Chapter I: Front Matter

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.

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THE AMERICAN RAILWAY

THE AMERICAN RAILWAY

_ITS CONSTRUCTION, DEVELOPMENT,_
_MANAGEMENT, AND APPLIANCES_

BY

THOMAS CURTIS CLARKE
JOHN BOGART
M. N. FORNEY
E. P. ALEXANDER
H. G. PROUT
HORACE PORTER
THEODORE VOORHEES
BENJAMIN NORTON
ARTHUR T. HADLEY
THOMAS L. JAMES
CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS
B. B. ADAMS, JR.

WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY

THOMAS M. COOLEY

CHAIRMAN OF INTERSTATE COMMERCE COMMISSION

_WITH MORE THAN 200 ILLUSTRATIONS_

NEW YORK

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

1889

COPYRIGHT, 1888, 1889, BY

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS

TROW'S
PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY,
NEW YORK.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
_INTRODUCTION_ xxi

BY THOMAS M. COOLEY,
_Chairman Interstate Commerce Commission_.

THE BUILDING OF A RAILWAY 1

BY THOMAS CURTIS CLARKE,
_Civil Engineer_.

Roman Tramways of Stone--First Use of Iron Rails--The Modern
Railway created by Stephenson's "Rocket" in 1830--Early
American Locomotives--Key to the Evolution of the American
Railway--Invention of the Swivelling Truck, Equalizing Beams,
and the Switchback--Locating a Road--Work of the Surveying
Party--Making the Road-bed--How Tunnels are Avoided--More
than Three Thousand Bridges in the United States--Old Wooden
Structures--The Howe Truss--The Use of Iron--Viaducts of
Steel--The American System of Laying Bridge Foundations
under Water--Origin of the Cantilever--Laying the Track--How
it is Kept in Repair--Premiums for Section Bosses--Number
of Railway Employees in the United States--Rapid Railway
Construction--Radical Changes which the Railway will Effect.

FEATS OF RAILWAY ENGINEERING 47

BY JOHN BOGART,
_State Engineer of New York_.

Development of the Rail--Problems for the Engineer--How
Heights are Climbed--The Use of Trestles--Construction on a
Mountain Side--Engineering on Rope Ladders--Through the Portals
of a Cañon--Feats on the Oroya Railroad, Peru--Nochistongo
Cut--Rack Rails for Heavy Grades--Difficulties in Tunnel
Construction--Bridge Foundations--Cribs and Pneumatic
Caissons--How Men work under Water--The Construction of Stone
Arches--Wood and Iron in Bridge-building--Great Suspension
Bridges--The Niagara Cantilever and the enormous Forth
Bridge--Elevated and Underground Roads--Responsibilities of the
Civil Engineer.

AMERICAN LOCOMOTIVES AND CARS 100

BY M. N. FORNEY,
_Author of "The Catechism of the Locomotive," Editor "Railroad
and Engineering Journal," New York_.

The Baltimore & Ohio Railroad in 1830--Evolution of the Car
from the Conestoga Wagon--Horatio Allen's Trial Trip--The
First Locomotive used in the United States--Peter Cooper's
Race with a Gray Horse--The "De Witt Clinton," "Planet," and
other Early Types of Locomotives--Equalizing Levers--How Steam
is Made and Controlled--The Boiler, Cylinder, Injector, and
Valve Gear--Regulation of the Capacity of a Locomotive to
Draw--Increase in the Number of Driving Wheels--Modern Types of
Locomotives--Variation in the Rate of Speed--The Appliances by
which an Engine is Governed--Round-houses and Shops--Development
of American Cars--An Illustration from Peter Parley--The Survival
of Stage Coach Bodies--Adoption of the Rectangular Shape--The
Origin of Eight-wheeled Cars--Improvement in Car Coupling--A
Uniform Type Recommended--The Making of Wheels--Relative Merits
of Cast and Wrought Iron, and Steel--The Allen Paper Wheel--Types
of Cars, with Size, Weight, and Price--The Car-Builder's
Dictionary--Statistical.

RAILWAY MANAGEMENT 149

BY GEN. E. P. ALEXANDER,
_President of the Central Railroad and Banking Company of Georgia_.

