Chapter XX: Part IV: Chap. I (6)

2. §. And first, we may make no ill guess _ex Analogia_, or where we find the same _Tast_, that there the same _Virtue_ in some kind, and in some degree, may reside. So _Jalap_, _Mercury_, and _Daisy_, have all of them that exasperating _Tast_ in the _Throat_ before described; and they are all three more or less _Cathartick_. Wherefore, we may believe, that other _Plants_ which make the like _Impression_ on the _Throat_, and there are many others which do, that they are in some degree alike _Cathartick_. Those _Plants_ which are reckoned amongst the chiefest _Cephalicks_, cause rather a durable, than a vehement _Heat_ upon the _Tongue_, as _Pyrethrum_, _Euphorbium_, _Black-Hellebore_, &c. It seemeth therefore reasonable to rank with these, any other _Plant_, though not used, which produceth the like durable _Heat_. The young _Roots_ of _Yarrow_, or _Millefolium_, have the same _Taste_, as the _Root_ of _Contrayerva_: and may therefore be used for the same purpose, with a probability of the like success; if not a better, because they may be gotten fresher. But by drying the _Root_, the _Tast_ and _Virtue_, which lie in its exhalible parts, are much lost. The _Seeds_ of the lesser _Cardamom_, and of _Zedoary Root_, if found, have both a smatch of the _Tast_ of _Camphire_. They may therefore all, so far, reach the same Case.

3. §. Again, as we may make no ill conjecture from the sameness of _Taste_ in _Plants_ of several _Tribes_; so from the diversity of _Taste_, in those of the same. So the _Flowers_ of all the _Docks_ are evidently _Astringent_, and not _Sower_; except those of the _Rha-pontick_, which are extream sower, even in the 5ᵗʰ degree. Which is no mean _Signature_ of some more than ordinary _Virtue_ in it, besides what it hath in common with the rest of the _Tribe_. The _Flowers_ of _Pancy_ have a kind of fulsome _Tast_, plainly different from that of _Violets_: and in some _Hypochondriacal Cases_ may be more useful.

4. §. It likewise importeth much, to observe the difference of _Taste_ in the several _Parts_ of the same _Plant_. So the _Barque_ of _Sassafras_ is three times as strong, as the _Wood_: and the like may be observed in any other commonly known _Tree_. If therefore we could obtein the _Barques_ of _Santalum_, _Lignum Rhodium_, _Lignum Aloes_, &c. they would doubtless, most of them, be of much greater use. And as the _Taste_ is sometimes stronger; so, much more grateful, in one _Part_ than in another: as in the _Flowers_ or _Yellow Attire_ in the _Heads_ of _Carduus Benedictus_; which being infused in _Spirit_ of _Wine_, or other convenient _Liquor_, make a pleasant _Cordial_. Nature having laped up the _Virtue_ in the _Leavs_, as in a brown _Paper_; but in the _Flowers_, as in _Leaf-Gold_.

5. §. As also, how far the _Taste_ of any _Plant_ may alter, either in preserving, or preparing it. So the _Root_ of _Arum_, when taken fresh out of the ground, is notably _Pungent_: but being throughly dryed, and especially kept for some time, hath no more _Taste_, and therefore in all likelyhood, no more _Virtue_, than a _Lump_ of _Starch_. The like we are to judge of all other _Plants_, whose _Virtue_ lieth in their exhalible _Parts_. The _Stillatitious Oyls_ of many _Plants_, are stronger than the _Leavs_ or other _Parts_ from whence they are drawn: but some there are, which are weaker; as is that of _Euphorbium_, in which the _Heat_ is neither pertinaceous, as in the _Gum_ it self, nor so great.

6. §. We may make, moreover, a judgment from the _Nature_ of the _Tast_. So those _Roots_ which are _Bitter_, and not _Hot_, as of _Cichory_, and the rest of the _Intybous_ kind, may be accounted _Nitro-Sulphureous_; and so, to be _Abstersive_ without any _Heating Quality_. The _Marum Austriacum_, which is extream _Pungent_, as well as _Aromatick_, may be looked upon as the best _Cephalick_ of that _Tribe_. Because we find, that _Jalap_ hath a special property of imitating the _Glandulous Parts_ of the _Mouth_, and _Throat_; we may gather, That it is a better _Purge_ to all the other _Glandulous Parts_, than most other _Catharticks_. Which is also one reason of its operation, for the most part, with at least a tendency to vomit; the _Stomach_ it self being _Glandulous_ as well as the _Throat_, and thereby answerably affected with it. A strong _Infusion_ of _white Sarzaparilla_ in _Water_, botled up, and kept in a _Cellar_ for the space of two months, becomes extream sower; far beyond any thing observed in the _Tasts_ of the _Juyces_ and _Infusions_ of divers other _Plants_ kept as long and in the same manner. Which shews, how well Nature hath adapted a _Plant_ of so mild a _Taste_, either by similitude of parts, for the carrying off of any _preternatural Acid_; or by contrariety, for the curbing of an exorbitant _Salt_. The _Barque_ of the _Root_ of common _Wormwood_, which impresseth a pertinaceous and diffusive _Taste_, which descendeth from the _Tongue_ into the _Gulet_, as is before described; may be justly ranked with the most excellent _Stomachicks_; and upon tryal, I find it one of the best: besides, that it is neither unpleasant, nor affecteth the _Head_, as the _Leavs_. Yet the _Gardener_, and every Body throws it away, as good for nothing.

7. §. I shall conclude with one note, which is this; That the _Specifick Virtue_ of _Medicines_, which some _Physicians_ positively deny, and most dispute; from some of the forementioned _Differences_ of _Taste_, as well as for other reasons, may seem, at least, to be probable. For why should not a _Medicine_ make an _Impression_ upon one _Part_, and not upon another, within the _Body_, as well as we find it doth within the _Mouth_? especially, since the _Parts_ of the _Mouth_, are of a less different _Nature_, than some of the _Viscera_.

_An Appendix._

_Of the ODOURS of_ Plants.

THE _Senses_ of _Tasting_ and _Smelling_ being so nearly ally’d; many things already explained concerning the _Diversities_ and _Causes_ of _Tasts_ in _Plants_, may easily be transferr’d to those of their _Odours_. I shall now therefore only remarque some particulars, not commonly taken notice of hitherto, and leave them as a _Specimen_ to be Improved by other Hands.

2. §. The _Root_ of _Rape-Crowfoot_ being cut, and held to the _Nose_, when it is newly taken out of the _Ground_, smelleth almost like _Spirit_ of _Sal Armoniac_, or fresh _Scurvygrass Juyce_. And hath the property of making the _Eyes_ to water, as _Onions_ do. _Horse-Radish Root_ is not so _Pungent_ to the _Nose_, but gets pretty much into the _Eyes_. But that of _Dragon_, doth neither affect the _Eyes_, nor the _Nose_.

3. §. The _Succulent Roots_ of _Dogstones_, and most of that _Tribe_, have a rank _Smell_. And that of _Crown Imperial_, being rub’d a little, smells as like a _Fox_, as one _Fox_ smelleth like another.

