Chapter V (47)

Transportation

Railways:
total: 1,201,337 km includes about 190,000 to 195,000 km of
electrified routes of which 147,760 km are in Europe, 24,509 km in
the Far East, 11,050 km in Africa, 4,223 km in South America, and
4,160 km in North America; note--fastest speed in daily service is
300 km/hr attained by France's Societe Nationale des Chemins-de-Fer
Francais (SNCF) Le Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV)--Atlantique line
broad gauge: 251,153 km
standard gauge: 710,754 km
narrow gauge: 239,430 km

Highways:
total: NA km
paved: NA km
unpaved: NA km

Ports and harbors: Chiba, Houston, Kawasaki, Kobe, Marseille,
Mina' al Ahmadi (Kuwait), New Orleans, New York, Rotterdam, Yokohama

Merchant marine:
total: 28,310 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 495,299,489
GRT/764,129,056 DWT
ships by type: barge carrier 23, bulk 5,745, cargo 8,766, chemical
tanker 1,326, combination bulk 319, combination ore/oil 227,
container 2,615, liquefied gas tanker 802, livestock carrier 60,
multifunction large-load carrier 90, oil tanker 4,521, passenger
392, passenger-cargo 126, railcar carrier 19, refrigerated cargo
1,067, roll-on/roll-off cargo 1,117, short-sea passenger 484,
specialized tanker 118, vehicle carrier 493 (1998 est.)

Military

Military branches: ground, maritime, and air forces at all levels
of technology

Military expenditures--dollar figure: aggregate real expenditure
on arms worldwide in 1998 remained at approximately the 1997 level,
about three-quarters of a trillion dollars (1998 est.)

Military expenditures--percent of GDP: roughly 2% of gross world
product (1998 est.)

======================================================================

@Yemen -----

Geography

Location: Middle East, bordering the Arabian Sea, Gulf of Aden,
and Red Sea, between Oman and Saudi Arabia

Geographic coordinates: 15 00 N, 48 00 E

Map references: Middle East

Area:
total: 527,970 sq km
land: 527,970 sq km
water: 0 sq km
note: includes Perim, Socotra, the former Yemen Arab Republic (YAR
or North Yemen), and the former People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen (PDRY or South Yemen)

Area--comparative: slightly larger than twice the size of Wyoming

Land boundaries:
total: 1,746 km
border countries: Oman 288 km, Saudi Arabia 1,458 km

Coastline: 1,906 km

Maritime claims:
contiguous zone: 18 nm in the North; 24 nm in the South
continental shelf: 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
territorial sea: 12 nm

Climate: mostly desert; hot and humid along west coast; temperate
in western mountains affected by seasonal monsoon; extraordinarily
hot, dry, harsh desert in east

Terrain: narrow coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and
rugged mountains; dissected upland desert plains in center slope
into the desert interior of the Arabian Peninsula

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Arabian Sea 0 m
highest point: Jabal an Nabi Shu'ayb 3,760 m

Natural resources: petroleum, fish, rock salt, marble, small
deposits of coal, gold, lead, nickel, and copper, fertile soil in
west

Land use:
arable land: 3%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 30%
forests and woodland: 4%
other: 63% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 3,600 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: sandstorms and dust storms in summer

Environment--current issues: very limited natural fresh water
resources; inadequate supplies of potable water; overgrazing; soil
erosion; desertification

Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification,
Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea,
Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography--note: strategic location on Bab el Mandeb, the strait
linking the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active
shipping lanes

People

Population: 16,942,230 (July 1999 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 48% (male 4,118,292; female 3,971,886)
15-64 years: 49% (male 4,243,809; female 4,065,429)
65 years and over: 3% (male 278,133; female 264,681) (1999 est.)

Population growth rate: 3.34% (1999 est.)

Birth rate: 43.31 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate: 9.88 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 1.05 male(s)/female
total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 69.82 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 59.98 years
male: 58.17 years
female: 61.88 years (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate: 7.06 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Yemeni(s)
adjective: Yemeni

Ethnic groups: predominantly Arab; Afro-Arab concentrations in
western coastal locations; South Asians in southern regions; small
European communities in major metropolitan areas

Religions: Muslim including Shaf'i (Sunni) and Zaydi (Shi'a),
small numbers of Jewish, Christian, and Hindu

Languages: Arabic

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 38%
male: 53%
female: 26% (1990 est.)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Yemen
conventional short form: Yemen
local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Yamaniyah
local short form: Al Yaman

Data code: YM

Government type: republic

Capital: Sanaa

Administrative divisions: 17 governorates (muhafazat,
singular--muhafazah); Abyan, 'Adan, Al Bayda', Al Hudaydah, Al Jawf,
Al Mahrah, Al Mahwit, 'Ataq, Dhamar, Hadhramawt, Hajjah, Ibb, Lahij,
Ma'rib, Sa'dah, San'a', Ta'izz
note: there may be a new governorate for the capital city of Sanaa

Independence: 22 May 1990 Republic of Yemen was established with
and the Marxist-dominated People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
independent on NA November 1918 (from the Ottoman Empire) and South
Yemen had become independent on 30 November 1967 (from the UK)

National holiday: Proclamation of the Republic, 22 May (1990)

