Chapter VII (1)

THE HAYTIAN OR TAINO LANGUAGE _restored, with fragments of the
dialects of Cuba, Jamaica, Lucayas, Boriquen, Eyeri, Cairi,
Araguas. Grammar, roots, and comparative Vocabularies._

At an early period I endeavored to collect all the scattered fragments of this language, in order to elucidate and support the historical traditions. This labour concluded in 1828, has given very important results, which shall now be explained. At the time of the Spanish discovery and conquest, many Spaniards spoke that language; many slaves were sent to Spain; but philology was not then attended to. Therefore we have no dictionary nor grammar of this language. Meantime the very nation has disappeared, destroyed by Spanish cruelty.

However, nearly all the early travellers and writers on the West Indies have preserved by chance, some words of it. Columbus himself mentions some of them in his original journal. Roman and Dangleria explain many of the quoted words. Others are scattered in Acosta, Gomara, Oviedo, Garcia, Diaz, Las-Casas &c.; which had never been all collected even by Vater nor Edwards. Gili alone undertook to give a long list of Haytian words; but three-fourths of them are geographical or historical names unexplained and unavailable.

I have used, compared and brought together all these loose materials, and thus succeeded in restoring about 234 words of this language, a list ample enough for all historical purposes. This contains besides 50 words of the Eyeri and eastern dialects, with 38 of the Cuban or western dialects, useful to show the variations of dialects. We know that from Bahama to Cuba, Boriquen to Jamaica, a same language was spoken in various slight dialects, but understood by all: Columbus himself says so.

But this language, which had also partly spread in Florida, and in South America, has the appearance of being a mixt speech. This appears from the many synonyms, the deviations of dialects, and the double forms, or relative position of words. In the small eastern islands the _Eyeris_ or _Cabres_ had been destroyed by the Caribs, who preserved the women, and these preserved their own language, mixt with some Carib words and taught it to their daughters; so as to produce a double language, that of the women being quite peculiar. This singular fact well authenticated, will enable us to presume a similar conquest and custom, wherever we shall meet in America, with a peculiar female idiom.

The many nations or tribes mentioned in the traditions, which had gradually amalgamated; and the settlement in Cuba and Hayti of the Mayas, will account for this mixture of synonyms. But the existence also of many homonyms, leads us to a former more simple speech, probably monosyllabic and quite regular as the oriental idioms, to which it is most akin.

From the primitive languages of North Africa and South Europe, it had received this regular position of ideas; but by the mixture with the Maya and Mexican nations using the inverse form, it borrowed that new form. The same happened in Europe to the Celtic and Oriental tribes, who received in Greece and Italy the inverse form of speech from the Scythian, Illyrian and Gothic tribes.

The comparative examination of the Haytian and dialects, was pursued by me, _upon all the languages of the earth_, as I was determined that one American nation at least, should be traced philologically to its real origin. Thus I found many thousand analogies of it, out of which I have used about 1500 in the annals, notes and vocabularies. A single American language does then contain more comparative analogies in about 200 words than all those collected by Vater and Malte, out of 400 American languages; and this fact upsets all the illusions, theories and false views, based thereon by them, Humboldt and others.

But this comprehensive labour teaches other facts, by far more important and available. 1. That American languages have analogies with all the languages of the earth, 2. That they have similar analogies with each other, 3. That it is only the superior number of analogies that may indicate a filial or parental connection out of America, 4. And that also similar greatest number of analogies, indicate the parental relations of American languages and nations between themselves, 5. Lastly that unless a language and nation is compared _with all the others_, we can never ascertain accurately, nor trace its real parentage philologically.

This consequence is obvious, although it will not please the lazy or timid philologists and historians. It shall be further pursued and elucidated hereafter; but now let us apply these rules to the Haytian.

I could give 400 comparisons. Let us select a few.

1. _Ainu of Choka_ islands between Japan and _Kamchatka_, 22 comparable words 4 alike in Haytian—Boat, house, no, drink—Mutual affinity only 21 per cent. No parentage.

2. _Singala_ of Ceylon, 50 comparable words, 16 analogies, with Haytian—Mutual affinity 32 per cent. Very distant parentage.

3. _Guanch_ of the Canary island nearest to Hayti in the east, 32 comparable words, 14 akin. Mutual affinity 42 per cent. Distant connection.

4. _Mandara._ Handsome black nation in the centre of Africa, 12 words comparable, 6 akin,—one, water, man, king, mother, river—Mutual analogies 50 per cent. Nearer connection than with the Guanch, or separation less remote.

5. _Pelagic_, or ancestors of the Greeks and Italians. Comparable words in all the ancient and modern dialects nearly 200, whereof about 160 offer more or less analogies!—Mutual affinity 80 per cent! Complete and near connection.

_Therefore the Haytians are of Pelagic origin!_ No other group of languages offer anything like as many. The nearest after, are the Atlantic L. Lybian, Egyptian, Bask, Sanscrit, Persian &c. who are all connected with the Pelagic nations. The analogies with the Tartars, Chinese, Polynesians &c., are all less in amount.

In America the Haytian affinities are of course the greatest with the _Aruac_ nations of South America; who are their brothers, and extend to the Taos of Tucuman and the Tinguis or true Patagons of Pigafetta. Yet they may have been divided long ago, or ever since their American settlement: since out of two selected for comparisons, after the vocabularies, the _Araguas_ had only 70 per cent of analogy, and the _Cairi_ only 56 per cent. The nearest affinities after these, were with the _Apalachis_, _Nachez_, _Cadoz_, _Huastecas_, _Mexican_, _Tarasca_, _Maya_, _Chontal_ &c. of N. America, and the _Darien_, _Betoy_, _Peruvian_, _Chili_, _Mbaya &c._ of South America.

Those with the nations of N. America of Asiatic origin, and the nations of South America of African origin, such as the Linapis and Guaranis, were much reduced. See the compared vocabularies.

The Haytian shall now become therefore one of the touchstones of other American languages, to verify their eastern or Atlantic origin, and above all the connection with the American Pelagians.

Let us now consider the forms and peculiarities of this interesting language, and first its phonology.

It appears to have all the sounds of the Italic languages; but it lacks the Greek TH, PS, the Cairi had _TH_. It has been written by Spaniards, and their simple orthography applies well to it; but leaves a doubt whether it had the Celtic and French û (unless it be y) Hebrew and English SH, lacking in Spanish. Their CH is as in English, and the French TCH.—It had the gutural X of the Greeks and Spanish, written X and J. Also the Spanish LL, GN or Ñ, and TZ.

It had few P being changed to B; few F often changed to V; few L changing to Y; few S changed to Z; few D changed to T.—It had no nasal sounds as in Italian, AN becoming _Ana_ &c. Many dipthongs AO, OEI, IA, AI, UA, AU, EI &c. as in Italian, each vowel sounded. This made the language soft, pleasing and musical as in Italian and Polynesian. Dangleria says the accent was always on the last syllable, as in French.

On the grammar of it, nothing has been written; what Vater has said is quite loose and inaccurate. We have not even the _Lord’s Prayer_ in it, so as to serve as a model. Our only guides are a few translated phrases of Roman and Dangleria; but they enable us to perceive the main features of it.

One of the chief was the great use of articles, as in Italian; but with a peculiar one GUA, put commonly before, but sometimes after the nouns. It was a demonstrative article, meaning _such_, or _this_, _that_, _these_, _those_; but never changing and common as our _The_: while this indicative _The_ was declinable or changing as in the Italic languages, and extremely various, although always prefixed, expressed by I, HI, HIN, NI, N’, ZI, LI &c. A third kind of article was O, which when added, appears to have been comparative, and to mean _Akin_, _Like_, _Similar_, or our English AS. The relative article _Of_ was A prefixed.

Examples of Articles.

_Gua-yava_ This pear. _Gua-ma_ This great, or lord. _Gua-tiaos_ Those brothers. _Ma-za-gua_ Great plain such. _Bala-gua_ Sea such, the ocean. _I-Guana_ The guana or lizard. _Ni-taino_ The good or noble. _Mi-taino_ My noble lord. _Li-ani_ The wife. Eyeri dialect. _Hin-Guaili_ The such-sons, the children. _Ziba o_ Stone like, stony. _A-na_ Of bloom, a flower. _A-boria_ Of labor, a vassal. _A-maca_ Of wood, a bed. _A-ma_ Of great, water. _A-reiti_ Of rite, song.

These articles formed probably the declinations of nouns, as we do not perceive a different desinense. This form was more like the Celtic, Oscan, and Greek, than the Latin.

The feminine was formed nearly as in Italian, O changing to A.—_Taino_, _Taina_, Lord, Lady—_Hito_, _Hita_, Man, Woman; but there must have been irregularities difficult to trace: as some words masculine end in I, S, N, U, L. Perhaps some were neutral.

Some words are formed by duplication, implying an amplitude, as in the Oriental language.—_Bi_ life, _Bibi_ mother and wife in dialects. _Ba_ habitation, _Baba_, _Vava_ Father. _Ma_ great, _Mama_ mother. _Xau_ cake, _Xauxau_ bread or large cake.

The plurals are chiefly in I as in Italian, or in S as in Spanish; but there are some irregular plurals. _Taino_, _Taini_, Lord, Lords. _Hito_, _hitos_ man, men.

EL son. ILI sons. _Zemi_ angel, _Zemes_ angels.

The Eyeri dialect forms many plurals in UM. _Eyeri_ man, _Eyerium_ men; _Inaru_ woman, _Inayum_ women.

The adjectives are put before or after the substantives, blending the two forms; and the prevailing form in compound words is doubtful, perhaps the regular as in Latin.

Examples of regular position.

_Hay-ti_ Land-high. _Ana-caona_ Flower (of) gold. _Buhui-tihu_ Priest high or eminent.

Examples of inverse positions.

_Bo-hito_ Old man or priest. _Jaya-el_ Earth-son. _N’abor-itas_ The working men.

The adjectives are chiefly formed from nouns, and often by a simple O added, thus _Ziba_ stone, _Zibao_ stony, _Zibayo_ mount.

_Turei_ heaven, _Tureigua_ heavenly or heaven-like.

_Duhos_ wealth, _Duihzi_ wealthy or wealth-is.

The superlatives are commonly formed by duplication. _Ua_ old, _Uaua_ very old. _Co_ fruitful, _Coco_ very fruitful, the coco nut.

Or else by the affix _Ma_ which amplifies every thing.

The pronouns appear very simple.

MI, M’ first person for I, me, my, mine; but _our_ is _Ahia_?

TI, T’ Second person for thee, thou, thy, thine.

