Chapter VII (2)

10 The monumental archeology and history of America, is not the least
curious. Humboldt opened the way; but did little: the facts since
collected in Central and North America, will astonish all the
reflecting minds, and lead us to times of great civilization and
prosperity. In the single small state of Kentucky, have already been
found the sites of 200 ancient towns in ruins, or having monuments.
If as many exist in all the neighbourhood, there must have been 2000
towns in North America, west and south of the Apalachian mountains.
Many earthy remains are gradually disappearing under the plough, and
will be obliterated ere long.—_See_ my account of monumental sites,
published in 1824.

11 The Tao is one of the earliest religions of China. It is the
personification and worship of the powers of nature, the earth, air,
winds, thunder, sea, mountains, lakes, trees &c. The spiritual
worship of their souls is the purest part of it, while the blind
material worship of the objects themselves is the degradation of it,
as in Egypt and Guinea.

12 See my Memoir on the Domestic Annnals of Both Hemispheres, 1832,
Atlantic Journal, where the names of all are given. But I have
collected a few more since.

13 By admixture with American women, the Spaniards formed a mixed race
in Hayti, Mexico, Peru, Paraguay &c.; called Cholas, Mestizos &c.;
which partook of the qualities and vices of both races; few great
men have been produced by them; although we know of some exceptions.
Lavega one of the best American historians was son of a Peruvian
princess by a Spaniard. In Paraguay the Spaniards having no women,
took Guarani concubines, and all their offsprings were of mixt
breed, a sad set, like the Mamalucos of Brazil born from Portuguese
and Tupi women. These instances, and the production of mulatoes
subsequently, teach us how some former nations were born in America.

14 The Missouri tribes, Panis and Cumanches, the Abipons and Talahets
of the vast plains of N. and S. America; are already become
wandering horsemen like Tartars, quite formidable in war. Many
tribes now possess and use guns. Brandy, rum and whiskey, liquors of
hell, ... make the savage foes furious and reckless: they have
killed as many as guns have. The small pox is another scourge sent
to America from Europe, the Cholera may be another. The Syphilis
wrongly ascribed to America, has been traced to the ancient
continent also: although it was returned from hence again, like
maize.

15 The precious commodities of America are numberless. If the Europeans
had traded there for them, as they now do in China, Persia, Arabia
and Africa, how different would have been the fate of America? Iron
would have purchased gold and pearls, with every thing else: there
was no need to use the steel swords, nor thundering guns. Coffee and
rice are not American productions, but lately introduced from Arabia
and India. The origin of the sugar cane is also oriental; but it was
found wild in South America, as orange trees were in Florida.

16 The physical changes undergone in America within late historical
recollections are very numerous, and ought to be collected into one
connected body by historians or geologists.

17 These two figures of speech, _Personification_ and _Animalization_,
are two of the keys of ancient history. By the first is not meant
alone the personification of the passions or divine attributes; but
likewise the individuality of men, tribes and nations pervading
primitive history, by the frequent substitution of the singular for
the plural, as was done by the Asiatics, the Greeks, and the
Americans. It is thus that the ancient patriarchs, Hercules, Heros,
Gods &c. are often meant for their followers; the head for the whole
set or social body. This practice has survived to our days, and we
mean all the English when we speak of _John Bull_, the Russians by
the _Northern Bear_ (a kind of animalization), all the Turks by _the
Grand Turk_ &c. The reverse mode of speech or the employment of the
plural for the singular, is less frequent: but used when we
substitute in our modern languages, _We_ and _You_ instead of I or
Thee. It was less common anciently, yet it appears Moses employed it
when he called God, ALEIM our _Elohim_ or _the Angels_, and
polytheism was the consequence of similar mistakes or substitutions;
but in his account of the patriarchs, he has used the individuality
of tribes.