Constitution: 16 May 1991; amended 29 September 1994

Legal system: based on Islamic law, Turkish law, English common
law, and local tribal customary law; does not accept compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Lt. Gen. Ali Abdallah SALIH (since 22 May
1990, the former president of North Yemen, assumed office upon the
merger of North and South Yemen); Vice President Maj. Gen. Abd
al-Rab Mansur al-HADI (since NA October 1994)
head of government: Prime Minister Dr. Abd al-Karim Ali al-IRYANI
(since NA April 1998)
cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president on the
advice of the prime minister
elections: President SALIH was elected by the House of
Representatives for a five-year term, however, future presidents
will be elected by direct, popular vote for five-year terms;
election last held 1 October 1994 (next to be held NA 1999); vice
president appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy
prime ministers appointed by the president
election results: Ali Abdallah SALIH elected president; percent of
House of Representatives vote--NA

Legislative branch: unicameral House of Representatives (301
seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: last held 27 April 1997 (next to be held NA April 2001)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--GPC
189, Islah 52, Nasserite Unionist Party 3, National Arab Socialist
Baath Party 2, independents 54, election pending 1
note: in May 1997, the president created a consultative council,
sometimes referred to as the upper house of Parliament; its 59
members are all appointed by the president

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: there are over 12 political
parties active in Yemen, some of the more prominent are: General
SALAAM]
note: President SALIH's General People's Congress or GPC won a
landslide victory in the April 1997 legislative election and no
longer governs in coalition with Shaykh Abdallah bin Husayn
al-AHMAR's Islamic Reform Grouping or Islaah--the two parties had
been in coalition since the end of the civil war in 1994; the YSP, a
loyal opposition party, boycotted the April 1997 legislative election

Political pressure groups and leaders: NA

International organization participation: ACC, AFESD, AL, AMF,
CAEU, CCC, ESCWA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD,
IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, ITU, NAM, OIC,
OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO,
WTrO (applicant)

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Abd al-Wahhab Abdallah al-HAJRI
chancery: Suite 705, 2600 Virginia Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Barbara K. BODINE
embassy: Dhahr Himyar Zone, Sheraton Hotel District, Sanaa
mailing address: P. O. Box 22347, Sanaa

Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top),
white, and black; similar to the flag of Syria which has two green
stars and of Iraq which has three green stars (plus an Arabic
inscription) in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also
similar to the flag of Egypt which has a symbolic eagle centered in
the white band

Economy

Economy--overview: Yemen, one of the poorest countries in the Arab
world, reported strong growth in the mid-1990s with the onset of oil
production, but was harmed by low oil prices in 1998. Yemen has
embarked on an IMF-supported structural adjustment program designed
to modernize and streamline the economy, which has led to foreign
debt relief and restructuring. Yemen will work in 1999 to maintain
tight control over spending and implement additional components of
the IMF program. The high population growth rate of 3.3%, internal
political dissension, and continued low prices make the government's
task especially difficult.

GDP: purchasing power parity--$12.1 billion (1998 est.)

GDP--real growth rate: 1.8% (1998 est.)

GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$740 (1998 est.)

GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 16%
industry: 46%
services: 38% (1996)

Population below poverty line: NA%

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 2.3%
highest 10%: 30.8% (1992)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 11% (1998 est.)

Labor force: NA

Labor force--by occupation: most people are employed in
agriculture and herding or as expatriate laborers; services,
construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-half
of the labor force

Unemployment rate: 30% (1995 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.3 billion
expenditures: $2.6 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA
(1998 budget est.)

Industries: crude oil production and petroleum refining;
small-scale production of cotton textiles and leather goods; food
processing; handicrafts; small aluminum products factory; cement

Industrial production growth rate: NA%

Electricity--production: 1.9 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 100%
hydro: 0%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)

Electricity--consumption: 1.9 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--exports: 0 kWh (1996)

Electricity--imports: 0 kWh (1996)

Agriculture--products: grain, fruits, vegetables, qat (mildly
narcotic shrub), coffee, cotton; dairy products, poultry, beef; fish

Exports: $1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Exports--commodities: crude oil, cotton, coffee, dried and salted
fish

Exports--partners: China 31%, South Korea 19%, Thailand 17%,
Thailand 5%, Brazil 5%, Japan 5% (1997)

Imports: $2.8 billion (c.i.f., 1998 est.)

Imports--commodities: food and live animals, machinery and
equipment, manufactured goods

Imports--partners: UAE 9%, Saudi Arabia 8%, US 7%, France 6%,
Brazil 5% (1997)

Debt--external: $4.9 billion (1998)

Economic aid--recipient: $176.1 million (1995)

Currency: Yemeni rial (YRl) (new currency)

Exchange rates: Yemeni rials (YRl) per US$1--140.940 (October
1998), 129.286 (1997), 94.157 (1996), 40.839 (1995), 12.010
(official fixed rate 1991-94)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications

Telephones: 131,655 (1992 est.)

Telephone system: since unification in 1990, efforts have been
made to create a national telecommunications network
domestic: the network consists of microwave radio relay, cable, and
tropospheric scatter
international: satellite earth stations--3 Intelsat (2 Indian Ocean
and 1 Atlantic Ocean), 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region), and 2
Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Saudi Arabia and Djibouti

Radio broadcast stations: AM 4, FM 1, shortwave 0

Radios: 325,000 (1993 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 7 (in addition, there are several
low-power repeaters) (1997)

Televisions: 100,000 (1993 est.)

Transportation

Railways: 0 km

Highways:
total: 64,725 km
paved: 5,243 km
unpaved: 59,482 km (1996 est.)