LI, L’ Third person for he, she, his, her.

NI, N’ Common like _It_ or rather _On_ of the French.

How their plurals are formed, is doubtful; but perhaps the inflexions alone formed them. These pronouns are pure Italian! or rather primitive. They were often dispensed with as in Italian.

Of the verbs we know little or nothing. By a few examples of the verb _to be_, it was quite irregular as with us.

_Ei_ To be—_Tei_ be thou—_Bei_ being. _Beira_ a being—_Dacha_ I am. _El_ he is—_Zi_ it is, this is.

In these _Ei_ appears the root, derives from _Eil_, and was then similar to _El_ son, as _Zi_ to _Izi_ eyes.

This verb joined to others was added to words. _Guarocoel_ we know he is, may be analyzed _Gua-roco-el_ such-know-he-is.

We have an example of negative verbs in _Macabuca_ I do not care, which is _Macabuca_ not-care, or never-mind; in French _n’importe_, in Italian _non curo_.

Of the syntax we may form an idea by the few preserved phrases; which I have analyzed as follow, and compared with the Italian.

1. _Teitoca_ thou be quiet. _Tacitu_ Italian. _tocheta_ much. _molto._ _zinato_ angry. _irato._ _Guame-chyna_ this great God. _gran-Nume._

2. _Gua-ibba_ that go. _Vai_ It. _zinato_ angry. _irato._ _macabuca_ not care. _non curo._

3. _Dios_ Spanish God. _Dio_ It. _Aboria_ Servant. _Servo._ _dacha_ I am. _Sono._

This idiom or position of words is perfect in Italian which admits of many transpositions; but in English syntax and idiom these phrases mean

1. Be quiet, God will be very angry. 2. Begone, I do not care if he is angry. 3. I am the servant of the Spanish God.

The Haytian numbers have not been transmitted to us, and I could only collect the following secondary numbers—_Ata_ first, _Bem_ second, _Abem_ third: which however are primitive and indicate a binary numeration: although the language had probably the decimals.

By a careful analytical process I have been able to decompose the compound words, and even reach their monosyllabic roots. All the long words can be thus analyzed, and show that this compound form only arises, as usual in American languages, by the blunders of the Spanish writers, who wrote long words instead of short ones; blending articles and affixes. The Haytian thus analyzed and reduced is a very simple language, approximating to the primitive and oriental forms, wherein short monosyllables of generic import, formed the base of the speech, and became modified by union and relative position.

By these means the following essential roots of the language have been collected, and are given to help future similar investigations of American languages.

Examples of composition.

_Cazabi_ Bread. _Ca-za-bi_ soil-fruitful-life. _Manati_ Sea cow. _Ma-na-ti_ great-thing-eminent. _Turei_ Heaven. _T’ur-ei_ Thou-light-be. _Furzidi_ Cloudy. _Fur-zi-di_ gloom-it-is-day. (or now) _Areiti_ Song, rites. _A-rei-ti_ of reality eminent. _Nanichi_ Soul. _Na-ni-chi_ thing the active. _Maroyo_ Moon. _Ma-ro-yo_ great lovely.

74 essential monosyllabic roots of this language or genera of ideas.

A, Of, as, like. AC, Holy, sacred, religious. AM, Water, root, plenty. AN, Male thing, man, people, folk. AT, One, alone, first, unic. BA, Father, ancestor, dwelling. BAL, Raft, floating, wave, sea. BAN, Wind, air. BAO, Music, lyre, instrument. BAT, Beating, game, play, ball. BEM, Second, double, twin, two, next. BI, Life, wife, mother. BOA, Habitation, house. BOR, Labor, work, vassal, service. CA, Land, soil, earth, dry. CAN, Fish, swift, bad. CHI, Active, soul, work, wine, lively. CHON, Hot, dry, fever. CHUC, Take, grasp, hold. CO, Soil, fruitful, fountain, dog, thread. COAI, Joy, delight, happiness. CU, Chapel, altar, hearth, fire, all. CUS, Worm, creeping. DI, Day, now, actual. DUH, Wealth, riches, treasures, property. EI, Existence, to be. EL, Son, tribe, child, he is. FUR, Gloom, dark, cloud, fury. GIA, Fowl, bird, flying. GUA, Such, this, that, these, those. GUEY, Shell, hollow, closed. HA, Yes, sure, certain. HI, The, indication, here. HIO, House, hut, cottage. HUIB, Head. I, The, sign of life and action. IO, God, the living-type. IT, Man, male. IN, Woman, female. IZ, Eyes, looks. L’, LI, He, she, they, his &c., oft. changed to Y. MA, Great, big, larger, increase, mothers, water &c. MAS, Food, to eat &c. MI, M’, Me, my, mine. NA, Thing, bloom, lizard. NI, N’, The thing, my thing. NO, NOA, Boat, navigation, noble. O, Like, similar, akin. OB, Copper, yellow. OP, Dead. PU, Wood, purple. RA, REI, Real, rite, evidence, offspring. RIS, Red. RO, Love, belove. RI, Male, people, men. SOR, West, Eve, late, far. TOA, Breast, milk. TI, High, lofty, eminent. TAB, Tube, pipe. TAI, TIAO, Brother, friend, good. TOC, Rest, peace, quiet. UA, Old, ancient. UR, Light. UT, Rabbits. VA, Cave, hollow, father, origin. VAR, War, warrior. XAU, Cake, baked, bread. XI, Strong, pungent, pepper. YAR, End, tail, vent. YU, White, bright. ZA, Grass, fruitful, plenty. ZEM, Angels, deities, idols. ZIB, Stone, rock. ZIC, King, ruler.

Such was the Haytian language, once spoken by several millions, and a western branch of the Pelagic stock; that derived from the Asiatic _Pelegs_ and _Palis_, once peopled nearly all the shores of the Mediterranean 3 or 4000 years ago.

The following comparative vocabularies will prove this fact. They have not been made to support it; but to find the truth, and the probable ancestors of this American nation, by seeking them all over the earth. If this nation one of the nearest to the eastern hemisphere, is thus found of such remote antiquity, those further removed and inland may well be deemed equally old, or rather older still: which their own history shall disclose.

Out of the 234 words collected; many it will be perceived, are hardly comparable; being names of peculiar animals and plants. About 200 offer comparisons with our languages well known. It must be remarked that the Spaniards borrowed many Haytian words, which have since been introduced into Spanish and other European languages. Humboldt has given a list of them. Those admitted in the English language now are, hurricane, canoe, keys or islands, tobacco, pimento, yam, tomato, cassava, savana, mahogany, patatas, mangrove, indigo, copal, maize, bananas, parrot, guano, coco, cacao, guava, hammock or hanging bed &c.; which must not be compared, since they have been borrowed by us from the Haytian. The Spaniards have besides, chichas, balza, Cazic spelt cacique, aguti, manati, maguey, tiburo, guayac, macana, bejuco, nigua, tuna, aji, zeyba, &c.

Yet several of those words may be usefully compared in ancient languages often extinct, previous to the late connection with America. Thus we find analogies for maize, canoe, cazic, cayman, yam, chicha, macana, manati &c., in many: indicating very ancient connections.—Even the words manati, hurricane, canoe, nigua &c., have affinities in modern Italic languages, not derived from Hayti.

_Comparative_ TAINO _Vocabulary of Hayti._

_Authorities_,—R. Roman—C. Columbus—D. Dangleria,—Ac. Acosta,—Her. Herrera,—M. Munoz,—L. Las-Casas,—O. Oviedo,—G. Garcia or Gili,—E. Edwards,—H. Humboldt,—V. Vater,—A. all or nearly all of them,—Laet,—Diaz,—St. Mery,—Ey. Eyeri Dialect.

All or whole QUIS R. D. Xus O.

Analogies, _Oya_ Congo, _Jikoga_ Japan, _Chukoat_ Nepal, _Huy_
Copt, _Qualunque_ Italy.—_Ixquich_ Mexican, _Kiyih_ Mohigan &c.

Angel and Idol. ZEMI, _Zemes_, _Chemes_ A. analogies in annals.

Alligator or crocodile. CAYMAN A.—

_Caram_ Bornu, _Taymah_ Arabic, _Cuina_ Bechuana, _Caimio Chamoa_
Egyptian Dialects.—_Cayman_ Peruvian, _Camac_ Mexican, _Amangam_
Linapi.

Ants or pismires COMEXON R. see notes. Apple, pear, guava. GUAVA, _Guaiva_, _Guayaba_, _Xagua A._—

_Apis_, _Puar_, old French, _Apple_ English, _Aguas_, _Carba_
Pelagic, _Carpos_ Greek, _Carpath_ Aramic, _Ribi_ Egypt.

Angry ZYNATO D.—

_Irato_ Ital, _Orgytheis_ Greek, _Cato_ (bad) Ausonian, _Yahat_
Malay, _Ita_ Tonga.

Am, I am DACHA D.—

_Nach_ Turan, _Da_ (is) Bask, _Davo_ Sanscrit.—_Naca_ Maipuri,
_Ehaca_ Tarasca.

Arachis or ground-nut. MANI, _Manis_ A.—_Nux_ Latin.

Aloe MAGUEY. Magheih H.—_Agave_ Greek.

Annona or Papaw GUANAVAN H.

Ananas or pine-apple BONIAMA G. _Fanpolomi_ E.

Annato or red paint ACHIOTO H. _Bixa_ G.

Apart, aside, the side NARA R.—_Parte_ It., _Share_ English &c.

Armadillo ATATU E.

Army GUARAVARA G., see War.

Air, see Wind.

Above _Ubek_ in Eyeri. _Super_, _Ubique_, Latin.

Breast and milk TOA R—primitive word found in all languages,—

_Teth_ Celtic, _Tit_ Saxon, _Tad_ Chaldaic, _Toho_ Ainu, _Aha_
(milk) Aramic, _Aho_ Guanche, _Tea_ Bisharis, _Doa_ Hindu &c.

Bread or cake CAZABI, _Cazavi_ A. _Cuac_, _Maru_ in dialects.—

Also primitive found in 100 languages. _Oguia_ Bask, _Ahran_
Celtic and Berber, _Shakua_ Abask, _Kabaka_ Nuba, _Khas_ Haikan,
_Maru_ Zingani, _Yacu_ Dhagul mountains, _Axaus_ Pelagic, _Artos_
Greek &c.—_Cuzavi_ Tayrones, _Cosque_ Chili, _Casaah_ Cado,
_Cancu_ Peru, _Shokua_ Atakapas, _Pasca_ Apalachi &c.

Be, to be, TEI, EI D.—Primitive.