_Animalization_ pervades the whole of the fabulous periods of
history. It is to this mode of speech that we owe the fables of
Pilpay and Esopus, where animals are made to speak. Whenever we meet
in history or fables, animals acting like men and conversing, they
are surely men, and often tribes individualized by an animal
appellation: such as might be emblematic or patronymic, adopted
honorable names, as lion, tyger, eagle; or else nicknames given in
derision by foes, such as snake, dog, ape &c. Even the Hebrew had
their _Cherubim_, who were beings like a man, a lion, ox, and eagle;
who drove the Adamites from Eden. This name is preserved by the
Turks in _Cherabi_ or _Chelabi_, which means _Lords_ in the old
Turkish language of Turan or Tartary. Perhaps also in the _El-abi_,
now Arabians, which meant _Angel-fathers_, or our forefathers the
angelic men. _Elapi_ means _the most manly_ in Linapi!

18 The word _Olum_ is remarkable, because it is analogous to the OLEN,
the legislator and teacher of Runes of the Celts. The writings of
the Druids and Irish were called OCOL, CALLAN, OGHAM, the Irish OLAM
were recorders and teachers. _Olum_ does not properly mean a
writing, since _Leki_ is book, paper or letter in Linapi; but it
implies _a record_, _a notched stick_, an engraved piece of wood or
bark. It comes from _Ol_ hollow or graved record. Hekewelder says
that _Oluma-pisid_ was in the 18th century, a king of the Linapis on
the river Susquehanna, who kept the _Olum_ or records of the nation.
It is probable these were part of them.

19 These actual _Olum_ were at first obtained in 1820, as a reward for
a medical cure, deemed a curiosity; and were unexplicable. In 1822
were obtained from another individual the songs annexed thereto in
the original language; but no one could be found by me able to
translate them. I had therefore to learn the language since, by the
help of Zeisberger, Hekewelder and a manuscript dictionary, on
purpose to translate them, which I only accomplished in 1833. The
contents were totally unknown to me in 1824, when I published my
Annals of Kentucky; which were based on the traditions of
Hekewelder, and those collected by me on the Shawanis, Miamis,
Ottawas, &c.

20 This account of the creation is strikingly similar to the mosaic and
oriental accounts; although it does not speak of days or _Yums_. The
word for angels _Angelatawiwak_, is not borrowed, but real Linapi,
put in the plural: thus the same as the Greek _Angelos_.

_ 21 Jin-wis_ is the AISH or _Adam_ of all the Linapi tribes. W’IS is
identic with ISH, W’ being the article _he_, WI added to words is
common, meaning but _he_, _she_ and _they_, the plural _wak_ means
_many_.

_ 22 Owini_ may be analyzed O-WI-NI, meaning _such-they-men_ or beings.
O is the common article for pronouns _On_ and _Ce_ of the French, in
English _such_, _it_, _this_, _these_, preserved in many Linapi
dialects, _Ni_ and _Ini_ mean both _me_, _I_, _my_ and _men_. It
must be noticed that many words of these two ancient songs are often
obsolete now in some modern dialects; but preserved in others. This
with the peculiar ancient style, and the many words suppressed in
the narrative, and the constant compound words, have rendered this
translation a difficult task.

23 Here the _Owini_ become _Ni-jini_, evidently the Jins of China and
Iran; Jains of India.

_ 24 Wakon_ is the god of all the Missouri tribes, and many Asiatic
nations. _Akon_ of Syria.

_ 25 Tula_ is the ancient seat of the Toltecas and Mexican nations in
Asia: the _Tulan_ or _Turan_ or Central Tartary. In Linapi the
meaning is _Turtle_ or _Tortoise_, names derived from _Thor_ turtle
in Hebrew. But all derive from strong and tall. _Tul-ap-in_ is the
real tortoise of Linapi meaning _strong-manly-thing_: the water soft
turtle is called _Unami_. The Chinese, Hindus &c. point also to a
turtle as the THBE refuge of the flood. _Nana_ appears Noah; his
title of Hare must allude to his long ears? All the Linapi tribes
have tales and songs on Nana-bush, which they venerate as a god; but
his symbol is a turtle body with a large head and nose, and a crest
of feathers or hair on the head.

26 The symbol is a kind of Hercules, with a club and arrow; his name
appears to be Eluwi, thrice repeated and meaning _the most he_.
_Elu_ the root is probably akin to the _Aleim_ or _Elohim_ of Moses,
and _Elai_ meaning strong in Hebrew: also to _Her-cules_ of the
Latins, _Hera-cleen_ of the Greek, _Her_ prefixed meaning Lord.