Pipelines: crude oil 644 km; petroleum products 32 km

Ports and harbors: Aden, Al Hudaydah, Al Mukalla, As Salif,
Mocha, Nishtun

Merchant marine:
total: 3 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 12,059 GRT/18,563 DWT
ships by type: cargo 1, oil tanker 2 (1998 est.)

Airports: 48 (1998 est.)

Airports--with paved runways:
total: 12
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 7
1,524 to 2,437 m: 1
914 to 1,523 m: 1
under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)

Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 36
over 3,047 m: 2
2,438 to 3,047 m: 9
1,524 to 2,437 m: 10
914 to 1,523 m: 12
under 914 m: 3 (1998 est.)

Military

Military branches: Army, Navy, Air Force, Air Defense Forces,
paramilitary (includes Police)

Military manpower--military age: 18 years of age

Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 3,776,075 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 2,119,308 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--reaching military age annually:
males: 212,005 (1999 est.)

Military expenditures--dollar figure: $413.6 million (1999)

Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 7.6% (1999)

Transnational Issues

Disputes--international: a large section of boundary with Saudi
Arabia is not defined; Hanish Islands dispute with Eritrea resolved
by arbitral tribunal in October 1998

======================================================================

@Zambia ------

Geography

Location: Southern Africa, east of Angola

Geographic coordinates: 15 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total: 752,610 sq km
land: 740,720 sq km
water: 11,890 sq km

Area--comparative: slightly larger than Texas

Land boundaries:
total: 5,664 km
border countries: Angola 1,110 km, Democratic Republic of the Congo
1,930 km, Malawi 837 km, Mozambique 419 km, Namibia 233 km, Tanzania
338 km, Zimbabwe 797 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: tropical; modified by altitude; rainy season (October to
April)

Terrain: mostly high plateau with some hills and mountains

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Zambezi river 329 m
highest point: unnamed location in Mafinga Hills 2,301 m

Natural resources: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, coal, emeralds,
gold, silver, uranium, hydropower

Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 40%
forests and woodland: 39%
other: 14% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 460 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: tropical storms (November to April)

Environment--current issues: air pollution and resulting acid rain
in the mineral extraction and refining region; poaching seriously
threatens rhinoceros and elephant populations; deforestation; soil
erosion; desertification; lack of adequate water treatment presents
human health risks

Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone
Layer Protection, Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

Geography--note: landlocked

People

Population: 9,663,535 (July 1999 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 49% (male 2,381,937; female 2,355,807)
15-64 years: 49% (male 2,308,715; female 2,379,994)
65 years and over: 2% (male 107,427; female 129,655) (1999 est.)

Population growth rate: 2.12% (1999 est.)

Birth rate: 44.51 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate: 22.56 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Net migration rate: -0.78 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 91.85 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 36.96 years
male: 36.72 years
female: 37.21 years (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate: 6.35 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Zambian(s)
adjective: Zambian

Ethnic groups: African 98.7%, European 1.1%, other 0.2%

Religions: Christian 50%-75%, Muslim and Hindu 24%-49%,
indigenous beliefs 1%

Languages: English (official), major vernaculars--Bemba, Kaonda,
Lozi, Lunda, Luvale, Nyanja, Tonga, and about 70 other indigenous
languages

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 78.2%
male: 85.6%
female: 71.3% (1995 est.)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zambia
conventional short form: Zambia
former: Northern Rhodesia

Data code: ZA

Government type: republic

Capital: Lusaka

Administrative divisions: 9 provinces; Central, Copperbelt,
Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, Northern, North-Western, Southern, Western

Independence: 24 October 1964 (from UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 24 October (1964)

Constitution: 2 August 1991

Legal system: based on English common law and customary law;
judicial review of legislative acts in an ad hoc constitutional
council; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October 1991);
Vice President Christon TEMBO (since NA December 1997); note--the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: President Frederick CHILUBA (since 31 October
1991); Vice President Christon TEMBO (since NA December 1997);
note--the president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president from among the members
of the National Assembly
elections: president elected by popular vote for a five-year term;
election last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA October
2001); vice president appointed by the president
election results: Frederick CHILUBA reelected president; percent of
vote--Frederick CHILUBA 70%, Dean MUNGO'MBA 12%, Humphrey MULEMBA 6%,
Akashambatwa LEWANIKA 4%, Chama CHAKOMBOKA 3%, others 5%

Legislative branch: unicameral National Assembly (150 seats;
members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms)
elections: last held 18 November 1996 (next to be held NA October
2001)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by party--MMD
130, NP 5, ZADECO 2, AZ 2, independents 11

Judicial branch: Supreme Court, justices are appointed by the
president

Political parties and leaders: Agenda for Zambia or AZ

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-19, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITU, MONUA, NAM, OAU,
OPCW, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNOMSIL, UPU, WCL, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Dunstan Weston KAMANA
chancery: 2419 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Arlene RENDER
embassy: corner of Independence and United Nations Avenues
mailing address: P. O. Box 31617, Lusaka

Flag description: green with a panel of three vertical bands of
red (hoist side), black, and orange below a soaring orange eagle, on
the outer edge of the flag

Economy

Economy--overview: Despite progress in privatization and budgetary
reform, Zambia's economy has a long way to go. Inflation, while
slowing somewhat, continues to be a major concern to the CHILUBA
government. Zambia's copper mining sector, which accounts for over
80% of the nation's foreign currency intake, is struggling.
Production rates are down as are world copper prices. Aid cuts by
Zambia's donors, arising out of concern for the November 1996 flawed
election, also have damaged Zambia's economic prospects. Urged by
the World Bank, Zambia has embarked on a privatization program which
is to include the all-important copper industry. Until a deal on the
copper sector is concluded, perhaps by mid-1999, economic prospects
will remain clouded.