Relations of Railway Management to all Other Pursuits--Developed
by the Necessities of a Complex Industrial Life--How a Continuous
Life is Given to a Corporation--Its Artificial Memory--Main
Divisions of Railway Management--The Executive and Legislative
Powers--The Purchasing and Supply Departments--Importance of
the Legal Department--How the Roadway is Kept in Repair--The
Maintenance of Rolling Stock--Schedule-making--The Handling
of Extra Trains--Duties of the Train-despatcher--Accidents
in Spite of Precautions--Daily Distribution of Cars--How
Business is Secured and Rates are Fixed--The Interstate
Commerce Law--The Questions of "Long and Short Hauls" and
"Differentials"--Classification of Freight--Regulation of
Passenger-rates--Work of Soliciting Agents--The Collection of
Revenue and Statistics--What is a Way-bill--How Disbursements are
Made--The Social and Industrial Problem which Confronts Railway
Corporations.

SAFETY IN RAILROAD TRAVEL 187

BY H. G. PROUT,
_Editor "Railroad Gazette," New York_.

The Possibilities of Destruction in the Great Speed of
a Locomotive--The Energy of Four Hundred Tons Moving at
Seventy-five Miles an Hour--A Look ahead from a Locomotive at
Night--Passengers Killed and Injured in One Year--Good Discipline
the Great Source of Safety--The Part Played by Mechanical
Appliances--Hand-brakes on Old Cars--How the Air-brake Works--The
Electric Brake--Improvements yet to be Made--Engine Driver
Brakes--Two Classes of Signals: those which Protect Points
of Danger, and those which Keep an Interval between Trains
on the Same Track--The Semaphore--Interlocking Signals and
Switches--Electric Annunciators to Indicate the Movements--The
Block Signal System--Protection for Crossings--Gates and
Gongs--How Derailment is Guarded Against--Safety Bolts--Automatic
Couplers--The Vestibule as a Safety Appliance--Car Heating and
Lighting.

RAILWAY PASSENGER TRAVEL 228

BY GEN. HORACE PORTER,
_Vice-President Pullman Palace-Car Company_.

The Earliest Railway Passenger Advertisement--The First
Time-table Published in America--The Mohawk & Hudson
Train--Survival of Stage-coach Terms in English Railway
Nomenclature--Simon Cameron's Rash Prediction--Discomforts
of Early Cars--Introduction of Air-brakes, Patent Buffers
and Couplers, the Bell-cord, and Interlocking Switches--The
First Sleeping-cars--Mr. Pullman's Experiments--The
"Pioneer"--Introduction of Parlor and Drawing-room
Cars--The Demand for Dining-cars--Ingenious Devices for
Heating Cars--Origin of Vestibule-cars--An Important Safety
Appliance--The Luxuries of a Limited Express--Fast Time in
America and England--Sleeping-cars for Immigrants--The Village
of Pullman--The Largest Car-works in the World--Baggage-checks
and Coupon Tickets--Conveniences in a Modern Depot--Statistics
in Regard to Accidents--Proportion of Passengers in Various
Classes--Comparison of Rates in the Leading Countries of the
World.

THE FREIGHT-CAR SERVICE 267

BY THEODORE VOORHEES,
_Assistant-General Superintendent, New York Central Railroad_.

Sixteen Months' Journey of a Car--Detentions by the
Way--Difficulties of the Car Accountant's Office--Necessities
of Through Freight--How a Company's Cars are Scattered--The
Question of Mileage--Reduction of the Balance in Favor of
Other Roads--Relation of the Car Accountant's Work to the
Transportation Department--Computation of Mileage--The Record
Branch--How Reports are Gathered and Compiled--Exchange of
"Junction Cards"--The Use of "Tracers"--Distribution of
Empty Cars--Control of the Movement of Freight--How Trains
are Made Up--Duties of the Yardmaster--The Handling of
Through Trains--Organization of Fast Lines--Transfer Freight
Houses--Special Cars for Specific Service--Disasters to Freight
Trains--How the Companies Suffer--Inequalities in Payment for Car
Service--The Per Diem Plan--A Uniform Charge for Car Rental--What
Reforms might be Accomplished.

