Chapter I: Preface

Although there are already in existence many books on anatomy and physiology for nurses, none with which I am acquainted has seemed to me to provide in concise form just the knowledge needed by the nurse in her profession. Most of them, moreover, separate the anatomy from the physiology and all treat the different systems of tissues separately, first the bones, then the muscles, and so on. These defects, as they seem to me, I have attempted to correct not only by weaving the physiology in with the anatomy, but by treating first the general structures found throughout the body and then describing the structure and function of each part in detail. Thus, the first chapter is devoted to a description of the general structure of all the tissues, a separate chapter being devoted, however, to the skin, its appendages, and function, including the sense of touch. Then the head with its bones, muscles, and organs of special sense is described, while the brain is treated with the rest of the nervous system, thus forming the connecting link between the head and the body. In the same way the back, chest, abdomen, pelvis, and extremities are taken up in turn and the bones, muscles, blood-vessels, nerves, and special organs of each, together with their functions, described.

Although written more particularly for nurses I am in hopes that this book may prove useful to any others who may desire to acquire a practical knowledge of anatomy and physiology.

Besides the usual text-books, I am much indebted for material to notes taken in lecture courses given by Dr. Fred R. Jouett and Dr. F. J. Goodridge of Cambridge, Mass., at the Cambridge School of Nursing, and by Dr. Vivian Daniel of Watertown at the Waltham Training School for Nurses.

I wish particularly to express my gratitude and appreciation for the kind and helpful criticism given me by Dr. Eugene A. Darling, Assistant Professor of Physiology, Harvard College.

ANNETTE FISKE.
_May, 1911._

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER I.
PAGE
COMPOSITION AND GENERAL STRUCTURE OF THE BODY 11
Chemical Constitution of the Body, 11--The Cell, 12--The
Fundamental Tissues of the Body, 13--Epithelial
Tissue, 14--Connective Tissue, 15--Structure of Bone,
17--Bone Formation, 18--Chemical Composition of Bone,
18--Classification and Function of Bones, 19--Joints,
20--Muscle, 21--Action of the Muscles, 23--Physiology
of Muscle, 24--Cilia, 27--The Blood, 27--Arteries,
27--Veins, 28--Capillaries, 28--Lymphatic System,
29--Lymphatic Vessels, 31--Lymphatic Glands,
32--Lymph, 32--Glands, 35--Ductless Glands,
36--Nervous Tissue, 36.

CHAPTER II.
THE SKIN, ITS APPENDAGES AND ITS FUNCTION 39
The Skin, 39--Appendages of the Skin: Nails, 40--Hair,
40--Sebaceous Glands, 41--Sweat Glands, 42--Sweat,
42--Temperature Regulation, 43--Fever, 45--Sense of
Touch, 45--Touch Corpuscles, 46.

CHAPTER III.
THE CRANIUM AND FACE 48
The Cranial Bones, 48--Frontal Bone, 49--Parietal
Bones, 49--Occipital Bone, 50--Occipito-frontalis
Muscle, 51--Temporal Bones, 51--Sphenoid or Wedge
Bone, 52--Ethmoid Bone, 53--Turbinated Bones,
53--Ossification of Sutures, 53--Bones of the
Face, 53--Superior Maxillary Bones, 54--Antrum of
Highmore, 54--Malar or Cheek Bones, 54--Lachrymal
Bones, 54--Palate Bones, 54--Nasal Bones, 55--Vomer,
55--Inferior Turbinated Bones, 55--Inferior
Maxillary Bone or Lower Jaw, 55--Sublingual Gland,
56--Submaxillary Gland, 56.

CHAPTER IV.
THE ORGANS OF SPECIAL SENSE 57
The Nose, 57--The Sense of Smell, 58--The Mouth, 59--The
Hyoid Bone, 60--The Teeth, 60--The Sense of Taste,
61--Salivary Glands, 61--The Tonsils, 62--The Ear,
63--Eustachian Tubes, 63--Sensation of Hearing,
65--The Eye, 66--Lachrymal Gland, 68--Coats of the
Eye, 68--Light Rays and Sight, 70--Accommodation,
72--Color Perception, 73.

CHAPTER V.
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM 75
The Cerebrum, 75--The Cerebellum, 78--Pons Variolii,
78--Medulla Oblongata, 78--Spinal Cord,
79--Brain-centers, 81--Motor Tract, 82--Sensory
Tract, 82--Reflex Action, 83--Cranial Nerves,
83--Spinal Nerves, 84--Brachial Plexus, 85--Sacral
Plexus, 85--The Sympathetic System, 87--The
Sympathetic Nerves, 87.