GDP: purchasing power parity--$8.3 billion (1998 est.)

GDP--real growth rate: -2% (1998 est.)

GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$880 (1998 est.)

GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 23%
industry: 40%
services: 37% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line: 86% (1993 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.5%
highest 10%: 31.3% (1993)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 43.9% (1996)

Labor force: 3.4 million

Labor force--by occupation: agriculture 85%, mining,
manufacturing, and construction 6%, transport and services 9%

Unemployment rate: 22% (1991)

Budget:
revenues: $888 million
expenditures: $835 million, including capital expenditures of $110
million (1995 est.)

Industries: copper mining and processing, construction,
foodstuffs, beverages, chemicals, textiles, fertilizer

Industrial production growth rate: 3.5% (1996)

Electricity--production: 7.84 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 0.51%
hydro: 99.49%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)

Electricity--consumption: 6.393 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--exports: 1.47 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--imports: 23 million kWh (1996)

Agriculture--products: corn, sorghum, rice, peanuts, sunflower
seed, tobacco, cotton, sugarcane, cassava (tapioca); cattle, goats,
pigs, poultry, beef, pork, poultry meat, milk, eggs, hides

Exports: $905 million (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Exports--commodities: copper, cobalt, zinc, lead, tobacco

Exports--partners: Japan, South Africa, US, Saudi Arabia, India,
Thailand, Malaysia (1997)

Imports: $1.1 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Imports--commodities: machinery, transportation equipment,
foodstuffs, fuels, petroleum products, electricity, fertilizer

Imports--partners: South Africa 48%, Saudi Arabia, UK, Zimbabwe
(1997)

Debt--external: $7.1 billion (1997 est.)

Economic aid--recipient: $1.991 billion (1995)

Currency: 1 Zambian kwacha (ZK) = 100 ngwee

Exchange rates: Zambian kwacha (ZK) per US$1--1,428 (October
1998), 1,333.81 (1997), 1,203.71 (1996), 857.23 (1995), 669.37 (1994)

Fiscal year: calendar year

Communications

Telephones: 80,900 (1987 est.)

Telephone system: facilities are among the best in Sub-Saharan
Africa
domestic: high-capacity microwave radio relay connects most larger
towns and cities
international: satellite earth stations--2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean
and 1 Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 11, FM 5, shortwave 0

Radios: 1,889,140

Television broadcast stations: 9 (1997)

Televisions: 215,000 (1995 est.)

Transportation

Railways:
total: 2,164 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 2,164 km 1.067-m gauge (13 km double track)
note: the total includes 891 km of the Tanzania-Zambia Railway
Authority (TAZARA), which operates 1,860 km of 1.067-m narrow gauge
track between Dar es Salaam and Kapiri Mposhi where it connects to
the Zambia Railways system; TAZARA is not a part of Zambia Railways

Highways:
total: 39,700 km
paved: 7,265 km (including 60 km of expressways)
unpaved: 32,435 km (1996 est.)

Waterways: 2,250 km, including Zambezi and Luapula rivers, Lake
Tanganyika

Pipelines: crude oil 1,724 km

Ports and harbors: Mpulungu

Airports: 112 (1998 est.)

Airports--with paved runways:
total: 12
over 3,047 m: 1
2,438 to 3,047 m: 3
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
914 to 1,523 m: 2
under 914 m: 1 (1998 est.)

Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 100
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 2
914 to 1,523 m: 66
under 914 m: 31 (1998 est.)

Military

Military branches: Army, Air Force, paramilitary forces, Police

Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 2,102,167 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,113,174 (1999 est.)

Military expenditures--dollar figure: $76 million (1997)

Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 1.8% (1997)

Transnational Issues

Disputes--international: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and
Zimbabwe is in disagreement

Illicit drugs: transshipment point for methaqualone, heroin, and
cocaine bound for Southern Africa and Europe; regional
money-laundering center

======================================================================

@Zimbabwe --------

Geography

Location: Southern Africa, northeast of Botswana

Geographic coordinates: 20 00 S, 30 00 E

Map references: Africa

Area:
total: 390,580 sq km
land: 386,670 sq km
water: 3,910 sq km

Area--comparative: slightly larger than Montana

Land boundaries:
total: 3,066 km
border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa
225 km, Zambia 797 km

Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)

Climate: tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November
to March)

Terrain: mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high
veld); mountains in east

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: junction of the Runde and Save rivers 162 m
highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Natural resources: coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel,
copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Land use:
arable land: 7%
permanent crops: 0%
permanent pastures: 13%
forests and woodland: 23%
other: 57% (1993 est.)

Irrigated land: 1,930 sq km (1993 est.)

Natural hazards: recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are
rare

Environment--current issues: deforestation; soil erosion; land
degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd--once
the largest concentration of the species in the world--has been
significantly reduced by poaching

Environment--international agreements:
party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered
Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection
signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geography--note: landlocked

People

Population: 11,163,160 (July 1999 est.)

Age structure:
0-14 years: 43% (male 2,432,785; female 2,389,029)
15-64 years: 54% (male 2,986,531; female 3,059,186)
65 years and over: 3% (male 132,532; female 163,097) (1999 est.)

Population growth rate: 1.02% (1999 est.)

Birth rate: 30.64 births/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Death rate: 20.43 deaths/1,000 population (1999 est.)

