Chapter VI: Section II: DENTICETE (cf. p. 35) (1)

Denticete, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 194; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 3.

Odontoceti _or_ Delphinoidea, _Flower_, _l. c._ p. 111.

Teeth well developed in one or both jaws, sometimes deciduous. Palate without baleen. Head large or moderate, compressed. Tympanic bones two, dissimilar, separate, becoming united, sunk in a cavity in the base of the skull. Gullet large.

The suborders in this section have certain relations to each other by which they may be arranged in two parallel series:—

| A. Nostrils | B. Nostrils
| separate, | united,
| elongated. | transverse.
| |
Teeth only in the lower jaw. Cervical | |
vertebræ often united | Physeteroidea. | Ziphioidea.
Teeth well developed in both jaws. | |
Jaws beaked | Susuoidea. | Delphinoidea.

Division I. _Nostrils longitudinal, parallel or diverging; each covered with a valve_ (cf. p. 62).

Suborder III. PHYSETEROIDEA.

Physeteroidea, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 195; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 3.

Physeteridæ (Physeterinæ), _Flower_, _Tr. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi.
p. 113.

Head blunt. Nostrils longitudinal, parallel, or diverging, each covered with a valve, the right often obliterated. Teeth many in the lower jaw, fitting into holes in the gums of the upper one. Lachrymal bone none distinct. “Costal cartilages not ossified. The hinder ribs losing their tubercular and retaining their capitular articulation with the vertebræ. The greater number of the cervical vertebræ ankylosed together. Pterygoid bones thick, produced backwards, meeting in the middle line, and not involuted to form the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. Symphysis of mandible of moderate or excessive length. No functional teeth in the upper jaw. Mandibular teeth various, often much reduced in number. Lachrymal bones usually large and distinct. Bones of the skull raised so as to form an elevated prominence or crest behind the anterior nares. Orbit of small or moderate size. Pectoral limbs small. Dorsal fin usually present.”—_Flower._

Family 6. CATODONTIDÆ.

Catodontina, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 387.

Catodontidæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 3.

Head compressed, truncated in front, very large. Blowers separate, linear, in front of the upper part of the head. Mouth inferior, linear. Pectoral fin short, broad, truncate. Dorsal hump rounded. Skull elongate. Crown concave, surrounded by a high perpendicular wall formed by the doubled-up maxilla and occipital bones. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebræ united by their bodies and spines into a consolidated mass.

1. CATODON.

Catodon, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 386, 387; Synops. Whales &
Dolph. p. 3.

Physeter, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 309.

The atlas vertebra transverse, nearly twice as broad as high; the central canal subtrigonal, narrow below. Skull nearly one-third the entire length of the body. Lachrymal bone wanting. The zygomatic process is formed of the malar bone. Vertebral column rough and rather spongy. Vertebræ 50: 7 cervical, 11 dorsal, 8 lumbar, 24 caudal. The atlas separate; the other 6 cervical united by their bodies and spines into one consolidated mass, and sometimes united to the first dorsal vertebra. The atlas subquadrangular, broader than long. The transverse process truncated. Upper edge nearly straight, lower slightly curved. Neural canal triangular, one of the angles directed downwards. The thyro-hyal triangular, thick in front, thinner behind; the basihyal broad and flat. The basihyal and thyro-hyal united. The ribs long, all but the first slender and light. The first rib is short, broad, and very thick near the lower end. Sternum large, triangular, the apex turned backwards. The broad front end nearly straight, composed of two large anterior and a small posterior piece. Pectoral limb small. Scapula higher than broad; outer surface concave, inner convex. Acromion very large, dilated at the end. Coracoid large, narrow, and about half the length of the acromion. Humerus compressed. Radius and ulna not quite so long as the humerus, often united at the ends and separate in the middle. The carpus wide and short. The carpal bones six, nearly in a single row. The fingers five, all well developed, the second, third, and fourth not differing greatly in length, the fourth the shortest; the first consisting of two, the second and third of six, the fourth of five, and the fifth of four joints; the second finger two-thirds the length of the arm-bones.

The skull of the young animal is much shorter and broader than in the adult (Flower, Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi. tab. 57).

1. Catodon macrocephalus.

B.M.

Catodon macrocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196 (f. 54), 202,
387; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.

Physeter macrocephalus, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi.
p. 309, tab. 55 to 61, and woodcuts.

Inhab. Tropical seas, accidentally in the temperate ones.

Mr. Flower (Trans. Zool. Soc. vol. vi.) considers _C. australis_, Gray, _l. c._ p. 206, fig. 55, the same species; and certainly there does not appear to be any character in the skeleton to divide them.

Maury remarks:—“The Sperm-Whale, according to the result of this chart, appears never to double the Cape of Good Hope. It doubles Cape Horn. Since this fish delights in warm water, shall we not expect to find off Cape Horn an under-current of warm water heavier with its salt?”—_Maury_, _Whale-Charts_, p. 267.

How far the species indicated range beyond the habitats whence they were received is yet to be discovered and recorded. No doubt their range is influenced by many local circumstances (peculiarities in the currents, and disposition of the food) that are not easily observed or understood.

2. MEGANEURON.

Meganeuron, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 387; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.

The atlas vertebra subcircular, rather broader than high. The central canal subcircular, in the middle of the body, widened above.

The rest of the animal not known; it is placed in _Catodontidæ_ because this family is the only one that has the atlas separate from the cervical vertebræ and of the simple form.

1. Meganeuron Krefftii.

Meganeuron Krefftii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1865, p. 440; _Cat.
Seals & Whales_, p. 388, figs. 94-97; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 4.

Inhab. Australian seas.

Atlas 13 inches wide.

Family 7. PHYSETERIDÆ.

Physeterina, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 386, 390.

Physeteridæ, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.

Head depressed, rounded in front. Blowers linear (often only the one on the left side open), at the back of the forehead. Mouth small, inferior, rounded. Dorsal fin compressed, falcate. Pectoral fin elongate, falcate. Skull short; crown concave; hinder part of the wall formed by the maxillaries, and divided, as it were, into two subequal parts by a central bony ridge, which is more or less twisted towards the right side. Upper jaw toothless. Atlas and cervical vertebræ all united into a solid mass.

1. PHYSETER.

Physeter, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 210, 386; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.

Head large, rather depressed in front. Skull ⸺?

Only known from Sibbald’s description, which, like his others, is very specific; and all his other accounts of animals have been proved to be correct.