4. §. The _Root_ of _Patience_ digested with _Water_, in a warm _Room_, for the space of three weeks, smels like _Spirit_ of _Harts Horn_, or other _Urinous Spirit_. Of _Red Dock_, almost like _Aqua fortis_ or _Spirit_ of _Nitre_. That of _Dragon_ bottled up with _Water_, and set in a _Cellar_, about a Month, stinks like the _pus_ of the most _Fetid Ulcer_. At the end of five Months, more abominably, than either to be endured or expressed.

5. §. The _Leavs_ of _Mountain Calamint_, smell like _Peny Royal_. Those of _Ulmaria_, like _Walnut Pills_. Of _Yellow Lamium_, like a _Balsame_. Of _Sena_, a good quantity being held to the _Nose_, of a rank _Smell_ betwixt that of _Sweat_ and _Urine_. Of _Coriander_, when green and young, stink so basely, that they can hardly be endur’d. Sometimes the _Leavs_ have a stronger _Smell_, than the _Flower_, as in _Borage_, and sometimes the _Stalk_, a stronger than the _Leavs_, as in _Ulmaria_.

6. §. _Rue Leavs_ corked up in a bottle and set in a _Cellar_ for about ten weeks, smell like _Spirit_ of _Harts Horn_, or of _Urine_. The green _Leaves_ of _Roses_ infused in water, have a mild, but pleasant _Smell_. Neither is that of _Savine_ unpleasant, upon the like _Infusion_.

7. §. _Scurvygrass Juyce_ kept about ¾ of a year in bottles, with the green _Sedement_, in a warm _Room_, stinks like Humane _Excrements_. And _Scurvygrass Wine_, made only of the _Juyce_, smells like some _Issues_.

8. §. The _Flowers_ of _Yarrow_, smell not much unlike to those of _Southernwood_. And the _Flowers_ of _Crowfoot_ almost like those of _Scurvygrass_. Some _Flowers_ are of a weaker _Smell_ in the _Bud_, as those of _Mallow_. But many have a stronger, than when they are blown open; as those of _Lavender_, _Rosemary_, &c.

9. §. The _Buds_ of _Vervaine Mallow_, while they are young, and the _Flowers_ unseen, have a very pleasant _Smell_, like that of _Geranium Moschatum_: but when afterwards they are opened they have an unpleasant _Smell_. Common _Mallow Flowers_ dryed and bottled up for some time, acquire, though not a strong, yet very noysom _Smell_.

10. §. The _Purple Pouch_ of _Dragon_ which covers the _Seed_, being broken, smells just like a _Lobster_. But permitted to lie in a warm _Room_ for some days, smells exactly like _Carrion_; and scents the _Room_ with the same _Smell_.

11. §. Some _Seeds_ as those of _Cumine_, _Daucus_, being powdered and laped up only in _Papers_, do notwithstanding retein their _Smell_. But many others, as of _Sweet Fenil_, in a short time, lose it. Some _Seeds_, when they first begin to sprout, become _Odorous_, which were not so before; as the _Garden Bean_.

_Tabula, quâ perspicuè videre est, quot Triplicati Sapores,
ex solummodo decem Simplicibus numerantur._

AMARUS
Am.du.ac.
am.du.sa. am.ac.sa.
am.du.ca. am.ac.ca. am.sa.ca.
am.du.fr. am.ac.fr. am.sa.fr. am.ca.fr.
am.du.ar. am.ac.ar. am.sa.ar. am.ca.ar. am.fr.ar.
am.du.ma. am.ac.ma. am.sa.ma. am.ca.ma. am.fr.ma. am.ar.ma.
am.du.as. am.ac.as. am.sa.as. am.ca.as. am.fr.as. am.ar.as. am.ma.as.
am.du.pu. am.ac.pu. am.sa.pu. am.ca.pu. am.fr.pu. am.ar.pu. am.ma.pu.
am.as.pu.
DULCIS
Du.ac.sa.
du.ac.ca. du.sa.ca.
du.ac.fr. du.sa.fr. du.ca.fr.
du.ac.ar. du.sa.ar. du.ca.ar. du.fr.ar.
du.ac.ma. du.sa.ma. du.ca.ma. du.fr.ma. du.ar.ma.
du.ac.as. du.sa.as. du.ca.as. du.fr.as. du.ar.as. du.ma.sa.
du.ac.pu. du.sa.pu. du.ca.pu. du.fr.pu. du.ar.pu. du.ma.pu. du.as.pu.

ACIDUS
Aci.sal.cal.
aci.sal.fri. aci.cal.fri.
aci.sal.aro. aci.cal.ar. aci.fri.ar.
aci.sal.mal. aci.cal.ma. aci.fri.mal. aci.ar.mal.
aci.sal.ast. aci.cal.ast. aci.fri.ast. aci.ar.ast. ac.ma.ast.
ac.sal.pu. aci.ca.pun. aci.fr.pun. aci.ar.pun. ac.ma.pu. ac.ast.pu.

SALSUS
Sal.cal.fri.
sal.cal.aro. sal.fri.aro.
sal.cal.mal. sal.fri.mal. sal.aro.mal.
sal.cal.ast. sal.fri.ast. sal.aro.ast. sal.ma.ast
sal.cal.pun. sal.fri.pun. sal.aro.pun. sal.ma.pu. sal.ast.pun.

CALIDUS
Cal.fri.aro.
cal.fri.mal. cal.aro.mal.
cal.fri.ast. cal.aro.ast. cal.mal.ast.
cal.fri.pun. cal.aro.pun. cal.mal.pun. cal.ast.pun.

FRIGIDUS
Fri.aro.mal.
fri.aro.ast. fri.mal.ast.
fri.aro.pun. fri.mal.pun. fri.ast.pun.

AROMATICUS
Aro.mal.ast.
aro.mal.pun. aro.ast.pun.

MALIGNUS

ASTRINGENS

PUNGENS

_Tabula, quæ Genericas omnes Saporum differentias
comprenhedit._

SAPORES, ratione
Sensationis ipsius, distinguuntur per
Species. Sunt enim alii
Simplices, qui sunt
⎧Amarus
⎩Dulcis
⎧Acidus
⎩Salsus
⎧Calidus
⎩Frigidus
⎧Aromaticus
⎩Malignus
⎧Æqualis
⎩Tremulus
Mollis
Vapidus
Unctuosus
Durus
Penetrans
Stupifaciens
Astringens
Pungens
Continuus
Intermittens
Compositi, qui sunt
Nominati; seil.
Acerbus
Austcrus
Acris
Muriaticus
Lixivus
Nitrosus
Iñominati quamplurimi, ut Amaro-dulcis, &c.
Gradus. Ita enim sunt
Remissi ve Intensi a gradu
3º ad 1ᵘᵐ·
4º ad 10ᵘᵐ·
Durationis, sunt
Breves
Diuturni
Motûs, sunt
Celeres⎫
Tardi ⎭in Principio Augmento Statu Declinatione.
Est autem Sapor in
Principio
Quartarius
Binarius
Trinarius
Minutarius
Minuto-quartarius, &c.
Bi-minutarius
Bino-quartarius, &c.
Triminutarius
Augmento
Quartarius, &c.
Bi-minutarius
Statu.
Quartarius, &c.
Quadrinarius.
Declinatione
Quartarius, &c.
Quadrino-quartarius, &c.
Quinarius
Senarius, &c.
Vicenarius
Viceno-quinarius
Tricenarius
Triceno-quinarius
Quadragenarius
Subjecti, sunt
Fixi
Labiales
Linguales qui ad Linguæ
Apicem
Verticem
Radicem percipiuntur
Palatales,
Gutturales,
Oesophagei.
Mobiles
Diffusivi.
Transitivi.