Net migration rate: NA migrant(s)/1,000 population
note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South
Africa in search of better paid employment

Sex ratio:
at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.81 male(s)/female
total population: 0.99 male(s)/female (1999 est.)

Infant mortality rate: 61.21 deaths/1,000 live births (1999 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:
total population: 38.86 years
male: 38.77 years
female: 38.94 years (1999 est.)

Total fertility rate: 3.71 children born/woman (1999 est.)

Nationality:
noun: Zimbabwean(s)
adjective: Zimbabwean

Ethnic groups: African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%),
white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%

Religions: syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs)
50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Languages: English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of
the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal
dialects

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write English
total population: 85%
male: 90%
female: 80% (1995 est.)

Government

Country name:
conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe
conventional short form: Zimbabwe
former: Southern Rhodesia

Data code: ZI

Government type: parliamentary democracy

Capital: Harare

Administrative divisions: 8 provinces and 2 cities* with
provincial status; Bulawayo*, Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland
Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland
North, Matabeleland South, Midlands

Independence: 18 April 1980 (from UK)

National holiday: Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Constitution: 21 December 1979

Legal system: mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:
chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31
December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31
December 1987) and Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); note--the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since
31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31
December 1987) and Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); note--the
president is both the chief of state and head of government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the
House of Assembly
elections: president nominated by the House of Assembly for a
six-year term (if more than one nomination, an electoral college
consisting of members of the House of Assembly elects the
president); election last held 26-27 March 1996 (next to be held NA
March 2002); co-vice presidents appointed by the president
election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE reelected president; percent
of electoral college vote--Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%, Abel MUZOREWA
4.8%; Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%

Legislative branch: unicameral parliament, called House of
Assembly (150 seats--120 elected by popular vote for six-year terms,
12 nominated by the president, 10 occupied by traditional chiefs
chosen by their peers, and 8 occupied by provincial governors)
elections: last held 8-9 April 1995 (next to be held NA April 2001)
election results: percent of vote by party--NA; seats by
party--ZANU-PF 117, ZANU-Ndonga 2, independent 1

Judicial branch: Supreme Court

Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National

International organization participation: ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA,
FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU,
MONUA, NAM, OAU, OPCW, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU,
WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO

Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI
chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Ambassador Thomas McDONALD
embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare
mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare

Flag description: seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow,
red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle
edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is
superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle

Economy

Economy--overview: The government of Zimbabwe faces a wide variety
of difficult economic problems as it struggles to consolidate
earlier progress in developing a market-oriented economy. Its
involvement in the war in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, for
example, has already drained hundreds of millions of dollars from
the economy. Badly needed support from the IMF suffers delays in
part because of the country's failure to meet budgetary goals.
Inflation rose from an annual rate of 25% in January 1998 to 47% in
December and will almost certainly continue to increase in 1999. The
economy is being steadily weakened by AIDS; Zimbabwe has one of the
highest rates of infection in the world. Per capita GDP, which is
twice the average of the poorer sub-Saharan nations, will increase
little if any in the near-term, and Zimbabwe will suffer continued
frustrations in developing its agricultural and mineral resources.

GDP: purchasing power parity--$26.2 billion (1998 est.)

GDP--real growth rate: 1.5% (1998 est.)

GDP--per capita: purchasing power parity?$2,400 (1998 est.)

GDP--composition by sector:
agriculture: 28%
industry: 32%
services: 40% (1997 est.)

Population below poverty line: 25.5% (1990-91 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share:
lowest 10%: 1.8%
highest 10%: 46.9% (1990)

Inflation rate (consumer prices): 32% (1998 est.)

Labor force: 5 million (1997 est.)

Labor force--by occupation: NA

Unemployment rate: at least 45% (1994 est.)

Budget:
revenues: $2.5 billion
expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $279
million (FY96/97 est.)

Industries: mining (coal, clay, numerous metallic and nonmetallic
ores), copper, steel, nickel, tin, wood products, cement, chemicals,
fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages

Industrial production growth rate: 10% (1994)

Electricity--production: 8.5 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--production by source:
fossil fuel: 71.76%
hydro: 28.24%
nuclear: 0%
other: 0% (1996)

Electricity--consumption: 10.769 billion kWh (1996)

Electricity--exports: 1 million kWh (1996)

Electricity--imports: 2.27 billion kWh (1996)

Agriculture--products: corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee,
sugarcane, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs

Exports: $1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Exports--commodities: tobacco, gold, ferroalloys, cotton (1997)

Exports--partners: South Africa 12%, UK 11%, Germany 8%, Japan 6%,
US 6% (1997 est.)

Imports: $2 billion (f.o.b., 1998 est.)

Imports--commodities: machinery and transport equipment 39%, other
manufactures 18%, chemicals 15%, fuels 10% (1997 est.)

Imports--partners: South Africa 37%, UK 7%, US 6%, Japan 6% (1997
est.)

Debt--external: $5 billion (1998)

Economic aid--recipient: $437.6 million (1995)

Currency: 1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

Exchange rates: Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1--39.3701 (January
1999), 21.4133 (1998), 11.8906 (1997), 9.9206 (1996), 8.6580 (1995),
8.1500 (1994)

Fiscal year: 1 July--30 June

Communications

Telephones: 301,000 (1990 est.)

Telephone system: system was once one of the best in Africa, but
now suffers from poor maintenance
domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines,
and radiotelephone communication stations
international: satellite earth station--1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Radio broadcast stations: AM 8, FM 18, shortwave 0

Radios: 890,000 (1992 est.)