Mr. Flower has no faith in Sibbald’s account of this animal, and says, “If the Linnæan genus _Physeter_ is to be kept in abeyance until the rediscovery of Sibbald’s ‘_Balæna macrocephala tripinna_,’ it is to be feared that it may ultimately disappear altogether from zoological literature.”—_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 369.

1. Physeter tursio.

Physeter tursio, _Linn._, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 212; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.

Inhab. North Sea, Scotland (_Sibbald_, 1687). Length 52 or 53 feet.

2. KOGIA.

Kogia, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 215, 386, 391; _Flower_,
_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 114.

Head moderate, blunt and high in front; left blower only open. Skull short and broad; the septum that divides the crown of the skull very sinuous, folded so as to form a funnel-shaped cavity.

1. Kogia breviceps.

Kogia breviceps, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 217, 391; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 4.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

Perhaps the next is the same species.

2. Kogia Macleayii.

B.M.

Kogia Macleayii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 391; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.

Physeter simus, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 30, t.
10, 11, 12, 13, ♀ (not skeleton, t. 11. f. 2).

Inhab. Australia, India. Length 10 feet, young.

The difference between _Kogia_ and _Euphysetes_ does not depend on the sex of the animals. Mr. Krefft described a male, and Professor Owen a female specimen; the latter mistook the two drawings of the same specimen for the two sexes, deceived by certain additions surreptitiously made to Mr. Elliot’s drawings; but the additions, especially the penis, are not represented on the plates, and the artist (Mr. Willis) says he received no directions to leave out any part of the drawing, and accurately copied them. The measurements given in the paper do not agree with those in Mr. Elliot’s notes made from the living animal; and reference to them would have prevented all this confusion.

3. EUPHYSETES.

Euphysetes, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 196, 215, 386, 392; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.

Head moderate, blunt and high in front. Skull short and broad. The septum that divides the cavity of the crown of the skull simple, longitudinal, only slightly curved.

Vertebræ 51: cervical 7 (all united into one mass), dorsal 14, caudal 40. Basihyal broad and flat, as in _Catodon_.

1. Euphysetes Grayii.

Euphysetes Grayii, _MacLeay_; _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 218, 392;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.

Physeter simus, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. t. 11. f.
2 (skeleton only).

Inhab. Australia.

Suborder IV. SUSUOIDEA.

Susuoidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.

Head beaked. Nostrils longitudinal, each covered with a valve (the right often obliterated). Teeth in upper and lower jaws, compressed. Crown of skull covered with a bony arch. Pectoral fin broad, truncate. Fingers 4, nearly equal, the outer the shortest.

Family 8. PLATANISTIDÆ.

Platanistidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 220; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.

Platanistinæ, _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi. p. 114.

Head long-beaked. Jaws slender, compressed. Skull—crown covered with the converging arch and reflexed edges of the maxillaries.

“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long and narrow; both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length of the entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary. Maxillary bones supporting large bony incurved crests. No cingulum or tubercle at the base of the crown of the teeth. Pectoral fins truncated. Visual organs rudimentary. External respiratory aperture longitudinal, linear.”—_Flower._

1. PLATANISTA.

Platanista, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 221; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 4.

Vertebræ 51: cervical 7, all separate; dorsal 11; lumbar 8; caudal 25.

1. Platanista gangetica.

Platanista gangetica, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 223; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p 4.

Inhab. India, Ganges.

2. Platanista Indi.

Platanista Indi, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 224; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4.

Inhab. India, Indus.

Division II. _Nostrils both united into a single central transverse or crescent-shaped blower on the back of the crown_ (cf. p. 57).

Suborder V. DELPHINOIDEA.

Delphinoidea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4.

Nostrils two, united into a single central transverse or crescentic blower on the back of the crown. Teeth in both jaws, permanent, or rarely deciduous by age. Pectoral fin lanceolate, ovate, or truncated. Head generally beaked. Dorsal fin falcate or wanting. Skull beaked; maxillary bone spread out over the orbit.

I. _Pectoral fin elongate, obliquely truncated on the inner side. Fingers elongate, longer than the arm-bones, unequal; the second and third much the longest; the rest short. Forearm-bones close together, only separated by a straight line. Carpal bones moderate, 5 or 7_ (cf. p. 85).

A. _Pectoral fin on the side of the body. Second and third fingers of six or eight phalanges_ (cf. p. 82).

Family 9. INIIDÆ.

Iniidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 226; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 4.

Platanistidæ (Iniinæ), _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vi.
p. 114.

Fluviatile. Head beaked; beak bristly. Teeth in the jaws, rugulose, crowns with an internal lobe; permanent. Pectoral fin large, elongate, subfalcate. Back keeled behind, without any dorsal fin. Skull—jaw compressed; symphysis of lower jaw elongate, extending for more than half its length. Overlooking the form of the blower, Mr. Flower places this genus with Platanistidæ.

Vertebræ 41. C. 7. D. 13. L. 3. C. 18. The smallest number of any Cetacean known.

“Costal cartilages not ossified. The tubercular and capitular articulations of the ribs blending together posteriorly. Cervical vertebræ all free. Pterygoid bones thin, not conforming in their mode of arrangement with either of the other sections. Jaws very long and narrow, both with numerous teeth having compressed fangs. Symphysis of mandible very long, exceeding half the length of the entire ramus. Orbit very small. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs large. Dorsal fin rudimentary.”—_Flower._

“Maxillary crests absent, or very slightly developed. Many of the teeth with a complete cingulum or a distinct tubercle at the base of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate, obtusely pointed.”—_Flower._

1. INIA.

Inia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 226; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 4;
_Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87.

Cervical vertebræ free: the first with an inferior posterior process, bifid at the end; lateral processes very short: the second with a strong dorsal process. Dorsal vertebræ with very high dorsal processes. Scapula very high, with very long acromion and coracoid processes. The arm-bone short. Forearms thick and short, scarcely so long as the upper arm-bone. Metacarpal bones seven, imbedded in cartilage. The second and third fingers very long, with six phalanges; the first finger very short, of two phalanges; the fourth strong, short, about as long as the first two phalanges of the third finger, of four phalanges; the fifth finger very short, slender, of three phalanges. The breast-bone ovate, scutate, notched in front.

1. Inia Geoffroyii.

Inia Geoffroyii, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 226, 393; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 4; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 87, t. 25,
26, 27 (skeleton).

Delphinus amazonicus, _Spix_, _Reise in Brasil._ t. iii. pp.
1119 and 1113, fig. 34 (bad).

Inia Geoffrensis, _D’Orbigny_, _in Ann. Mus. Paris_, vol. iii.
p. 23; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. xxxii.

