Chapter V (48)

note--abbreviated as Wetlands opened for signature--2 February 1971 entered into force--21 December 1975 objective--to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value parties--(101) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia, Zambia

Desertification

see United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa

Endangered Species

see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES)

Environmental Modification

see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques

Hazardous Wastes

see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal

International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

note--abbreviated as Whaling opened for signature--2 December 1946 entered into force--10 November 1948 objective--to protect all species of whales from overhunting; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks parties--(51) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belize, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Costa Rica, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, Grenada, Iceland, India, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Oman, Panama, Peru, Philippines, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela

International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

note--abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83 opened for signature--18 November 1983 entered into force--1 April 1985; this agreement expired when the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, went into force objective--to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources parties--(54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela

International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

note--abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94 opened for signature--26 January 1994 entered into force--1 January 1997 objective--to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective parties--(54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(2) Ireland, Portugal

Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

note--abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol opened for signature--16 March 1998, but not yet in force objective--to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries parties--(7) Antigua and Barbuda, El Salvador, Fiji, Maldives, Panama, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(72) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Turkmenistan, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Zambia

Law of the Sea

see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)

Marine Dumping

see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention)

Marine Life Conservation

see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas

Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

note--abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection opened for signature--16 September 1987 entered into force--1 January 1989 objective--to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions of substances that deplete it parties--(168) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocol to Macau), Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe

Nuclear Test Ban

see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water

Ozone Layer Protection

see Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer

Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)

note--abbreviated as Ship Pollution opened for signature--17 February 1978 entered into force--2 October 1983 objective--to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances parties--(100) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia

Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty

note--abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol opened for signature--4 October 1991 entered into force--14 January 1998 objective--to enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems parties--(28) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Chile, China, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, UK, US, Uruguay countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(15) Austria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Guatemala, Hungary, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes

note--abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides opened for signature--31 October 1988 entered into force--14 February 1991 objective--to provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes parties--(26) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(2) Belgium, Poland

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes

note--abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds opened for signature--18 November 1991 entered into force--29 September 1997 objective--to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects parties--(17) Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(7) Belgium, Canada, EU, Greece, Portugal, Ukraine, US

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions

note--abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 opened for signature--14 June 1994 entered into force--5 August 1998 objective--to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes parties--(21) Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(7) Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Ukraine

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants

note--abbreviated as Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants opened for signature--24 June 1998, but not yet in force objective--to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of persistent organic pollutants in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects

partie--(1) Canada countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(35) Armenia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US

Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at Least 30%

note--abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 opened for signature--8 July 1985 entered into force--2 September 1987 objective--to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes by 1993 parties--(21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine

Ship Pollution

see Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL)

Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water

note--abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban opened for signature--5 August 1963 entered into force--10 October 1963 objective--to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons parties--(122) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(12) Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, China, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Vietnam

Tropical Timber 83

see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983

Tropical Timber 94

see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994

United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS)

note--abbreviated as Law of the Sea opened for signature--10 December 1982 entered into force--16 November 1994 objective--to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment parties--(130) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Sweden, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(40) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Hungary, Iran, North Korea, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Morocco, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Qatar, Rwanda, Swaziland, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, Vanuatu

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa

note--abbreviated as Desertification opened for signature--14 October 1994 entered into force--26 December 1996 objective--to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements parties--(148) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea- Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(9) Australia, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Georgia, South Korea, Philippines, US, Vanuatu

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

note--abbreviated as Climate Change opened for signature--9 May 1992 entered into force--21 March 1994 objective--to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system parties--(177) Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified--(7) Afghanistan, Angola, Belarus, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Sao Tome and Principe

Wetlands

see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar)

Whaling

see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling

=====================================================================

Appendix E: Weights and Measures

Mathematical Notation

Mathematical Power Name

10^18 or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion 10^15 or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion 10^12 or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion 10^9 or 1,000,000,000 one billion 10^6 or 1,000,000 one million 10^3 or 1,000 one thousand 10^2 or 100 one hundred 10^1 or 10 ten 10^0 or 1 one 10^-1 or 0.1 one tenth 10^-2 or 0.01 one hundredth 10^-3 or 0.001 one thousandth 10^-6 or 0.000 001 one millionth 10^-9 or 0.000 000 001 one billionth 10^-12 or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth 10^-15 or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth 10^-18 or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth

Metric Interrelationships

Prefix Symbol Length, weight, or capacity Area Volume

exa E 1018 1036 1054 peta P 1015 1030 1045 tera T 1012 1024 1036 giga G 109 1018 1027 mega M 106 1012 1018 hectokilo hk 105 1010 1015 myria ma 104 108 1012 kilo k 103 106 109 hecto h 102 104 106 basic unit -- 1 meter, 1 gram, 1 liter 1 meter2 1 meter3 deci d 10-1 10-2 10-3 centi c 10-2 10-4 10-6 milli m 10-3 10-6 10-9 decimilli dm 10-4 10-8 10-12 centimilli cm 10-5 10-10 10-15 micro u 10-6 10-12 10-18 nano n 10-9 10-18 10-27 pico p 10-12 10-24 10-36 femto f 10-15 10-30 10-45 atto a 10-18 10-36 10-54