HOW TO FEED A RAILWAY 298

BY BENJAMIN NORTON,
_Second Vice-President, Long Island Railroad Company_.

The Many Necessities of a Modern Railway--The Purchasing and
Supply Departments--Comparison with the Commissary Department of
an Army--Financial Importance--Immense Expenditures--The General
Storehouse--Duties of the Purchasing Agent--The Best Material the
Cheapest--Profits from the Scrap-heap--Old Rails Worked over into
New Implements--Yearly Contracts for Staple Articles--Economy
in Fuel--Tests by the Best Engineers and Firemen--The
Stationery Supply--Aggregate Annual Cost of Envelopes, Tickets,
and Time-tables--The Average Life of Rails--Durability of
Cross-ties--What it Costs per Mile to Run an Engine--The
Paymaster's Duties--Scenes during the Trip of a Pay-car.

THE RAILWAY MAIL SERVICE 312

BY THOMAS L. JAMES,
_Ex-Postmaster General_.

An Object Lesson in Postal Progress--Nearness of the Department
to the People--The First Travelling Post-Office in the United
States--Organization of the Department in 1789--Early Mail
Contracts--All Railroads made Post-routes--Compartments for
Mail Clerks in Baggage-cars--Origin of the Present System in
1862--Important Work of Colonel George S. Bangs--The "Fast Mail"
between New York and Chicago--Why it was Suspended--Resumption
in 1877--Present Condition of the Service--Statistics--A
Ride on the "Fast Mail"--Busy Scenes at the Grand Central
Depot--Special Uses of the Five Cars--Duties of the Clerks--How
the Work is Performed--Annual Appropriation for Special Mail
Facilities--Dangers Threatening the Railway Mail Clerk's Life--An
Insurance Fund Proposed--Needs of the Service--A Plea for Radical
Civil Service Reform.

THE RAILWAY IN ITS BUSINESS RELATIONS 344

BY ARTHUR T. HADLEY,
_Professor of Political Science in Yale College, Author of
"Railroad Transportation_."

Amount of Capital Invested in Railways--Important Place in
the Modern Industrial System--The Duke of Bridgewater's
Foresight--The Growth of Half a Century--Early Methods of
Business Management--The Tendency toward Consolidation--How
the War Developed a National Idea--Its Effect on Railroad
Building--Thomson and Scott as Organizers--Vanderbilt's Capacity
for Financial Management--Garrett's Development of the Baltimore
& Ohio--The Concentration of Immense Power in a Few Men--Making
Money out of the Investors--Difficult Positions of Stockholders
and Bondholders--How the Finances are Manipulated by the Board
of Directors--Temptations to the Misuse of Power--Relations of
Railroads to the Public who Use Them--Inequalities in Freight
Rates--Undue Advantages for Large Trade Centres--Proposed
Remedies--Objections to Government Control--Failure of
Grangerism--The Origin of Pools--Their Advantages--Albert
Fink's Great Work--Charles Francis Adams and the Massachusetts
Commission--Adoption of the Interstate Commerce Law--Important
Influence of the Commission--Its Future Functions--Ill-judged
State Legislation.

THE PREVENTION OF RAILWAY STRIKES 370

BY CHARLES FRANCIS ADAMS,
_President of the Union Pacific Railroad_.

Railways the Largest Single Interest in the United
States--Some Impressive Statistics--Growth of a Complex
Organization--Five Divisions of Necessary Work--Other Special
Departments--Importance of the Operating Department--The Evil
of Strikes--To be Remedied by Thorough Organization--Not the
Ordinary Relation between Employer and Employee--Of what the
Model Railway Service Should Consist--Temporary and Permanent
Employees--Promotion from one Grade to the Other--Rights
and Privileges of the Permanent Service--Employment during
Good Behavior--Proposed Tribunal for Adjusting Differences
and Enforcing Discipline--A Regular Advance in Pay for
Faithful Service--A Fund for Hospital Service, Pensions, and
Insurance--Railroad Educational Institutions--The Employer
to Have a Voice in Management through a Council--A System of
Representation.