Inhab. Brazil, river Amazon.

“The number of the teeth in the different specimens of _Inia_ examined shows a considerable range of variation, presuming that they all belong to one species. In the one now described there are R. 26, L. 26 / R. 25, L. 27 = 104. The larger specimen in the British Museum, from Ega, has 28-28/26-27 = 109, and also two minute rudimentary teeth in the gum behind the last in the left maxilla. In the smaller skull from the same place there are 29-26/28-27 = 110. In the skull in the Paris Museum, brought by D’Orbigny, there are, according to Gervais, 33-33/33-33 = 132; but in the type specimen in the same museum, taken from Lisbon, the number is given by De Bainville as 26-26/26-26 = 104. In the Berlin skull the teeth are 34-32/33-32 = 131. Von Martius, in his diagnosis of the species, gives 28-28/29-29 = 114.”—_Flower._

Family 10. DELPHINIDÆ.

Delphinidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 228, 393; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 4; _Flower_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p. 113.

Head beaked. Teeth in both jaws, conical or compressed, permanent, without any internal lobe, occupying nearly the whole length of the jaws. Back rounded, with a falcate dorsal fin; rarely absent. Skull with the maxilla expanded over the orbit, and more or less turned up on the edges.

“Costal cartilages firmly ossified. Posterior ribs losing their capitular articulation, and only uniting with the transverse processes of the vertebræ by the tubercle. Anterior (2-6) cervical, in most, ankylosed together. Pterygoid bones short, thin, involuted to form, with a process of the palatine bone, the outer wall of the postpalatine air-sinus. Numerous teeth in both jaws (_Monodon_ excepted), sometimes deciduous. Symphysis of mandible short or moderate, never exceeding one-third the length of the ramus. Bones of the skull not raised into a distinct crest behind the anterior nares. Orbit of moderate size. Lachrymal bones not distinct from the jugal. Pectoral limbs varying much in form and size. Dorsal fin usually present.”—_Flower._

Tribe I. _STENONINA._

Stenonina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.

Head beaked, teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, slender, compressed. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw elongate.

1. STENO.

Steno, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, pp. 230, 232, 393, 394;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.

Beak of the skull compressed, higher than broad. Symphysis of the lower jaw long. Marine and fluviatile. “Pectoral fin moderately long, triangular, obtusely pointed at the end. First digit short, without any bony phalange; the second with six, the third five, the fourth two, and the fifth one phalange. The carpal bones all separated by broad cartilages. Scapula oblique, truncated at the posterior angle. Acromion broad, and coracoid rather small.”—_Flower._

a. _Skull large, solid; the beak compressed, high._

* _Teeth large, conical, about two in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw._

1. Steno frontatus.

B.M.

Steno frontatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 233. n. 3; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 5, t. 21. f. 7, 8.

Beak of the skull short; the front part thick, high, and blunt. Teeth 24·24, large, two in an inch.

Inhab. Indian Ocean.

2. Steno compressus.

B.M.

Steno compressus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 233. n. 4; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 5, t. 27.

Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, attenuated in front. Teeth 26·26, large, two in an inch (Zool. E. & T. t. 27).

Inhab. South Sea.

_Steno rostratus_ appears to belong to this section.

** _Teeth three in an inch._

3. Steno chinensis.

Delphinus chinensis, _Osbeck’s China_; _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._
p. 266.

Delphinus sinenis, _Desmarest_, _Mam._ p. 514; _Flower_,
_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vol. vii. p. 151, t. 17, 18 (skeleton).

Vertebræ 51:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 10. C. 22.

Inhab. China, Canton (_Osbeck_), Formosa (_Swinhoe_).

b. _Skull small, rather spongy. Teeth small, slender, attenuated, about four or five in an inch of the length of the margin of the jaw._

* _Beak of the skull elongate, compressed, much attenuated and acute in front. Teeth four in an inch._

4. Steno capensis.

B.M.

Steno capensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 394. n. 4**; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

5. Steno lentiginosus.

B.M.

Steno lentiginosus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 394. n. 4**; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 5. f.
2, 3.

Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). Skull, B.M.

1. Steno roseiventris, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 233. no. 2.

Inhab. Moluccas. Skull not seen by me.

** _Beak of the skull short, compressed, much attenuated and acute in front. Teeth five in an inch. Flesh-coloured. Fluviatile._ Tucuxa.

6. Steno tucuxi.

B.M.

Steno tucuxi, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 236, 394; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. Brazil, river Amazons, 1500 miles from the sea (_Bates_).

See also _S. (?) fluviatilis_ and _S. (?) pallidus_, Gray, _l. c._ p. 237; same locality, if distinct.

*** _Beak of the skull elongate, rather depressed, broad, slightly compressed on the sides. Teeth small, five in an inch._ Stenella.

7. Steno attenuatus.

B.M.

Steno attenuatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 235, 395; _Syn. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. India.

The beak of the skull flattened (Zool. E. & T. t. 28).

This section is nearly intermediate between _Steno_ and _Clymenia_.

8. Steno fuscus.

B.M.

Steno fuscus, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 26. f.
1.

Only known from a fœtus in spirits.

2. Steno? brevimanus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 236.

Inhab. Banda, Singapore. Teeth 36/36.

3. Steno? coronatus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 238.

Inhab. Spitzbergen (_Fréminville_). Not seen since 1806, and no remains of it in any museum.

4. Steno? rostratus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 238.

Dauphin de Breda, _Cuvier_, _Oss. Foss._ vol v. p. 400.

Inhab. North Sea.

2. SOTALIA.

Sotalia, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 393, 401; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 6.

Dorsal fin distinct. Beak depressed, rather longer than the brain-cavity. Teeth slender, conical. Palate flat behind. Pectoral fin ovate, obliquely truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-bones. Carpal bones small. Scapula broad. Acromion broad.

Vertebræ 55:—C. 7. D. 12. L. 14. C. 22.

Scarcely distinct from _Steno_.

1. Sotalia guianensis.

Sotalia guianensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 401; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 6.

Tursio guianensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 257.

Delphinus guianensis, _Van Beneden_, _Mém. Acad. Brux._ p. 27,
t. 2 (skeleton), tom. xvi. tab. 2. figs. 1 and 2.

Inhab. British Guiana.

Teeth 28 or 29. Pectoral fin very broad: fingers five; the index the longest, the thumb and little finger the least developed. The caudal vertebræ very strong. The first two of the cervical vertebræ united, the five others separate. Sternum in three pieces.

Tribe II. DELPHININA.

Delphinina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.

