Chapter M

_Macroglossa_, larvæ of, 245;
_M. stellatarum_, oviposition of, 245;
1st, 2nd, and 3rd larval stages, 246;
4th and 5th stages, 247;
di- and polymorphism of larva, 247;
pupa of, 250;
_M. belis_, and _M. pyrrhosticta_, larvæ, 255.

Markings, general biological value of, 285;
special biological value of, 308;
subordinate, 347;
of _Sphingidæ_, evolution of, 380.

Marsh, Prof., on _Siredon lichenoides_, 567.

Matter, assumption of, 711;
conscious, 714.

Mayer, Paul, insect phylogeny, 493.

McLachlan, R., phytophagic variability, 305.

Mechanism and teleology, 694.

_Medusæ_, internal parasitism, 699.

_Melanopsis recurrens_, from _Paludina_ bed, 275.

_Menopoma_, characters of, 579.

Mérian, Madame, figures of caterpillars referred to, 195, 232, 263,
268.

Metagenesis, defined, 81, 96;
derivation, 83.

Metamorphosis, 430.

Mexico, climate of, 619.

Millière, figure of larva referred to, 254.

Mimicry, 648, 663.

Möller, L., phytophagic variability, 305.

Mono- and digoneutic species, 16.

Moore, F., figures of caterpillars referred to, 436, 526.

Morris, affinities of _Apatura_ and _Nymphalis_, 438.

Moths, seasonal dimorphism in, 4;
resembling splinters, 292.

Mühlenpfordt, on Lake of Mexico, 604.

Müller, Fritz, odoriferous organs of butterflies, 102;
sexual selection in butterflies, 103;
habit and protective resemblance, 290;
spiny caterpillars, 293;
larva of _Papilio Evander_, 299;
reversion in Orchids, 614;
maggot-like larvæ of insects, 493;
the biogenetic law, 611;
mimicry, &c., 665.

Müller, Hermann, larva of _Stauropus Fagi_, 290.

Müller, P. E., _Leptodora hyalina_, 94.

Murray, Andrew, seasonal change of colour, in animals, 7;
green caterpillars, 293.

_Muscidæ_, embryonic development, 492.

N.

Nägeli, reversion of cultivated plants, 107.

Natural selection, 112, 361, 704, 705.

Nature, mechanical conception of, 634;
harmony of, 697.

Neumayr and Paul, on _Melanopsis_, 275.

_Noctuæ_, change of colour in larvæ, 166;
number of legs in young larvæ, 166, 520;
ontogeny of larvæ, 520.

Noll, Dr., larva of _Ach. Atropos_, 324.

North America, glaciation of, 622.

Nurse-breeding in Hymenoptera and Diptera, 402.

_Nymphalidæ_, larval classification, 435.

O.

Ontogeny, Fritz Müller and Haeckel on, 270;
predominance of new characters in last stage of, 280, 283.

Ontogeny and Phylogeny of Sphinx-markings, 177.

Ophiuroidea, want of parallelism in, 396.

Orchids, reversion in, 614.

Organic compounds, synthesis of, 643.

Organism, parts independently variable, 514.

P.

_Pachylia Ficus_, early stages of larva, 232.

Packard, insect phylogeny, 493.

Pangenesis, theory of, 668.

_Papilio._ _P. Ajax_, seasonal forms, 30;
_P. Turnus_, a dimorphic form, 32;
_P. Machaon_ and _Podalirius_, seasonally dimorphic in Spain and
Italy, 74;
_P. Ajax_, experiments with, 126;
_P. Merope_, young larva, 166;
_P. Homerus_, young larva, 167;
_P. Machaon_, larva rejected by lizards, 339.

Parallelism, phyletic, in metamorphic species, 390;
phyletic, law of, 510.

_Pararga Ægeria_, sexually dimorphic, 68;
climatic variation of, 68.

Pascoe, F. P., “Zoological Classification” referred to, 488, 498.

_Pelobates_, experiments with tadpoles, 607.

_Pergesa Mongoliana_, larva, 194.

_Philampelus achemon_ and _P. satellitia_, larvæ, 523;
_P. labruscæ_, larva, 195;
_P. vitis_, and _P. anchemolus_, larvæ, 232.

Philosophy, function of, 640.