EXPERIMENTS

IN

CONSORT

UPON THE

Solution of Salts

IN

WATER.

Read before the _Royal Society_, _January, 18. 1676/7_.

CHAP. I.

_In which is shewed, the Compleat or Utmost_ Impregnation _of WATER
with several kinds of_ Salt, _both together, and apart._

IN discourse upon a _Lecture_ formerly read, concerning the _Lixivial Salts_ of _Plants_; It was mentioned, as a thing asserted by some _Phylosophers_, That _Water_ having been fully impregnated with one kind of _Salt_, so as to bear no more of that kind; it would yet bear, or dissolve some portion of another; and so of a third. And it was referred to Me by this Honourable Chair, to examine and produce the _Experiment_. The doing whereof brought into my mind divers other _Experiments_ hereunto relating.

2. §. As next, With what difference of quantity this _Superimpregnation_ would be made, upon the _Solution_ of different _Salts_?

3. §. _Thirdly_, Whether the _Solution_ of a smaller quantity of several _Salts_, doth consist with the _non-increase_ of the bulk of the _Water_? Because this also is affirmed by some.

4. §. _Fourthly_, What quantity of the several kinds of _Salt_, may be dissolved severally, in the same quantity of _Water_?

5. §. _Fifthly_, Whether by dissolving a _Salt_ in _Water_, there be any _Space_ gained, or not? That is, whether the _Bulk_ of the _Water_ be greater, before the _Salt_ lying in it be fully dissolved, than it is afterwards? Or if a _Cubick Inch_ of _Salt_ be dissolved in nine _Cubick Inches_ of _Water_; Whether the _Water_ will then fill a _Vessel_ of ten _Cubick Inches content_?

6. §. _Sixthly_, Whether the _Space_ be equally gained, by an equal encrease of the same _Salt_?

7. §. _Seventhly_, Whether upon the _Solution_ of several kinds of _Salts_, be gained so many several quantities of _Space_? That is, if the _Solution_ of common _Salt_ gains, suppose, an _Inch_, whether the _Solution_ of _Salt Armoniack_ gains as much, or more, or less? and so for other _Salts_.

8. §. _Eighthly_, What that just space may be, which any _Salt_ gaineth with respect to its own _Bulk_, or that of the _Water_?

9. §. And first, for the _Superimpregnation_ of _Water_; I put into a bottle ℥ij of fair _Water_; adding thereto, first half an Ounce of _Nitre_; and afterwards more, as the _Water_ would dissolve it; and (that I might be sure the _Impregnation_ was full) some portion above what the _Water_ would bear. Then having separated this remaining portion; I put to this _Solution_ of _Nitre_, two Drachms of _Sal Armoniac_; which wholly and easily dissolved in the said _Solution_; though it would not bear a grain more of _Nitre_. I then added a third Drachm of _Sal Armoniac_, after that a fourth, and a fifth; all which, within the space of half an hour, were perfectly dissolved in the said _Solution_, without any precipitation of the _Nitre_.

10. §. In the making of this Experiment, two things, to render it infallacious, are to be noted. That the said _Salts_ were not dissolved by the help of _Fire_, but only by a strong and continued _Agitation_. And that this was done upon a warm day: which I mention, because that even the changes of the weather will somewhat alter the _Solubility_ of the _Salts_.

11. §. Having made the Experiment upon two _Salts_, I proceeded to repeat it upon three. And first I dissolved as much common _Salt_ in ℥ij of _Water_, as that quantity would bear. Then having separated the subsiding portion; I put to the _Solution_, no less than five Drachms of _Nitre_, which by a continued _Agitation_, was wholly dissolved therein, neither the _Nitre_ nor the common _Salt_ being in the least precipitated. Then adding a Scruple more, it would not dissolve, but subsided. This second subsiding portion, I again separated; and then put to this _Superimpregnation_, near ʒj of _Sal Armoniac_, which was also dissolved as the former. And if as many more _Salts_ had been added, ’tis probable that the same _Water_ would have born some quantity of them all.

12. §. From this Experiment, it is a Conclusion demonstrated, That not only the visible _Crystals_, but the very _Atomes_ of every _Salt_, at least those _Particles_ which are ultimately dissolved in _Water_, have a different _Figure_ one from another. Because that if they were all of one _Figure_; there would be no _Superimpregnation_, but the _Pores_ of the same _Water_, would imbibe as much of one _Salt_, as answers to the total of two more _Salts_ imbibed: that is to say, it would as well imbibe two Ounces of common _Salt_, as one Ounce of common _Salt_ and another of _Nitre_: which yet is contrary to the Experiment. And it is the same thing, whether we suppose the _Pores_ of _Water_ to be also different, or not. Because, that if the _Figure_ of all the said _Atomes_ be the same; then their respect to the _Pores_ of the _Water_ must be the same, how different so ever those _Pores_ be: which is also contrary to the Experiment. Besides it is a great presumption, to say, that the _Pores_, and therefore the _Atomes_ of _Water_ have different _Figures_; and yet not those of _Salts_.

13. §. From the same Experiment we may go upon good ground in _Compounded Infusions_; whether of _Purgative_, or other _Materials_. As not doubting, but that the same _Menstruum_ may be highly impregnated with several _Ingredients_ at once, whose operative parts may be therein copiously dissolved, without hindring either an _Extraction_, or causing a _Precipitation_ one of an other.

14. §. The _Second_ Enquiry is, With what difference this _Superimpregnation_ of _Water_ is made? which I find considerable. For a _Solution_ of above five Drachms of _Nitre_ may be _superimpregnated_ with no less quantity of _Sal Armoniac_. And a _Solution_ of five Drachms of common _Salt_, may be _superimpregnated_ with as much _Nitre_. Yet neither a strong _Solution_ (as of five Drachms) of common _Salt_, will bear above two Scruples of _Sal Armoniac_: nor will a strong _Solution_ (as of five Drachms) of _Sal Armoniac_, bear above a Drachm of common _Salt_: for if above the said quantities of either of them be mixed together: they are both copiously and forthwith precipitated to the bottome of the _Glass_.

15. §. Whence, notwithstanding the former Experiment, yet are we admonished, not to infuse all manner of _Ingredients_ in any proportion. Because though some do not, yet others will precipitate one another.

16. §. The _Third_ Enquiry was this, Whether the _Solution_ of a smaller quantity of several _Salts_, doth consist with the _non-increase_ of the _Bulk_ of the _Water_? For this I took a _Bolthead_ with a slender _Neck_, conteining about a pint and a quarter of _Water_; and dissolved therein about ℥jß of _Nitre_. And marking the place to which the _Water_ ascended in the _Neck_ of the _Bolthead_: I then dissolved in the same _Water_ about a Drachm of _Sal Gemmæ_: which little quantity, raised the _Water_ above half an Inch higher then it was before. The like I observed in the addition of _Nitre_ to a _Solution_ of _Sal Armoniac_. So that to suppose the variation of the _Salt_ doth prevent the increase of the _Bulk_ of the _Water_, is a manifest Error.