THE EVERY-DAY LIFE OF RAILROAD MEN 383

BY B. B. ADAMS, JR.,
_Associate Editor, "Railroad Gazette," New York_.

The Typical Railroad Man--On the Road and at Home--Raising the
Moral Standard--Characteristics of the Freight Brakeman--His Wit
the Result of Meditation--How Slang is Originated--Agreeable
Features of his Life in Fine Weather--Hardships in
Winter--The Perils of Hand-brakes--Broken Trains--Going back
to Flag--Coupling Accidents--At the Spring--Advantages of
a Passenger Brakeman--Trials of the Freight Conductor--The
Investigation of Accidents--Irregular Hours of Work--The
Locomotive Engineer the Hero of the Rail--His Rare Qualities--The
Value of Quick Judgment--Calm Fidelity a Necessary Trait--Saving
Fuel on a Freight Engine--Making Time on a Passenger
Engine--Remarkable Runs--The Spirit of Fraternity among
Engineers--Difficult Duties of a Passenger-train Conductor--Tact
in Dealing with Many People--Questions to be Answered--How
Rough Characters are Dealt with--Heavy Responsibilities--The
Work of a Station Agent--Flirtation by Telegraph--The
Baggage-master's Hard Task--Eternal Vigilance Necessary in a
Switch-tender--Section-men, Train Despatchers, Firemen, and
Clerks--Efforts to Make the Railroad Man's Life Easier.

STATISTICAL RAILWAY STUDIES 425

ILLUSTRATED WITH THIRTEEN MAPS AND NINETEEN CHARTS.

BY FLETCHER W. HEWES,
_Author of "Scribner's Statistical Atlas_."

Railway Mileage of the World--Railway Mileage of the United
States--Annual Mileage and Increase--Mileage Compared with
Area--Geographical Location of Railways--Centres of Mileage
and of Population--Railway Systems--Trunk Lines Compared:
By Mileage; Largest Receipts; Largest Net Results--Freight
Traffic--Reduction of Freight Rates--Wheat Rates--The Freight
Haul--Empty Freight Trains--Freight Profits--Passenger
Traffic--Passenger Rates--Passenger Travel--Passenger
Profits--General Considerations--Dividends--Net Earnings per
Mile and Railway Building--Ratios of Increase--Construction and
Maintenance--Employees and their Wages--Rolling Stock--Capital
Invested.

_INDEX_ 449

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS.

_Title._ _Designer._ _Page_

THE LAST SPAN (Frontispiece) A. B. Frost v

ALPINE PASS. AVOIDANCE OF A TUNNEL _From a photograph_ 5

BIG LOOP, GEORGETOWN BRANCH OF THE UNION
PACIFIC, COLORADO _From a photograph_ 11

SNOW-SHEDS, SELKIRK MOUNTAINS, CANADIAN
PACIFIC J. D. Woodward 19

RAIL MAKING Walter Shirlaw 39

LOOP AND GREAT TRESTLE NEAR HAGERMAN'S,
ON THE COLORADO MIDLAND RAILWAY J. D. Woodward 51

PORTAL OF A TUNNEL IN PROCESS OF
CONSTRUCTION Otto Stark 65

AT WORK IN A PNEUMATIC CAISSON--FIFTY
FEET BELOW THE SURFACE OF THE WATER Walter Shirlaw 73

BELOW THE BROOKLYN BRIDGE J. H. Twachtman 83

THE ST. LOUIS BRIDGE DURING CONSTRUCTION M. E. Sands
& R. Blum 95

A TYPICAL AMERICAN PASSENGER LOCOMOTIVE _From a photograph_ 111

INTERIOR OF A ROUND-HOUSE M. J. Burns 130

VIEW IN LOCOMOTIVE ERECTING SHOP J. D. Woodward
& R. Blum 135

DIAGRAM USED IN MAKING RAILWAY TIME-TABLES 161

THE GENERAL DESPATCHER M. J. Burns 165

MANTUA JUNCTION, WEST PHILADELPHIA,
SHOWING A COMPLEX SYSTEM OF
INTERLACING TRACKS W. C. Fitler 169

DANGER AHEAD! A. B. Frost 189

INTERLOCKING APPARATUS FOR OPERATING
SWITCHES AND SIGNALS BY COMPRESSED
AIR, PITTSBURG YARDS, PENNSYLVANIA
RAILROAD _From a photograph_ 211