_Phyciodes Tharos_ and _P. Marcia_, seasonal dimorphism of, 4;
experiments with, 140.

Phylogeny, conclusions from, 270;
and ontogeny of Sphinx-markings, 177;
of insects, 493.

_Pierinæ_, seasonal dimorphism of, 13;
analogous seasonal dimorphism in, 60, 108;
experiments with, 122.

_Pieris Napi_, experiments with, 13;
summer form the younger, 29;
reversion of, caused by mechanical vibration, 38;
var. _Bryoniæ_, the potential winter form, 39;
experiments with this var., 40;
this var. the parent form of _Napi_, 41;
a climatic var., 41;
very variable, 43;
variability due to crossing, 43;
var. _æstiva_ more variable than var. _vernalis_, 43;
_P. Napi_, summer and winter forms compared, 56;
incongruence in this species, 457;
_P. Krueperi_, seasonal dimorphism of, 78;
_P. Brassicæ_, larva rejected by lizards, 337;
constant in three stages, 405;
photographic sensitiveness of pupa, 405;
_P. Napi_, variable in two stages, 405.

Plants, cultivated, 107;
sterility of reverted, 596.

Plastidule theory, 667.

_Plebeius amyntas_ and _P. polysperchon_, seasonal dimorphism, 2;
_P. Alexis_, do., 3;
_P. pseudargiolus_ and _P. violacea_, do., 4;
_P. agestis_, do., 50;
polymorphism of females in this genus, 251.

Pluvial period, 621.

Polar animals, colour of, 658, 660.

_Polyommatus phlæas_, distribution and climatic variation, 49;
seasonal dimorphism, 50;
Italian summer and winter forms compared, 55.

_Polyptychus dentatus_, larva, 244.

Ptarmigan, seasonal colours of, 6.

_Pterogon_, larvæ of, 255;
_P. ænotheræ_, larva, 256.

_Pulmonifera_, functional change in lungs, 590.

_Pygæra bucephala_, larva rejected by lizards, 337.

Q.

Quatrefages, De, spermatozoa of _Amblystoma_, 593.

R.

_Rana temporaria_ of Upper Engadine, 618.

Ratzeburg, larva of _Anc. Pinastri_, 265.

Reproduction and growth, 664.

Reversion, of species, 611;
two modes of, 612;
periodic, 613.

_Rhopalocera_, characters of, 433, 471.

_Rhytina Stelleri_, extinction of, 651.

Riley, C. V., descriptions of caterpillars referred to, 437, 521, 522;
on sexual dimorphism in caterpillar, 535.

Ring-spots, 325;
development, 327;
signs of distastefulness, 341;
resembling berries, 344.

Rösel, breeding of _Aras. Levana_ by, 6;
on larva of _Deil. Euphorbiæ_, 206;
of _D. Galii_, 213;
of _Smer. Tiliæ_, 236;
of _S. ocellatus_, 240;
of _Anc. Pinastri_, 265, 268.

Roux, Dr. W., struggle of parts in the organism, 689.

Rutherford, D. G., colour variations of _Ater. meleagris_, 8.

S.

Sacc, on sterility of _Amblystoma_, 593.

Salamanders, habits of Italian land species, 617;
oviposition of, 630.

_Salamandra atra_, experiments with, 615.

_Salamandrina_, characters of, 577;
_S. perspicillata_, habits of, 617.

Sars, development of _Leptodora hyalina_, 94.

_Saturnia._
_S. Yamamai_, variable in first stage only, 406;
_S. carpini_, development of larva of local forms, 419.

_Satyrinæ_, hibernation of larvæ, 73.

Saussure, De, on _Siredon Mexicanus_, 565, 602;
physical character of Mexican Lake, 603.

Saw-flies, protective habits of larvæ, 290.

Schmankewitsch, transformation of _Artemia_, 635.

Schmidt, Oscar, on convergence of character, 396, 459;
on variability, 654.

Schreibers, sexual _Triton_ larvæ, 591;
arrested tadpoles, 607.

Schulze, F. E., parasitism in _Medusæ_, 699.

Science, function of, 640.

Scudder, S. H., embryonic larvæ of butterflies, 166.