_Ei_ Aramic, _E_ Italic, _Hei_ Arabic, _Eu_ Armoric, _Hei_ Oscan,
_Esti_ Greek, _E_ Haikan, _Hein_ Pelagic, Eolian, _Pet_ Egypt
&c.—_Eini_ Tarasca, _Atz_ Chaymas &c.

Being, and a being, BEI, BEIRA A.—primitive, same roots,

Boat, CANOA A. _Pages._—

Primitive word of 100 languages, _Nau Sanscrit_, Pelagic, Osset,
_Nave_, _Barca_ Italic, _Naus_ Greek, _Guyon_ Guanch, _Scafo_,
_Cahekiu_ Sicilian, _Xepec_ Lybian, _Bacolo_ Illyric, _Cahani_
Ainu, _Cayic_ Turk, _Doa_ Arabic, _Naos_ Haikan, _Ani_ Aramic,
_Cana_ Bastul or Iberian, _Naoi_ Celtic, _Kan_ Teutonic
&c.—_Noatek_ Mbaya, _Canahua_, _Canabir_ Galibis, _Palayak_
Aleutian, _Banias_ Panama &c.

Bird, fowl, BOGIAEL R. _Ipis_ in Cuba.—

Compare _Halit_ and _Ibis_ Egypt, _Pirid_ old Saxon, _Ipira_
Hindu, _Vogel_ German, _Pollo_ Oscan. _Ugedu_ Sicily, _Ogia_
Celtic, _Uchel_ Ausonian, _Bo_ Burman, _Mapel_ Suanic, _Haliga_
Pelagic &c.—_Gualpa_ Peru, _Coxol_ Huasteca &c.

Bed. AMACA A. _Amazas_ L. _Barbacoa_ H. _Nehera_, _Nekera in Dialects_.—

_Ekia_, _Kunera_, Greek, _Tamapat_ Malay, _Nedokuri_ Japan, _Cama_
Lusitanian, _Make_ Egypt—_Camata_ Peru, _Amaca_, _Akat_ Galibi,
_Mucara_ Betoy? _Amaca_ Yaoy, _Chinchero_ Guarauna.

Blue and violet, TUNNA, _Quibey_, _Guei_, dialects.—_Cyanus_ Greek, _Chuanta_ Abask.

Beer, CHICHA A.—

_Alicha_, _Cheruisa_ Gauls, _Chelia_ Cantabrians, _Chacoli_ Bask,
_Shashu_ China, _Ichua_, _Isua_ African Atlantes, _Acha_ (Wine)
Aramic—_Chica_ Peru, _Chicha_ Chili, Mbayas, _Cachina_ Apalachi,
_Huicu_ Galibis &c.

Beloved, loved, ROZI, _Berozi_ R.—

_Eros_ Greek, _Behar_ Persian, _Careich_ Celtic, _Cara_ Italic and
Hebrew, _Heri_ Sanscrit, _Eiras_, _Meres_ Egypt, _Amore_ Italian,
_Amuri_ Sicilian.

Ball, ball-game, BATOS D. _Batei_ G.—

_Orpatos_ Greek, _Ballota_ Italic, _Baton_ French, _Bandy_, _Bate_
old English—_Pali_, _Palican_ Chili.

Beast, beastly, wild, _Caracol_ R.—

_Caracal_ Lybian, _Car_ Turan, _Heraca_, _Ferua_ Italy, _Caracol_
Berber Atlantes, _Caracoler_ old French, _Ho-lo_ old Chinese,
_Olo-olo_ Bugis and Macasar.

Basket, HAVA G.—Primitive, see Cave.

Bright, TUREIGNA D.—see Light.

Bananas, BANANAS Her. _Camois_ G.

Bad fellow, VAQUIANO Ac.—_Paquiano_ Sicily.

Brother, GUATIAO Her.—_Tayo_ Polynesia, _Fratielo_ Ital. D.

Blood, MOINALU Ey.—

_Omoina_ Aramic, _Idoimen_ African Atlantes, _Odola_ Bask, _Zemo_
Zend, _Tola_ Arabic, _Haimai_ Pelagic, _Haematos_ Greek, _Aimonos_
Romaic, _Hamanos_ Illyric, _Mulu_ Koriak and Kamchatka.

Corn, maize, MAHIZ, MAYZ A.—

_Maiza_ Bask. _Mas_ Nepal and Congo. _May_ Kirata of Imalaya, _Me_
Chinese, _Maza_ Pelagic, _Maiz_ Turan, _Zimidi_, _Zimind_
Caucasian languages, _Mozen_ Guanch, _Tiemzin_, _timezin tomzin_
African Atlantic—_Hazez_ Apalachi, _Iziz_ Huasteca, _Zara_ Peru,
_Yasit_ Cora, _Umita_ Chili.

Cold, YMIZUI R.—_Hima_ Sanscrit, _Hiems_ Latin, _Frimat_ French.

Cave, cavern, COVA, _Vava_ D. _Giaga_, _Beina_ O.—

_Cava_, _Cabina_, _Phinon_ Pelagic, _Caura_ Lybian, _Thebi_ old
Egyptian, _Tabaita_ Ausonian, _Ketena_, _Phian_ Oscan and
Etruscan? _Libanah_, _Cuena_ Aramic, _Tana_ Sicily, _Deina_ Teuton
... Primitive.

Cotton, MAPU E. ZEIBA A.—_Gosupon_ Greek, _Kapas_, _Kipi_ Sanscrit language,

_Bombaz_ Pelagic, _Cosib_ old Arabic.

Cloth, see dress.

Club, see sword.

Copper, TUOB C. Yellow copper, HOBIN D.—_Kuop_ Pelagic, _Kupros_ Greek, _Cupreus_ Latin.

Careless, I don’t care, MACABUCA D.—_Bucanaco_ Congo.

Cutting, knife, HENEQUEN.—_Ecuta_ Bask, _Totenika_ Greek, _Sikunatant_ Pehlvi, _Kangiac_ Arabic &c.

Children or tribe, EL, ILI, GUAILI R.—Primitive, analogies already given in annals.

Clusia alba, or copal tree, COPEI, _Copal_ G. H.

Conch-shell, _Maguey_ C. as Aloe.

Cake, XAUXAU G. _Akes_ C. see Bread. _Xau_ is primitive.

Cocos, COCO G. _Coquillas_ in Boriquen.

Cedar, CAUVANA G.

Cacao, CACAO A. same in Mexico &c.

Church, temple, chapel, CU Acosta, _Tzia_.—Primitive, same name in Maya, Chontal, Mexican &c. _Gu_ Japan, _Tia_ Chinese D.

Cloudy, FURZIDI, Her.

Cane, YARUMA, Her.

Crabs, _Taracolas_.—_Grankio_ Italian, _Harkinos_ Greek.

Dress, mantle, cloth, COCHIO D. R. _Yaguas_ Her.—

_Ahico_ Guanch, _Haico_ Berber, _Cachaca_ Gaul, _Cochaya_
Slavonian—_Poncho_ Chili, _Cuayo_ Galibi.

Danse and song, rites and worship AREITOS A., _Areites_ D., _Areiti_ G., _Batocos_ G.—

_Iroitos_ sacred songs of Greeks, _Ticos_ Illyrian, _Artesis_,
_Orchesis_, _Xoreite_, danses of Pelagians and Greeks, _Ariette_
(song) French and Ital., _Hurah_ Saxon, _Ahura_ Havay—_Yaravis_
Peru, _Mitotes_ Mexican.

Dog, _Cuchis_, _Gochis_, _Alco_ (a peculiar kind.)—

_Khoy_ Caucasus, _Cunis_ Pelagic, _Kiuen_ China, _Chiu_ Mungur of
Nepal, _Chien_ French, _Cucus_ Persian, _Cucura_ Sanscrit, _Cucha_
Newar, _Cuxur_ Nepal, _Cuncha_ Guanch Atlantes, _Cuch_ Curdish,
_Cho_ Siam—_Chichi_, _Alco_ Mexican, _Chegua_ Chili, _Cule_ Lule,
_Allco_ Peru, _Vichu_ Tarasca.

Day, DI—Primitive _Dies_ Latin and all Pelagic languages.

Daughter, RAHEN Ey.—

_Chera_ Copt, _Ahu_, _Raena_ Sanscrit, _Nuora_ Italic—_Ninah_
Darien, _Tahira_ Omagua.

Dead, ghost, spirit, OPIA, _Opoyem_, _Goeiz_.—

_Boa_ old Ethiopic, _Aporoya_ Pelagic, _Iya_ Bishri, _Obit_ Latin,
_Leoba_ Irish, _Zabi_ Bask, _Obiah_, _Oabye_, Africans—_Pitini_,
_Conopas_ Peru, _Ho_, _Obihi_ Othomi, _Maboya_ Galibi, _Chipi_
Ottawa.

Devil and Evil, TUYRA D., see Annals. _Mabuya_ Eyeri is Carib.

Eternal, MAMONA R. _Jemao_, title of God, see Annals.

Earth, land, and island, JAYA, _Khaya_, _Cayos_, _Hay_, _Guaca_ &c. A.—Primitive, see Annals.

Eat, to eat, food, to feed, IMAS, Mani A.—

_Mets_ Celtic, _Yam_ Slavic, _Jian_ Bask, _Ishamas_ Kamchatka,
_Macanu_ Malay, _Uem_ Copt, _Mas_ Sanscrit and Thibet, _Mashu_
Nepal—_Micuni_ Peruvian.

End, tail, YARIMA D.—

_Uras_ Greek, _Ora_ Anglo-Saxon, _Gomera_ Aramic, _Oari_ Japan,
_Ura_ Manchu, _Brim_ Teutonic—_Yara_ Tarasca.

Emerald, gem, and money, AGUACAT, O.—_Achates_ Greek, _Agata_ Latin &c.

Eyes, IZI, O.—Primitive, _Mizi_ in Polynesia, _Opsis_ Greek, _Aiz_ English, _Iz_ Oriental language—_Cosi_ Cahiri.

Field, plain, CONUCO G. V. ZAVANA _Zanaga, Mazagua_, A.—

_Khana_ Pehlvi, _Bashan_ old Arabic, _Chonu_ Yakut, _Azagar,
Zahal, Caha, Amaza_, African Atlantes, _Coy_ Copt, _Ager_ Latin,
_Kuni_, _Nabeku_ Iberian Spanish—_Cog_ Guarani, _Cu_ Omaguas,
_Tzallan_ Huasteca.

Fly, flying-insect, COCUYO, _Cuinix_, _Zievas_.—_Huica_ Pelagic, Cuic Sanscrit, _Musca_ Latin.

