_, Chilean peasants, 208, 232 n., 253, 502.

Rubber, production of, on Amazonian plain, 75-76, 403, 559;
cruelties perpetrated upon Indians by gatherers of, 75, 458, 559.

Ruhl, Arthur, _The Other Americans_ by, 588.