Chapter III: Use and Abuse of Cars (7)

Mail train, fast, 317

Managers and investors, relations of, 357

Masonry arch bridges, 76

Massachusetts Railroad Commission and traffic questions, 367

Master Car Builders' Association brake-trials, 200
type of car-coupler, 223

Master car-builder's duties, 158

Master mechanic's work, 157

Master of transportation, duties of, 159, 171

Mexican Central Railway, 56

Mileage balances, reduction of, 273

Miller coupler and buffer, 237

Miller, Ezra, 237

Milling in transit, 175

Model railway service, 375

Mohawk & Hudson passenger-cars, 139

Mont Cenis Tunnel, 63

Moral standard on the railway, improvement in, 384

Mount Washington Railway, 58

Mountain climbing by rack railways, 58
railways, 49

National regulation of railways, 367

Newell, John, 340

New York Elevated Railways, 97

Niagara cantilever bridge, 34, 90
suspension bridge, 81

Nochistongo cut, 56

Operating department of a railway, importance of, 373

Oroya Railway in the Andes, 50, 53

Outram, Benjamin, 345

Paper car-wheels, 145

Passenger advertisement, first, 229
brakeman, 396
burned in wrecks, 225
cars, early, 231;
English and American, 232;
first American, 139;
manufacture of, 252;
Mohawk & Hudson, 139
conductor, 408
fares, comparative rates, 265
profits, 442
rates and commissions, 17
tickets, old, 236
traffic, 442
trains, first, 228;
early American, 230;
making time on, 403
travel, 362;
amount of, 264;
safety of, in England and America, 260;
speed of, 249

Pay-car, trip of the, 309

Pay, increase of, for faithful service, 378

Paymaster's work, 308

Parallel roads, 356

Pensions for railway employees, 378

Pennsylvania Railroad shops at Altoona, 132
maintenance of track, 41
system, 371

Permanent service of a railway, 375

Pile-driver, work of a, 22

Pile foundations for bridges, 68

Plant, H. B., 340

Pneumatic caissons for bridge foundations, 69
interlocking apparatus, 210

Pœtsch method of building foundations for bridge piers, 32

Pooling rates, 184

Pools and competing points, 364
railway, origin and nature of, 364

Pope, Thomas, 33

Portage Bridge, 78

Postal cars, 325
first used, 316
provision against accident in, 338

Postal clerks, accidents to, 338

Postal progress, object lesson in, 312

Postal service, early history, 313

Potter, Thomas J., 412

Poughkeepsie cantilever bridge, 32, 34

Predecessors of the railway, 101

Premiums to section-men, 41

Promotion of employees, 376

Pullman, George M., 239
Palace Car Company, 242
sleeper, first, 241

Purchasing agent's varied duties and experience, 300

Rails, development of, 47
increased weight of, 122
iron, first used, 1, 37
joints for, 37
steel, first introduction, 37
supply and renewal of, 306
weight which they will carry, 121

Railroading fifty years ago, 100

Railways, American, key to the development of, 3;
rolling stock of, 148;
and English, essential differences, 10
amount of capital invested in, 344
and their employees, nature of relations, 374
and democracy, 45
and their customers, 358
beginning of, 345
building, cost of, 43;
example of rapid, 44;
history of, 445
competition of, 174;
with canals, 347
consolidation, 174, 346
council, proposed, 380
division of expenses on, 359
earnings, average net, per mile, 444
earliest, 1;
in America, 103
early systems of management, 346
economic view of, 45
educational institutions, 379
employees, permanent and temporary, 375;
general characteristics of, 423;
moral welfare of, 423;
a typical, 383;
wages of, 448
growth of, 346
income, sources of, 180
influence on the world, 149
mail first carried on, 314
mail service, growth of, 314;
importance of, 323;
needs of, 341;
organization of, 323;
party injury to, 341
management, development of, 150;
in Europe, 184;
organization and division of authority, 151;
results expected from, 184;
special departments of, 372;
stability of, 184;
subdivisions of, 372
men's building in New York, 424
mileage, comparative, of the principal countries, 425;
of the United States, 426
national idea developed by, 348
national regulation, 367
officers' duties and responsibilities, 151
organization analyzed, 185;
complex, 183;
growth of, 371
personnel, importance of, 424
place in the modern industrial system, 344
postal clerks' dangers, 337;
just claims, 343;
need of provision against disability, 339;
work, 334
relations of, to their employees, 357
shop-men, 423
State ownership of, 362
statistics of, 425
systems, 428
the largest single industrial interest, 370
United States, extent of, 43
"wars" between, 361