17. §. From the same Experiment it also appears, That the ascent of the _Water_ upon a _Superimpregnation_, is the same, by whatsoever _Salt_ the first _Impregnation_ be made. For instance, Let a _Solution_ of _Nitre_ ascend in the _Neck_ of the _Bolthead_, suppose, to 10 Inches, then add ½ an Ounce more of _Nitre_, so as to raise the _Water_, suppose, 12 Inches or more, or less, according to the _Bore_ of the _Neck_. In like manner, let a _Solution_ of _Sal Armoniac_ reach to ten Inches: then add again half an Ounce of _Nitre_; and it will reach just 12 Inches, or more or less, as before.

18. §. The _Fourth_ Enquiry is, What quantity of the several kinds of _Salt_, may be dissolved severally in the same quantity of _Water_: that is to say, by agitation alone, without the help of fire, as I noted before. And upon tryal it appears, First, that two Ounces of _Water_ will dissolve three Ounces of _Loaf-Sugar_ and no more, except the _Water_ be heated.

19. §. The same quantity of _Water_ that is, two Ounces will dissolve above two Ounces of _Salt_ of _Tartar_. I say above, for how much more, want of a greater quantity of _Salt_ which I could confide in, made me that I could not finish the Experiment.

20. §. The same quantity, _sc._ two Ounces of _Water_, dissolveth an Ounce and a Drachm of _Green Vitriol_.

21. §. The like quantity dissolveth six Drachms and a Scruple or above ¾ of an Ounce of common _Salt_.

22. §. Of _Nitre_, Five Drachms two Scruples and an half.

23. §. Of _Sal Armoniac_, five Drachms and two Scruples.

24. §. Of _Alum_, not above two Drachms and a Scruple.

25. §. And of _Borax_, not above a Drachm and half a Scruple.

26. §. Of these note, That although Common _Salt_ be very dissoluble, and will presently catch the moysture of the _Aer_: yet a much greater quantity not only of _Salt_ of _Tartar_, but even of _Loaf Sugar_, and of _Green Vitriol_ it self, may be dissolved in _Water_ than of Common _Salt_.

27. §. Again, as the great _Solubility_ of some, so the less _Solubility_ of other _Salts_ is also observable, as of _Alum_, and _Borax_. For the same quantity of _Water_ will dissolve near four times as much of _Green Vitriol_, as it will of _Alum_. And of _Sugar_ more than ten times as much. Of _Green Vitriol_ near eight times as much as of _Borax_; and of _Sugar_, twenty times as much.

28. §. From this Experiment we are likewise cautioned, not only in the _Infusion_ of several _Ingredients_ together, but of any one singly; that such a proportion thereof to the _Menstruum_, be not exceeded. For all that is over and above what the _Menstruum_ will bear, is either not extracted, or will be precipitated. As is evident not only in the _Dissolution_ of the _Salts_ above named, but in the _Infusion_ of _Plants_ themselves: as, for instance, of _Senna_; two Drachms whereof will impregnate four Ounces of _Water_ as strongly, as if twice the quantity were infused; because the _Water_ will bear no more of the _Purgative Parts_ of that _Body_.

29. §. There is only one _Salt_ more remaineth to be spoken of under this Experiment; and that is, the _Crystals_ of _Tartar_. Whereof, it is somewhat strange to observe, that it will scarce at all dissolve in _Water_: not more, than even divers _Resinous Gums_, as _Mastick_, _Tolu_, _Tacchamahacca_, and some others will do. For if two Drachms, suppose of these _Crystals_, of _Tartar_ (commonly sold for _Cremor Tartari_) be put to one Ounce of _Water_, scarce five Grains thereof will, by _Agitation_, be therein dissolved.

CHAP. II.

_In which is shewed, that by the_ Solution _of_ Salts _in_ Water,
_some certain space, more or less, is gained. That the space is
different according to the Nature of the_ Salt. _And what the
just space is, which is gained._

THE _Fifth_ Enquiry is, Whether by dissolving of a _Salt_ in _Water_, there be any space gained, or not. That is, whether the _Bulk_ of the _Water_ be greater before the _Salt_ lying in it be fully dissolved, than afterwards. For tryal whereof, I took a _Bolt-head_ with a slender _Neck_, holding somewhat more than a pint; and filling it up to a certain place in the _Neck_; I then put in an Ounce or two of _Salt_. And observing the hight of the _Water_, both before it was dissolved, and afterwards; It plainly appeared, that there was some, and that a considerable space, gained by the _Dissolution_; the _Water_ thereby sinking several Inches below the place, where it stood after the _Salt_ was first put into it.

2. §. From this Experiment it is plain, that there are _Vacuities_ in _Water_. That is to say, that all the parts of _Water_ are not contiguous, but that either betwixt, or in the _Atomes_ of the _Water_ themselves, there are certain _Pores_, either absolutely void, or at least filled up with another more subtile body which is easily excluded by the particles of _Salt_: by possessing the room of which the above said space is gained.

3. §. The _Sixth_ Enquiry is, Whether the space be equally gained, by an equal encrease of the same _Salt_.

4. §. For this I made two tryals; the first was this. Two half Ounces of _Salt Armoniac_, being successively dissolved in the same _Water_; both of them raised up the _Water_ in the _Neck_ of the _Bolt-head_, equally; the first 3 Inches ⅝, and so the second.

5. §. The other was this. Four half Ounces of _Nitre_, being successively dissolved in the same _Water_, they all of them raised up the _Water_ in the _Neck_ of the _Bolt-head_, equally; the first a little above two Inches, and the 2ᵈ, 3ᵈ, and 4ᵗʰ, just as much.

6. §. The _Seventh_ Enquiry is, Whether upon the _Dissolution_ of several kinds of _Salts_, be gained so many several quantities of space. For this I made tryal upon Eleven several _Salts_, sc. _Salt_ of _Tartar_, _Common Salt_, _Sal Gemmeus_, _Roman Vitriol_, _Nitre_, _White Vitriol_, _Green Vitriol_, _Alum_, _Borax_, _Loaf-Sugar_, and _Sal Armoniac_; of all which, I dissolved an equal quantity _sc._ two Ounces, in an equal quantity of _Water_, severally; that is, taking fresh _Water_ for every _Solution_. The success was, That the _Sal Armoniac_ raised the _Water_ 15 Inches. The _Loaf-Sugar_, 13 Inches and ⅜ᵗʰˢ· The _Borax_, a Foot. The _Alum_ 11 Inches, and ⅝ᵗʰˢ. _Green Vitriol_, 9 Inches and ⅝ᵗʰˢ· _White Vitriol_, 9 Inches and ⅛ᵗʰ. _Nitre_, 8 Inches, and ⅜ᵗʰˢ· _Roman Vitriol_, 7 Inches and ⅝ᵗʰˢ· _Sal Gemmæ_, 6 Inches, and ⅝ᵗʰˢ· _Common Salt_, 6 Inches and ⅜ᵗʰˢ· _Salt_ of _Tartar_, not above 4 Inches and ⅛ᵗʰ. All which differences are plain, and most of them very remarquable: Two Ounces of _Sal Armoniac_ raising the _Water_ near four times as high, as the same quantity of _Salt_ of _Tartar_.