27 Here the people begin to be called O-LINI, this was probably their
old name when coming to America. The tribes that used R for L must
have said _O-rini_, those who have neither, as the Niniwas and
Ottawas, say _O-nini_. This will afford matter for many philological
enquiries and comparisons.

_ 28 W’oken-api_ properly mean _the fathers manly_. _Shinaki_ the first
seat in America must have been near Alaska, and the big _Shinaki_,
the N. W. coast.

29 It is doubtful whether these 10 nameless kings were successive or
contemporary during the civil strifes. But the first is most
probable. If otherwise, this lessens the generations.

30 This southern land of _Akolaking_, and the subsequent _Minihaking_,
cannot be identified; but were west of Oregon mountains, probably
the Oregon country.

31 As early as 72 generations before 1600 or about 800 years before our
era, we find a recorder of old events, by means of _Olum_. Compare
_Olen_ and _Olam_ of Celts.

32 Here this people leave at last the Sea shores, and strike to the
east over the mountains. In _Oligon_, we have the etymology of
Oregon.

_ 33 Wisawana_ is either the Missouri or Yellowstone.

34 This _Tamenend_ is famous in the songs of the Linapis, and many
kings took that title afterwards. He is also the _Amik-wi_ or great
beaver of the Miamis and Ottawas.

35 Wingenund must have been another legislator, and high-priest. His
festivals are called _Gentiko_, and known to many nations.

_ 36 Maskan-Sini_, must be the Sioux and Assinis, called stony or hard
people throughout North America. The subsequent foes _Akowini_
appear to be the _Kowetas_, the _Lowanuski_ are the Esquimaux,
_Lowakon_ are the Ozages and Missouri tribes. Thus this was a period
of invasions by many nations, which compelled the Linapis to go
further east.

37 The Nemasipi is the Mississippi, so says Hekewelder: where began the
wars with the _Talegas_, the northern Toltecas or Atlantes, towards
48 generations before 1600, near the beginning of our era, which
continued for 4 generations or over 130 years, till about 150 after
Christ. The allies Talamatans are the Hurons and Iroquois then
united, since called _Delamatan_ and _Lamatan_. The traditions of
Hekewelder and Cusick both agree here in fact and time. That of
Hekewelder is most ample, taken from other songs; but these supply
names omitted by both. I rather think the Nemosipi must have been
the Ozages or Illinois river, since the Mississippi is called
afterwards Masispek, and the monuments of the Talegas are found west
of it at St. Louis &c.

In my ancient history of Kentucky, having only for guide Hekewelder
and some other traditions, I placed the conquest of the Talegas
about 500 of our era; but these annals are more correct and remove
further this event. The computation of Cusick annals of Ongwis place
this great event still earlier, or between 300 and 100 years before
our era. I knew neither Cusick nor the Wallam-Olum in 1824.

38 Here we find another recorder of events who probably wrote the
former wars with the Talegas.

39 The Linapi tribes begin to disperse now, about 600 years of our era.

40 This prophet, pontiff and king, went probably to visit many tribes,
and became their legislator.

41 These new wars were again with the Missouri tribes, _Lowako_ is a
new invading tribe from the north.

42 The passage of the Alleghanies was towards 800 of our era: the
atlantic states appear to have had no inhabitants, or but few.
Hekewelder confirms these facts.

43 Hekewelder has given no etymology of this river, the name means
either branching or roaring stream, perhaps both. _Winaki_ was the
name of east Pennsylvania.

44 By this account the Mohigans only separated towards 970 from the
main body. This may be inaccurate, as the north-east tribes appear
older by their traditions.

By the account given by the missionary Beatty in 1766, this event
would be still later: he states that after separating from the
western tribes and long wanderings, the Lenaps (Linapis) settled on
the river Delaware 370 years before 1766, or in 1396; which was
preserved in a mosaic belt.—_See Moulton’s Hist. of New-York, Vol
I._

45 This is the second Tamenend who united all the tribes 1010. This
famous name is spelt very variously _Tamanend_, _Tamany_, _Tamini_
&c. all meaning beavering or acting like a beaver. There are many
songs and traditions on them.