Head beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull elongate, longer than the brain-cavity, depressed, broad, shelving on the sides. Nasal triangle short. Symphysis of the lower jaw very short, sloping. Dorsal fin subcentral, rarely wanting.

a. _Beak elongate. Palate with a deep groove on each side behind._

3. DELPHINUS.

Delphinus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 230, 239, 393; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.

Beak elongate. Dorsal fin distinct. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch. Fingers elongate, unequal; the second much the longest, 8- or 9-jointed; third elongate, about three-fourths the length; the rest short.

Fœtus and tongue figured, t. 26. f. 2 of Synops. Whales and Dolph.

* _Beak of skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth 55/55 or 56/56._

1. Delphinus longirostris.

B.M.

Delphinus longirostris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 241. no. 2; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. Southern Ocean; Cape of Good Hope; Japan; Malabar.

** _Beak of skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth 45/45 to 50/50._

2. Delphinus delphis.

B.M.

Delphinus delphis, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 242 (n. 3), 396;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5; _Reinhardt_, _Vidensk. Meddel._
1866, t. 1.

Black, sides grey, beneath white.

Inhab. North Sea; North Atlantic; Mediterranean.

Vertebræ 75:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 24. C. 31.

3. Delphinus Moorei.

Delphinus Moorei, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 396, fig. 99; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. South Atlantic.

4. Delphinus major.

B.M.

Delphinus major, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 396; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. ⸺?

5. Delphinus Walkeri.

Delphinus Walkeri, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 397, fig. 100; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. South Atlantic.

Burmeister (‘Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres,’ i. p. 306) erroneously considers it a synonym of _D. microps_, which is a _Clymenia_.

6. Delphinus Janira.

B.M.

Delphinus Janira, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 245, 398; _Zool. Ereb. &
Terror_, t. 23; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5, t. 23.

Inhab. Newfoundland.

7. Delphinus fulvifasciatus.

B.M.

Delphinus fulvifasciatus, _Pucheran_, _Voy. Dumont d’Urville,
Mamm._ t. 21. f. 1, t. 23. f. 1, 2 (skull); _Gray_, _Cat. Seals
& Whales_, p. 252.

Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.

8. Delphinus obliquidens.

Delphinus obliquidens, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._
1869, p. 12.

Lagenorhynchus obliquidens, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc.
Philad._ 1865, p. 177.

Inhab. North Pacific. Bottle-nose.

9. Delphinus pomeegra.

B.M.

Delphinus pomeegra, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 6. f. 3,
t. 8; _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 5.

Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_) Skull, Brit. Mus.

10. Delphinus Forsteri.

Delphinus Forsteri, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t.
24 (copied from _Forster’s drawing_).

Skull not known.

b. _Beak elongate. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove._

4. CLYMENIA.

Clymene, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 249; _P. Z. S._
1864, p. 237, 1866, p. 214.

Clymenia, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Nasal triangle moderate. Dorsal fin distinct. Pectoral fin falcate; hand larger than the forearm-bones. Skull elongate, slender; brain-case spherical; beak slender, elongate, longer than the brain-case; intermaxillaries convex. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch. The symphysis of the lower jaw short. The blowers are moderate.

* _Beak of the skull twice as long as the brain-case. Teeth five in an inch._ Micropia.

1. Clymenia stenorhyncha.

B.M.

Clymene stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.

Clymenia stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Delphinus stenorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 396. n. 1*.

Delphinus microps, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 240.

** _Beak of the skull once and three-quarters the length of the brain-cavity. Teeth six in an inch._ Euphrosyne.

2. Clymenia microps.

B.M.

Clymene microps, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.

Clymenia microps, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Delphinus microps, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 240, 395; _Zool.
Ereb. & Ter._ t. 25.

Inhab. Coast of Brazil.

3. Clymenia Alope.

B.M.

Clymene Alope, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.

Clymenia Alope, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 32.

Delphinus Alope, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 252, 399.

Inhab. Cape Horn.

4. Clymenia Styx.

B.M.

Delphinus Styx, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 250.

Clymenia Styx, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 21.

Inhab. West Africa, North Pacific.

5. Clymenia Euphrosyne.

B.M.

Clymene Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.

Clymenia Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t.
22 & t. 31.

Delphinus Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 251; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 22.

Inhab. North Sea.

*** _Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case. Teeth large, four in an inch._ Gadamu.

6. Clymenia gadamu.

B.M.

Clymenia gadamu, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Delphinus gadamu, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 3
(animal), & t. 4 (skull).

Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). Two skulls, Brit. Mus.

**** _Beak of the skull once and a half or once and one-third the length of the brain-case. Teeth five or six in an inch._ Clymenia.

7. Clymenia normalis.

B.M.

Clymene normalis, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.

Clymenia normalis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Delphinus Clymene, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 249.

Beak of the skull once and a half the length of the brain-case, and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth 40, nearly six in an inch.

***** _Beak of the skull once and one-half the length of the brain-case, and as long as twice and a half the width at the notch. Teeth five in an inch._

8. Clymenia Doris.

B.M.

Tursio Doris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 255; _Zool. Ereb. & Ter._ t.
20.

Clymenia Doris, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 20.

Clymene Doris, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 214.

9. Clymenia euphrosynoides.

B.M.

Clymenia euphrosynoides, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Delphinus Euphrosyne, _Gray_, _l. c._ t. 31 (skull); _Owen_,
_Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 8. f. 5.

****** _Beak of the skull once and one-third the length of the brain-case, and as long as twice and one-third the width at the notch. Teeth five in an inch._

10. Clymenia dorides.

B.M.

Tursio dorides, _Gray_, _Cat. S. &. W._ p. 400.

Clymene dorides, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215.

Clymenia dorides, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Inhab. ⸺?

******* _Beak of the skull once and one-sixth the length of the brain-case, and as long as twice and one-half the width at the notch. Teeth five or six in an inch. The aperture of the blower large._

11. Clymenia obscura. (Fig. 3.)

B.M.

Tursio obscurus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ pp. 264, 400; _Zool. E.
& T._ t. 16.

Clymene obscura, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 147,
fig. 1.

Clymenia obscura, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6, t. 16
(skull).

Inhab. South Pacific.

Fig. 3. _Clymenia obscura._

Fig. 4. _Clymenia similis._]

12. Clymenia similis. (Fig. 4.)

B.M.

Clymene similis, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1868, p. 147, fig. 2.

Clymenia similis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Skull like _C. obscura_, but palate contracted behind; side of pterygoid bone keeled.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

******** ⸺?

13. Clymenia crotaphiscus.

Clymenia crotaphiscus, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._
1865, p. 13.