Television broadcast stations: 16 (1997)

Televisions: 280,000 (1992 est.)

Transportation

Railways:
total: 2,759 km (1995)
narrow gauge: 2,759 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified; 42 km
double track) (1995 est.)

Highways:
total: 18,338 km
paved: 8,692 km
unpaved: 9,646 km (1996 est.)

Waterways: the Mazoe and Zambezi rivers are used for transporting
chrome ore from Harare to Mozambique

Pipelines: petroleum products 212 km

Ports and harbors: Binga, Kariba

Airports: 467 (1998 est.)

Airports--with paved runways:
total: 18
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 2
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 9 (1998 est.)

Airports--with unpaved runways:
total: 449
1,524 to 2,437 m: 4
914 to 1,523 m: 220
under 914 m: 225 (1998 est.)

Military

Military branches: Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe,
Zimbabwe Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary
Police)

Military manpower--availability:
males age 15-49: 2,738,963 (1999 est.)

Military manpower--fit for military service:
males age 15-49: 1,707,348 (1999 est.)

Military expenditures--dollar figure: $427 million (FY97/98)

Military expenditures--percent of GDP: 4.6% (FY97/98)

Transnational Issues

Disputes--international: quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and
Zambia is in disagreement

Illicit drugs: significant transit point for African cannabis and
South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the
South African and European markets