46 Here is the first mention of white men towards 1170 by the
computation of generations: whether they were Eric or Madoc, or
both, will be enquired hereafter. The Tuscororas of North Carolina
were visited at the same time by Cusick tradition, the Mohigans had
also their _Wach-queow_. Hekewelder has omitted this tradition like
many others. But Holm in his description of New Sweden positively
gives two traditions of the Linapis, tribe Renapis, of a _white
woman_ who came to America, married an American, had a son, who went
to heaven; and of 2 bigmouths (or preachers) who came afterwards
with long beards, and also went to heaven. This relates to the
bishop Eric who went to convert the Americans between 1120 and 1160,
rather than Madoc or a warlike band.

47 The Miamis or M’amiwis were descendants of the first beaver tribe,
separated long before.

48 This verse is double, or has 2 symbols with 6 words, appearing to be
two different readings united, or two modes of expressing the same
thing, the separation of the real Linapis into three tribes.

49 This may allude to the subjection of the Linapis, by the _Mahongwis_
(Mengwi or Iroquois) about this time, caused by the division of the
tribes. The name of failer is certainly an epithet or nickname
given: most of the names of kings appear of the same kind or titles.
We know they changed names when becoming kings or after great deeds.

_ 50 Otali_ is the real name of the Cheroki mountaineers, so says Adair:
this recalls the Talegas to mind, of whom they may be a fragment.
The _Wasioto_ are the Cumberland mountains, meaning the _South
Sioto_. The _Siotos_ were a Missouri tribe that advanced as far as
the _Sioto_ river in Ohio, gave name to it, and were expelled by the
Ottawas; probably akin to the _Otos_ of Missouri. They bear the
snake sign in the symbol.

51 The symbolic glyph for this event is nearly the same as for the
arrival of _Wapsi_ or Eric. A sea, a boat, with mast, sail, and
cross over it. Every nation is denoted by a peculiar sign on the
head in these annals. 1. _Jinwis_ and his wife by an aureole, 2. the
_Ako_ or snakes by a forked tongue or 2 horns, 3. the _Jins_ by a
crown of rays, 4. the _Owinis_ by a feather, 5. the kings by 3
feathers, the medial longer, 6. the Esquimaux by a T, 7. the
Talamatans by the same reversed T, 8. the Talegas by a bar pointing
to the right, 9. the Nentegos by a hook, 10. the Europeans by a
cross. This evinces a kind of systematic symbolic plan, like the
Mexican; but the symbols are very seldom similar.

_ 52 Mattanikum_ appears to be both the _Tinikum_ and _Mattahorn_ of the
Swedes and Holm. Horn is not a Linapi word, but Swedish, so as to
translate half the name. He was king in 1645.

53 Holm says the Renapis called the Swedes, Akhoures, which in dialect
Linapi would be _Akoli_, meaning _ugly_ or _snake-looking_; the
prefix _Win_, means either _the beings_ or snow, or may refer to
Winaki.

54 The assertion that no land was ever sold to the colonists is
singular. They thought to buy land with trifling presents; but the
natives understood all the while the permission to dwell with them.

55 This is a third Tamanend, the great king of the whole nation
dwelling at the forks of the Delaware, which appears in Penn’s
treaties, and came in great pomp in 1697. The other chiefs mentioned
in deeds, were only his vassals: he is also called Taminy; but is
very different from _Tatami_ who was king till 1748 at Welakamika or
Nazareth, where he was killed by an Irish settler. Hekewelder
mentions him; but has many blunders on Tamanend, having mixt the
three into one.

56 Netawatwis was king in the west from 1748 till 1776. Alimi or
Coquetha-gekton (Heck.) was regent of his grandson _Unamiwi_ till
1780, after him Gelelelund was regent till 1782 when the boy
_Unamiwi_ was killed by the Bigknives.—(Heck.) this was the cause of
the wars till 1795.