Supraoccipital rounded in profile; diameter of temporal fossa shorter than the preorbital process; beak very flat, two and a half times the breadth at notch; a keel in front of the nasal meatus.

Inhab. Unknown.

14. Clymenia esthenops.

Clymenia esthenops, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._ 1865,
p. 12.

Outline from foramen to crest curved; cranium rounded; temporal fossa much longer than the postorbital process; width of the muzzle at notch two and a half times or less in the length.

Inhab. Unknown.

_Var._ Width of muzzle at notch nearly three times in the length; triangle long.

Inhab. Unknown.

5. DELPHINAPTERUS.

Delphinapterus, _Gray_, _Cat, Seals & Whales,_ p, 276; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

Beak of skull elongate, depressed. Teeth small, slender. Dorsal fin none. Bladebone very broad, nearly semicircular.

1. Delphinapterus Peronii.

Delphinapterus Peronii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 276; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 6, t. 15 (animal).

Inhab. South Atlantic, New Guinea.

c. _Beak short, thick. Palate flat behind, without any lateral groove._

6. TURSIO.

Tursio, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 254, 400; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 6.

_Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case, conical, convex above, rounded. Teeth large. Skull high. The skull large, thick, heavy, with a high swollen brain-cavity._ The beak rather longer than the brain-case, broad, conical, stout, shelving on the sides. Teeth large, 22/22 or 22/25. The blower large. Nasal triangle produced considerably before the notch.

Fig. 6. Under surface of the upper jaw, showing the worn surface.]

Vertebræ 62:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 17. C. 25.

Second finger very long; third shorter. Breast-bone formed of three pieces, linear, dilated in front.

1. Tursio truncatus. (Figs. 5 & 6.)

B.M.

Tursio truncatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 258, 400. no. 6; _P. Z.
S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 561, figs. 1, 2; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 6, (D. tursio) t. 10. f. 1.

Tursiops tursio, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 34. figs. 3-9.

Inhab. North Sea and Mediterranean. Coast of France and Cette (_Gervais_).

2. Tursio erebennus.

Delphinus erebennus, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. Nat. Sc. Philad._

Delphinus tursio, _Cope_, _l. c._ 1865, p. 199.

Teeth. 23/22; premaxillaries forming an elevated rounded ridge.

Inhab. Philadelphia.

3. Tursio Metis.

B.M.

Tursio Metis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 256. no. 3; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 18; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215, 1868, p. 362; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 18.

Inhab. West Africa.

4. Tursio Cymodoce.

B.M.

Tursio Cymodoce, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 257. no. 4; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 19; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 7, t. 19.

Inhab. River Uragua. Mus. Buenos Ayres.

5. Tursio abusalam.

Tursio abusalam, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 261. no. 7.

Tursiops aduncus, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 34. figs. 1 & 2.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_Gervais_); Red Sea (_Ehrenberg_).

Rather larger than _Tursiops tursio_. Teeth acute.

6. Tursio Eurynome.

B.M.

Tursio Eurynome, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 261. no. 8; _Zool. Ereb. &
Ter._ t. 17; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 7, t. 17.

Inhab. South Sea; India?, Bay of Bengal.

7. Tursio catalania.

B.M.

Tursio catalania, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 262. no. 10; _P. Z. S._
1866, p. 215; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.

Inhab. North-west coast of Australia.

These skulls are all very much alike.

7. EUTROPIA.

Eutropia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 262; _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.

Beak of the skull only rather longer than the brain-case. Skull depressed, thick, with the sides rather bent down behind the notch. The beak depressed, broad, rounded on the sides, rather longer than the length of the brain-case; the intermaxillaries flat, rather broad. Teeth small, slender, five or six in an inch.

The skull bears a considerable affinity to the skulls of _Phocæna_, _Neomeris_, _Beluga_, and _Monodon_ in the bending down of the sides.

1. Eutropia Dickiei.

B.M.

Eutropia Dickiei, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 34.

Tursio Eutropia, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1862, p. 145; _Cat. S. &
W._ p. 262, no. 9.

Inhab. South Pacific Ocean, Chili.

2. Eutropia Heavisidii.

B.M.

Eutropia Heavisidii, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 215; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.

Tursio Heavisidii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 263.

Cephalorhynchus Heavisidii, _Gervais_, _Ost. Cét._ tab. 36.
fig. 1 (skull).

Inhab. Cape seas.

Vertebræ 65:—C. 7. D. 13. L. 15. C. 30.

The _D. cephalorhynchus_ of F. Cuvier, judging from the figure of the skull given by Schlegel, appears also to belong to this genus.

See _Stigmatias_ (_Amblyodon_), Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1866, p. 294.

Tribe III. LAGENORHYNCHINA.

Lagenorhynchus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 267; _Gervais_,
_Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36.

Lagenorhynchina, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.

Head attenuated, beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull as long as the length of the brain-case, broad, flat above, edges slightly reflexed and bent up in front of the notch. Nasal triangle elongate. Symphysis of the lower jaw short.

8. ELECTRA.

Electra, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 268; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 7.

The beak of the skull very flat above, with the edges in front of the notches bent up. Teeth-line stopping considerably short of the notch.

* _Beak of the skull rather longer (about one-third) than the length of the brain-case. Teeth moderate, four in an inch, those of the lower jaw rather larger._

1. Electra obtusa.

B.M.

Lagenorhynchus Electra, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 268; _P. Z. S._
1866, p. 216; _Zool. E. & T._ t. 13.

Electra obtusa, _Gray_, _Synopsis of Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t.
13 (skull).

Beak tapering, rounded in front.

Inhab. ⸺?

2. Electra Asia.

B.M.

Lagenorhynchus Asia, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 269. no. 3; _Zool. E. &
T._ t. 14; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ tab. 36. fig. 6.

Electra Asia, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 14
(skull).

Beak attenuated, acute in front.

Inhab. ⸺?

3. Electra fusiformis.

B.M.

Electra fusiformis, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.

Delphinus fusiformis, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 5. f.
1, t. 7 (skull).

Beak broad, and rounded in front.

Inhab. India (_W. Elliot_). B.M.

4. Electra acuta.

Electra acuta, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7.

Lagenorhynchus acutus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 270. no. 4.

Delphinus Eschrichti, _Poelman_, _Ac. Roy. Belgique_, 1864,
vol. xvii. t. 1.

Inhab. North Sea.

According to Schlegel’s figure of the skull, it should be arranged in this section.

5. Electra breviceps.

Lagenorhynchus breviceps, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ tab. 36.
fig. 3.