Conversion Factors

To Convert From To Multiply by

acres ares 40.468 564 224 acres hectares 0.404 685 642 24 acres square feet 43,560 acres square kilometers 0.004 046 856 422 4 acres square meters 4,046.856 422 4 acres square miles (statute) 0.001 562 50 acres square yards 4,840 ares square meters 100 ares square yards 119.599 barrels, US beer gallons 31 barrels, US beer liters 117.347 77 barrels, US gallons (British) 34.97 petroleum barrels, US gallons (US) 42 petroleum barrels, US liters 158.987 29 petroleum barrels, US proof gallons 40 spirits barrels, US proof liters 151.416 47 spirits bushels (US) bushels (British) 0.968 9 bushels (US) cubic feet 1.244 456 bushels (US) cubic inches 2,150.42 bushels (US) cubic meters 0.035 239 07 bushels (US) cubic yards 0.046 090 96 bushels (US) dekaliters 3.523 907 bushels (US) dry pints 64 bushels (US) dry quarts 32 bushels (US) liters 35.239 070 17 bushels (US) pecks 4 cables fathoms 120 cables meters 219.456 cables yards 240 carat milligrams 200 centimeters feet 0.032 808 40 centimeters inches 0.393 700 8 centimeters meters 0.01 centimeters yards 0.010 936 13 centimeters, cubic inches 0.061 023 744 cubic centimeters, square feet 0.001 076 39 square centimeters, square inches 0.155 000 31 square centimeters, square meters 0.000 1 square centimeters, square yards 0.000 119 599 square chains, square ares 4.046 86 surveyor's chains, square square feet 4,356 surveyor's chains, feet 66 surveyor's chains, meters 20.116 8 surveyor's chains, rods 4 surveyor's cords of wood cubic feet 128 cords of wood cubic meters 3.624 556 cords of wood cubic yards 4.740 7 cups liquid ounces (US) 8 cups liters 0.236 588 2 degrees Celsius degrees Fahrenheit multiply by 1.8 and add 32 degrees degrees Celsius subtract 32 and Fahrenheit divide by 1.8 dekaliters bushels 0.283 775 9 dekaliters cubic feet 0.353 146 7 dekaliters cubic inches 610.237 4 dekaliters dry pints 18.161 66 dekaliters dry quarts 9.080 829 8 dekaliters liters 10 dekaliters pecks 1.135 104 drams, avoirdupois ounces 0.062 55 avoirdupois drams, grains 27.344 avoirdupois drams, grams 1.771 845 2 avoirdupois drams, troy grains 60 drams, troy grams 3.887 934 6 drams, troy scruples 3 drams, troy troy ounces 0.125 drams, liquid cubic inches 0.226 (US) drams, liquid liquid drams (British) 1.041 (US) drams, liquid liquid ounces 0.125 (US) drams, liquid milliliters 3.696 69 (US) drams, liquid minims 60 (US) fathoms feet 6 fathoms meters 1.828 8 feet centimeters 30.48 feet inches 12 feet kilometers 0.000 304 8 feet meters 0.304 8 feet statute miles 0.000 189 39 feet yards 0.333 333 3 feet, cubic bushels 0.803 563 95 feet, cubic cubic decimeters 28.316 847 feet, cubic cubic inches 1,728 feet, cubic cubic meters 0.028 316 846 592 feet, cubic cubic yards 0.037 037 04 feet, cubic dry pints 51.428 09 feet, cubic dry quarts 25.714 05 feet, cubic gallons 7.480 519 feet, cubic gills 239.376 6 feet, cubic liquid ounces 957.506 5 feet, cubic liquid pints 59.844 16 feet, cubic liquid quarts 29.922 08 feet, cubic liters 28.316 846 592 feet, cubic pecks 3.214 256 feet, square acres 0.000 022 956 8 feet, square square centimeters 929.030 4 feet, square square decimeters 9.290 304 feet, square square inches 144 feet, square square meters 0.092 903 04 feet, square square yards 0.111 111 1 furlongs feet 660 furlongs inches 7,920 furlongs meters 201.168 furlongs statute miles 0.125 furlongs yards 220 gallons, liquid cubic feet 0.133 680 6 (US) gallons, liquid cubic inches 231 (US) gallons, liquid cubic meters 0.003 785 411 784 (US) gallons, liquid cubic yards 0.004 951 13 (US) gallons, liquid gills (US) 32 (US) gallons, liquid liquid gallons (British) 0.832 67 (US) gallons, liquid liquid ounces 128 (US) gallons, liquid liquid pints 8 (US) gallons, liquid liquid quarts 4 (US) gallons, liquid liters 3.785 411 784 (US) gallons, liquid milliliters 3,785.411 784 (US) gallons, liquid minims 61,440 (US) gills (US) centiliters 11.829 4 gills (US) cubic feet 0.004 177 517 gills (US) cubic inches 7.218 75 gills (US) gallons 0.031 25 gills (US) gills (British) 0.832 67 gills (US) liquid ounces 4 gills (US) liquid pints 0.25 gills (US) liquid quarts 0.125 gills (US) liters 0.118 294 118 25 gills (US) milliliters 118.294 118 25 gills (US) minims 1,920 grains avoirdupois drams 0.036 571 43 grains avoirdupois ounces 0.002 285 71 grains avoirdupois pounds 0.000 142 86 grains grams 0.064 798 91 grains kilograms 0.000 064 798 91 grains milligrams 64.798 910 grains pennyweights 0.042 grains scruples 0.05 grains troy drams 0.016 6 grains troy ounces 0.002 083 33 grains troy pounds 0.000 173 61 grams avoirdupois drams 0.564 383 39 grams avoirdupois ounces 0.035 273 961 grams avoirdupois pounds 0.002 204 622 6 grams grains 15.432 361 grams kilograms 0.001 grams milligrams 1,000 grams troy ounces 0.032 150 746 6 grams troy pounds 0.002 679 23 hands (height of centimeters 10.16 horse) hands (height of inches 4 horse) hectares acres 2.471 053 8 hectares square feet 107,639.1 hectares square kilometers 0.01 hectares square meters 10,000 hectares square miles 0.003 861 02 hectares square yards 11,959.90 hundredweights, avoirdupois pounds 112 long hundredweights, kilograms 50.802 345 long hundredweights, long tons 0.05 long hundredweights, metric tons 0.050 802 345 long hundredweights, short tons 0.056 long hundredweights, avoirdupois pounds 100 short hundredweights, kilograms 45.359 237 short hundredweights, long tons 0.044 642 86 short hundredweights, metric tons 0.045 359 237 short hundredweights, short tons 0.05 short inches centimeters 2.54 inches feet 0.083 333 33 inches meters 0.025 4 inches millimeters 25.4 inches yards 0.027 777 78 inches, cubic bushels 0.000 465 025 inches, cubic cubic centimeters 16.387 064 inches, cubic cubic feet 0.000 578 703 7 inches, cubic cubic meters 0.000 016 387 064 inches, cubic cubic yards 0.000 021 433 47 inches, cubic dry pints 0.029 761 6 inches, cubic dry quarts 0.014 880 8 inches, cubic gallons 0.004 329 0 inches, cubic gills 0.138 528 1 inches, cubic liquid ounces 0.554 112 6 inches, cubic liquid pints 0.034 632 03 inches, cubic liquid quarts 0.017 316 02 inches, cubic liters 0.016 387 064 inches, cubic milliliters 16.387 064 inches, cubic minims (US) 265.974 0 inches, cubic pecks 0.001 860 10 inches, square square centimeters 6.451 600 inches, square square feet 0.006 944 44 inches, square square meters 0.000 645 16 inches, square square yards 0.000 771 605 kilograms avoirdupois drams 564.383 4 kilograms avoirdupois ounces 35.273 962 kilograms avoirdupois pounds 2.204 622 622 kilograms grains 15,432.36 kilograms grams 1,000 kilograms long tons 0.000 984 2 kilograms metric tons 0.001 kilograms short hundredweights 0.022 046 23 kilograms short tons 0.001 102 31 kilograms troy ounces 32.150 75 kilograms troy pounds 2.679 229 kilometers meters 1,000 kilometers statute miles 0.621 371 192 kilometers, acres 247.105 38 square kilometers, hectares 100 square kilometers, square meters 1,000,000 square kilometers, statute miles 0.386 102 16 square knots (nautical kilometers/hour 1.852 mi/hr) knots (nautical statute miles/hour 1.151 mi/hr) leagues, nautical kilometers 5.556 leagues, nautical nautical miles 3 leagues, statute kilometers 4.828 032 leagues, statute statute miles 3 links, square square centimeters 404.686 surveyor's links, square square inches 62.726 4 surveyor's links, surveyor's centimeters 20.116 8 links, surveyor's chains 0.01 links, surveyor's inches 7.92 liters bushels 0.028 377 59 liters cubic feet 0.035 314 67 liters cubic inches 61.023 74 liters cubic meters 0.001 liters cubic yards 0.001 307 95 liters dekaliters 0.1 liters dry pints 1.816 166 liters dry quarts 0.908 082 98 liters gallons 0.264 172 052 liters gills (US) 8.453 506 liters liquid ounces 33.814 02 liters liquid pints 2.113 376 liters liquid quarts 1.056 688 2 liters milliliters 1,000 liters pecks 0.113 510 4 meters centimeters 100 meters feet 3.280 839 895 meters inches 39.370 079 meters kilometers 0.001 meters millimeters 1,000 meters statute miles 0.000 621 371 meters yards 1.093 613 298 meters, cubic bushels 28.377 59 meters, cubic cubic feet 35.314 666 7 meters, cubic cubic inches 61,023.744 meters, cubic cubic yards 1.307 950 619 meters, cubic gallons 264.172 05 meters, cubic liters 1,000 meters, cubic