57 General Wayne was compared to their old foes, and called Black
Snake, because he beat the allied nations.

58 These are the chiefs of the two united tribes, that appear in the
last treaty with the United States.

59 The United States here are called snakes like the oldest foes of
mankind. The insiduous manner in which the English settled North
America, and wronged the natives, has procured them that
appellation. The French and Canadians are never called snakes. The
former names of _Yankwis_ has only been preserved as our Yankees.
The belief of their being _Gishakis_ or children of the sun-land, at
the sun-rise, has long been exploded here as in South America. The
Spanish cruelties did since procure to the Castillians the names of
devils, assassins, snakes of the sea &c.

60 Many other notions on the primitive nations, may be collected from
the mythologies of the various Linapi tribes. Their true devils are
similar to vampyres.

61 Wakon is the god and ancestor of all the Washashas or Ozage tribes,
Arkanzas, Sioux &c. belonging to the _Capaha_ or Missouri group of
nations.

62 The account of these strangers in Hayti is very slender and
confused, some writers deem them the ancestors of all the Caribs;
yet they acknowledge Caonabo as a late comer. _Mayo-banex_ name of
their last king means Maya-head in the Maya language. They must have
been an ancient colony or remain of the Mayas, since they had
already three dialects. All strangers were called Caribs at last by
the Haytians, whence the blunder.

63 Traces of 44 distinct nations or tribes are found in the ancient
history of the Antilles, (see last note) which are the ancestors of
all the American nations of eastern origin by the Atlantic ocean.

64 These titles of the Supreme God might furnish many pages of compared
analogies. _Mamona_ is identic with the _Mammon_ of Africa and Asia.
_Liella_ has analogies with all the EL or suns, gods and lords of
the east. _Atabeira_ is identic with _Atabyrius_ the Jove of the
Phrygians and Pelasgians: The meaning _Unic-being_ has analogies in
_Ata-beira_ all over the world. _Ata_ is one or first in many
languages. Compare _Atmon_ of Egypt, _Baracata_ or _Paraxacta_ the
nature or mother of _Brama_ of the Hindus. _Mamona_ with _Vimana_
eternal god of the Jains, the _Manitos_ of North America. _Até_ was
god in Thracian, _Ata_ in Brazil, _Etua_ and _Heyta_ in Polynesia.
The names of God in the Cantabrian and Oscan dialects is _Ian_,
_Ion_, _Jauna_, _Jain_, _Janieva_, _Janugoieva_ &c. similar to
_Jemao_, _Jocana_ and _Hiauna_ of Hayti.

_ 65 Gua-ma-o-con_ was such-great-of-world, in the early monosyllabic
language of the Antilles. Compare with _Con-el_, and the gods of the
Atlantes, Guanches &c.

66 Compare the following words for winds with _Gua-banzex_.

_Vayajam_ Sanscrit.
_Band_ old Arabic.
_Watem_, _Vato_ Zend.
_Bangin_ Bali.
_Bentus_ old Latin.
_Ventus_ Latin.
_Andas_ Etruscan.
_Abka_ Abask.
_Sabam_ Ceylon.

67 It was _Jaia_, _Khaya_, _Cayo_, _Hay_ in the dialects and it is pure
Greek and Egyptian. Compare _Aya_, _Ai_, _Eia_, _Ia_, _Gaya_, in the
Pelasgic dialects, since become _Aya_, _Yaia_, _Gea_ in Greek.

_Kahi_ Egyptian.
_Akhé_ Zend.
_Kay_ Deri of Iran.
_Iya_ Sanscrit.
_Ca_, _Aion_ Phenician.
_Ay_ Lybian.
_Aya_ old Irish.
_Ayate_, _Gays_ Ausonian and Oscan.

In America numerous analogies are found,

_Aya_ Betoy, _A_ in Lulé, _Catun_ Tzuluki, _Acuti_ Moxos &c.