Seasonal dimorphism, origin and significance, 1;
seasonal change of colour in animals, 7;
and climatic variation, 45;
seasonal adaptation in caterpillars, 305.

Seidlitz, reproduction of Axolotl, 571;
white var. of hare, 662.

_Selenia tetralunaria_, _S. illunaria_, _S. lunaria_, and
_S. illustraria_, seasonal dimorphism, 4.

Semper, C., origin of alternation of generations, 84;
transformation of _Amblystoma mavortium_, 629.

Semper, G., young Sphinx-larvæ, 166;
figures of caterpillars referred to, 522.

Senses, physiology of, 711.

Sepp, figure of caterpillar referred to, 262.

_Sesiidæ_, affinities of, 370.

Sexual dimorphism, of butterflies, 32, 250;
of caterpillars, 308, 527, 534;
secondary sexual characters, 62;
sexual selection, 69, 102.

Siebold, Von, on _Pulmonifera_, 590.

_Siredon._ _S. Mexicanus_, habits, 565;
_S. lichenoides_, transformation, 567, 630;
phyletic advance of genus, 584;
retention of genus, 610;
_S. tigrinus_ from L. St. Isabel, 626.

Slater, J. W., food of gaily coloured caterpillars, 294.

_Smerinthus_, larvæ of, 232;
_S. Tiliæ_, 233;
4th stage, 235;
_S. Populi_, 236;
and stage, 237;
3rd and 4th stages, 238;
5th stage, 239;
_S. ocellatus_, 240;
dimorphism of larva, 241;
_S. Tiliæ_, variable in two stages, 405;
North American species of, 453;
_S. tatarinovii_, and _S. planus_, larvæ, 244.

Species, causes of transformation of, 116;
nature of, 671.

Specific characters, 91;
may originate through direct action, 100.
Specific constitution, 112.

Spencer, Herbert, theory of descent, 645;
variability, 654;
law of growth, 655.

Spermatozoa, of _Amblystoma_, 593;
of _Lissotriton punctatus_, 595.

Speyer, Dr., seasonal dimorphism of moths, 4;
of _P. phlæas_ in Germany, 50.

_Sphingidæ_, oviposition, 164;
congruence and incongruence in genera, 450.

_Sphinx_-markings, ontogeny and morphology, 177.
Larvæ of genus, 259;
_S. Convolvuli_, 650.
Origination of markings, 273;
law of development, 274;
forms of markings, 309;
_S. Ligustri_, constant in three stages, 405.

Stainton, H. T., larval characters of _Notodontidæ_, 443;
young larvæ of _Triph. pronuba_, 520.

Staudinger, Dr., seasonal dimorphism of _Euch. Belia_ and
_E. Ausonia_, 3, 48;
butterflies of Finnmark, 20;
_P. Napi_ var. _Bryoniæ_ from Lapland, 44, 49;
larvæ of _Ch. alecto_, 193;
affinities of _Nymphalis_ and _Apatura_, 438.

_Stauropus Fagi_, protective habits of larva, 290.

Sterility, causes of, 596;
a result of reversion, 597;
law of, in reversion forms, 599.

Stoat, seasonal change of colour, 7.

Strauch, “Revision of _Salamandridæ_” referred to, 570, 577.

Strecker, H., N. American species of _Smerinthus_, 453.

Stripes, longitudinal, 312, 372;
oblique, 317, 373.

T.

Tadpoles, arrested development, 607.

Tegetmeier, W. B., metamorphosis of _Siredon_, 566.

Teleology and Mechanism, 694.

_Terebrantia_, larvæ, 508.

Transformation, causes of, 460, 496;
factors of, 676.

_Trematoda_, alternation of generations in, 83.

Trimen, Roland;
larva of _Lopho. Dumolinii_, 527;
of _Ch. Capensis_, 529;
phytophagic variability of larva of _Ach. Atropos_, 531.

_Triptogon roseipennis_, larva, 244.

_Triton_;
_T. alpestris_, sexual larva, 585;
reproductive larvæ, 590.
Degeneration in genus, 612.
Species of Upper Engadine, 631.

Typical parts, modified by environment, 501, 513.

U.

Upper Engadine;
Amphibia, 615;
climate, 616;
frog from, 618;
Tritons of, 631.

Urea, synthesis of, 643.