Fountain, COA, _Maca_, _Mini_.—_Cum_ Hindi, _Ain_ Arabic, _Hecoas_ Pelagic.

Frog, TOA G. Onomatopeia.

Father, AHIA, _Baia_, R., _Vava_, _Baba_ Ey.—Primitive, found in 500 languages.—

_Bap_ Lybian, _Ibas Babas_ of atlantes, _Ab_ Oriental Lang, _Pa_
Thibet, _Yaya_ Kawi, _Babo Avo_ Italy, _Ayenl_ French, _Ay_ Votiac
and Edda, _Oaba_ Abase, _Aita_ Bask; _Ba Ab Baba_, Sanscrit; _Bay_
Jolof.—_Yaya_ Peru, _Iyay_ Taos, _Haia_ Sheba, _Ochai_ Yaqui,
_Yapa_ Cora, _Lahai_ Cochimi and Lamones, _Ahay_ Eslen, _Aoy_
Eclemac, _Aya_ Yarura, _Yai_ Zamuca, _Ahen_ Yameos, _Yare_ Puri,
_Baba_ Saliva, _Papa_ Tamanac and Cuna, etc.

Frolic, Intoxication.—_Barbasco_ St. Mary, _Frasco_ Sicilian.

Fish, ICAN, _Guaycan M_.—

_Ihan_ Malay, _Icthos_ Greek, _Guiena_ Iolof, _Nga_, _Gna_ Limbua
and Newar of Nepal, _Piscan_ Oscan, _Ica_ Tonga and Nukahiva,
_Sakana_ Japan, _Iguah_ Java,—_Yacun_ Wokon, _Hucat_ Cora,
_Makach_ Nachez.

Fire, CUYO D, _Cuxo_ H.—

_Ecu_ Hottentot, _Cuat_, _Taquat_ afr Atlantes, _Guy_ Kawi, _Koke_
Coptic, _Ogiak_ Turk, _Cuasi_ Japan, _Fuyo_ Iberian, _Fuoco_
Italy, _Ucut_ Moluccas.—_Totecuh_ Muscolgi, _Cu_ Sussih, _Icu_
Lulè, _Eguza_ Saliva, _Yucu_, _Xucu_ Moxas, _Cutha_, Chili,
_Cuyah_ Malali, _Cuati_ Sapibo, _Kueh_ Taculis.

Fire-fly, CUCUYOS G. _Cucuyo_ H. _Locuyos_ H. _Cucuix_ D. _Zievas_ in Lucayas O. see Fire and Fly.

Foe, ANAKI O. _Akani_ Ey.—

_Katahi_ Japan, _Neikos_ (strife) Greek, _Uaina_ Slavic, _Vahini_
Sanscrit, _Katalki_ Kendy, _Anakim_ Aramic, _Acanitu_ Sicilian,
_Nemico_ Italian.

Flower, Blossom, ANA A.—

_Anu_, _Mana_, Egypt, _Anota_ Singala, _Anathos_ Greek, _Suan_
Newar, _Athina_ Palo, _Tana_ Japan, _Dani_ Othomi.

Fruit. INAS. GUAUANAS, Ac.—Derived from Flower.

Fruitful Co.—_Com_ Iberian, _Comestible_ French.

Fever, see heat.

Flamingo, Red bird. IPIRIS Diaz in Cuba.

God. JOVANA O. _Yocahuna_ R. and many other names and titles in all the Islands. See the annals and notes. All are compound primitive words: additional analogies.—

_Jan_ Janus of Etruscans, _Ju_ Ombrian, _Yu_ Ausonian, _Jovis_
Latin,—_Jona_, _Yauna_, _Juncva_, _Jaungoieva_ of
Basks—_Jo-cauna_, _Janum_ of Lybians, IEUE of Moses, _Joh_ Luchu,
_Yavang_ Sunda, _Iona_ Troyan, _Iunak_ Slavic, _Achaman Ahican_
Guanch, &c.—_Yah_, _yoha vah_ Chactah, _Hioh_ New Albion, _Yaho_
Apalachi, _Oyuac_ Old Peruvian, _Jahuagon_ Huron, _Wakon_ Ozages,
_Conome_ Yaruras, _Oho_ Aleutian, _Ogha_ Othomi, &c.

Great, Big, Large. MA, _Magua_, _Guama_, A.—Primitive, akin to all old Languages,

—_Magnus_ Latin, _Megas_ Greek, _Ma_ Oriental and Sanscrit
Languages, _Masa_ Pehlvi, _Mese_ Zend, _Maha_ Hindu and Bali,
_Maque_ Jolof, _Maunu_ Fulah, _Mah_ Iran, _Mag_ Medic and Irish,
_Guadul_ Phenician, _Maigh_ Celtic, _Magla_ Carthuli, _Waka_
Japan.—_Ecuah_ Tzuluki, _Gua_ Nachez, _Guazu_ Guarami, _Zhuma_
Muyzcas, _Ma_ Apalachi, _Manaho_ Othomi.

Green. HUARAHUA, _Guaragua_ Laet.—

_Xloris_ Greek, _Viridis_ Latin, _Huryo_ Nepal,—_Veragua_ Chontal.

Gold. CAONA, CAUNI—

_Canchana_ Sanscrit, _Sona_ Hindu, _Kin_ China, _Sanu_ Manding,
_Sun_ Nepal, _Cancha_, Peru.

Go and Come. HA. _Guaiba_ D.—

_Odebo_ Greek, _Amòular_, _Va_, _Vaya_ Italic D, _Hanba_ Cosa afr,
_Ya_, _Gati_ Sanscrit,—_Hoye_ Tarahumara, _Hupua_ Yaqui, _Aya_
Chactah, _Hai_ Patagon, _Auha_ Aleutian.

Gourd. HIGUERA. _Hibuera_ D. O. _Hibue ra_ M.—

_Guara_ Bask, _Cucurbita_ Latin.

Gentle, mild, tame. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.—

_Manso_ Italy, _Matio_ (Foolish,) _Amato_ (beloved), _Bonus_,
_mitis_ Latin, _Gathos_ Greek.

Guitar, Lyre. HABAO. R.— _Hiuhaba_ Bask, _Chobao_ Hindi, _Balajo_ Jolof, _Oboe_, _Hinoa_ Italic D.

Garden, Delight, Joy, Happiness. COAI R. CHALI Ey.—

_Lali_, _Loula_ Egypt, _Chagla_ Aramic, _Shali_ Cashmir, _Shialar_
Sicily, _Gala_ Italy, _Yaul_ Scand, _Hali_ Zend, _Coya_ Pelagic,
_Noali_ Armoric,—_Quali_ Mexican, _Haylli_ Peru, _Ululaez_ Maya.

Ghost, Spirit of Dead. GOEIZ. _Opoyem_ Ey.—

_Necuya_ Epirian, _Goe_ Greek, _Ghaib_ Aramic and Persian, _Goiti_
Slavic—_Goz_ Vilela, _Coyocop_ Nachez, _Aguis_ Peru.

Grand-father. AHIACAVO R. See Father. _Narguti_ In Eyeri D.

Guayac, Holy-wood. GUAYAC. _Guayacan_ H. _Guacum_ O.

Grove, Forest. ARCABUTOS Ac.

Good. TIAO R. _Taino_ D. See noble.

House, Habitation. BOA. _Bohio_ A. _Bai_ R. _Canei_ M. _Tunohoko_ Eyeri D. Primitive.—

_Ocos_ Pelagic, _Hustau_ Romanic, _Acam_ Afr Atlantic, _Uyon_
Uigur, _Huis_ Old French, _Khaneh_ Persian, _Kanaba_ Thibet,
_Oneh_ Old Egypt, _Bantaba_ Fulah, _Beit_, _baith_ Aramic, _Bara_
Pelvi, _Batos_, _Beotes_ Pelagic, _Xoa_ Dorian, _Hu_ Chinese,
_Bohiga_ Celtic, _Ca_ Etruscan, _Abode, Booth_ English—_Bohio_
Apalachi, _Buhio_ Maya, _Ochoch_ Poconchi, _Aothi, Baua_ Galibi,
_Pokos_ Tao, _Nixai_ Quiché, _Uya_ Lulé, _Bahi_ Aruac, _Huachi_
Peru, _Oca_ Guarani, _Uca_ Omagua, _Ba_ Mizteca, _Chaho_ Tarasca.

Head, Summit, beginning, upon, peak. ZIMU D. _Huibo_.—

_Cima_, _Suma_ Italic, _Ima Sama_ Pelagic and Sanscrit, _Imula_
Ombay Id, _Kimita_ Yedzo, _Kima_ Ligurian, _Iman_ Arabic, _Zimba_
Bunda Congo, _Yuma_ Japan—_Uma_ Peruvian, _Chémé_ Quiché, _China_
Poconchi, _Umitz_ Nutka, _Muhuti_ Cora, _Yama_ Othomi.

Heliconia. BIHAO.

High, lofty, eminent, excellent, strong, raised. TIHU. _Tichetu, Car, Huibo, Uta_—

_Ti_ Pelagic, _Tien_ Chinese, _Tithos_ Greek, _Auti, Alti_ Italic,
L. _Tith_ Lybian, _Tip_ Saxon, _Timal_ Oscan, _Tohu_ Copt, _Gibor_
Aramic, _Bop_ Jolof, _Obo_ Mogol, _Ube_ Singala.—_Iba_ Apalachi,
_Uebo, Uipo_ Galibi, _Hayo_ Cado.

Heaven, sky. TUREI D. _Siela_ O, _Coaiba_ R. _Coyaba_ (Paradise.) _Soraya_ (West sky.) _Ubec_ Ey.—

_Uranus_, _Skia_ Greek, _Turan_ Old Persian, _Irem_ Persian, _Aru_
Osset, _Ciel_ French, _Coelum_ Latin, _Arai_ Tahiti, _Coelba_
Ausonian, _Suraga_ Bugis, _Suroloyo_ Kawi, _Surya_ Sanscrit,
_Sora_ Japan, _Uren_ Armoric, _Arai_ Turan, _Serua_ Baik, _Urain_
Pelagic, _Hyalla_ Fullah.—_Capu_ Yaoy and Tamanac, _Coane_ Maya,
_Cabu_ Otomacas, _Turci_ Paria, _Hetucoba_ Apalachi, _Yabe_
Guarani, _Purini_ Tarasca, _Cabo_ Galibi, _Tacab_ Poconchi,
_Pacha_ Aymara.