PULLMAN VESTIBULED CARS _From a photograph_ 247

IN A BAGGAGE-ROOM W. C. Broughton 255

"SHOW YOUR TICKETS!" Walter Shirlaw 261

FREIGHT YARDS OF THE NEW YORK CENTRAL &
HUDSON RIVER RAILROAD, WEST SIXTY-FIFTH
STREET, NEW YORK W. C. Fitler 285

FREIGHT FROM ALL QUARTERS--SOME TYPICAL
TRAINS W. C. Fitler 291

AT A WAY-STATION--THE POSTMASTER'S
ASSISTANT Herbert Denman 321

TRANSFER OF MAIL AT THE GRAND CENTRAL
STATION, NEW YORK Herbert Denman 327

SORTING LETTERS IN CAR NO. 1--THE
FAST MAIL Herbert Denman 333

A BREAKDOWN ON THE ROAD A. B. Frost 405

IN THE WAITING ROOM OF A COUNTRY STATION A. B. Frost 413

THE TRIALS OF A BAGGAGE-MASTER A. B. Frost 417

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

PAGE
First Locomotive 2

Locomotive of To-day 3

A Sharp Curve--Manhattan Elevated Railway, 110th Street,
New York 7

A Steep Grade on a Mountain Railroad 8

A Switchback 9

Plan of Big Loop 10

Profile of the Same 10

Engineers in Camp 14

Royal Gorge Hanging Bridge, Denver and Rio Grande, Colorado 16

Veta Pass, Colorado 17

Sections of Snow-sheds (3 cuts) 18

Making an Embankment 21

Steam Excavator 21

Building a Culvert 22

Building a Bridge Abutment 22

Rock Drill 23

A Construction and Boarding Train 24

Bergen Tunnels, Hoboken, N. J. 25

Beginning a Tunnel 26

Old Burr Wooden Bridge 28

Kinzua Viaduct; Erie Railway 30

Kinzua Viaduct 31

View of Thomas Pope's Proposed Cantilever (1810) 34

Pope's Cantilever in Process of Erection 35

General View of the Poughkeepsie Bridge 36

Erection of a Cantilever 37

Spiking the Track 38

Track Laying 41

Temporary Railway Crossing the St. Lawrence on the Ice 44

View Down the Blue from Rocky Point, Denver, South Park and
Pacific Railroad; showing successive tiers of railway 49

Denver and Rio Grande Railway Entering the Portals of the
Grand River Cañon, Colorado 54

The Kentucky River Cantilever, on the Cincinnati Southern
Railway 55

Truss over Ravine, and Tunnel, Oroya Railroad, Peru 56

The Nochistongo Cut, Mexican Central Railway 57

The Mount Washington Rack Railroad 58

Trestle on Portland and Ogdensburg Railway, Crawford Notch,
White Mountains 58

A Series of Tunnels 59

Tunnel at the Foot of Mount St. Stephen, on the Canadian
Pacific 60

Peña de Mora on the La Guayra and Carácas Railway, Venezuela 61

Perspective View of St. Gothard Spiral Tunnels, in the Alps 62

Plan of St. Gothard Spiral Tunnels 63

Profile of the Same 63

Portal of a Finished Tunnel; showing Cameron's Cone, Colorado 64

Railway Pass at Rocky Point in the Rocky Mountains 67

Bridge Pier Founded on Piles 68

Pneumatic Caisson 70

Transverse Section of Pneumatic Caisson 71

Pier of Hawkesbury Bridge, Australia 75

Foundation Crib of the Poughkeepsie Bridge 76

Transverse Section of the Same 76

Granite Arched Approach to Harlem River Bridge in Process
of Construction 77

The Old Portage Viaduct, Erie Railway, N. Y. 78

The New Portage Viaduct 79

The Britannia Tubular Bridge over the Menai Straits,
North Wales 80

Old Stone Towers of the Niagara Suspension Bridge 82

The New Iron Towers of the Same 82

Truss Bridge of the Northern Pacific Railway over the Missouri
River at Bismarck, Dak.--Testing the Central Span 87