68 EL for son was primitive Haytian and synonymous with tribe,
children, family, divine or son of God as in Asia. In the dialects
_Rabu_, _Rahen_, _Muru &c._ meant Son. Compare _Ili_ tribe in
Persian, _Zitl_ man in Circassian, _Leh_ Osset, _Lez_ Lezghi. _Lele_
in Pelasgian, UL in Turan, now _Oglu_ in Turk—_Olgos_ Eolian,
_Vulgus_ Latin, _Chuli_ in Carthulan, _Oleos_, _Laos_ in Greek,
_Eleuth_ in Mongol, _Chula_ old Spanish, _Alu_ Copt, _Bail_
Etruscan, _Cobayl_ Berber, _Haial_ in D. _Shiluh_, _Ulu_ Afgan,
_Eli_ Hungarian, _Filius_ and _fam-ilia_ Latin &c. Even our words
_Fellow_, _Child_ and _Folks_ derive from this ancient source, the
oriental EL, IL, OL.—In America we find it in the OL-mecas, Chols
&c.—_Olo_ in Vilela, _Yoale_ Abipon, ELES Mexican &c.

69 The _Cols_ are perhaps the Chols, Olmecas, _Colas_ of Florida,
_Collas_ of Peru &c. The _Caras_ may be the ancient Caribs, or the
Guaranis, the _Caras_ of Peru, the _Coras_ of Mexico &c.; compare
with the ancient Carians and many other primitive nations.

70 Although we do not meet in Hayti the Greek name of Atlantis, we have
so many allusions to the devils _Taras_, and Amazons _Amayuna_, that
we can connect these traditions with the Greek accounts. The
ancestors of the Haytians if Pelagians were foes and vassals of the
Atlantes; but allies of the Amazons.

71 Compare _Cazic_ with the following names for king:

_Oriental Names._

_Ach_ Egypt and Etruscan.
_Vasil_ of Greeks.
_Kasek_ in Sitka.
_Cazi_ in Iran.
_Sheik_ in Arabic.
_Zic_ Iberians and Sicules.
_Acalic_, _Agazi_ Berber.
_Bazilik_ Pelagian.
_Cahin_ Lybian.
_Hazil_ Carian.
_Cay_ Zend.
_Iza_ Tigreh.
_Cazil_ Mindanao island.
_Cazis_ Socotora island.
_Izcan_ of Haikans.
_Izca_, _Kan_ of Turans.
_Casis_ of Syrians.

_American Names._

_Acachi_ of Totonacas.
_Wachil_ of Nachez.
_Zac_ of Muyzcas.
_Cathi_ of Pinindas.
_Ahatic_ of Huaztecas.
_Inca_ of Peruvians.
_Chiaca_ of Coras.
_Cuchi_ of Puncays.
_Kiuska_ of Tzulukis.

72 Compare _Ziba_ with the following names for stone:

_Hiban_ in Berber.
_Uben_ in Hebrew.
_Aben_ in Syriac.
_Keibe_ Celtic.
_Siwa_ Nukahiva island.
_Ripa_, _Rupes_ in Latin.
_Sitaba_ Pelasgian.
_Bahiba_ old Arabic.
_Iba_ Samoyed.
_Batu_ Malay.

It is in America, _Siba_ in Cahiri, _Tabu_ in Yaoy; _Saba_, _Tebu_,
_Tobu_ in Galibi dialects, _Tushub_ in Huasteca, _Tepe_ in Mexican,
_Tzacapu_ in Talasca &c.

73 Although Matinino was one of the names of Martinico, it may have
been given afterwards, and there may have been another land of that
name, perhaps the Atlantis or Trinidad.

Garcia gives _Matalino_ as a synonym, _Ma_ means great, and thus it
would be the great TALINO, the real great _Atalantis_. The
conjecture is plausible; but the name was afterwards transferred to
South America. If the real African Atlantis is meant, the event must
be before the last flood.

74 This metal Guanin is the Orichalc of the ancient Greeks; which has
so much puzzled the learned, being wrongly deemed Platina, which
would have been infusible. It was the production of Atlantis!