pecks 113.510 4 meters, square acres 0.000 247 105 38 meters, square hectares 0.000 1 meters, square square centimeters 10,000 meters, square square feet 10.763 910 4 meters, square square inches 1,550.003 1 meters, square square yards 1.195 990 046 microns meters 0.000 001 microns inches 0.000 039 4 mils inches 0.001 mils millimeters 0.025 4 miles, nautical kilometers 1.852 0 miles, nautical statute miles 1.150 779 4 miles, statute centimeters 160,934.4 miles, statute feet 5,280 miles, statute furlongs 8 miles, statute inches 63,360 miles, statute kilometers 1.609 344 miles, statute meters 1,609.344 miles, statute rods 320 miles, statute yards 1,760 miles, square square kilometers 3.429 904 nautical miles, square square statute miles 1.325 nautical miles, square acres 640 statute miles, square hectares 258.998 811 033 6 statute miles, square sections 1 statute miles, square square kilometers 2.589 988 110 336 statute miles, square square nautical miles 0.755 miles statute miles, square square rods 102,400 statute milligrams grains 0.015 432 358 35 milliliters cubic inches 0.061 023 744 milliliters gallons 0.000 264 17 milliliters gills (US) 0.008 453 5 milliliters liquid ounces 0.033 814 02 milliliters liquid pints 0.002 113 4 milliliters liquid quarts 0.001 056 7 milliliters liters 0.001 milliliters minims 16.230 73 millimeters inches 0.039 370 078 7 minims (US) cubic inches 0.003 759 77 minims (US) gills (US) 0.000 520 83 minims (US) liquid ounces 0.002 083 33 minims (US) milliliters 0.061 611 52 minims (US) minims (British) 1.041 ounces, avoirdupois drams 16 avoirdupois ounces, avoirdupois pounds 0.062 5 avoirdupois ounces, grains 437.5 avoirdupois ounces, grams 28.349 523 125 avoirdupois ounces, kilograms 0.028 349 523 125 avoirdupois ounces, troy ounces 0.911 458 3 avoirdupois ounces, troy pounds 0.075 954 86 avoirdupois ounces, liquid cubic feet 0.001 044 38 (US) ounces, liquid centiliters 2.957 35 (US) ounces, liquid cubic inches 1.804 687 5 (US) ounces, liquid gallons 0.007 812 5 (US) ounces, liquid gills (US) 0.25 (US) ounces, liquid liquid drams 8 (US) ounces, liquid liquid ounces (British) 1.041 (US) ounces, liquid liquid pints 0.062 5 (US) ounces, liquid liquid quarts 0.031 25 (US) ounces, liquid liters 0.029 573 53 (US) ounces, liquid milliliters 29.573 529 6 (US) ounces, liquid minims 480 (US) ounces, troy avoirdupois drams 17.554 29 ounces, troy avoirdupois ounces 1.097 143 ounces, troy avoirdupois pounds 0.068 571 43 ounces, troy grains 480 ounces, troy grams 31.103 476 8 ounces, troy pennyweights 20 ounces, troy troy drams 8 ounces, troy troy pounds 0.083 333 3 paces (US) centimeters 76.2 paces (US) inches 30 pecks (US) bushels 0.25 pecks (US) cubic feet 0.311 114 pecks (US) cubic inches 537.605 pecks (US) cubic meters 0.008 809 77 pecks (US) cubic yards 0.011 522 74 pecks (US) dekaliters 0.880 976 75 pecks (US) dry pints 16 pecks (US) dry quarts 8 pecks (US) liters 8.809 767 5 pecks (US) pecks (British) 0.968 9 pennyweights grains 24 pennyweights grams 1.555 173 84 pennyweights troy ounces 0.05 pints, dry (US) bushels 0.015 625 pints, dry (US) cubic feet 0.019 444 63 pints, dry (US) cubic inches 33.600 312 5 pints, dry (US) dekaliters 0.055 061 05 pints, dry (US) dry pints (British) 0.968 9 pints, dry (US) dry quarts 0.5 pints, dry (US) liters 0.550 610 47 pints, liquid cubic feet 0.016 710 07 (US) pints, liquid cubic inches 28.875 (US) pints, liquid deciliters 4.731 76 (US) pints, liquid gallons 0.125 (US) pints, liquid gills (US) 4 (US) pints, liquid liquid ounces 16 (US) pints, liquid liquid pints (British) 0.832 67 (US) pints, liquid liquid quarts 0.5 (US) pints, liquid liters 0.473 176 473 (US) pints, liquid milliliters 473.176 473 (US) pints, liquid minims 7,680 (US) points inches 0.013 837 (typographical) points millimeters 0.351 459 8 (typographical) pounds, avoirdupois drams 256 avoirdupois pounds, avoirdupois ounces 16 avoirdupois pounds, grains 7,000 avoirdupois pounds, grams 453.592 37 avoirdupois pounds, kilograms 0.453 592 37 avoirdupois pounds, long tons 0.000 446 428 6 avoirdupois pounds, metric tons 0.000 453 592 37 avoirdupois pounds, quintals 