Curved Viaduct, Georgetown, Col.; the Union Pacific Crossing
its own Line 88

The Niagara Cantilever Bridge in Progress 90

The Niagara Cantilever Bridge Completed 91

The Lachine Bridge, on the Canadian Pacific Railway, near
Montreal, Canada 92

The 510-feet Span Steel Arches of the New Harlem River Bridge,
New York, during Construction 97

London Underground Railway Station 98

Conestoga Wagon and Team 101

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, 1830-35 101

Boston & Worcester Railroad, 1835 102

Horatio Allen 103

Peter Cooper's Locomotive, 1830 104

"South Carolina," 1831, and Plan of its Running Gear 105

The "De Witt Clinton," 1831 105

"Grasshopper" Locomotive 106

The "Planet" 107

John B. Jervis's Locomotive, 1831, and Plan of its
Running Gear 108

Campbell's Locomotive 109

Locomotive for Suburban Traffic 110

Locomotive for Street Railway 110

Four-wheeled Switching Locomotive 113

Driving Wheels, Frames, Spurs, etc., of American Locomotive 114

Longitudinal Section of a Locomotive Boiler 115

Transverse Section 115

Rudimentary Injector 116

Injector Used on Locomotives 117

Sections of a Locomotive Cylinder 118

Eccentric 118

Eccentric and Strap 118

Valve Gear 119

Turning Locomotive Tires 121

Six-wheeled Switching Locomotive 122

Mogul Locomotive 123

Ten-wheeled Passenger Locomotive 123

Consolidation Locomotive (unfinished) 124

Consolidation Locomotive 124

Decapod Locomotive 125

"Forney" Tank Locomotive 126

"Hudson" Tank Locomotive 127

Camden & Amboy Locomotive, 1848 129

Cab End of a Locomotive and its Attachments 133

Interior of Erecting Shop, showing Locomotive Lifted by
Travelling Crane 137

Forging a Locomotive Frame 138

Mohawk & Hudson Car, 1831 139

Early Car 139

Early Car on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 140

Early American Car, 1834 140

Old Car for Carrying Flour on the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad 141

Old Car for Carrying Firewood on the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad 141

Old Car on the Quincy Granite Railroad 141

Janney Car Coupler, showing the Process of Coupling 142

Mould and Flask in which Wheels are Cast 143

Cast-iron Car Wheels 144

Section of the Tread and Flange of a Car Wheel 145

Allen Paper Car Wheel 145

Modern Passenger-car and Frame 147

Snow-plough at Work 154

A Type of Snow-plough 155

A Rotary Steam Snow-shovel in Operation 156

Railway-crossing Gate 157

Signal to Stop 162

Signal to Move Ahead 162

Signal to Move Back 163

Signal that the Train has Parted 163

Entrance Gates at a Large Station 167

Central Switch and Signal Tower 168

Interior of a Switch-tower, showing the Operation of
Interlocking Switches 171

Stephenson's Steam Driver-brake, patented 1833 192

Driver-brake on Modern Locomotive 192

English Screw-brake, on the Birmingham and Gloucester Road,
about 1840 193

English Foot-brake on the Truck of a Great Western Coach,
about 1840 193

Plan and Elevation of Air-brake Apparatus 196

Dwarf Semaphores and Split Switch 202

Semaphore Signal with Indicators 203

Section of Saxby & Farmer Interlocking Machine 204

Diagram of a Double-track Junction with Interlocked
Switches and Signals 205

Split Switches with Facing-point Locks and Detector-bars 206

Derailing Switch 207

Torpedo Placer 213

Old Signal Tower on the Philadelphia & Reading, at
Phœnixville 214

Crossing Gates worked by Mechanical Connection from
the Cabin 217

Some Results of a Butting Collision--Baggage and Passenger
Cars Telescoped 218

Wreck at a Bridge 219

New South Norwalk Drawbridge. Rails held by Safety Bolts 220

Engines Wrecked during the Great Wabash Strike 222

Link-and-pin Coupler 224

Janney Automatic Coupler applied to a Freight Car 224

Signals at Night 225

Stockton & Darlington Engine and Car 229

Mohawk & Hudson Train 231

English Railway Carriage, Midland Road. First and Third
Class and Luggage Compartments 232