75 But Garcia gives a different version of this fable, he says that the
men being in want of women sent 4 Caracols (their vassals?) to catch
wives, who were like ants on trees; but slippery like eels: yet some
being caught became the wives of the Guaninis. Ants were called
_Comekhon_ in Haytian, and thus we have another tribe akin to the
_Comaguas_, _Comayaguas &c._ who were previous settlers of Hayti,
and descendants of _Kon_! the _Khons_ of Lybia? But it is strange
that we find here the _Myrmidons_ of Grecian fable! and many
affinities in the name of that tribe of ants. _Mur-mekon_ in
Pelagian and Greek, _Umekon_ in Thracian, _Formica_ in Latin,
_Camot_ in Bali, _Mohur_ in Iran &c., while in America _Comagen_ of
Uraba, _Camaxen_ of the Talascas and Opatas. All referring perhaps
to the ancient people of Ants; the Pismires of Gothic tribes; a
people of dwarfs or weakness, akin to Pygmies and Troglodytes! thus
traced also to America.

76 Compare with _Anaboria_ or _Naboritas_ (working men) the following
names for vassals and laborers—_Naboriti_ in Coyba, _Labuyu_ of
Caribs, _Anaconas_ of Peru and Muyzcas, _Naboria_ of Mayas &c.—and
in the east.

_Tabara_ in Turan.
_Burutis_ in Ausonian.
_Aborian_, _Abeirgon_ Pelagic.
_Boor_, _Bura_ Frisic.
_Ambactos_ in Gaul.
_Manahunis_ in Tahiti.
_Nerba_ Hindostani.
_Bendar_ Pehlvi.
_Abondas_ Saxon.
_Canabas_, Knave Gothic.
_Nebara_ Nepal.
_Parias_ India.

77 It is remarkable that the primitive notions of the Haytians about
ghosts &c. prevail yet among the Negroes of the Antilles. The
_Obiah_ or sortilege, and _Dupin_ ghosts, of Jamaica &c., appear to
have survived. If introduced lately by the African Negroes, it is
strange they should be similar to the Haytian names of old.

78 The two brothers became gods of good and evil, as their names
indicate—_Gua-tauva_ implies _such goodness_: while _Pregonero_ is
the devil of Cumana, under the names of _Proruru_ or _Proguro_.

79 These priests drest in white as in Central America, and the Druids;
are primitive Lybian or Druidic priests and Pelagic Bramins. Their
name is found in

_Hubantes_ in Pelagic.
_Faybo_ of the Guanches.
_Vates_ Ausonian and Gaul.
_Aobu_ in Aramic.
_Behotus_ Dorian.
_Bedo_ old French.
_Phonto_ in Egypt.
_Purohito_ in Sanscrit.
_Budan_ in Pelvi.
_Budha_ of Budhists.
_Baharas_ Nepal.
_Heotes_ Sicanian &c.

80 The Caribs went nearly naked; when the Spaniards came with clothes
and guns the prophecy was explained. _Cochio_ for dress and mantle
has affinities with many ancient languages, _Gonachen_ in Iran,
_Ahico_ of Guanches, _Poncho_ of Peru and Chili, _Cachaca_ of Gauls,
_Cochaya_ of Slavonians, _Cota_ in Celtic &c.: whence our coat.

81 This is the most plausible account of Caonabo; but he perhaps was a
Maya and not a Carib: his name is not Carib, but Haytian, meaning
_gold of the house_. Anacaona would hardly have married a Carib? I
have attempted to put probable dates to these retrospective events,
loosely mentioned by Dangleria and the Spanish writers.

82 The intercourse between Cuba, Florida and the Lucayas was frequent.
Dangleria says the Lucayas were a happy people, with beautiful
women, for whose sake many Cubans and Floridans came to live there.

83 It will be proper to recapitulate here the ancient nations and
tribes of the Antilles, mentioned in these traditions and annals;
adding to each some well-known modern nations of the continent,
bearing nearly the same name, and most probably descended from them:
unless it is preferred to consider them as ancestors rather than
posterity, a very improbable fact. Meantime we acquire thereby a new
clue to American annals and ethnology: since nearly all the nations
of America may be connected with those by other links of languages,
traditions &c.

1. _Zemis_ or _Chemes_, Compare Zemis and Zemayos of Chaco and
Chimus of Peru.

2. _Tuyras_ or _Taras_, Compare Tarascas and Tarahumara of Mexico,
Taricas and Talas of Tucuman, Atures of Oronoc &c.

3. _Guabanz_, Compare Abays and Abipons of Chaco?