======================================================================

Appendix A: Abbreviations

A ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development
in Africa
ACC Arab Cooperation Council
ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et
Technique; see Agency for Cultural
and Technical Cooperation; changed
name in 1996 to Agence de la
francophonie or Agency for the
French-Speaking Community
ACP Group African, Caribbean, and Pacific
Group of States
AfDB African Development Bank
AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social
Development
AG Andean Group; see Andean Community
of Nations (CAN)
Air Pollution Convention on Long-Range
Transboundary Air Pollution
Air Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Nitrogen Oxides Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution Concerning the Control of
Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or
Their Transboundary Fluxes
Air Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Persistent Long-Range Transboundary Air
Organic Pollution on Persistent Organic
Pollutants Pollutants
Air Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Sulphur 85 Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on the Reduction of
Sulphur Emissions or Their
Transboundary Fluxes by at Least
30%
Air Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Sulphur 94 Long-Range Transboundary Air
Pollution on Further Reduction of
Sulphur Emissions
Air Pollution- Protocol to the 1979 Convention on
Volatile Organic Long-Range Transboundary Air
Compounds Pollution Concerning the Control of
Emissions of Volatile Organic
Compounds or Their Transboundary
Fluxes
AL Arab League
ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de
Integracion; see Latin American
Integration Association (LAIA)
AMF Arab Monetary Fund
AMU Arab Maghreb Union
Ancom Andean Common Market; see Andean
Community ofNations (CAN)
Antarctic- Protocol on Environmental
Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty
Protocol
ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States
Security Treaty
APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation
Arabsat Arab Satellite Communications
Organization
AsDB Asian Development Bank
ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian
Nations
Autodin Automatic Digital Network
B BAD Banque africaine de developpement;
see African Development Bank (AfDB)
BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement
Economique en Afrique; see Arab
Bank for Economic Development in
Africa (ABEDA)
BCIE Banco Centroamericano de
Integracion Economico; see Central
American Bank for Economic
Integration (BCIE)
BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de
l'Afrique Centrale; see Central
African States Development Bank
(BDEAC)
Benelux Benelux Economic Union
BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo;
see Inter-American Development Bank
(IADB) Biodiversity Convention on
Biological Diversity
BIS Bank for International Settlements
BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de
Developpement; see West African
Development Bank (WADB)
BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone
C C Commonwealth
CACM Central American Common Market
CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity
CAN Andean Community of Nations
Caricom Caribbean Community and Common
Market
CB citizen's band mobile radio
communications
CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States
CCC Customs Cooperation Council
CDB Caribbean Development Bank
CE Council of Europe
CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique
de l'Ouest; see West African
Economic Community (CEAO)
CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de
l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic
Community of Central African States
(CEEAC)
CEI Central European Initiative
CEMA Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance; also known as CMEA or
Comecon
CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des
Grands Lacs; see Economic Community
of the Great Lakes Countries
(CEPGL)
CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche
Nucleaire; see European
Organization for Nuclear Research
(CERN)
CG Contadora Group
c.i.f. cost, insurance, and freight
CIS Commonwealth of Independent States
CITES see Endangered Species
Climate Change United Nations Framework Convention
on Climate Change
Climate Change- Kyoto Protocol to the United
Kyoto Protocol Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change
CMEA Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CEMA); also known as
Comecon
COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export
Controls
Comecon Council for Mutual Economic
Assistance (CEMA); also known as
CMEA
Comsat Communications Satellite
Corporation
CP Colombo Plan
CSCE Conference on Security and
Cooperation in Europe; see
Organization on Security and
Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)
CY calendar year
D DC developed country
Desertification United Nations Convention to Combat
Desertification in Those Countries
Experiencing Serious Drought and/or
Desertification, Particularly in
Africa
DSN Defense Switched Network
DWT deadweight ton
E EADB East African Development Bank
EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
EC European Community; see European
Union (EU)
ECA Economic Commission for Africa
ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and
the Far East; see Economic and
Social Commission for Asia and the
Pacific (ESCAP)
ECE Economic Commission for Europe
ECLA Economic Commission for Latin
America; see Economic Commission
for Latin America and the Caribbean
(ECLAC)
ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin
America and the Caribbean
ECO Economic Cooperation Organization
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
ECOWAS Economic Community of West African
States
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community;
see European Union (EU)
ECWA Economic Commission for Western
Asia; see Economic and Social
Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA)
EEC European Economic Community; see
European Union (EU)
EFTA European Free Trade Association
EIB European Investment Bank
EMU European Monetary Union
Endangered Convention on the International
Species Trade in Endangered Species of Wild
Flora and Fauna (CITES)
Entente Council of the Entente
Environmental Convention on the Prohibition of
Modification Military or Any Other Hostile Use
of Environmental Modification
Techniques
ESA European Space Agency
ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for
Asia and the Pacific
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for
Western Asia
est. estimate
EU European Union
Euratom European Atomic Energy Community;
see European Community (EC)
Eutelsat European Telecommunications
Satellite Organization
Ex-Im Export-Import Bank of the United
States
F FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FAX facsimile
f.o.b. free on board
FLS Front Line States
FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West
Germany); used for information
dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91
FSU former Soviet Union
FY fiscal year (FY93/94, for example,
began in calendar year 1993 and
ended in calendar year 1994)
FYROM The Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia
FZ Franc Zone
G G-2 Group of 2
G-3 Group of 3
G-5 Group of 5
G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with
the Big Six)
G-7 Group of 7
G-8 Group of 8
G-9 Group of 9
G-10 Group of 10
G-11 Group of 11
G-15 Group of 15
G-19 Group of 19
G-24 Group of 24
G-30 Group of 30
G-33 Group of 33
G-77 Group of 77
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade; subsumed by the World Trade
Organization (WTrO) on 1 January
1995
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP gross domestic product
GDR German Democratic Republic (East
Germany); used for information
dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91
GNP gross national product
GRT gross register ton
GWP gross world product
H Hazardous Wastes Basel Convention on the Control of
Transboundary Movements of
Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal
HF high-frequency
I IADB Inter-American Development Bank
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IBEC International Bank for Economic
Cooperation
IBRD International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
(World Bank)
ICAO International Civil Aviation
Organization
ICC International Chamber of Commerce
ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for
European Migration; see
International Organization for
Migration (IOM)
ICFTU International Confederation of Free
Trade Unions; see World
Confederation of Labor (WCL)
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICM Intergovernmental Committee for
Migration; see International
Organization for Migration (IOM)
ICRC International Committee of the Red
Cross
ICRM International Red Cross and Red
Crescent Movement
IDA International Development
Association
IDB Islamic Development Bank
IEA International Energy Agency
IFAD International Fund for Agricultural
Development
IFC International Finance Corporation
IFCTU International Federation of
Christian Trade Unions
IFRCS International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies
IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on
Development
IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on
Drought and Development
IHO International Hydrographic
Organization
IIB International Investment Bank
ILO International Labor Organization
IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime
Consultative Organization; see
International Maritime Organization
(IMO)
IMF International Monetary Fund
IMO International Maritime Organization
Inmarsat International Mobile Satellite
Organization
InOC Indian Ocean Commission
Intelsat International Telecommunications
Satellite Organization
Interpol International Criminal Police
Organization
Intersputnik International Organization of Space
Communications
IOC International Olympic Committee
IOM International Organization for
Migration
ISO International Organization for
Standardization
ITU International Telecommunication
Union
K kHz kilohertz
km kilometer
kW kilowatt
kWh kilowatt hour
L LAES Latin American Economic System
LAIA Latin American Integration
Association
LAS League of Arab States; see Arab
League (AL)
Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the
Law of the Sea (LOS)
LDC less developed country
LLDC least developed country
London see Marine Dumping
Convention
LORCS League of Red Cross and Red
Crescent Societies; see
International Federation of Red
Cross and Red Crescent Societies
(IFRCS)
LOS see Law of the Sea
M m meter
Marecs Maritime European Communications
Satellite
Marine Dumping Convention on the Prevention of
Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes
and Other Matter
Marine Life Convention on Fishing and
Conservation Conservation of Living Resources of
the High Seas
MARPOL see Ship Pollution
Medarabtel Middle East Telecommunications
Project of the International
Telecommunications Union
Mercosur Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see
Southern Cone Common Market
MHz megahertz
MINURSO United Nations Mission for the
Referendum in Western Sahara
MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission
in Guatemala
MIPONUH United Nations Civilian Police
Mission in Haiti
MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in
Angola
MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime
N NA not available
NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council;
see Euro-Atlantic Partnership
Council (EAPC)
NAM Nonaligned Movement
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NC Nordic Council
NEA Nuclear Energy Agency
NEGL negligible
NIB Nordic Investment Bank
NIC newly industrializing country; see
newly industrializing economy (NIE)
NIE newly industrializing economy
nm nautical mile
NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone
NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group
Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons
Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer
Space, and Under Water
NZ New Zealand
O OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum
Exporting Countries
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
ODA official development assistance
OECD Organization for Economic
Cooperation and Development
OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean
States
OIC Organization of the Islamic
Conference
ONUMOZ see United Nations Operation in
Mozambique (UNOMOZ)
ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in
El Salvador
OOF other official flows
OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de
las Armas Nucleares en la America
Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for
the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons
in Latin America and the Caribbean
OPCW Organization for the Prohibition of
Chemical Weapons
OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
OSCE Organization on Security and
Cooperation in Europe Ozone Layer
Protection Montreal Protocol on
Substances That Deplete the Ozone
Layer
P PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration
PDRY People's Democratic Republic of
Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South
Yemen]; used for information dated
before 22 May 1990 or CY91
PFP Partnership for Peace
R Ramsar see Wetlands
RG Rio Group
S SAARC South Asian Association for
Regional Cooperation
SACU Southern African Customs Union
SADC Southern African Development
Community
SADCC Southern African Development
Coordination Conference; see
Southern African Development
Community (SADC)
SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana;
see Latin American Economic System
(LAES)
SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of
Yugoslavia; dissolved 5 December
1991
SHF super-high-frequency
Ship Pollution Protocol of 1978 Relating to the
International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution From Ships,
1973 (MARPOL)
Sparteca South Pacific Regional Trade and
Economic Cooperation Agreement
SPC South Pacific Commission
SPF South Pacific Forum
sq km square kilometer
sq mi square mile
T TAT Trans-Atlantic Telephone
Tropical Timber International Tropical Timber
83 Agreement, 1983
Tropical Timber International Tropical Timber
94 Agreement, 1994
U UAE United Arab Emirates
UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de
l'Afrique Centrale; see Central
African Customs and Economic Union
(UDEAC)
UEMOA Union economique et monetaire Ouest
africaine; see West African
Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)
UHF ultra-high-frequency
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission
for Rwanda
UNAVEM III United Nations Angola Verification
Mission III
UNCRO United Nations Confidence
Restoration Operation in Croatia
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development
UNDOF United Nations Disengagement
Observer Force
UNDP United Nations Development Program
UNEP United Nations Environment Program
UNESCO United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural
Organization
UNFICYP United Nations Peace-keeping Force
in Cyprus
UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population
Activities; see UN Population Fund
(UNFPA)
UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner
for Refugees
UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund
UNIDO United Nations Industrial
Development Organization
UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in
Lebanon
UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait
Observation Mission
UNITAR United Nations Institute for
Training and Research
UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti
UNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosnia
and Herzegovina
UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer
Group in India and Pakistan
UNMOP United Nations Mission of Observers
in Prevlaka
UNMOT United Nations Mission of Observers
in Tajikistan
UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in
Georgia
UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in
Liberia
UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in
Mozambique
UNOMSIL United Nations Mission of Observers
in Sierra Leone
UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission
Uganda-Rwanda
UNOSOM II United Nations Operation in Somalia
II
UNPREDEP United Nations Preventive
Deployment Force
UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force
UNRISD United Nations Research Institute
for Social Development
UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works
Agency for Palestine Refugees in
the Near East
UNSMIH United Nations Support Mission in
Haiti
UNTAC United Nations Transitional
Authority in Cambodia
UNTAES United Nations Transitional
Administration in Eastern Slavonia,
Baranja, and Western Sirmium
UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision
Organization
UNU United Nations University
UPU Universal Postal Union
US United States
USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(Soviet Union); used for
information dated before 25
December 1991
USSR/EE Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics/Eastern Europe
V VHF very-high-frequency
W WADB West African Development Bank
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary
Union
WCL World Confederation of Labor
WCO World Customs Organization; see
Customs Cooperation Council
Wetlands Convention on Wetlands of
International Importance Especially
As Waterfowl Habitat
WEU Western European Union
WFC World Food Council
WFP World Food Program
WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions
Whaling International Convention for the
Regulation of Whaling
WHO World Health Organization
WIPO World Intellectual Property
Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
WP Warsaw Pact
WTO see WToO for World Tourism
Organization or WTrO for World
Trade Organization
WToO World Tourism Organization
WTrO World Trade Organization
Y YAR Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa)
or North Yemen]; used for
information dated before 22 May
1990 or CY91
Z ZC Zangger Committee