One of the Earliest Passenger Cars Built in this Country;
used on the Western Railroad of Massachusetts (now the
Boston & Albany) 233

Bogie Truck 233

Rail and Coach Travel in the White Mountains 234

Old Time Table, 1843 235

Old Boston & Worcester Railway Ticket (about 1837) 236

Obverse and Reverse of a Ticket used in 1838, on the New
York & Harlem Railroad 236

The "Pioneer." First Complete Pullman Sleeping-car 240

A Pullman Porter 241

Pullman Parlor Car 243

Wagner Parlor Car 244

Dining-car (Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad) 245

End View of a Vestibuled Car 249

Pullman Sleeper on a Vestibuled Train 250

Immigrant Sleeping-car (Canadian Pacific Railway) 251

View of Pullman, Ill. 252

Railway Station at York, England, built on a Curve 257

Outside the Grand Central Station, New York 258

Boston Passenger Station, Providence Division, Old
Colony Railroad 259

A Page from the Car Accountant's Book 277

Freight Pier, North River, New York 280

Hay Storage Warehouses, New York Central & Hudson River
Railroad, West Thirty-third Street, New York 282

"Dummy" Train and Boy on Hudson Street, New York 287

Red Line Freight-car Mark 288

Star Union Freight-car Mark 288

Coal Car, Central Railroad of New Jersey 289

Refrigerator-car Mark 289

Unloading a Train of Truck-wagons, Long Island Railroad 290

Floating Cars, New York Harbor 295

Postal Progress, 1776-1876 313

The Pony Express--The Relay 314

The Overland Mail Coach--A Star Route 315

Mail Carrying in the Country 316

Loading for the Fast Mail, at the General Post-Office,
New York 324

At the Last Moment 326

Pouching the Mail in the Postal Car 329

A Very Difficult Address--known as a "Sticker." 331

Distributing the Mail by States and Routes 332

Pouching Newspapers for California--in Car No. 5 335

Catching the Pouch from the Crane 339

George Stephenson 345

J. Edgar Thomson 349

Thomas A. Scott 350

Cornelius Vanderbilt 352

John W. Garrett 355

Albert Fink 366

Charles Francis Adams 367

Thomas M. Cooley 369

"Dancing on the Carpet" 386

Trainman and Tramps 387

Braking in Hard Weather 389

Flagging in Winter 391

Coupling 392

The Pleasant Part of a Brakeman's Life 395

At the Spring 397

Just Time to Jump 403

Timely Warning 407

The Passenger Conductor 409

Station Gardening 416

In the Yard at Night 419

A Track-walker on a Stormy Night 421

A Crossing Flagman 423

A Little Relaxation 424

MAPS.

Mileage compared with Area 429

Railways, 1830, 1840, 1850, and 1860 430

Railways, 1870 431

Railways, 1880 432

Railways, 1889 433

Five Railway Systems 434, 435

CHARTS.

Principal Railway Countries 425

Mileage to Area in New Jersey 426

Total Mileage and Increase, 1830-1888 429

Mileage by States, 1870 431

Mileage by States, 1880 432

Mileage by States, 1888 433

Largest Receipts, 1888 435

Largest Net Results, 1888 435

Freight Rates of Thirteen Trunk Lines, 1870-1888 436

Wheat Rates, by Water and by Rail, 1870-1888 438

The Freight Haul, 1882-1888 439

East-bound and West-bound Freight, 1877-1888 439

Freight Profits, 1870-1888 440

Passenger Rates, 1870-1888 441

Passenger Travel, 1882-1888 442

Passenger Profits, 1870-1888 442

Average Dividends, 1876-1888 443

Net Earnings and Mileage Built, 1876-1888 444

Increase of Population, Mileage, and Freight Traffic,
1870-1888 446