0.004 535 92 avoirdupois pounds, short tons 0.000 5 avoirdupois pounds, troy ounces 14.583 33 avoirdupois pounds, troy pounds 1.215 278 avoirdupois pounds, troy avoirdupois drams 210.651 4 pounds, troy avoirdupois ounces 13.165 71 pounds, troy avoirdupois pounds 0.822 857 1 pounds, troy grains 5,760 pounds, troy grams 373.241 721 6 pounds, troy kilograms 0.373 241 721 6 pounds, troy pennyweights 240 pounds, troy troy ounces 12 quarts, dry (US) bushels 0.031 25 quarts, dry (US) cubic feet 0.038 889 25 quarts, dry (US) cubic inches 67.200 625 quarts, dry (US) dekaliters 0.110 122 1 quarts, dry (US) dry pints 2 quarts, dry (US) dry quarts (British) 0.968 9 quarts, dry (US) liters 1.101 221 quarts, dry (US) pecks 0.125 quarts, dry (US) pints, dry (US) 2 quarts, liquid cubic feet 0.033 420 14 (US) quarts, liquid cubic inches 57.75 (US) quarts, liquid deciliters 9.463 53 (US) quarts, liquid gallons 0.25 (US) quarts, liquid gills (US) 8 (US) quarts, liquid liquid ounces 32 (US) quarts, liquid liquid pints (US) 2 (US) quarts, liquid liquid quarts (British) 0.832 67 (US) quarts, liquid liters 0.946 352 946 (US) quarts, liquid milliliters 946.352 946 (US) quarts, liquid minims 15,360 (US) quintals avoirdupois pounds 220.462 26 quintals kilograms 100 quintals metric tons 0.1 rods feet 16.5 rods meters 5.029 2 rods yards 5.5 rods, square acres 0.006 25 rods, square square meters 25.292 85 rods, square square yards 30.25 scruples grains 20 scruples grams 1.295 978 2 scruples troy drams 0.333 sections (US) square kilometers 2.589 988 1 sections (US) square statute miles 1 spans centimeters 22.86 spans inches 9 steres cubic meters 1 steres cubic yards 1.307 95 tablespoons milliliters 14.786 76 tablespoons teaspoons 3 teaspoons milliliters 4.928 922 teaspoons tablespoons 0.333 333 ton-miles, long metric ton-kilometers 1.635 169 ton-miles, short metric ton-kilometers 1.459 972 tons, gross cubic feet of permanently enclosed 100 register space tons, gross cubic meters of permanently 2.831 684 7 register enclosed space tons, long avoirdupois ounces 35,840 (deadweight) tons, long avoirdupois pounds 2,240 (deadweight) tons, long kilograms 1,016.046 909 8 (deadweight) tons, long long hundredweights 20 (deadweight) tons, long metric tons 1.016 046 908 8 (deadweight) tons, long short hundredweights 22.4 (deadweight) tons, long short tons 1.12 (deadweight) tons, metric avoirdupois pounds 2,204.623 tons, metric kilograms 1,000 tons, metric long hundredweights 19.684 130 3 tons, metric long tons 0.984 206 5 tons, metric quintals 10 tons, metric short hundredweights 22.046 23 tons, metric short tons 1.102 311 3 tons, metric troy ounces 32,150.75 tons, net cubic feet of permanently enclosed 100 register space for cargo and passengers tons, net cubic meters of permanently 2.831 684 7 register enclosed space for cargo and passengers tons, shipping cubic feet of permanently enclosed 42 cargo space tons, shipping cubic meters of permanently 1.189 307 574 enclosed cargo space tons, short avoirdupois pounds 2,000 tons, short kilograms 907.184 74 tons, short long hundredweights 17.857 14 tons, short long tons 0.892 857 1 tons, short metric tons 0.907 184 74 tons, short short hundredweights 20 townships (US) sections 36 townships (US) square kilometers 93.239 572 townships (US) square statute miles 36 miles, square acres 640 statute miles, square hectares 258.998 811 033 6 statute miles, square square feet 27,878,400 statute miles, square square meters 2,589,988.110 336 statute miles, square square yards 3,097,600 statute yards centimeters 91.44 yards feet 3 yards inches 36 yards meters 0.914 4 yards miles 0.000 568 18 yards, cubic bushels 21.696 227 yards, cubic cubic feet 27 yards, cubic cubic inches 46,656 yards, cubic cubic meters 0.764 554 857 984 yards, cubic gallons 201.974 0 yards, cubic liters 764.554 857 984 yards, cubic pecks 86.784 91 yards, square acres 0.000 206 611 6 yards, square hectares 0.000 083 612 736 yards, square square centimeters 8,361.273 6 yards, square square feet 9 yards, square square inches 1,296 yards, square square meters 0.836 127 36 yards, square square miles 0.000 000 322 830 6