=====================================================================

Appendix B: United Nations System

Transcriber's note: this appeared to be an empty appendix, possibly under development. It does not appear in later editions of the Factbook.

=====================================================================

Appendix D: Selected International Environmental Agreements

Air Pollution

see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes

Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants

Air Pollution-Sulphur 85

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30%

Air Pollution-Sulphur 94

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions

Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds

see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol

see Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

Antarctic Treaty

opened for signature--1 December 1959 entered into force--23 June 1961 objective--to ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does not become the scene or object of international discord parties--(43) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay

Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

note--abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes opened for signature--22 March 1989 entered into force--5 May 1992 objective--to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate parties--(123) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(3) Afghanistan, Haiti, US

Biodiversity

see Convention on Biological Diversity

Convention on Biological Diversity

note--abbreviated as Biodiversity opened for signature--5 June 1992 entered into force--29 December 1993 objective--to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity parties--(175) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(12) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malta, Sao Tome and Principe, Thailand, Tuvalu, UAE, US, former Yugoslavia

Climate Change

see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol

see Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas

note--abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation opened for signature--29 April 1958 entered into force--20 March 1966 objective--to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited parties--(37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(21) Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uruguay

Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution

note--abbreviated as Air Pollution opened for signature--13 November 1979 entered into force--16 March 1983 objective--to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution parties--(44) Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(2) Holy See, San Marino

Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

note--abbreviated as Endangered Species opened for signature--3 March 1973 entered into force--1 July 1975 objective--to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits parties--(137) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Latvia, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(3) Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho

Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)

note--abbreviated as Marine Dumping opened for signature--29 December 1972 entered into force--30 August 1975 objective--to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention parties--(75) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Iran, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, former Yugoslavia

Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

note--abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature--10 December 1976 entered into force--5 October 1978 objective--to prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties--(64) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(17) Bolivia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)