Inhab. ⸺?

** _Beak of the skull rather shorter than the length of the brain-cavity. Teeth small, five or six in an inch._

6. Electra clancula.

B.M.

Electra clancula, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 35.

Lagenorhynchus clanculus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 271. no. 5;
_Hector_, _Trans. New-Zealand Instit._ 1870, p. 27.

Beak of the skull broad behind, once and three-fourths the width of the notch in length. Teeth five in an inch.

Inhab. South Pacific Ocean.

In the Museum of Wellington, New Zealand, a complete skeleton.

ft. in.

Total length 5 1·0
Cervical vertebræ seven, anchylosed 0 1·3
Dorsals fourteen 0 11·5

Lumbar and caudal forty-eight, thirty-four of which have processes, and may be considered lumbars.

in.
Skull:—
Length, total 14·0
Length of beak 7·5
Width at notch 3·5
Width at orbits 6·0
Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole 2·7
Width at middle of beak 2·5
Height of occiput 5·7
Length of flappers 12·0
Scapula, transverse diameter 4·5
Scapula, longitudinal diameter 6·5

This specimen was harpooned outside Wellington Harbour, and appears to be the common Dolphin of the coast.

Lower jaws of two others.

7. Electra crucigera.

Lagenorhynchus cruciger, _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36.
fig. 3.

8. Electra thicolea.

B.M.

Electra thicolea, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7, t. 36.

Lagenorhynchus thicolea, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 271. no. 7.

Beak of the skull narrow behind, twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth small, six in an inch.

Inhab. West coast of North America.

9. FERESA.

Orca (Feresa), _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 77.

The beak of the skull from the notch rather shorter than from the notch to the condyle, depressed, flat above, gradually tapering in front; the width at the notch two-thirds of the entire length of the beak. Lower jaw slender, narrow and thin in front, teeth not reaching the notch.

This reexamination has convinced me, and also, I believe, Mr. Flower, that the skull described under the name of _Orca intermedia_ belongs to a very small species, and is not “the skull of a very young individual, probably of one of the large species,” as Mr. Flower supposed, apparently from the examination of the figure (see Flower, P. Z. S. 1864, p. 425). Indeed, when the animal is known, I should not be at all astonished if it should prove to be a species of _Electra_ rather than of _Orca_, or perhaps a new genus.

This skull has many resemblances to those of some of the species of _Electra_; the teeth are much smaller than those of _Orca_.

1. Feresa intermedia.

B.M.

Orca intermedia, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; _Zool.
Erebus and Terror_, p. 34, tab. 8 (skull); _P. Z. S._ 1870, p.
77.

Inhab. ⸺?

This is the skull of a full-grown animal, and yet it is not so large as the skull of a newly born specimen of _Orca_. Mr. Flower, judging from the figure, believed it to be the skull of a very young animal; but on examining the skull along with me he became satisfied, from the solidity and definite form of the bones, that it is the skull of a full-grown though not aged specimen.

10. LEUCOPLEURUS.

Leucopleurus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 216; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 7.

Beak of the skull rather flat above and elongate, bent up on the edge in front of the notch, narrow behind, as long as, or slightly longer than, the length of the brain-case. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch. Teeth small, five in an inch. First and second cervical vertebræ united by their bodies, third and fourth by the spinous processes.

Vertebræ 81:—C. 7. D. 15. L. and C. 59.

1. Leucopleurus arcticus.

B.M.

Leucopleurus arcticus, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 7,
t. 6. f. 3-5 (fœtus), t. 12 (skull), t. 26. f. 3 (tongue).

Lagenorhynchus leucopleurus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 273. no.
9; _Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét._ t. 36. fig. 4.

Beak of the skull twice as long as the width at the notch. Teeth small, five in an inch.

Inhab. North Sea.

11. LAGENORHYNCHUS.

Lagenorhynchus, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1866, p. 216; _Cat. S. & W._
p. 272; _Synops. Whales &. Dolph._ p. 7.

Beak of the skull rather flat above, bent up on the edges in front of the notch, deep, broad behind, rather shorter than the length of brain-case. Teeth-line reaching nearly to the notch, large, three in an inch. First and second cervical vertebræ united by their bodies; the third, fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh free.

Vertebræ 88:—C. 7. D. 14. L. and C. 67.

1. Lagenorhynchus albirostris.

B.M.

Lagenorhynchus albirostris, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 272. no.
8; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8, t. 10. f. 2, t. 11 (skull);
_Gervais, Ostéogr. Cét._ tab. 36. fig. 5.

The beak of the skull once and one-half as long as the width at the notch.

Inhab. North Sea, Yarmouth.

Tribe IV. _PSEUDORCAINA._

Head rounded in front, very convex, not beaked. Teeth conical. Beak of the skull depressed, broad, scarcely so long as the brain-cavity.

12. PSEUDORCA.

Pseudorca, _Gray_, _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8.

Head rounded, convex; body moderate; dorsal fin moderate, in the centre of the back; arm-bones very short and thick, the humerus rather the shortest.

Triangle in front of the blowers flat. Teeth large, conical, acute, permanent. Pectoral fin falcate. Arm-bone short, broad. Metacarpal bones five, close together. Fingers very unequal, second and third much longer than the rest, six- or seven-jointed; first finger very short, two-jointed; third finger short, four-jointed, rather longer than the first two joints of the third finger. Tooth-line of the upper jaw nearly to the notch; of the lower jaw rather shorter. Lower jaw strong. Symphysis short, about as long as the space occupied by the first four teeth. Teeth large, conical, simple.

Vertebræ 50:—C. 7. D. 10. L. 9. C. 24.

The first to the sixth cervical vertebræ united by their bodies and dorsal processes. Bladebone broad, with large coracoid and acromion processes, which are much nearer together than usual.

* _Beak blunt, truncated in front._ Pseudorca.

1. Pseudorca crassidens.

Pseudorca crassidens, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 290. no. 1;
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr. Cét._ t.
50. f. 7-17.

Beak about two-thirds the length of the brain-cavity, broad, rather tapering on the sides, truncated in front; teeth 8.

Inhab. North Sea.

** _Beak narrow, tapering, and rounded in front._ Neoorca.

2. Pseudorca meridionalis.

B.M.

Pseudorca meridionalis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 291. no. 2, figs.
58, 59; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 8; _Gervais_, _Ostéogr.
Cét._ t. 50.

Beak as long as the brain-cavity, tapering on the side, and rounded in front. Teeth 8.

Inhab. Van Diemen’s Land.