7. §. From this and the fourth Experiment, compared, it also appears, That the several spaces gained by the several _Salts_, though sometimes they do, yet do not always answer to the _Solubility_ of the said _Salts_. As to give some Instances; _Loaf-Sugar_ is the most dissoluble of any other _Salt_; yet it gaineth less space than all the rest, save only _Sal Armoniac_. So _Green Vitriol_ is more dissoluble then either _Nitre_ or _Common Salt_; yet gaineth less space than either, especially than the latter. And _Sal Armoniac_, which is more dissoluble than _Alum_ or _Borax_, yet gaineth less space than either of them. The _Cause_ whereof is not easily assigned.

8. §. Note also, that by the same Experiment, as well as by the _Taste_ and other Circumstances, it is plain, That _Sal Gemmæ_ is nothing else but _Common Salt_, coagulated or _Crystalliz’d_ under _Ground_.

9. §. Again, as the Fifth Experiment sheweth, That there are _Vacuities_ in _Water_: so doth this Last, that those _Vacuities_, are of differing kinds. Because, otherwise, it should seem, That the _Bulk_ of the _Water_ would increase, more or less, according to the _Solubilitie_ of every _Salt_, and not be alternately differenced as it is; Some _Salts_, more dissoluble, increasing the _Bulk_ of the _Water_ less, and others less dissoluble, increasing it more. I say, that this difference dependeth not only upon the different _Figures_ of the _Atomes_ of _Salt_; because then every _Salt_ which is more dissoluble, would (quantity for quantity) take up less room in the _Water_: which is contrary to the Experiment.

10. §. From the same Experiment, howsoever _paradoxical_ it may seem, yet is it also manifest, That although _Water_ be a _Fluid_, yet the _Particles_ thereof are _hard_ and _consistent_, and unalterable in their _Figure_. Otherwise it is plain, That all manner of _Salts_ would be dissolved in the same manner, and take up the same room in the _Water_. For let the _Figures_ of the _Salts_ be never so various, yet if the _Particles_ of _Water_ were themselves _Fluid_ or _Inconsistent_ and _Alterable_, they would always so conforme to those _Figures_, as to fill up all _Vacuities_; and so upon the _Solution_ of several _Salts_, if of equal quantity, the _Water_ would still retein an equal _Bulk_. As suppose an Ounce of _Iron_ were drawn into _Wyer_, another beaten into _Plates_, a third made into _Hooks_, a fourth into _Needles_, a fifth into _Nails_; every one of these five Ounces, being put severally into _Water_ will encrease its _Bulk_ equally. I conclude therefore, That the _Atomes_ of _Water_ are hard and unalterable.

11. §. The _Eighth_ Enquiry was this, What that just space might be, which any _Salt_ gaineth upon _Dissolution_, with respect to its own _Bulk_, or the _Bulk_ of the _Water_? For the making of this Experiment, _Water_ will not serve, nor yet _Spirit_ of _Wine_; because they both of them dissolve more or less of those _Salts_ which are put into them; whereby the observation of the true _Bulk_ of the _Salt_, and consequently of the just space it gaineth by _Dissolution_ is lost. I took therefore _Oyl_ of _Turpentine_, and pouring it into a _Bolt-head_, marked the place of its ascent in the _Neck_. Then pouring likewise into it two Ounces of _Common Salt_, I marked the second ascent of the _Oyl_; and found it to be 10 Inches and 6 eighths. Repeating the Experiment in like manner with two Ounces of _Nitre_, I found the ascent of the _Oyl_ to be 11 Inches and ⅛ᵗʰ. Repeating it again with two Ounces of _Alum_, the ascent of the _Oyl_ was 13 Inches and 2/8ᵗʰˢ· And making it once more with _Sal Armoniac_, the _Oyl_ ascended to 15 Inches: the said several ascents of the _Oyl_ being the true spaces which the Four abovesaid _Salts_ take. From which, the space which the same _Salts_ take up upon _Dissolution_, being deducted; the remainder is the space gained by that _Dissolution_. And so it appears, first, that _Sal Armoniac_ gaineth nothing; being the only _Salt_ of all I have tryed, which causeth the equal ascent both of the _Water_ and the _Oyl_ _sc._ just 15 Inches in both. _Alum_ causeth the ascent of the _Oyl_ to 13-2/8ᵗʰˢ, of the _Water_, to 11 Inches and ⅝ᵗʰˢ: So that it gains about 1 Inch and ½ out of 13. _Nitre_ causeth the ascent of the _Oyl_, to 11 Inches and ⅛ᵗʰ; of the _Water_, to 8 Inches and ⅜ᵗʰˢ· So that _Nitre_ by _Dissolution_ gets almost the space of 3 Inches in 11. _Common Salt_ causeth the ascent of the _Oyl_, to 10 Inches and 6/8ᵗʰˢ; of the _Water_, 6 Inches and ⅜ᵗʰˢ· So that _Common Salt_ gains by _Dissolution_ 4 Inches in 10, which is very considerable.

12. §. By this way the _Specifick Gravity_ of all kinds of _Salts_ may be easily taken, and the difference betwixt them is somewhat surprizing. For it appears by the Ascent of the _Oyl_, that _Nitre_, quantity for quantity, is about a 22ᵗʰ part lighter than _Common Salt_. _Alum_ about a 6ᵗʰ part lighter. And _Salt Armoniac_, almost a 4ᵗʰ part lighter than _Common Salt_. The like estimate may be made of the _Gravity_ of all other _Salts_.

13. §. By the same Experiment it also appears, That according to the _Specifick Gravity_ of _Salts_ they are many times at least more or less _Volatile_; as in the four last _Salts_ is plain. For _Common Salt_ which of all the four is the most fixed, is also the heavyest. _Nitre_ which is somewhat less fixed is somewhat lighter. But _Alum_ which is still less fixed is much lighter. And _Sal Armoniac_ which is wholly _Volatile_, is the lightest of all the _Salts_ above mentioned.

CHAP. III.

_Wherein, from the Experiments in the foregoing_ Chapter, _is
shewed, the_ Cause _of the_ Motion _of the Mercury in the
BAROMETER._

FOR the doing of this, it will first be acknowledg’d, That not only several sorts of _Sulphur_, but also of _Volatile Salts_, are continually sublimed from most _Bodies_ into the _Aer_. So _Lightning_, from the celerity of the ascension, appears to be made of a _Meteor_, which is _Nitro-Sulphureous_. _Snow_ dependeth upon a _Mixture_ of _Nitrous_, and other _Salts_; as is evident, from the regularly and differently _Figur’d Parts_, which compose the whole Body of a _Snowy Cloud_, before it clusters into _Flakes_. And one reason, why _Rain_ is the best _Water_ for any _Soyl_, is because it is impregnated with divers _Volatile_ and _Fruitful Salts_. And so from other _Meteors_.

2. §. And next, that these _Salts_, are not always in the same _Quantity_, _Proportion_, and _State_, in the _Aer_: but that sometimes they are more copious; at others, less: sometimes, one more copious, than an other: sometimes, more plentifully dissolved; at others, more sparingly: and that, either as they are more or less pure and dissoluble; or according to the quantity of the _Vaporous Parts_ in the _Aer_, in which they are incorporated or dissolved.