Heart and Soul. NANICHI—

_Nasha_ Chaldic, _Anima_ Latin, _Han_ Chinese, _Gan_ Turk, _Huchi_
Deri Persian, _Uhane_ Havay, _Zinio_ Afgan, _Nima_ Pelagic, _Amé_
Egypt, _Anichal_ Celtic, _Nehima_ Congo,—_Kaueshin_ Aleutian,
_Ichick_ Huazteca, _Agna_ Cumana, _Cama_ Peru, _Nashawanith_
Powhatan, _Ninohuani_ Galibi, _Nandi_ Ottomaca, _Juani_ Yarura,
_Amitani_ Maipuri, &c.

Holy. AUC D. YAC G. GUACA R.—

_Cadish_ Aramic, _Aucus_ Old Latin, _Hagios_ Greek, _Agi_ Touga,
_Haga_ Pelagic, _Ca_ Turan, _Hancus_ Ausonian, _Khuab_ Old
Egypt,—_Aca_, _huaca_ Peru, _Wakon_ Dacota, _Huacan_ Cora,
_Hualic_ Huazteca.

Heat, hot, fever, dry. ZECHON. ZEZIONES M.—

_Ako_ Old Arabic, _Sicus_ Latin, _Xerone_, _Chaone_ Pelagian,
_Chon_ Egypt, _Chaud_ (Cho) French, _Cau_ Romanic,—_Achi_ Chili.

Hog, Swine, Pecari. ZAINO. _Scuna_ Ac.

—_Sis-ino_ Japan, _Chinia_ Ausonian, _Suina_ Russian, _Zayos_
Pelagic, _Zanno_ Oscan, _Zinial_ Ligurian, _Muaca_, _Charcu_
Celtic, _Taguazen_ Guanch,—_Tayasu_ Guarani, _Sayones_ Calamari,
_Nigda_ Mbaya.

His, her, He, she. LI.

Hill. HUIBO D. _Carive_ Laet, see mountain.

Hollow, hole, YARA. _Yari_, _Yaru_. _Coatris_.—_Trou_, _Creux_ French.

Hut. BOHARQUE M. _Canei_ G. _Tuhonoko_ Ey. See House.

Insect. See Little.

Island, CAYA, _Caic_, _Caiz_, _Caiques_. All—see Earth and Land.

Infinite, RAPITA, _Apito_, _Virita_ R. D. O. title of God with _Guaca_ holy. Analogies with _Rapid_ and _Veritas_ Latin.

Invisible, GUIMAZOA, _Zuimaco_, _Quinazona_ R. D. O.—other title of God, compound words, perhaps of different import: with many affinities in divine names of Lybia, &c.

In, Within, Inside. _Hiqui_ in Cuba Laet. _Nacan_ C.

Indigo, DIGO R.

Is, it is, this is. ZI—primitive _Ze_ in Mosaic and Oriental Languages.—He is, she is, EL or _eil_, see Grammar.

King. CAZIC A. _Cacique_, _Caciqui_, _Caxicus_, _Casiche_ Various spellings.—See the Annals.

Knowledge, to know. GUAROCO, D.—_Char_ Aramic, _Imparar_ Italic, _Rasaca_ Malay.

Life. BI G.—Primitive. I Oriental L. _Vita_ Italic, _Bios_ Greek, _Vie_ French.

Lizard. GUANA. _Iguana_ A. _Yuanas_ Her,—_Aguana_ Guinea, _Iagandu_ Congo, _Athaguan_ Pelagic, _Manatha_ Aramic, _Guha_ Singala,—_Iuganas_ Cumana, _Leguan_ Aruwak.

Labor. BORIA.

Laborer, Vassal, Servant. NABOR, _Anaboria_, _Naboritis_. See Annals.

Little, Small, Nothing, Insect. NIGUA. _Nianti_ Ey.—

_Nigu_, _niga_ Sicily, _Niente_ Italic, _Ngai_ Birman, _Naga_
Hindi, _Ngni_ Newar, _Guti_ Bask, _Minizi_ Gothic,—_Piqua_ Peru,
_Chigua_ Darien, _Nechet_ Adaiz, _Enchique_ Yaoy.

Land. See Earth.

Lord. See Noble.

Light, Shining. TUREIGNA D. See Heaven.

Lake, HAGUAI. See Water.

Man, men, male, husband, people. HITO GUANI, CARI R. _Magua_ G. 3 roots IT, RI, AN, connected all over the world: IT found in

_Iota_ Old Gothic, _Itua_ Polynesia, _Toy_ Old Egypt, _Hitnos_
Pelagic, _Hita_ Sanscrit, _Ati_ Zend, _Itga_ Nubian, _Hetus_
Ausonian, _Het_ Talahet, _Dito_ Kawi, _Fito_ Japan, _Tuhihuit_
Cumanche, &c.—

RI in _Ria_ Congo, _Vir_ Latin, _Hari_ Tombuctu, _Ira_ Tambu, _Er_
Turk, _Air_ Celtic and Haikan, _Yeri_ Hungarian, _Ari_ Peruvian,
_Nieri_ Illyrian, _Vair_ Gothic, _Viro_ Timuacan, _Ir_ Oscan, &c.—

AN in _Nan_, _Yang_, Chinese D. _Ani_ Anam, _Gens_ Latin, _Han_
Mbaya, _Huinac_ Tzendal, _Aner_ Greek, _Orang_ Malay, _Guan_
Gaunch,—_Hua_ Apalachi, _Huentu_ Chili, _Guana_ Guanas, &c.

Mother. MAMA D.—Primitive word, found in 500 Languages; identic or nearly so in all the Sanscrit and European Languages, the Atlantic Dialects, Bask and Manchu, Egypt and Tartary, Thibet and Polynesia; changed to _Mu_ in Chinese; _Am_, _Om_ in Arabic Languages—In America quite common also, least changed in _Hama_ Shebaoy, _Amani_, Adaiz _Ma_ Mobima, _Mama_ Betoy, Omagua and Peru.

Moon. MAROYO R. _Marohus_ O. _Mona_, _Kati_ in Eyeri. See the Annals.

Much, Many. TOCHETA D.—_Tucho_ Iberian, _Chuanti_ Ausonian, _Chehel_ Persian, _Totus_ Latin.—_Tacha_ Achagua, _Mioch_ Mexican, _Tobu_ Brazilian.

Mammeafruit. MAMEY D.

Millet. PANYCKE D.—_Panicum_ Latin.

Mountain or hill, highlands, rough country. TIHUI. _Huibo_, _Baino_, _Zibao_, _Hayti_.—

_Mtay_ Carthul, _Oiten_ Lusitanian, _Hauteur_ (pr hotoer) French,
_Tith_ Pelagic, _Buno_, Romaic, _Guibo_ Aramic, _Tohu_
Copt,—_Uibui_ Galibi, _Caquihuin_ Totonaca, _Titi_ Collas of Peru,
_Ehuata_ Omagua, _Vata_ Tarasca, _Hatez_ Chontal, _Guetia_ Mbaya,
&c.

Music, Noise. HABAO, _Giahuba_.—

_Hapan_ Pelagic, _Hubub_ Celtic, _Buba_ Congo, _Bhatai_ Bali,
_Behan_ Turan and Khorazan.—_Paypa_ Peru, _Ahbal_ Huazteca,
_Tupan_ Guarani.

Me, I, my, mine, myself—NI, N’, MI, M’.—Primitive, found in all the European and Asiatic Languages more or less deviated—

_Ni_, _Mich_ Bask, _Ani_ Aramic, _Mina_ Negro Langs, _Nio_
Japan,—_Ne_, _Me_ Mexican Languages, _Na_ Apalachi, _Ni_, _Mi_
Linapi Dial, _Hi_ Tarasca, _Ani_ Pimas Muscolgi, _Nia_ Cora, _Mio_
Dacota, _Gane_, _Kuno_ Japan.

Metal, hard. NIN. _Guanin_ C. _Hobin_ D.—_Irania_ Sanscrit, _Vina_ Jolof,—_Panilgue_ (Iron) Chili.

Manati, Sea-Cow. MANATI A.—_Lamantin_ French, _Mamatino_ Sicilian.

Mosquito. JEJEN D.—_Zinzara_ Toscan.

Mushroom. YEGAN. _Guayegan_ R.—_Fungus_, _Agaricus_ Latin, _Mycos_ Greek, _Guarib_ Slavic, _Guaygrion_ Celtic, and Old French.

Meadow. ZAVANA. _Zabana_ A. See Field.

Master, Lord. GUAMA. See Prince.

Mantle. YAGUAS. Her. See Dress.

Moving. MANA. See Grammar.

Manioc. BONIATA O, is the mild kind, _Yuco_ D.

Mahogany. MAHOGANI H. _Cahoba_.

Mangrove tree. MANGLE H.

Noble, good, fine, handsome, lord, chief. TAINO A. _Mato_ Her, _Nitaino_, _Mitaino_ Dialects.—

_Thano_ Oscan, _Tona_ Japan, _Hainac_, _Theano_, _Tuyano_
Pelagian, _Turanos_ Greek, _Zain_ Turk, _Atueyn_ Birman, _No_
(fine) Greek, _Ethauo_ Singala, _Tayon_ Kamchatka, _Talen_
Iberian, _Ona_ (good) Bask, _Sitino_ Old Arabic; _Tonos_,
_Taminas_ Scythian, _Maitai_ Polynesia,—_Toani_ Mexican,
_Tzalleine_ Huazteca, _Votan_ Chontal, _Noen_ Mocobi, _Nin_
Abipon, _Hitana_ Apalachi.

No, Not, Nothing, Bad. MAYANA, MACA D.—

_Eyni_ Mozabi, Lybian; _Nani_ Romanic, _May_ Dorian, _Niani_
Ausonian, _Niente_ Italian, _Ima_ Tahiti, _Mabi_ Birman, _An_
Copt,—_Ama_ Othomi, _Isana_ Cado, _Nitio_ Guarani, _Mayan_
Puncays; _Ma_, _Matar_ Maya, _Mana_ Peru, _Mani_ Poconchi.

Nuts. _Zibayos_ D—Derived from _Ziba_ Stone.

Now, To-day. DI. See Grammar.—_Adesso Oggidi_ Italian.

One, first, alone, unique. ATA, ATU R. D.—Primitive, found in 200 Languages.

_Bat_ Bask, _Yat_ Kong Chinese, _Atus_ Oscan, _Ada_ Aramic, _Ath_
Egypt, _Ata_ Pelagic, _Tahi_ Polynesia, _Tah_ Gaman Afr, _Auto_
Greek, _Yat_ Shilo Atlantic, _Suat_ Sumatra.—_Ata_ Muyzcas,
_Hatun_ Peru, _Mato_ Pimas, _Ata_ Innuit, _Aguit_ Vilela, _Carata_
Sapibo, _Nacut_ Micmac, _Scatta_ Onondago.