Randall, Samuel J., 323

Rates and rebates, 173
causes of reduction, 358
combinations and adjustments, 176
forced reductions, 363
how made and regulated, 176
inequalities of, 359
passenger, and commissions, 178
plans for regulating, 362
special, wars over, 177
without a natural standard, 360

Reagan, John H., 368

Reconnoissance, 13

Refrigerator cars, 289

Representation for railway employees, 380

Restriction of railways, tendency to, 369

Ride on a locomotive at night, 188

Righi Railway, 59

Road-bed of a railway, how made, 21

Roadway department of a railway, 154

Roberts, George B., 340

Roebling, John A., 82

Rolling stock, growth of, 448

Routine of the railway mail service, 325

Rutter, J. H., 340

Safety appliances, railway, 191
devices needed, 423

St. Gothard Tunnel and spirals, 63

St. Louis Bridge, 64, 93

Schneider, C. C., 34

Scott, Thomas Alexander, 319, 349

Scrap-heap, value of, 302

Section-master's duties, 421

Section-men's work, 156

Semaphore signals, 203

Shepard, General D. C., 44

Signals and switches, interlocking, 168, 204
automatic block, 215
block system, 168, 213
semaphore, 203
torpedo, 213

Sleeping-car rates, comparative, 266

Sleeping-cars, first experiments, 239
immigrant, 251
Pullman, 239, 242

Smith, Colonel C. Shaler, 34, 88

Snow-sheds and fences, 18

South American mountain-railways, 50

South Carolina Railway, 104
early passenger trains, 231

Special rates, 177, 361

Spoils system, how it works in the railway mail service, 342

Spreading of rails, 220

State ownership of railways, 362

State regulation of railways, 362, 363

Station agent's duties, 411

Station indicators, 259

Station, large, work at, 415
small, work at, 411

Stationery and blanks, quantity used on a railway, 304

Statistics, railway, 425

Steam driver-brake, 192
how distributed to the cylinders, 117
shovel, work of, 21
supply and speed, relations of, 129

Steel bridges, 29

Steel rails, first introduction, 37

Steel truss-bridges, development of, 85

Stephenson, George, 1, 2, 3, 228, 346
Robert, 1, 2, 3, 79, 192

Stock and bonds, relative position, 354

Storekeeper's duties on a railway, 307

Stockton & Darlington passenger train, 228

"Stourbridge Lion," 102

Strikes, evils of, 374

Superintendent, duties of, 274
of machinery, powers and duties, 157

Supply department, 298
importance of, 311

Supplies, aggregate of, on a railway, 299
variety required for a railway, 301

Surveying party, life of, 13
from a rope ladder, 50

Surveys, preliminary, 13

Suspension bridges, 81

Switchbacks and loops, 8;
types of, 9, 10

Switches, interlocking, 420
stub, accidents caused by, 218

Switch-tender's work, 420

Telegraph in railroading, 238

Thompson, William B., 317, 322, 342

Thomson, Frank, 43, 340

Thomson, J. Edgar, 349

Through and local freight, 288

Through lines, growth of, 348

Tickets, cost of, on a railway, 305
coupon, 254
old, 236
sales and reports, 182

Ties and timber supplies, 306

Time, fast, instances of, 404
making, on passenger trains, 403

Time-tables, cost of, 305
earliest American, 235
how made, 160

Torpedo signals, 213

Track, early experiments with, 36, 37
how laid, 36
how maintained and kept in order, 38
inspection on the Pennsylvania Railroad, 41
laid on stone, 36
standards of excellence, 41