13. ORCAELLA.

Orcaella, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 285; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p.
7.

Head blunt, rounded, very convex. Body moderate. Dorsal fin moderate, more or less behind the middle of the back; the pectoral fin broad. Skull:—brain-case subglobular; beak very short, two-thirds the length of the brain-case, tapering, flat above. Intermaxillary half as wide as beak. Teeth small, conical, 12·12 / 12·12 or 14·14 / 14·14.

1. Orcaella brevirostris.

B.M.

Orcaella brevirostris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 285; _Synops. Whales
& Dolph._ p. 7; _Anderson’s Icon. ined._ (animal and skull).

Phocæna brevirostris, _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. t. 9.

Globiocephalus indicus (part.), _Blyth_.

Black; body stout; dorsal fin subcentral.

Inhab. Estuaries of the Ganges (_Dr. Anderson_); Madras (_Elliot_).

2. Orcaella fluminalis.

Orcaella fluminalis, _Anderson’s MS. & Icon. ined._

Dolphin of the Irawady, _Anderson_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, pp. 220,
544.

“Body slender, dirty white; dorsal fin more posterior.”

Inhab. River Irawady, deep channels, from 300 to 1000 miles from the sea (_Dr. Anderson_).

Tribe V. PHOCÆNINA.

Lateral wings of the maxilla shelving down over the orbit. Triangle in front of the blower convex. Teeth compressed.

14. PHOCÆNA.

Phocæna, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 301; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.

Dorsal fin distinct, in the middle of the back, with a series of small spines on the upper part of its front edge. Teeth all compressed, truncate.

Vertebræ 64 to 66:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 44 to 46.

1. Phocæna communis.

Phocæna communis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 302; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.

Var.? Phocæna tuberculifera, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 304.

Inhab. North Sea.

1. Phocæna brachycium, _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil._ 1865,
p. 6; 1869, p. 28.

Inhab. Harbour of Salem.

2. Phocæna vomerina, _Gill_, _Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad._ 1865;
_Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. S. Philad._ 1869, p. 13.

Inhab. North Pacific. The Bay Porpoise.

15. ACANTHODELPHIS.

Acanthodelphis, _Gray_, _l. c._ 304; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._
p. 8.

Dorsal fin distinct, rather behind the middle of the back. Back, in front of the dorsal fin, with a single, and the upper part of the front edge of the dorsal fin with three series of oblong keeled tubercles. Teeth compressed, front one rather conical.

1. Acanthodelphis spinipinnis.

Acanthodelphis spinipinnis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 304; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 8.

Phocæna spinipinnis, _Burmeister_, _Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres_,
vol. i. t. 23 (animal), 24 (skull).

Inhab. Coast of Brazil.

16. NEOMERIS.

Neomeris, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 306; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p.
8.

Dorsal fin none. Head rounded. Teeth compressed, slightly notched in the middle of the crown. Pectoral fin ovate-falcate. The blade bone triangular, with a large coracoid and acromion process. The forearm-bones close together, linear. Metacarpal bones five, large. The hand rather large; the second and third fingers elongate, nearly equal, as long as the arm-bones, the fourth finger shorter, the first shorter, and the fifth very short.

Vertebræ 63:—C. 7. D. 13. L. and C. 43.

1. Neomeris phocænoides.

Neomeris phocænoides, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 306; _Synops, Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.

“Delphinapterus molagan,” _Owen_, _Trans. Zool. Soc._ vi. p.
24, a name given to a manuscript note of Mr. Elliot’s!

Inhab. Indian Ocean; Bengal; Cape of Good Hope; Japan.

Schlegel (Fauna Japonica, Mammalia, tab. v.) gives a detailed figure of the skull, the dorsal vertebræ, the chest-bone, and the fore limb of this animal.

B. _Pectoral fin low down on the side of the body. The second and third fingers very long, of nine or twelve phalanges_ (cf. p. 63).

Family 11. GRAMPIDÆ.

Head rounded; forehead rather convex. Teeth conical; of upper jaw early deciduous, of lower jaw only in the front over the short symphysis. Dorsal fin low, rather behind the middle of the back. Pectoral fins ovate, elongate. Skull depressed, with the lateral expansions horizontal, rather thickened and bent up over the orbit and slightly dilated and bent down over the notch. Intermaxillaries dilated, swollen in front of the blower. Atlas free; rest of cervical vertebræ and dorsal processes united. The arm-bones short. Two middle fingers elongated, subequal, of eight or nine phalanges; the other fingers very short, of two or three phalanges. The breast-bone single, broad in front.

1. GRAMPUS.

Grampus, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 230, 295, 393; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.

† _Triangle in front of the blowers elongate, produced in front over the vomer. Bladebone triangular, the height about two-thirds the width. Beak of skull narrow, more contracted for two-thirds of its length._

1. Grampus Rissoanus.

Grampus Rissoanus, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 298;
_Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 54. figs. 1-6; _Murie_, _Journ.
Anat. & Physiol._ 1870, v. p. 129, t. 5 (good).

Beak of skull rather broad or gradually tapering towards the front; intermaxillaries rather broad; bladebone triangular, the height three-fourths the width.

Inhab. Nice.

2. Grampus Cuvieri.

B.M.

Grampus Cuvieri, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 295, fig. 60; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.

Grampus griseus, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 54. figs. 1-6.

Inhab. North Sea, Hampshire.

†† _Triangle in front of the blowers short, broad._

3. Grampus Richardsonii.

Grampus Richardsonii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 299; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope.

Family 12. GLOBIOCEPHALIDÆ.

Globiocephalidæ, _Gray_, _l. c._ pp. 62, 313; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.

Head blunt, very much swollen. Teeth in the front part of both jaws, cylindrical, simple; symphysis very short, shorter than the tooth-line. Dorsal fin falcate. Pectoral fin low down on the sides of the body; fingers elongate, many-jointed. Atlas and the rest of cervical vertebræ united, or the hinder one free. Scapula triangular, with large coracoid and acromion processes. Arm-bones very short. Metacarpal bones in cartilage. The two middle fingers very long, of twelve to ten joints; the rest of the fingers short, of three or four phalanges; index finger short, slender, four-jointed; ring-finger shorter, three-jointed; little finger very short, of one phalange. Breast-bone of three separate pierced pieces; the hinder one narrow.

1. GLOBIOCEPHALUS.

Globiocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 313; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.

Skull:—palate flat; beak rather tapering in front. First to sixth cervical vertebræ anchylosed into one mass, seventh free.

Vertebræ 58 or 59:—C. 7. D. 11. L. and C. 40 or 41.