Old, oldman. UA, BOH. _Beh_, _Bohito_, _Bohique_ A. See Priest.—_Holbo_ Copt,—_Bial_ Huazteca, &c.—Very old Uaua as in Mexican.

Oldest, Eldest. NENECHIN, R.—_Ainé_ French.

Onion, Bulb. CABAICOS R. _Macoanes_ D.—

_Cepa_ Latin, _Ceba_ Tonga Isl., _Kipo_ Nepal, _Cipola_ Italian,
_Cipuda_ Sicilian, _Zaibel_ German, _Bacang_, _Bawang_ Malay and
Javan.

Omnipotent. LIELLA R. _Siela_. Title of God, analogies with EL, and _Ciel_ Heaven in French, pr. _Siel_.

Opossum. TONA R.

Ocymum. ZOCHEN R.

Paddle, Oar. PAGAYA, _Pages_, _Nae_ D.—_Pahi_ (boat) Tahiti, _Nae_ is the root of boat in all Oriental and Pelagic Languages.

Pheasant. _Babiayas_ Her. Cuba.—_Phasianus_ Latin.

Palace. CANEI H. See House.

Peace, repose, rest, quiet. TOCA D.—_Sata_ Lybian, _Netuc_ Tozi old Arabic, _Cueto_ Sicilian, _Paca_ Aussonian, _Thegi_ Scand.

Pepper, pungent, sharp, strong taste. AXI, AJI. _Ages_ A.—_Ac_ is a primitive word for sharp. _Ac_, _ag_ Celtic, _Acutus_ Latin, _Oxus_ Greek,—_Axi_ Cumana.

Priest. BOHITO. _Bautio_, _Buhui_, _Bohique_, _Behique_. _Boition_, _Bouiti_, _Buutio_, _Boyeto_, &c., by different writers, and in Dialects. See the Annals and Notes.

Pontif, High-priest. BUHUI-TIHU A. See High.

Part or Share. See Apart.

Pipe, Tube. TOBACO D. _Tubus_ Latin, _Sipos_ Greek, _Hukah_ Hindi, _Chibuc_ Turk,—_Bacana_ Carib.

Purple. RAGUI. _Anigua_ D.—_Uarg_ Celtic, _Banicos_, Iberian.

Patatos. BATATAS.—The same in South America.

Place. GUARA R.

People, men. CHIVI, IBAR D. _Cabres_ Eyeri. See Man.

Parrot. PARACA. _Maca_ Cuba and Aruac.

Psidium pyriferum. Guava pear. _Guayava_, _Guaxaba_ D.

Pimento. PIMENTO.—_Pimienta_ Maya.

Poke. CUCATO. _Xucato_.—_Pocan_ Powhatan, _Coacum_ Mohigan, _Cuechiliz_ Mexican.

Plain. MAGUA. See Field.

Palm. YAGUA O. _Caico_ Eyeri.

Paradise. COAIBAI R. Her. See Heaven.

Physician. BOITI G. See Priest.

Parsnep. _Guaieros_ D.

Plumbtree, Myrobolan. XOBOS R. Plumbs _Hicaco_ H. _Cainito_ D.

Prince, Lord. GUAMA D.

_Tequeni-gua_, _Gua-miniqui_ Her, _Hamon_ afr Atlantes, _Samah_
Lybian, _Lucumon_ Etruscan, _Vimala_ Sanscrit, _Magister_ Lat.,
_Mana_, _Menuh_, Zend and Old Sanser, _Haman_ Iran, _Buyama_ Old
Arabic—_Tequanes_ Mexican., _Tuinametin_ Tarasca, _Tequenes_
Muyzcas, _Inquathil_ Huazteca, _Amo_ Choco, _Ahan_ Maya, &c.

Raft. BALZA A.—_Balza_, _Balca_ Italian D. _Balagan_ Malay.

Root, Yam. NIAMES. _Ames_, _M’ames_.—

_Ima_ Molucas, _Lami_ Macasar, _Nuni_ Copt, _Boniam_ Celtic,
_Boan_ Persian, _Niami_ African L.—_Nanat_ Cora, _Moniatos_
Calamari.

Rabbits. AGUTI, _Aguchi_, _Huti_, _Utia_, _Cuti_ A. R. Peculiar Genus _Cavia_ like Rabbits, 4 kinds in Hayti, says Laet.—_Hutia_ Largest; _Chemi_, _Cori_, _Mohuy_, Smallest.—_Cavia_ and _Pucarara_ in Dialects E. _Quinaxes_ E. Cuba.—

_Saraguchi_ Egypt, _Guniyu_ Sicilian, _Cuniculus_ Latin, _Lagotis_
Greek,—_Cuyes_ Quito, _Coy_ Huazteca, _Cuya_ Peru, _Curus_
Tayronas, _Quinazis_ Cauca.

Red. RIS. Diaz, ACHIOTO Her. Bay or Scarlet-red. PU, BU.—

_Giria_ Bask, _Kiris_ Arab, _Rehita_ Sanscrit, _Rosso_ Italian,
_Rubus_, _Badius_, _Puniceus_ Latin, _Phoenis_, _Erythros_ Greek,
_Bai_ Egypt, _Bugra_ Maroco, _Arbho_ Thibet.

Rich, Wealth, Wealthy, Treasure. DUCHI M. _Duhos_ G. _Duyhzi_ D.—

_Divitia_ Latin, _Guhya_ Sanscrit, _Duhut_ Hindi,—_Dites_ Darien,
_Cusca_ Quichè.

Rattle, Holy music. MARACA.—

_Amara_ Bali, _Raya_ Pelagic.—_Quaqua_ Huazteca, _Amaraca_ Tupi
Brazil, _Tamaraca_ Aruac and Anzerma, _Malaca_ Apalachi.

Retreat. TIBA.—_Thbe_ Moses, _Tiba_ Thibet, _Theba_ Egypt. &c.

Remora fish. REMORA G. _Reveo_ H. _Rambos_ Ac.—_Remor_ Pelagic.

Rope. CABUYA G.—_Cable_, _Cord_, English, French, Italian.

River. See Stream.

Rites, worship, reality. REITI.—_Ritus_ Latin &c.

Sea, Ocean. BAGUA V. _Balahua_ Ey. Evident analogy with _Agua_, _Aqua_, (water) in Spanish and Italian.—

_Talahua_ Mogol, _Balua_, _Pela_ Pelagic, _Va_ Sanscrit, _Ab_
Persian, _Baa_ Sussu of Afr, _Panyui_ Tarahum, _Cagua_ Saliva,
_Gua_ Tupi.

Star, Bright. STAREI D.—Primitive, found from England to India.

_Asterias_ Greek, _Aster_ Pelagic, _Sial_ Osset, _Taroth_ Aramic,
_Tara_ Hindi, _Stara_ Sanscrit, _Izeran_, _Yethra_ African
Atlantic, _Izara_ Bask, _Sitarah_ Persian.—_Sirica_ Galibi,
Tamanac and Otomaca, _Chirica_ Yaoy, _Silico_ Betoy, _Ergrai_
Abipon, _Stan_ Aleutian, _Setere_ Patagon.

Sword, Club, Weapon. MACANA A. _Machana_ O.—

_Mukenai_ Dorian, _Makaira_ Greek, _Magal_ Aramic, _Maguila_ Bask,
_Maco_ (spear) Gaunch, _Mayado_ (club) Do. _Mazza_ Italian, _Mace_
Old English,—_Macana_ Darien, and many other languages of South
America. _Macahui_ Mexican.

Stream, River, Flood, NIQUEN. _Neguin_ D. _Ziniquin_, _Cuhen_, _Agua_ in Cuba.—

_Dhuni_ Sanscrit, _Dunic_ Osset, _Dexamen_ Guanch, _Chuen_
Chinese, _Cuemen_ Celtic, _Hunica Kayan_ Turan, _Nahuen_ Pehlvi,
_Amnica_ Ausonian, _Nukil_ Afgan, _Binanga_ Bugi, _Annigan_ Scand,
_Annegar_ (to drown) Italian, _Nikli_, _Khian_ Lezghi, _Nikar_,
Toba Old Arabic.—_Wuinic_ Aruac, _Necua_ Yarura, _Cuyk_ Aleutian,
_Nidachi_ Cado, _Uchi_ Chacta.

Storm, Hurricane, Fury. FURACANE D. _Huracanes_ G. _Urogan_ Ey. Derived from rage and fury of elements, primitive roots.—

_Rages Soarah_, (rage and storm) Aramic, _Racas_ Toba Arabic,
_Taravat_ African Negros, _Burasca_ Italian, _Orage_ French,
_Hurlig_ Saxon, &c.

Sun. BOINIAL, BINTHAITEL. See Annals. _Kachi_ in Eyeri. See King.

Setting Sun, the West. SORAYA. See Heaven.—

_Surya_ Sanscrit, _Soir_ evening in French, _Sera_ in Italian,
_Vesper_, _Hesper_, Pelagic, _Spera_ Romaic.

Song, see Dance.—Soul, see Heart.—Small, see Little.

Son, EL. Sons, ILI. See Annals. _Rabu_, in Eyeri. See Grammar.

Stone, Rock. ZIBA A. See the Annals. Rocky _Zibao_.

Such. GUA. Demonstrative article much employed, found in many old languages.—_Ath_ Aramic, Arabic, Hebrew, Egyptian, &c.—_Gua_ in South America.

Shell. GUEY C. COHOB O.

Strong. CARIB, AGI A. See Pepper.

Shark. TIBURON Ac. TEBURA O.

Stranger. CHAPETON AC. _Guachinango_ Diaz in Cuba.

Soup, Boiled. CALALU.—_Bollito_ It. _Olla_ Spt.

Snake. BOBA in Boriquen.—_Boa_ African L., _Ob_ Oriental L., _Coluber_ Latin, _Ophis_ Greek.—_Coa_ Mexican, _Boya_ Guarani.

The, English indicative article I, HI, HIN, ZI, NI, LI.—Primitive, variable in Dialects, root I, same as I Italian, IL, L’ do. Y, _Ye_ Old English, I Persian and Lybian, _Yn_ Celtic, Y Old Arabic, _Ni_, _N’_ Illyrian, _Ohi_ Havay,—TI Cora, TL Mexican, _Ini_ Pimal, _Ni_ Lapani D., _Nuya_ Achagua, _Iu_ Payuri. See Grammar.