Trackmen's duties, 38
organization and officers, 41

Track-walker's duties and trials, 422

Trade centres, advantages of, 360

Traffic, how influenced and secured, 172
manager, duties of, 172
questions and the Massachusetts Railroad Commission, 367
receipts, how returned and accounted for, 182

Train despatcher and his work, 163, 422

Train despatching, 162
old and new, 187

Train orders and rules, 164

Train signals, bell-cord and other, 237

Train work, irregularity of, 399

Trainmen, accidents to, 393
and tramps, 386

Trains, rules for running, 162

Tramways, Roman, of stone, 1

Transfer freight stations, 288

Transportation, cost of, 43
conducting, 159
department and the car-accountant, 275

Trestles, wooden, 78

Trevithick, Richard, 2

Tribunal, proposed, for adjusting differences between railways and
their employees, 376

Trucks for cars, 7, 108
for locomotives, 4, 107, 109

Trunk lines compared, 428

Trunk-line pool, origin and history, 365

Truss-bridge, typical American, 86

Tubular bridges, 80

Tunnels, 59
American, 23
connected by a bridge, 55
difficulties of construction, 62
great, 62
how avoided, 23
located by triangulation, 53
Mont Cenis, 63
St. Gothard, 63

Underground Railway, London, 97

Union Pacific Railway system, extent of, 370

Vacuum-brake, 193, 195

Vail, Theodore N., 317, 322

Valleys, how crossed by a railway, 49

Valve-motion arrangements, 118

Vanderbilt business methods, 351

Vanderbilt, Commodore, 318, 340

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 350, 424

Vanderbilt, William H., 318, 340

Verrugas Viaduct, 55

Vestibule train, luxury of, 248
as a safety device, 224

Viaducts, American metal, 79

Victoria Bridge, 80

Waddell, A., 323

Wagner Palace Car Company, 242

Wagon cars, 290

War, the late, effect of, on railway growth, 348

Washington Bridge over the Harlem River, 77, 94

Waste and saving in supplies, 302

Water-jet method of sinking piles, 68

Watt, James, 1

Way-bill and its theory, 181

Westinghouse air-brake, 195, 196

Westinghouse, George, Jr., 200, 237

West Point Foundry as a locomotive shop, 104

Whipple, Squire, 28

Winans, Ross, 7, 108

Yardmaster's duties, 283

Young Men's Christian Association, Railway Department, 424

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

Italic text is denoted by _underscores_.

Bold text is denoted by =equal signs=.

A superscript is denoted by ^x for example 12^1.

Obvious typographical errors and punctuation errors have been
corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within
the text and consultation of external sources.

Basic fractions are displayed as ½ ¼ ¾; other fraction are shown in
the form a/b as 1/117 or 39-2/10 for example.

A large dense table spanning two pages in the original book (page 158
and 159) has been split into 4 parts, with column #1 (engine number)
being repeated in each part. The vertical column headings have been
replaced by a key, A B etc, with an explanation of the keys at the
beginning of each part. Some cell values were unclear in the scanned
image and a best guess of the digit has been made.

Another large table at page 447 has been split into 2 parts.

In several tables with dollar.cent values the decimal point is faint
or missing. For consistency the decimal point has been inserted in
all cases.

Footnote #31 had no anchor; this has been added in the chapter title.

Nine consecutive full-page illustrations placed after page 428
have detailed maps and Gantt charts and many have large amounts of
text on them. Most of this text, and the Gantt chart information,
have been copied and placed under the illustration as part of the
caption.

In the organization chart on page 185, it is very likely that the
Train Master and the Station Agents were all intended to report
to the Superintendant of Transportation. The missing connecting
line has been inserted using a dotted line to indicate this
insertion.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text,
and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained. For example,
untravelled; sirup; smouldering; box car, box-car; cast iron,
cast-iron.

Pg 42, 'from 1 to 10' replaced by 'from 0 to 10'.
Pg 114, 'have ournal-boxes' replaced by 'have journal-boxes'.
Pg 392, 'no one brakeman' replaced by 'not one brakeman'.
Pg 416, 'fusilade' replaced by 'fusillade'.