Note: At this time, only three countries--Burma, Liberia, and the US--have not adopted the International System of Units (SI, or metric system) as their official system of weights and measures. Although use of the metric system has been sanctioned by law in the US since 1866, it has been slow in displacing the American adaptation of the British Imperial System known as the US Customary System. The US is the only industrialized nation that does not mainly use the metric system in its commercial and standards activities, but there is increasing acceptance in science, medicine, government, and many sectors of industry.

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Appendix F: Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes

FIPS 10-4: Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions (FIPS PUB 10-4) is maintained by the Office of the Geographer and Global Issues (Department of State) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Department of Commerce). These two-character alphabetic codes are included in the text of the Factbook in the Data code entry under the Government category. FIPS 10-4 codes are intended for general use throughout the US Government, especially in activities associated with the mission of the Department of State and national defense programs.

ISO 3166: Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries (ISO 3166) is prepared by the International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3166 includes two- and three-character alphabetic codes and three-digit numeric codes that may be needed for activities involving exchange of data with international organizations that have adopted that standard. Except for the numeric codes, ISO 3166 codes have been adopted in the US as FIPS 104-1: American National Standard Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries, Dependencies, and Areas of Special Sovereignty for Information Interchange.

Internet: This is a provisional compilation that generally agrees with the ISO 3166 two-character alphabetic codes.