4. _Khayas_, Compare Cayubas and Khakhas of Peru.

5. _Higueras_ or _Hibueras_, Compare Guaranis, they called man
_Ibi_, the Borias &c.

6. _Boinis_, Bohanes of Charcas, and names of priests in South
America.

7. _Marohus_ or _Marocas_, Muras of Brazil, Aymaras of Peru,
Maronios of Charcas.

8. _Corocores_, Coretus of Brazil, Coras of Peru, Coros of Cumana,
Coras of Mexico.

9. _Coles_, probably same as Cores, Colas of Florida, Collas of
Peru, Chols of Central America, Cholas of South America.

10. _Caracara_ again same, Caras, Caris, Carios of Guaranis and
Peru, perhaps also Caribs?

11. _Manicos_ or _Manacos_, the great Nacos—Manicas or Manoas,
Maynas of Peru, Nacos of Comayagua.

12. _Icotas_ or _Hicoteas_, Cotos Carib tribes.

13. _Cautas_ appear same as _I-cota_—_I_ and _Hi_ are articles,
Cotos and Cotas tribes of Cumana and Oronoc.

14. _Caanau_ or _Caonas_, Cagnas, Canaris of Peru.

15. _Giagau_ or _Xaguas_, Changas of Peru, Achaguas of Guyana.

16. _Amayunas_, Mayoriexes of Hayti, Mayas of Yucatan, Mbayas of
Chaco.

17. _Machocha_, Machicuis of Charcas, Chunchos of Peru.

18. _Zibas_, Zipas of Muyzcas, Shibaois of Guyana.

19. _Khoboses_, Coropos of Brazil, Coybas of Darien, Mocobis of
Chaco.

20. _Gionas_ or _Aunas_, Yana-conas of Peru.

21. _Kadrus_, Aruacs of Guyana.

22. _Giahubas_, Yaoys, Shiahubas and Yahus of Guyana.

23. _Guaninis_, Guanas all over South America.

24. _Tonas_, Atun-collas of Peru, Tuncas of Popayan, Tun of Chili.

25. _Anacac_ or _Manati_, Tamanacus of Guyana.

26. _Boras_, Anaborias of S. America. Boroas of Chili.

27. _Comos_, _Comis_ or _Come-Khon_, Comayaguas of Honduras, Comagre
of Darien, Aculma of Mexico.

28. _Goeiz_, Goyaz of Brazil, Guyanas of Oronoc.

29. _Aumatex_, Yumas, Yameos of Peru, Amatalas of Moxos.

30. _Guatauvas_, Guatayos or Aruac tribes.

31. _Moretes_, Muretes of Moxos? Muras of Brazil.

32. _Caribas_, _Canibas_, _Canimas_, The Calibis or Caribs.

33. _Timanis_, Timanas of Chaco, Tamanacs and Tamecas of Oronoc.

34. _Labouyous_, Abuyas and Abayes synonym of Mbayas.

35. _Cahiris_ Caris of South America.

36. _Eyeris_, Yaros of Parana.

37. _Toas_, Taos of Tucuman, and of New Mexico.

38. _Oumekwas_, Omaguas, Humayons of Chaco &c.

39. _Mabuyas_, Abuyas, Poyas, Poyay of North and South America.

40. _Cofachis,_ Cofachis or Cowetas of North America?

41. _Apalachis_, Apalaches, Yamasis of North America.

42. _Mayoriex_ or _Ziguayos_, Mayas, Guayos of Chaco.

43. _Cons_, Chons and Yana-Conas of Peru, Conos of Chaco, Conivos
and Conamas of South America.

44. _Els_ or _Ili_ (children), Eles and Ols of Mexico, Yoales or
Vilelas and Lules or Pelé of Chaco.

Thus, how gratuitous was the common opinion that only one nation
filled the Antilles. Meantime we find nowhere in these annals that
name of Antilia, which in their language would have been _Anti-ili_
sons of Antes, or _Ana-ti-ili_ flower-high-children. It may be a
Lybian name like Atlantes, both referring to the _Antis_ or Anteus,
the early inhabitants of North Africa, and of Peru.

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