CHAPTER VI.
THE BACK 88
The Spine, 88--The Vertebræ, 88--Muscles of the Neck,
92--Muscles of the Back, 93.

CHAPTER VII.
THE CHEST 96
The Sternum, 97--The Ribs, 97--Costal Cartilages,
98--Muscles of the Chest, 98--Diaphragm, 98--Mammary
Glands, 100.

CHAPTER VIII.
THE HEART AND CIRCULATION 101
The Heart, 101--The Pericardium, 101--Cavities of the
Heart, 103--The Endocardium, 103--The Valves of
the Heart, 103--Circulation, 105--Circulation in
the Fetus, 106--Arteries, 107--Veins, 109--Portal
Circulation, 109--Pulmonary Circulation, 110--Nerves
of the Heart, 110--Heart Sounds, 111--The Heart
Beat, 111--Factors Affecting Circulation, 112--The
Pulse, 113--Blood Pressure, 114--Nerve Supply of the
Blood-vessels, 115--The Blood, 116--Composition
of the Blood, 116--Coagulability of the Blood,
117--Blood-corpuscles, 118.

CHAPTER IX.
THE LUNGS AND RESPIRATION 121
The Larynx, 121--The Trachea, 123--The Thyroid Gland,
124--The Thymus Gland, 124--The Bronchi, 125--The
Lungs, 125--The Pleura, 125--The Mediastinum,
126--Respiration, 127--Air, 129--Respiratory
Sounds, 129--Changes in Air in Lungs, 129--Effect
of Respiration on Blood, 130--Nervous Mechanism of
Respiration, 130--Variations in Respiration, 131.

CHAPTER X.
THE ABDOMEN AND THE ORGANS OF DIGESTION AND EXCRETION 132
The Abdominal Cavity, 132--Muscles of the Abdomen,
132--The Peritoneum, 134--Abdominal Regions,
134--Salivary Digestion, 136--The Pharynx, 139--The
Esophagus, 138--The Stomach, 138--Gastric Digestion,
139--Vomiting, 140--Intestinal Canal, 141--The Small
Intestine, 142--Intestinal Digestion, 143--Absorption
in Intestine, 144--The Large Intestine, 145--Food and
Metabolism, 147--The Liver, 149--The Gall-bladder,
152--The Pancreas, 153--The Spleen, 153--The
Suprarenal Capsules, 154--The Kidneys, 155--The
Urine, 156--The Ureters, 159--The Bladder and
Urethra, 159.

CHAPTER XI.
THE PELVIS AND THE GENITAL ORGANS 161
The Pelvis, 161--The Male Generative Organs, 164--The
Prostate Gland, 164--The Testes, 165--The Penis,
165--The Female Generative Organs, 165--The Ovaries,
165--The Fallopian Tubes, 166--The Uterus, 167--The
Vagina, 168--The External Genitalia in the Female,
169--The Vulva, 169--The Mons Veneris, 169--The Labia
Majora, 169--The Labia Minora, 170--The Clitoris,
170--The Meatus Urinarius, 170--The Hymen, 170--The
Fourchette, 170--The Perineal Body, 170--The
Perineum, 170.

CHAPTER XII.
THE UPPER EXTREMITIES 171
The Shoulder Girdle, 171--The Clavicle, 171--The Scapula,
173--Shoulder Muscles, 174--The Humerus, 175--Upper
Arm Muscles, 176--The Ulna, 177--The Radius,
178--The Wrist, 180--The Hand, 181--Meta-carpals,
181--Phalanges, 181--Muscles of the Forearm,
182--Muscles of the Hand, 184--Joints of the Upper
Extremity, 185--Blood Supply of the Upper Extremity,
185--Nerves of the Upper Extremity, 186.

CHAPTER XIII.
THE LOWER EXTREMITIES 187
The Femur, 187--Thigh Muscles, 189--The Patella,
192--Joints of the Lower Extremity, 192--The Tibia,
194--The Fibula, 194--The Ankle, 195--The Foot,
195--Metatarsals, 195--Phalanges, 195--Muscles of the
Leg, 196--The Blood Supply of the Lower Extremity,
198--Nerves of the Lower Extremity, 199.

INDEX 201

STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BODY.