Entity FIPS ISO ISO ISO Interne Comment 10-4 316 316 316 t 6 6 6 Afghanistan AF AF AFG 004 AF Albania AL AL ALB 008 AL Algeria AG DZ DZA 012 DZ American AQ AS ASM 016 AS Samoa Andorra AN AD AND 020 AD Angola AO AO AGO 024 AO Anguilla AV AI AIA 660 AI Antarctica AY AQ ATA 010 AQ ISO defines as the territory south of 60 degrees south latitude Antigua and AC AG ATG 028 AG Barbuda Argentina AR AR ARG 032 AR Armenia AM AM ARM 051 AM Aruba AA AW ABW 533 AW Ashmore and AT -- -- -- -- ISO includes with Cartier Australia Australia AS AU AUS 036 AU ISO includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands,Coral Sea Islands Austria AU AT AUT 040 AT Azerbaijan AJ AZ AZE 031 AZ The Bahamas BF BS BHS 044 BS Bahrain BA BH BHR 048 BH Baker Island FQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Bangladesh BG BD BGD 050 BD Barbados BB BB BRB 052 BB Bassas da BS -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the India Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Belarus BO BY BLR 112 BY Belgium BE BE BEL 056 BE Belize BH BZ BLZ 084 BZ Benin BN BJ BEN 204 BJ Bermuda BD BM BMU 060 BM Bhutan BT BT BTN 064 BT Bolivia BL BO BOL 068 BO Bosnia and BK BA BIH 070 BA Herzegovina Botswana BC BW BWA 072 BW Bouvet Island BV BV BVT 074 BV Brazil BR BR BRA 076 BR British IO IO IOT 086 IO Indian Ocean Territory British VI VG VGB 092 VG Virgin Islands Brunei BX BN BRN 096 BN Bulgaria BU BG BGR 100 BG Burkina Faso UV BF BFA 854 BF Burma BM MM MMR 104 MM ISO uses the name Myanmar Burundi BY BI BDI 108 BI Cambodia CB KH KHM 116 KH Cameroon CM CM CMR 120 CM Canada CA CA CAN 124 CA Cape Verde CV CV CPV 132 CV Cayman CJ KY CYM 136 KY Islands Central CT CF CAF 140 CF African Republic Chad CD TD TCD 148 TD Chile CI CL CHL 152 CL China CH CN CHN 156 CN see also Taiwan Christmas KT CX CXR 162 CX Island Clipperton IP -- -- -- -- ISO includes with Island French Polynesia Cocos CK CC CCK 166 CC (Keeling) Islands Colombia CO CO COL 170 CO Comoros CN KM COM 174 KM Congo, CG ZR ZAR 180 ZR formerly Zaire Democratic Republic of the Congo, CF CG COG 178 CG Republic of the Cook Islands CW CK COK 184 CK Coral Sea CR -- -- -- -- ISO includes with Islands Australia Costa Rica CS CR CRI 188 CR Cote d'Ivoire IV CI CIV 384 CI Croatia HR HR HRV 191 HR Cuba CU CU CUB 192 CU Cyprus CY CY CYP 196 CY Czech EZ CZ CZE 203 CZ Republic Denmark DA DK DNK 208 DK Djibouti DJ DJ DJI 262 DJ Dominica DO DM DMA 212 DM Dominican DR DO DOM 214 DO Republic East Timor -- TP TMP 626 TP FIPS includes with Indonesia Ecuador EC EC ECU 218 EC Egypt EG EG EGY 818 EG El Salvador ES SV SLV 222 SV Equatorial EK GQ GNQ 226 GQ Guinea Eritrea ER ER ERI 232 ER Estonia EN EE EST 233 EE Ethiopia ET ET ETH 231 ET Europa Island EU -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Falkland FA FK FLK 238 FK Islands (Islas Malvinas) Faroe Islands FO FO FRO 234 FO Fiji FJ FJ FJI 242 FJ Finland FI FI FIN 246 FI France FR FR FRA 250 FR France, -- FX FXX 249 FX ISO limits to the Metropolitan European part of France, excluding French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna French Guiana FG GF GUF 254 GF French FP PF PYF 258 PF ISO includes Clipperton Polynesia Island French FS TF ATF 260 -- FIPS 10-4 does not Southern and include the French- Antarctic claimed portion of Lands Antarctica (Terre Adelie) Gabon GB GA GAB 266 GA The Gambia GA GM GMB 270 GM Gaza Strip GZ -- -- -- -- Georgia GG GE GEO 268 GE Germany GM DE DEU 276 DE Ghana GH GH GHA 288 GH Gibraltar GI GI GIB 292 GI Glorioso GO -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Islands Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Greece GR GR GRC 300 GR Greenland GL GL GRL 304 GL Grenada GJ GD GRD 308 GD Guadeloupe GP GP GLP 312 GP Guam GQ GU GUM 316 GU Guatemala GT GT GTM 320 GT Guernsey GK -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the United Kingdom Guinea GV GN GIN 324 GN Guinea-Bissau PU GW GNB 624 GW Guyana GY GY GUY 328 GY Haiti HA HT HTI 332 HT Heard Island HM HM HMD 334 HM and McDonald Islands Holy See VT VA VAT 336 VA (Vatican City) Honduras HO HN HND 340 HN Hong Kong HK HK HKG 344 HK Howland HQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Island US Minor Outlying Islands Hungary HU HU HUN 348 HU Iceland IC IS ISL 352 IS India IN IN IND 356 IN Indonesia ID ID IDN 360 ID Iran IR IR IRN 364 IR Iraq IZ IQ IRQ 368 IQ Ireland EI IE IRL 372 IE Israel IS IL ISR 376 IL Italy IT IT ITA 380 IT Jamaica JM JM JAM 388 JM Jan Mayen JN -- -- -- -- ISO includes with Svalbard Japan JA JP JPN 392 JP Jarvis Island DQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Jersey JE -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the United Kingdom Johnston JQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Atoll US Minor Outlying Islands Jordan JO JO JOR 400 JO Juan de Nova JU -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Island Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Kazakhstan KZ KZ KAZ 398 KZ Kenya KE KE KEN 404 KE Kingman Reef KQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Kiribati KR KI KIR 296 KI Korea, North KN KP PRK 408 KP Korea, South KS KR KOR 410 KR Kuwait KU KW KWT 414 KW Kyrgyzstan KG KG KGZ 417 KG Laos LA LA LAO 418 LA Latvia LG LV LVA 428 LV Lebanon LE LB LBN 422 LB Lesotho LT LS LSO 426 LS Liberia LI LR LBR 430 LR Libya LY LY LBY 434 LY Liechtenstein LS LI LIE 438 LI Lithuania LH LT LTU 440 LT Luxembourg LU LU LUX 442 LU Macau MC MO MAC 446 MO Macedonia, MK MK MKD 807 MK The Former Yugoslav Republic of Madagascar MA MG MDG 450 MG Malawi MI MW MWI 454 MW Malaysia MY MY MYS 458 MY Maldives MV MV MDV 462 MV Mali ML ML MLI 466 ML Malta MT MT MLT 470 MT Man, Isle of IM -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the United Kingdom Marshall RM MH MHL 584 MH Islands Martinique MB MQ MTQ 474 MQ Mauritania MR MR MRT 478 MR Mauritius MP