This, that, these, those. GUA, same as such. See Grammar.

Thou, thy, thine. TI, TE.—Primitive from Celtic to Sanscrit. _Ti_, _te_, _toi_, _tien_ Greek and Illiryan, nearly similar in Bask, Gothic, Pelagic, Latin, Italian, Persian, Magyar, &c.

Take. CHUC C. _Chugue_ Her.—_Busca_ Italian, _Aku_ Lampung of Sumatra.—_Huyca_ Huazteca, _Uhca_ Tarasca.

Tomato. TOMATES G.

Temple. See Church.

Tree. See Wood.

Town, habitation. BOHIO, same as house—

_Bahus_, _Pagus_, _Urbis_ Italic L., _Paese_, _Pays_, _Payz_
Modern I., _Choyo_ Greek D., _Bajeth_ Aramic, _Huebo_ Iberian,
_Bohus_ Pelagic, _Bya_ Scand, &c.

Thread. HICO D.—_Hilo_ Oscan, _Trico_ Greek, _Hagu_ Nepal—_Hito_, _Pito_ Maya.

Tobacco, COHIBA O. COGIOBA R. _Cohoba_ D.—_Dokhan_ Arabic, _Tuhica_ Nuba.

Turtle. ICOTA G. ICOTEA H. _Cabini_ D.—_Chucua_, _Icuma_ Sanscrit, _Boco_ Bali.—_Cotos_ Cumana.

Two, or Second. BEM?—_Bi_ Bask, _Binus_ Latin, _Ambi_ Italian.

Three, or Third. ABEM?

Tame, Mild. MATUM D. _Boniatum_ O.—_Bonus_ Latin.

Throne. DUCHI M.

Vine, Creeper. BEJUCO D.—_Bixuco_, _Bexucum_ O., _Bochuco_ M. Grape-vine. UVERIU. _Uyeros_ M.—_Uva_ Italian, _Viniera_ Catalan, _Zibi_ Arabic, _Ivy_ (pr Aivi) English.

Vassal. See Laborer.

Water. AMA. BAGUA.—

Primitive. _Ma_ Atlantes and Lybian, _Aman_ Modern Atlantes,
_Aemon_ Gaunch, _Mohu_ Copt, _Nam_ Siam, _Maim_ Arabic, _Balua_
Pelagic, _Oman_ Old Arabic, _Ameh_ Affadeh Negros, _Maza_ Congo,
_Kama_ Corana, _Asma_ Romaic, _Agua_ Spanish, _Aigo_ Romanic,
_Lagus_, _Lacus_ (lake) Latin and Celtic.—_May_, _Mayu_, Peru,
_Nhama_ Puris, _Amuk_, _Ahua_ Tzuluki, _Iia_ Chontal, _Maya_, _A_
Mexican, _Agua_ Veragua, _Ak_ Atakapus, _Haya_ Shebay, _Aya_
Yarura, _Ahay_ Eslen, &c.

Woman, Wife. INUYA. HITA. ITI. BIBI _Inara_, _Liani_, _Churon_, Ey.—

Several roots, _Iti_ same as _Hito_ man,—_Bibi_ is wife D. _Gyna_
Greek, _Guine_ Old French, _Nurin_ Desatir and Hindi, _Cunica_,
_Enaztia_, _Toya_ Bask D., _Iona_ Pelagic, _Zaita_ (girl) Bask,
_Zitta_ (bride) Sicilian, _Tanaya_ Tedla Atlantic, _Yuri_, _Nin_
Chinese Dialects, _Ita_, _Itua_, Oscan, _Gin_ Haikan, _Gina_
Australia, _Cuinta_ Congo, _Nuriu_ Hindi, _Machini_ Polynesia;
_Ana_, _Biana_ Oscan, _Puta_ Venitian, _Heana Beana_ Celtic,
_Zitella_ (girl) Italian, _Nurani_ Pehlvi, _Shina_ Copt, _Wanito_
Kawi, _Uxor_ (wife) Latin, _Boba_, _Chura_ Slavic Bulgar, _Biby_
Malabar, _Muchn_ Iran, _Keron_ (girl) Dorian Greek, _Koriza_
Romanic, &c.—_Uita_ Cora, _Zitua_ Mexican, _Nuatitu_ Saliva,
_Esena_ Moxas, _Tiguy_ Muyzcas, _Tinio_ Maypuri, _Yatè_ Mocobi,
_Nikib_ Atakapus, _Zina_ (girl) Othomi, _Wanita_ Uchi, _Iras_
Cumana, _Ira_ Coyba, _Nia_ Apalachi.

White. YUCA, LUCA A.—

_Leucas_ Greek, _Ca_ Turan, _Casis_ Scythian, _Chuna_ Bask,
_Aluca_ Lezghi, _Cucua_ Abask,—_Luza_ Chacta, _Elu_ Galibi,
_Lapaca_ Mbaya, _Zaco_ Totonaca, _Luc_ Chili, _Yurac_ Peru,
_Hacaya_ Cado, _Usca_ Ozage, _Yutaga_ Mocobi, _Zac_ Maya.

Wood or Tree. MACA, MAPU A. BUTOS Ac.—_Maica Chimala_ Dialects.—

_Kha_ Circaz, _Micha_ Abask, _Khad_ Osset, _Taimala_ Lezghi,
_Makia_ Oscan, (yet forest in Toscan.) _Gas_ Hindi, _Gatz_ Pehlvi,
_Agaz_ Tartar, _Cayu_ Malay,—_Ca_ Omagua and Guarani, _Caa_ Mbaya,
_Kag_ Atakapas, _Canch_ Nachez, _Manga_ Adaiz, _Aca_ Peru, &c.
_Butos_ is like _Bois_ (bua) French, _Wood_ (Vud) English.

War, Army. GUAZAVARA G. _Huctu_ Ey. Warrior. VARA.—Root same as in English and Gothic, _Guerra_ Italian, &c.

Wanderer. UMAKUA Ey.—_Omuvagu_ Sicilian.

Wind or Air. BANZEX D.—Primitive.

_Baud_ Old Arabic, _Bao_ Hindu, _Bad_ Persian, _Bau_ Ruyaga,
_Andai_ Oscan, _Nabha_ Sanscrit, _Bentus_ Ausonian, _Bana_ Kawi,
_Hanem_ Pelagic, _Abklia_ Abask,—_Eheca_ Mexican, _Acate_ Cora,
_Peco_ Chetimacha, &c.

West. SORAIA R.—_Warab_ Old Arabic, _Varapa_, _Saraya_ Sanscrit, _Urop_ Pelagic, _Hesper_ Greek, _Vesper_ Latin, _Urai_ Bugis. _Sor_ Aramic. See Setting Sun.

World. QUEYA, OCON R. D.—_On_ Oriental Root, _Xton_ Greek, _Queya_ from _Quiscaya_ whole earth.

Which, HIQUI Laet.—_Qui_ French, _Ilquale_ Italian, _Cui_ Sicilian.

Worms. CUSI. _Piojo_ in Jamaica.—_Cus_ Lybian, _Baco_ Toscan, _Pioc_ (vermin) Celtic.

Yes. HA.—Primitive. _Ha_ Lezghi, _Ya_ Gothic and Lamut, _Do_ Ostiac, _Aham_ Arabic, _Am_ Haikan, _A_ Timani and Bulam Africa, _Uaa_ Jolof, _Yaga_ Congo, _Ay_ English, _Hea_ African Atlantes,—_Haha_ Apalachi, _Aa_ Aleutian, _Haa_ Otomaco, Othomi and Cumanchi, _Ya_ Totonac and Puris, _May_ Chili, _Oyah_ Ozage, _Ahi_ Cado, _Yasay_ Aruac.

Yellow. HOBAS.—_Majob_ Lezghi, _Lobidus_ Ausonian, _Bahenda_ Biaju of Borneo, _Aubain_ (Oben) Old French, _Hoang_ Chinese.

Yuca gloriosa. YUCA E. same in Mexico, meaning bright, white.

Fragments On The Western Dialects Of Cuba, Jamaica, And The Lucayas Islands

C. Cuba, by Herrera, Diaz, Columbus, Acosta, Laet, Munoz, &c.

J. Jamaica, by Columbus, Garcia, Gomara, &c.

L. Lucayas, by Columbus, Acosta, Oviedo, &c.

Land or Country, _Katos_, L. _Xai_ J. _Nacan_, _Guaca_, C.

Island, _Caya_, L _Cayo_, C _Caic_ J.

Stranger, _Guachinango_, C.

House, _Bohio_, C.

Remora, _Reves_, C.

Partridge, _Lizas_, C. by Ocampo.

Pheasant, _Babiayas_, C.

Parrot, _Maxa_ C. _Macan_, J.

Prince, Lord, _Guami_, C.

Rabbits, _Usias_, _Hutic_, _Quinaxes_ C. _Hutia_ L.

Opuntia, _Tuna_ C.

Cacao, _Cacao_ C.

Priest, _Behique_, _Bohique_ C. L.

River, _Agua_ C.

Corn, _Maysi_, C.

Bread, _Zabi_, C.

God, _Yocahuna_, _Guama-coti_, _Guama-oxocoti_, C.

Supreme being, _Attabex_, C.

Ghost, _Dupi_, J.

Life, _Bi_, C. L.

Fountain, _Mini_, C. L.

Wood, _Maica_, J.

Cedar, _Cauvana_, C.

Dog, _Alco_, C.

Alligator, _Cayaman_, C.

Poke, _Cucato_, J.

Fire-fly, _Locuyos_, C. _Zievas_, L.

Noble, _To_, _Mato_, C.

Shell, _Cohobas_, C.

Guayac, Guacum, C.

Red, _Ris_, C.

White Worm, _Cusi_, J.

Palm Worm, _Piojo_, J.

King. _Caxicus_, C.

Within, _Hiqui_, _Nacan_, C.

Gold, _Nucay_, C. L. Columbus.

Yams, _Mames_, C.

Grape Vine, _Uveros_, C.

Fragments On The Eyeri Eastern Dialects Of Boriquen And The Carib Islands.

B. Boriquen, by Herrera, Acosta, &c.

E. Dialect of the Women of Carib, quite different from Carib, by Rochefort, &c.

Land, Island, _Kati_, E. _Ca_, _Ay_, B.

God, _Iocana_, _Guama-nomocon_, B.

Noble, _Ditayno_, B.

Snake, _Boba_, B.

Cloudy, _Furzidi_, B.

Mahogany, _Maga_, B.

Poison Apple, _Manzanila_, B.