* _Black, with a white streak beneath._

1. Globiocephalus svineval.

B.M.

Globiocephalus svineval, _Gray_, _l. c._ 314; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.

Inhab. North Sea, coast of England. The Pilot Whale.

1. Globiocephalus melas, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 51.

Delphinus globiceps, _Risso_, _Europe Mérid._ vol. iii. f. 1.

Inhab. Mediterranean.

2. Globiocephalus affinis, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 317.

Inhab. North Sea.

3. Globiocephalus intermedius, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 318.

Globiocephalus, n. sp., _Cope_, _Proc. Acad. N. Sc. Phil._
1865, p. 7.

Inhab. Delaware Bay. Teeth six above.

4. Globiocephalus Edwardsii, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 320.

Inhab. South Sea. Cape of Good Hope.

5. Globiocephalus guadaloupensis.

Globiocephalus intermedius, _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t.
(skull).

Globiocephalus intermedius (part.), _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p.
319.

Inhab. Guadaloupe. Mus. Paris.

2. Globiocephalus Grayi.

Globiocephalus Grayi, _Burmeister_, _Ann. & Mag. N. H._ 1868,
i. p. 52, t. 2. f. 2, 3; _Anales Mus. Buenos Ayres_; _Gray_,
_Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.

Inhab. Buenos Ayres.

** _Black, or only slightly paler beneath._

3. Globiocephalus macrorhynchus.

B.M.

Globiocephalus macrorhynchus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 320; _Synops.
Whales & Dolph._ p. 9; _Gervais_, _Ostéog. Cét._ t. 52. f. 4;
_Hector_, _Trans. New-Zealand Instit._ 1870, p. 38.

Inhab. South Sea. New Zealand (_Gervais_).

“Two skulls in the Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand, one in longitudinal section; one lower jaw; six cervical, four lumbar, thirteen caudal vertebræ; two scapulæ; two hyoids. Both skulls are of the same dimensions:—

inches.

“Length 26
Length of nose 15
Length of tooth-series 8
Length of lower jaw 15
(This is of a different individual.)
Width at notch 11
Width at orbit 17
Width of intermaxillary at blow-hole 7·5
Width at middle of nose 9·5
Height of occiput 14
Scapula, transverse diameter 15
Scapula, longitudinal diameter 12

“Hyoid arch 11 inches wide by 7 inches high.

“Sternum 10 × 7 inches—with three sternal ribs, each 7 inches long.

“The first rib is 10 inches from head to tip, but is bent with an arch of 5 inches.

“The atlas, axis, and three other cervicals are anchylosed. The compound cervicals have a conjoined length of 4 inches. Vertical diameter of foramen magnum 2½ inches. Conjoined length of the four lumbers 8 inches; height, including spinous processes, 8·5 inches. Caudal apparatus, of thirteen segments, 16 inches; two of these are anchylosed. Teeth 9-9/8-8”.—_Hector._

6. Globiocephalus Scammonii, _Cope_, _Proc. Ac. N. S. Philad._
1869, p. 11.

Black above and below.

Inhab. North Pacific.

7. Globiocephalus australis.

Inhab. Coast of Australia. In Museum of Sydney.

8. Globiocephalus indicus, _Gray_, _Cat. S. & W._ p. 322.

Inhab. Bay of Bengal. Black fish.

9. Globiocephalus Sieboldii, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323.

Inhab. Japan.

10. Globiocephalus chinensis, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323.

Inhab. China.

11. Globiocephalus sibo, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323 (_sub_ G.
Sieboldii).

Inhab. Japan. Called “Sibo golo.” Purple, with a white spot behind the dorsal fin.

2. SPHÆROCEPHALUS.

Sphærocephalus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 323; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 9.

Palate of the skull convex, shelving on the sides. Beak oblong, of nearly the same width the greater part of its length.

1. Sphærocephalus incrassatus.

B.M.

Sphærocephalus incrassatus, _Gray_, _l. c._ p. 324, figs. 63 &
64; _Synops. Whales & Dolph._ p. 9.

Inhab. British Channel, Bridport.

II. _Pectoral fin broad, rounded or truncated at the end; hand shorter than the arm-bones; second finger the longest, the rest gradually shorter; phalanges of the second finger six or eight_ (cf. p. 63).

Family 13. ORCADÆ.

Orca, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 278; _Synops. Whales &
Dolph._ p. 8.

Head rounded, scarcely beaked. Dorsal fin falcate. Skull heavy; wings of sides expanded; beak short, broad; triangle in front of the blowers flat. Lower jaw thick in front; symphysis short. Teeth large.

_Orca stenorhyncha._]

_Orca capensis._]

_Orca stenorhyncha._]

_Orca capensis._]

Vertebræ 51 or 52:—C. 7. D. 11 or 12. L. and C. 33.

The first three cervical vertebræ united into one mass by their bodies and dorsal processes, the rest more or less free. Pectoral fin broad and rounded at the end. “Carpal bone single, in a large mass of cartilage.”

1. ORCA.

Orca, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 70.

Beak of the skull from the notch before the orbit the same length as from the notch to the condyles; the width at the notch three-fifths of the length of the beak. The occipital end of the skull slightly concave. Condyles of moderate size. Lower jaw broad on the sides, very thick and solid in front.

A. _The beak of the skull tapering and narrow in front, end narrow._ Gladiator.

1. Orca stenorhyncha. (Figs. 7 & 9.)

B.M.

Orca stenorhyncha, _Gray_, _P. Z. S._ 1870, p. 71, figs. 1 & 3
(skull).

Orca gladiator, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 279.

Inhab. North Sea. Skeleton from Weymouth, and a skull from the English coast. B.M.

Intermaxillaries narrow in the middle and rather dilated in front; but the extent of dilatation varies in the two specimens.

The examination of the four skulls of _Orca_ found on the English coast show they belong to two very distinct species, one with a much more attenuated beak than the other.

B. _Beak of the skull spatulate; sides of the hinder half nearly parallel, of the front half arched and converging; end rounded, middle rather wider than at the notch._ Orca.

2. Orca capensis. (Figs. 8 & 10.)

B.M.

Orca capensis, _Gray_, _Cat. Seals & Whales_, p. 283; P. Z. S.
1870, p. 71, figs. 2 & 4.

Delphinus orca, _Owen_.

Grampus gladiator, _Smith_, _South-African Zool._ p. 126.

Inhab. Cape of Good Hope (_Viney_, B.M.; _Villette_, Mus. Coll. Surg. no. 1139); Seychelles Islands (_Swinburne Ward_).