3. §. Thus much being granted, from the _Experiments_ in the foregoing _Chapter_ compared together, we may resolve our selves about some _Phænomena_ in the _Barometre_. Which seems to vary, not so much with the meer _Weight_ of the _Aer_, which hitherto hath been supposed: as by the different pressure it makes, in being _crowded_ more at one time, than at another. That is, according as certain _Nitrous_, or other _Saline Bodies_, take up less _Space_ in the _Aer_, when dissolved in the _Watery Parts_ therein, than while they are undissolved.

4. §. And therefore it is especially to be observed, That as the _Mercury_ commonly riseth in the _Cylinder_ for some days, but always for some time, before the change of the _Weather_, whether for _Snow_ or _Rain_: So, that then it presently falleth again, even before the _Snow_ or _Rain_ falls. Whereas, if the _Weight_ of the _Aer_, were the only, or the chief _Cause_ of the ascent of the _Mercury_; than as it riseth all the while the _Weather_ is gathering, so it would keep its standing or heighth, until the _Weather_ breaks and falleth down: which yet it never doth, but always falls before it; sometimes no less than a whole day. The _Cause_ whereof is, in that all the while the _Mercury_ riseth in the _Cylinder_, the _Aer_ is _crowded_ with more and more _Saline Parts_, which by the _Winds_, or otherwise, are carryed into it; and so causeth it to press upon the _Mercury_ in the _Box_: but after that in some time the _Salts_ are dissolved or incorporated in the _Aqueous Parts_ of the _Aer_, as in _Rain_ or _Snow_; so soon as that is done, there is some _Space_ gaind; and so, before any _Weather_ falleth, the _Aer_ is less crowded, and presseth less upon the _Mercury_ in the _Box_, which gives way to its descent in the _Cylinder_.

5. §. From hence also it is, that the _Mercury_ riseth higher with _Cold Winds_, than it doth with those which are _Warme_. Both because that in _cold Winds_ there is the greatest quantity of _Nitre_: and that the _coldest Winds_, are usually the dryest. So that the _Nitre_ wanting _Moysture_ fully to dissolve it; it takes up so much the greater space, and so causeth a greater pressure in the _Aer_, as hath been said.

6. §. _Lastly_, For the same reason it comes to pass, that the _Mercury_ first riseth higher, and then falleth lower before _Snow_, than it doth before _Rain_. Because that for the production of _Snow_, the _Aer_ is crowded with a greater quantity of _Nitre_, or some other like _Salts_; which before they are dissolved, take up so much the more space; and afterwards so much the less, even before the _Snow_ falls: as hath been proved.

_FINIS._

AN

INDEX

OF THE

Chief Matters,

_In which,_ Id. _signifies_ Idea. An. Anotmy. _The Figures before
§. the Page. The Figures following §. the Section in that Page._

A.

Acid, _commonly the predominant Principle in Plants_, 240. §. 8.
_That is of the Parenchyma_, Id. §. 48.

Aer, _how to be examined, as relating to Vegetation_, Id. §. 60.

Aer, _in Plants, How made_, An. 93. §. 61.
_Where it enters the Plant_, 127. §. 1.
_Its Motion and Course in Plants_, ibid.

Aereal _Salt_, Id. §. 60.

Aer-Vessels, _their Structure_, 115. §. 16, &c.
_see_ Root _and other Parts._

Affinities _of Plants_, Id. 6. §. 11.

_Age of Roots, See_ Roots.

Agitation, _a Cause of Mixture_, 230.§. 6.

Akern, 186.

Albumen, _see_ Seed.

Alkaline Salt, _in many Plants in their natural estate_, 240.§. 9.
_This the predominant Principle of the true Wood of a Plant_,
Id. §. 52.

Anagallis, _of what Taste_, 284. §. 10.

Angellica _Roots, when dry, full of Rosin_, Id. §. 41.

Anatomy _of Plants, why fit to be made_, Id. §. 17.
_In what manner_, §. 18.
_What to be observed thereby_, §. 19.
_Of what use_, §. 20.

Animals, _their Parts mixed with several Menstruums_, 247. to 253.
_Cantharides, of what nature_, 249.

Antimony, _of what nature_, 245. §. 23.

Apertures _of Seeds_, An. 2. §. 5. & 200.§. 1.

Apple _described_, An. 40. §. 2. & 179.

Aprecock, 148.

Arsmart, _coded, how its Seed ejaculated_, 188. §. 18.

Arenulæ _in Pears_, An. 41. §. 4. & 241. §. 20.

Arum-Root, _of what Taste_, 281. §. 21.
_The Pestil of what Scent_, Id. §. 28.

Aqua-fortis _double, mixed with Spirit of Wine, what remarquable
thereupon_, 242. §. 26.
_With Steel_, 244. §. 22.
_With Tin_, 245. §. 27.

Asa fœtida, _of what nature_, 258.
Query, 2.

Ascent _of the Trunk, how made_, An. 22. §. 21.
_A Magnetick Motion_, 136.

Ascent _of the Sap, how made_, An. 24. §. 29. & 126. §. 13.

Asparagus, _of what Taste_, 284. §. 10.

Attire _of Plants see_ Flower.

B.

Barbado _Nut_, Id. §. 30.

Barque _of the Root, see_ Root.
_Of the Trunk, see_ Trunk.

Bawme, _its Tincture in Water_, 274. §. 11.
_In Spirit of Wine_, 275. §. 14.

Beams _of the Sun, different from the Heat of Common Fire_, Id. §. 61.

Bean _dissected_, An. §. 1.

Beech-Wood, An. 20.

Berry, _see_ Fruits.

Bezoar, _its nature_, 252. §. 49.

Bezoardicum minerale, 245. §. 25.

Bleeding _of Plants_, Id. §. 23., An. 124. §. 8.

Bolus, _what_, 242. §. 2.

Bonus Henricus, _of what Taste_. 284. §. 10.

Bones, _their different nature_, 249. §. 18.

Branch, _how made_, An. 28. §. 3.
_Its Claspers_, An. 27. _see_ Trunks.

Bud _of a Branch, how originated, nourished, and kept_, An. 28. §. 1.
_How kept_, 145. §. 2.
Bud _of the Seed, see_ Seed.

Butyr _of Flax_, Id. §. 51.

C.

Calamus Aromaticus, _of what Tast_, 283. §. 6.

Cantharides, _their nature_, 249. §. 14.

Case _of the Seed, of several manners_, An. 45. §. 2. & 186.

Carduus _green Leavs, their scent_, Id. §. 28.

Castor, 250. §. 28.

Celandine, _little, where tasted_, 284. §. 10.

Cherry, 185.

Circulation _of the Sap_, An. 17. §. 30.

Claspers, An. 27.

Clematis peregrina, _the Seed-Case of what Tast_, 283. §. 3.

Coats _of the Seed, see_ Seed.

Colocynthis. _Its nature_, 240. §. 13. & 257. Query 5.
_Where tasted_, 284. §. 8.

Colours _of Plants, To what Parts of Plants they belong_, Id. §. 26.
_How to be observed_, Id. §. 27.
Colours _of Roots_, An. 94. §. 65. & 270. §. 5.
_Of Leavs_, 270. §. 6.
_Of Flowers_, 271. §. 15.
_By Infusion, in Oyl_, 273.
_In Water_, 274.
_In Spirit of Wine_, ibid.
_By their Mixture with other Bodies_, 275.
_By Cultivation_, 277.
_Their Causes summed up_, 276.