MU MUS 480 MU Mayotte MF YT MYT 175 YT Mexico MX MX MEX 484 MX Micronesia, FM FSM 583 FM Federated States of Midway MQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Islands US Minor Outlying Islands Miscellaneous -- -- -- -- ISO includes Bassas da (French) India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, Tromelin Island Moldova MD MD MDA 498 MD Monaco MN MC MCO 492 MC Mongolia MG MN MNG 496 MN Montenegro* MW -- -- -- -- see footnote at end of table Montserrat MH MS MSR 500 MS Morocco MO MA MAR 504 MA Mozambique MZ MZ MOZ 508 MZ Myanmar -- -- -- -- -- see Burma Namibia WA NA NAM 516 NA Nauru NR NR NRU 520 NR Navassa BQ -- -- -- -- Island Nepal NP NP NPL 524 NP Netherlands NL NL NLD 528 NL Netherlands NT AN ANT 530 AN Antilles New Caledonia NC NC NCL 540 NC New Zealand NZ NZ NZL 554 NZ Nicaragua NU NI NIC 558 NI Niger NG NE NER 562 NE Nigeria NI NG NGA 566 NG Niue NE NU NIU 570 NU Norfolk NF NF NFK 574 NF Island Northern CQ MP MNP 580 MP Mariana Islands Norway NO NO NOR 578 NO Oman MU OM OMN 512 OM Pakistan PK PK PAK 586 PK Palau PS PW PLW 585 PW Palmyra Atoll LQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Panama PM PA PAN 591 PA Papua New PP PG PNG 598 PG Guinea Paracel PF -- -- -- -- Islands Paraguay PA PY PRY 600 PY Peru PE PE PER 604 PE Philippines RP PH PHL 608 PH Pitcairn PC PN PCN 612 PN Islands Poland PL PL POL 616 PL Portugal PO PT PRT 620 PT Puerto Rico RQ PR PRI 630 PR Qatar QA QA QAT 634 QA Reunion RE RE REU 638 RE Romania RO RO ROM 642 RO Russia RS RU RUS 643 RU Rwanda RW RW RWA 646 RW Saint Helena SH SH SHN 654 SH Saint Kitts SC KN KNA 659 KN and Nevis Saint Lucia ST LC LCA 662 LC Saint Pierre SB PM SPM 666 PM and Miquelon Saint Vincent VC VC VCT 670 VC and the Grenadines Samoa WS WS WSM 882 WS -- San Marino SM SM SMR 674 SM Sao Tome and TP ST STP 678 ST Principe Saudi Arabia SA SA SAU 682 SA Senegal SG SN SEN 686 SN Serbia* SR -- -- -- -- see footnote at end of table Serbia and -- -- -- -- -- see footnote at end of Montenegro* table Seychelles SE SC SYC 690 SC Sierra Leone SL SL SLE 694 SL Singapore SN SG SGP 702 SG Slovakia LO SK SVK 703 SK Slovenia SI SI SVN 705 SI Solomon BP SB SLB 090 SB Islands Somalia SO SO SOM 706 SO South Africa SF ZA ZAF 710 ZA South Georgia SX GS SGS 239 GS and the South Sandwich Islands Spain SP ES ESP 724 ES Spratly PG -- -- -- -- Islands Sri Lanka CE LK LKA 144 LK Sudan SU SD SDN 736 SD Suriname NS SR SUR 740 SR Svalbard SV SJ SJM 744 SJ ISO includes Jan Mayen Swaziland WZ SZ SWZ 748 SZ Sweden SW SE SWE 752 SE Switzerland SZ CH CHE 756 CH Syria SY SY SYR 760 SY Taiwan TW TW TWN 158 TW Tajikistan TI TJ TJK 762 TJ Tanzania TZ TZ TZA 834 TZ Thailand TH TH THA 764 TH Togo TO TG TGO 768 TG Tokelau TL TK TKL 772 TK Tonga TN TO TON 776 TO Trinidad and TD TT TTO 780 TT Tobago Tromelin TE -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Island Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Tunisia TS TN TUN 788 TN Turkey TU TR TUR 792 TR Turkmenistan TX TM TKM 795 TM Turks and TK TC TCA 796 TC Caicos Islands Tuvalu TV TV TUV 798 TV Uganda UG UG UGA 800 UG Ukraine UP UA UKR 804 UA United Arab TC AE ARE 784 AE Emirates United UK GB GBR 826 UK/GB ISO includes Guernsey, Kingdom Isle of Man, Jersey United States US US USA 840 US United States -- UM UMI 581 UM ISO includes Baker Minor Island, Howland Island, Outlying Jarvis Island, Johnston Islands Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Wake Island Uruguay UY UY URY 858 UY Uzbekistan UZ UZ UZB 860 UZ Vanuatu NH VU VUT 548 VU Venezuela VE VE VEN 862 UE Vietnam VM VN VNM 704 VN Virgin VQ VI VIR 850 VI Islands Virgin -- -- -- -- -- see British Virgin Islands (UK) Islands Virgin -- -- -- -- -- see Virgin Islands Islands (US) Wake Atoll WQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Wallis and WF WF WLF 876 WF Futuna West Bank WE -- -- -- -- Western WI EH ESH 732 EH Sahara Western Samoa -- -- -- -- -- see Samoa World -- -- -- -- -- the Factbook uses the W data code from DIAM 65- -18 Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features, Data Standard No. 3, December 1994, published by the Defense Intelligence Agency Yemen YM YE YEM 887 YE Yugoslavia* -- YU YUG 891 YU see footnote at end of table Zaire -- -- -- -- -- see Democratic Republic of the Congo Zambia ZA ZM ZWB 894 ZM Zimbabwe ZI ZW ZWE 716 ZW

Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state,but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation.

Appendix F: Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes

FIPS 10-4: Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions (FIPS PUB 10-4) is maintained by the Office of the Geographer and Global Issues (Department of State) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Department of Commerce). These two-character alphabetic codes are included in the text of the Factbook in the Data code entry under the Government category. FIPS 10-4 codes are intended for general use throughout the US Government, especially in activities associated with the mission of the Department of State and national defense programs.

ISO 3166: Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries (ISO 3166) is prepared by the International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3166 includes two- and three-character alphabetic codes and three-digit numeric codes that may be needed for activities involving exchange of data with international organizations that have adopted that standard. Except for the numeric codes, ISO 3166 codes have been adopted in the US as FIPS 104-1: American National Standard Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries, Dependencies, and Areas of Special Sovereignty for Information Interchange.

Internet: This is a provisional compilation that generally agrees with the ISO 3166 two-character alphabetic codes.