Cotton Tree, _Zeyba,_ B.

Violet, _Quibey_, B.

Bananas, _Camois_, E.

Coco, _Coquillas_, B.

Guayac, _Guage_, B.

Hog, _Saine_, B.

Boat, _Piraguas_, B.

Wood, Tree, Bow, _Chimala_, E.

Angel, _Chemin_, Angels, _Chemignum_, E.

Spirits, _Opoyem_, E.

Moon, _Mona_, _Kati_, E.

Storm, _Urogan_, E.

Blood, _Moinalu_, E.

Heaven or above, _Ubec_, E.

Bread, _Maru_, E.

Boat, _Canoa_, _Pages_, E.

Man, _Eyeri_, Men, _Eyerium_, E.

Woman, _Inaru_, Women, _Inuyum_, E.

Foe, _Akani_, E.

Little, _Nianti_, E.

House, Hut, _Tuhonoco_, E.

Garden, _Chali_, E.

War, _Nihuctu_, E.

Mother, _Bibi_, _Nucu-churon_, E.

Father, _Baba_, _Nucu-chili_, E.

Grandfather, _Narguti_, E.

Wife, _Liani_, E.

Son, _Rabu_, E.

Daughter, _Rahen_, E.

The, _Ni_, N’.

Heart, _ Nanichi_, E.

Vassal, _Labuyu_, E.

Sea, _Balana_, E.

Bed, _Nekera_, E.

Sun, _Kachi_, _Cochi_, E.

Money, _Agucat_.

Palm, _Caico_.

Red, _Pu_, E.

People, _Ibas_, B. Cabres, E.

Priest, _Boyez_, E.

Wanderer, _Umckua_, E.

Devil, _Mabuya_, E.

Vocabulary Of The Cairi Of Trinidad Island, 1594.

This Dialect of the ARUAC is the nearest geographically to the _Eyeri_, and yet very different; nearer in words to the _Aruac_ of the Continent. Therefore the _Aruac_ and _Taino_ altho’ belonging to the same group, are distinct Languages, and the two people had been separated for ages.

Dudley collected in 1594, about 55 words of it, which are in Purchas, yet have been neglected by all the Philologists. Out of these 27 are in my _Taino_ List, and offer 16 affinities, equal to 56 per cent. The remainder 27, lack there and cannot be compared; but afford a kind of supplement to it.

16 Comparable Words Akin In Both.

Man, _Guttemock_.

Woman, _Hiaru_.

Heaven, _Huihua_.

Gold, _Calcoari_.

Maize, _Mauris_.

Pipe, _Bayu_.

Shell, _Tibetibe_.

Water, _Bara_, _Oronuy_.

Sun, _Hadali_.

Moon, _Katti_.

Bread, _Callit_.

Fire, _Hicket_.

Eyes, _Cosi_, _Scrath_.

Boat, _Canoa_, _Canosin_.

Stone, _Sibath_.

Head, _Cabbo_.

12 Different Comparable Words.

Copper, _Arara_.

Metal, Iron, _Mointiman_.

Emerald, _Taarao_.

Sword, _Caspara_.

This, My, _Da_, D.

Parrot, _Wahowa_.

Tree, _Mentini_.

Potato, _Halete_.

Batatas, _Caenuda_.

Knife, _Yedola_.

Basket, _Queca_.

Tobacco, _Hurreit_.

27 Additional Words Not Comparable.

Hand, _Can_.

Feet, _Cutti_.

Knees, _Cude_.

Toes, _Boda_.

Hair, _Bairo_, _Barah_.

Bow, _Marahabo_.

Arrow, _Semaro_.

Spoon, _Heldaro_.

Silver, _Perota_.

Forehead, _Dessi_.

Tongue, _Dill_.

Ears, _Dudica_.

Lips, _Desire_.

Teeth, _Arehe_.

Monkey, _Howa_.

Chest, _Bodad_.

Well, _Sakel_.

Bracelet, _Techir_.

Scissors, _Arkeano_.

Comb, _Baruda_.

Mouth, _Lacoak_.

Bell, _Toletilero_.

Stick, _Adoth_.

Beach, _Barenaine_.

Flying fish, _Bohery_.

Tunny fish, _Uassa_.

I don’t know, _Nonguo_, _Nonquapa_.

Fragment On The Araguas Of Brazil, 1519.

As early as 1519, Pigafetta collected a dozen words of the Brazilian Language; which are quite different from the _Tupi_; but very akin to the Haytian. Altho’ he does not name the tribe he visited, they must have been _Araguas_, who are thus traced to the _Aruac_ Stock. This great nation was still further extended; since the Patagons or _Tinguis_, the Chiquitos or _Taos_, and perhaps the _Charruas_ belonged to it, as I shall show elsewhere. Meantime adding some words from Cabot & Vespucci, we have 17 Araguas words, whereof 14 are comparable with the Haytian, offering 10 affinities, which gives 72 per cent of mutual analogy, much more than with the _Cairi_.

10 Consimilar Words.

House, _Boi_, _Bohio_, by Cabot.

Corn, _Maiz_.

Rattle, _Hanmaraca_.

Boat, _Canoe_.

Sword, _Macana_, Cabot. King, _Cachic_, (written _Cacich_) Italian Orthography.

Good, _Tum_.

Bed, _Hamac_. Big-land, _Taquino_, by Vespuci, name of Brazil.

4 Different Comparable Words.

Knife, _Tarse_.

Bananas, _Pacaras_.

Pear, _Caxus_, by Cabot.

Meal or Cassave, _Hui_.

3 Words Not Comparable.

Hook, _Pinda_.

Scissors, _Pirame_.

Comb, _Chipag_.

End Of First Volume.

FOOTNOTES

1 In 1824, I published my first essay on American history, a pamphlet
on the _Ancient History of Kentucky_, or Central North America,
before 1770. Although it was a mere rude sketch, it contains many
important historical facts. I was too little advanced then in
philological studies, to give it their support, and many of my
surmises must be rectified by it. My late researches have also
greatly impaired the general belief of the Tartarian origin, and
western route of the Mexican nations.

2 I published this presumed key in 1832 in my Atlantic Journal; but
many accurate comparisons are yet required to confirm my surmises,
although the Lybian analogies are evident.

3 In Hughes’ Travels in Sicily, Greece and Albania in 1813-14,
published 1820, we find this fact about Hesiod’s mention of maize,
used by the poor in mush and cakes by the early Greeks: the modern
Greeks call it _Arabo-sité_, Arabic corn, in Italy it is called
_Grano-turco_, or Turkish-corn: having reached Greece and Italy
through the Arabs, and not from America. It has been cultivated in
Java, Central Africa, Soudan, &c. from time immemorial, having
native names in the Negro languages. Gebelin thinks it was known in
Assyria. Polo found it in Tartary in the 13th century. Frazer lately
saw it almost wild in the Imalaya mts.: it has never been found
quite wild in America.

4 The _Poncho_ is a long strip of cloth, with a hole in the middle for
the head, the ends hanging before and behind, often fastened on the
sides. It was used by the ancient Mexicans, the Muyzcas, Peruvians
and Chilians. It has been adopted as quite convenient by the Spanish
colonists, and is very becoming when ornamented.

5 E-AD’M, Self-Adam, is the name given by Moses to the first men,
pronounced since Adam. Gen. 1. v. 27; but called also ZXR and N’K’BE
or male and female. The 2d AD’M or Adam was subsequent: although the
commentators have blended them, as they have the floods, days and
other things. Our bible translation of early events is besides very
erroneous; the Talmudist or Jewish version with points is not
correct, being in a late dialect: the true text of Moses which I
follow, has no points, but admits of a sheva or soft breathing
between consonants.

6 Geological comments are not here required, my business is with
mankind. Moses calls men beside _Aish_, _Anush_, _G’bforeign_, and
women _N’shim_, _Itath_, _Ashe_, _Ashth_; which are perhaps as many
names of early tribes! as well as ALEIM or _Elohim_, XRBIM
_Cherubim_, _Nahash_, &c. If these primitive names will offer any
analogies in America, they shall be thoroughly pointed out
hereafter. HUE is the real Eve. See the chapter on the Mosaic
Ontology for many other human beings, or early tribes. But it may be
well to add here the names of the beings of the 7th and 8th Yums
which we all deem animals, although there are indications to the
contrary.

7. YUM. The MIM waters produced SH’R’TZ production—translated
reptile! No soul. N’F’SH-HIE, soul living. OUF, Fowl, made to come
from waters, and their motion. LOUF’F means both flying and flirting
or swimming, G. 1. v. 20. But ALEIM realized or created the TH’NI
NIM whales, or rather Great fishes, having a soul living NFSH-EHIE,
verse 21. This fine word _soul_ has been translated creature.

8. YUM. The earth produces with soul BEME. Cattle or Herdsmen of
life? v. 24. R’M’SH, Reptiles or creeping Troglodytes? HITHU, Beasts
or Hunters. The BEME are perhaps Herdsmen! and all these may be men,
over whom Adam was to reign, giving them names. Else all these
animals had real souls like men! The fishes or fishermen D’G’TH only
appear in v. 26. at subjects of Adam.

Moses and the Hebrew poets divided the animals in 3 classes, which
represent also men! and were personified.

1. SH’R’TZ, Production—Moses. LUITH’N of Job. The Leviathan of
Poets.

2. N’F’SH, Animated—Moses. OZN or Hozan of Poets. Moses has 2 kinds
of these: THNINIM Aquatic, and OUF-XNF, Fowl strong winged, as he
had 2 of the last. SH’R’TZ, aquatic reptile, and OUF aerial fowl.

3. HITHU, Beast: of 2 kinds, BEME and RMSH, which are the BEMUTH of
Job, BEHEMOTH of Poets.

7 The Cherubim were deemed Angels, but of 4 sorts, 3 having faces of a
lion, ox, and eagle: which indicates tribes bearing those names, or
the 4 primitive castes of mankind, the oxen referring to the
laboring caste, the lion to the militant caste.

8 See his learned work, translation and paraphrase of the first
chapters of Genesis: wherein the best account of the creation,
antidiluvian history and flood has been given.

_ 9 Lanca_ was according to the Hindus a big land under the equator,
including perhaps the Decan or south of India, then separated by a
sea from the Imalaya mountains, now yet a vast level plain; and
united to Ceylon and other islands. It is in this land of _Lanca_
that many traditions place Adam, with several early events.

The _Sunda_ land was very different, a large peninsula south of Asia
including Java, Sumatra, Borneo &c. Or perhaps an island, if Malaca
was separated from Siam by a strait.