Compression _a Cause of Mixture; and of Dissolution_, 229. §. 3.
232. §. 4. & 237. §. 3, 4.

Contents _of Plants, in what Method to be examined_, Id. §. 21 to 26.
& 31 to 47.
_Of what kind_, §. 21.
_Their Receptacles_, §. 22.
_Motions_, §. 23.
_Quantities_, §. 24.
_Consistence_. §. 25.
_How made in the several Parts of a Plant_, An. 92. §. 57.
_What in the Seed_, 208. §. 15.

Contrayerva, _of what Taste_, 283. §. 6.

Convolution _of the Trunk a Magnnetick Motion_, 137.

Copper, _its nature_, 245. §. 28.

Copperas, 246. §. 38.

Coral, _the Magistery_, 244. §. 15.
_Tincture_, Id. §. 28.

Corin _white_, 285.

Cortical _Body, see_ Barque.

Covers _of the Seed, see_ Seed.

Cucumer, An. 181.
_Leavs of the wild, of what Taste_, 280. §. 11. & 283. §. 6.
_Where tasted_, 284. §. 4, 8.

D.

Daisy _leaves, where tasted_, 284. §. 10.

Descent _of the Root, how made_, An. 34. §. 3.

Diametral _Rays, see_ Roots.

Digester, _the nature of that invented by_ Mons. Pappin, 237.

Dissolution _of Bodies promoted by Compression_, 237.

Dissimilar _Leavs, see_ Leavs.

Dragon _Root_, 59. §. 13.

Dung _of Pigeons_, 251. §. 37.

E.

Earth, _how to be examin’d, as relating to Vegetation_, Id. §. 57.
_How nature prepares it for the growth of Plants_, 11. §. 8.

Empalement, _see_ Flower.

Emulsions, _sometimes for Glysters_, Id. 39.

Enula, _of what Taste_, 283. §. 3, 4.

Essential _Salts of Plants, see_ Salts.

Evergreen, 156. §. 2.

Euphorbium, _of what nature_, 200. §. 1. 241. §. 19. &. 258. Query 2.
_Of what Taste_, 283. §. 6.

F.

Fat, _how made by Art or Nature_, 233. §. 3.

Fermentation, 253. §. 55.

Fibers _of the Leaf, see_ Leavs.
_Of the Seed, see_ Seed.

Figures, _of Plants_, Id. §. 11.
_Of Roots_, An. 58. §. 4.
_Of Trunks_, 135.
_Of Leavs_, 150. §. 1.
_Of Seeds_, 195.

Figs, _their Sugar_, Id. §. 41.

Flax, _its nature_, 258. Query 1.

Flower, _its Empalement_, An. 35. §. 2. & 163.
Foliature, _its Foulds_, An. 36. §. 5. & 164. §. 1.
_Protections_, An. 36. §. 7.
_Hairs_, An. 36. §. 8. & 168. §. 8.
_Globulets_, An. 37. §. 10. & 165. §. 9.
_Number of Leavs_, 165. §. 11.
_Parts of the Leavs_, 166. §. 15.
_Use_, An. 37. §. 11. & 166. §. 18.
_Shape or Figure_, 167. §. 20.
Attire, _Seminiform_, An. 37. §. 13. & 167.
_Florid_, An. 38. §. 17. & 170.
_Globulets or Sperme of both_, An. 38. §. 15. 39. §. 21. 168 §. 9.
& 170. §. 5.
_Use of the Attire_, An. 39. §. 22. & 171.
Flower, _when formed_, 173.
_Colours of the Flower_, 271.
_How by the Flower to find out to what sort a Plant belongeth_,
175. §. 13.

Fœtus, _see_ Seed.

Foulds _of Leavs, see_ Leavs.

Formation _of the Root, see_ Root.

Fruits; _Apple_, An. 40. §. 2. & 179.
_Limon_, 180.
_Cucumber_, 181.
_Pear_, An. 41. §. 3. & 182.
_Quince_, 183.
_Plum_, An. 42. §. 5. & 183.
_Aprecock_, 184.
_Peach_, 184.
_Cherry_, 185.
_Walnut_, ibid.
_Grape_, ibid.
_Gooseberry_, An. 43. §. 9. & 185.
_White Corin_, 185.
_Filbert_, An. 43. §. 8. & 186.
_Akern_, 186.
_The Use of the Fruit_, An. 44. §. 10.
_Of its Parts to its self_, 189.
_To the Seed_, 191 & 209.
_When the Fruit formed_, 192. §. 9.

Furr _of a Hare_, 247. §. 3.

G.

Gall-Stones, 252. §. 47.

Generation _of the Seed, and other Parts_, see _the_ Seed, _and
other Parts_.

Gentian _Root, where tasted_, 284. §. 5.

Germen, _see_ Bud.

Glysters, _sometimes best made of Emulsions_, Id. §. 39.

Globulets, _see_ Leavs _and_ Flowers.

Gold, _its nature_, 245. §. 31.

Gooseberry, 185.

Grape, 185.

Gravel, _its nature_, 251. §. 40.

Gums, _of three kinds_, 134. §. 15.

H.

Hairs, _see_ Leavs _and_ Flowers.

Hares _Furr_, 247. §. 3.

Harts-Horn, 248. §. 8.

Hazel _Nut, see_ Fruits.

Hellebore, _black, of what Taste_, 280. §. 12. & 283. §. 3. &c.
_where tasted_, 284. §. 4.

Hoglice, 249. §. 15.

Horses _Hoofe_, 247. §. 5.

I.

Jalap, _of what Taste_, 283. §. 6. 284. §. 10.

Insertions, _in the Root, and other Parts, see_ Root _and other
Parts_.

Iris _Root described_, 60. §. 14.

Irish _Slate, its nature_, 243. §. 4.

Iron, _see_ Steel.

L.

Lapis Calaminaris, _its nature_, 243. §. 9.

Lapis Lazuli, 243. §. 7.

Lapis Tuthiæ, 243. §. 9.

Lead, _its nature_, 244. §. 16.

Lead _Spar_, 244. §. 12.

Leavs, _the two first which come of every Seed, what_, An. 8. §. 42,
&c.
_Their Use_, An. 10. §. 46.

Leavs; _their Protections_, An. 32. §. 17. & 145. §. 2.
_Foulds_, An. 31. §. 14. & 147. §. 9.
_Shapes and Measures_, An. 30. §. 17. & 150. §. 1.
_Globulets_, An. 34. §. 7. & 148. §. 1.
_Hairs_, An. 34. §. 4. 149. §. 8.
_Spots_, 148. §. 4.
_Thorns_, 148. §. 6.
_Their Compounding Parts_, An. 29. §. 7.
_Skin_, 153. §. 1.
_Parenchyma or Pulp_, 153. §. 5.
_Fibers or Vessels, Their Position In the Body of the Leaf_,
152. §. 19.
_In the Stalk_, 154. §. 9.
_The Lignous Vessels_, 155. §. 16.
_The Aer-Vessels_, 155. §. 19.
_Texture of a Palm Leaf or Bag_, 156. §. 20.
_Duration of the Leaf_, 156. §. 2.
_Time and manner of its Generation_, 156. §. 4. & 174.
_Colour of the Leaf_, 270.
_How by this to find out to what sort a Plant belongeth_, 174. §. 1.

