Chapter XII: The Rise of New Nations

The Colonial Empire of Spain divided into Sixteen Republics or
Nations 423

What is a Nation? 424

Process by which New Nations Arise 426

The Administrative Divisions of the Colonies the Basis of the
Division into Republics 427

Influences which differentiate Nations 429

Geographical Position 429

Physical Environment: Climate 430

The Aborigines: Their Number and Character 432

The Struggle for Independence and the Civil Wars 434

Recent Economic Development: Immigration 437

Which of the Republics have become Nations? 438

Chile and Argentina: Mexico, Peru, Brazil 441

The Caribbean and Central American Republics 441

Does there exist a Common Sentiment of Spanish-American
Nationality? 444

Will the Present Political Divisions be Maintained? 447

Prospects of International Peace in South America 448