Lignous _Body_, _see_ Trunk _and other Parts_

Lilium convalle, _its nature_, Id. §. 30.

Limor, _described_, 180.

Lithosperm _the Seed, its nature_, 241. §. 21.

Lixivial _Salts_, _see_ Salts.

Lobes _of the Seed_, _see_ Seed.

Lympha _out of which the Seed is first nourished_, _see_ Seed.

Lympheducts _their Structure_, 111. §. 30.

M.

Magistery _of Corals_, 244. §. 15.
_Of Pearls_, 252. §. 43.

Mallow, _its nature_, 257. Query 5.

Marine _Salt of Plants_, _see_ Salts.

Mastick, _its nature_, 258. Query. 2.

Measures _of Leavs_, 150. §. 1.

Mechanick _uses of Timber_, 137.

Membranes _of the Seed_, _see_ Seed.

Menstruum _of the Stomach_, 253. § 53.

Metals; _Lead_, 244. § 16.
_Mercury_, 244. §. 16.
_Steel_, 244. § 20.
_Antimony_, 245. § 23.
_Tin_, 245. § 26.
_Copper_, 245. § 28.
_Silver_, 245. § 29.
_Gold_, 245. §. 31.

Milks _of Plants_, Id. § 21. & 26.
_How made_, An. 67. § 19. & 93. §. 60. & 133. § 12.

Milk-Vessels, _their Structure_, 112. § 35.

Millipedes, 249. § 15.

Minerals _of all sorts, how easily tryed_, 247. § 48.

Mixture; _the received Doctrine hereof_, 222.
_Its nature explained_, 225.
_Causes_, 229.
_Power and Use_, 231.
Mixture _of the Parts of Plants with several Menstruums_, 239, &c.
_Of Minerals_, 247, &c.
_Of Animals_, 247, &c.

Motions, _Of Plants_, Id. § 16.
_Of Roots, and other Parts_, _see_ Roots, _and other Parts_.
_Of the Sap_, _see_ Sap.
_Of the Aer_, _see_ Aer.

Muciducts, An. 66. § 18.

Mucilages, Id. § 21. & An. 201. § 4.

Musk, _its nature_, 250. §. 29.

N.

Nature _of Bodies, how discoverable_, 235.

Navel-_Fibers_, _see_ Seed.

Nightshade _deadly, of what Tast_, 284. § 9.

Nitre, _of what Tast_, 280. § 6.

Noli me tangere, _how the Seed ejaculated_, 188. § 18.

Number _of Leavs in Flowers_, 165. § 11.
Number _of Seeds_, 198.

Nut _Barbado_, Id. § 30. & 205. § 17.
_Hazel Nut_, 43. § 8. & 186.

O.

Oak-Wood, _described_, An. 20. & 21.

Odors _of Plants, how to be observed_, Id. § 28.
_Some Instances how made_, An. 94. § 64.
_Imitated_, 235.

Olibanum, _its nature_, 258. Query, 2.

Oyls _stillatitious, how mingled with Water &c._, 232. § 7. & 237.

Oyly _Sap, how made_, 132. § 6.

P.

Parenchyma _or Cortical, Pithy, and Pulpy parts of a Plant, their
predominant Principle_, Id. § 48.
_Described in the Root and other parts_, _see_ Root, &c.
_How formed_, _see_ Roots _and_ Leavs.

Peach, _see_ Fruits.

Pear, _see_ Fruits.

Pearls, _their Magistery_, 252. § 43.

Philosophy, _begins and ends with Theology_, 79. § 1.

Pimpinel, _where tasted_, 284. §. 10.

Pith, _its structure_, 76. §. 7. & 120. §. 10, &c.

Plants, _their Natural History how far cultivated_, Id. §. 3.
_Wherein defective_, § 2.
_Fit to be further improved_, § 3. § 63.
_What to be enquired of_, § 6.
_The usefulness hereof_, §. 8.

Plants, _their Nature and Virtue how judged of_, _see_ Virtues.

Plants, _their places of Growth_, Id. 15.
_Proportions_, § 13.

Plants, _their Parts only Two Essentially distinct_, 47. § 14.

Plants; _the general structure of their Parts_, 120. § 11, &c.

Plants, _their Principles how to be observed_, Id. §. 48.
_For what purpose_, § 53.
_What predominant therein_, 240. § 8.

Plants, _how to find out to what kind any one belongs_, 174.

Plum, _see_ Fruits.

Principles _of Bodys_, 223.
_which predominant in the true wood of a_ Plant, Id. § 52.

Principles _of Principles_, Id. § 62.

Protections _of the Leaf and Flower_. _see_ Leaf and Flower.

Pyrethrum _the Root, of what Tast_, 281. §-- _&_ 284. § 7.

R.

Radicle, _see_ Seed.

Raisins, _their Sugar_, Id. § 41.

Rings _annual in the Trunk_, An. 19. § 6.

Roots; _their Original_, 57. § 1.
_Shapes or Figures, & Sizes_, 58. § 4, & 89. § 41.
_Motions_, An. 15. § 24. &c. 34. § 3. 59. § 9. &c. 90. § 48 &c.
_Ages_, 60. § 16. & 91. § 54.

Parts, _the_ Barque, _its Skin_, An. 11, § 2. & An. 61.

Parenchyma _described_, An. 11. § 3. & 63. § 2.
_How form’d_, 87. § 34.
_Its Diametral rays_, 64. § 7.
_Vessels_, 65, 66, 67.

_The_ Wood, _Herein the Insertions_, An. 12. § 10 & 17. § 28. &
70. § 2.
_Lignous Fibers or Vessels_, 70. § 4, 8, 9.
_Aer-Vessels_, An. 12. §. 7. & 71. § 5, 6, 10, &c.

_The_ Pith, An. 13. § 16. & An. 16. § 27. & An. 75, 76. § 7.

Root, _how it grows_, An. 14. § 23.

The Sap, _how imbibed and distributed to its several Parts_,
82. § 15 &c.
_How circulated_, An. 17. § 29.
_How all the parts are form’d_, 84. § 26. &c.
_And differently disposed_, 88. § 36, &c.
_The Colours of Roots_, 170. § 5.
_How made_, 94. § 65.

Root _of Wormwood, where tasted_, 285. § 12.

Rosin, _how made by Art_, 233. § 4.

Rosin _in dryed Roots of Angelica_, Id. § 41.

Common Rosin, _its nature_, 258. Query 2.

S.

Salt _aereal_, Id. § 60.

Salt Alkaline, _in many Plants in their natural estate_, 240. § 9.

Salt _Armoniac_, 246. § 44.

Salt, _essential of Plants, How made_, 262. § 3 &c. & 265. § 3. &c.
_Of several sorts_, Id. § 48.
_Instanced also in those of Rosemary, Black Thorn, Scurvey-Grass,
Wormwood, Ash_, 264. § 6. &c.
_Tastable in good Rhubarb_, Id. § 41.

Salt _fixed, of what use in Purgation_, 260.

Salt Lixivial _of_ Plants, _how imitated_, 233. § 6.
_Of different nature_, 264. § 2.

Salt _of Ash, of what nature_, 267. § 22.
_Of Tartar_, Ib.
_Yielded in different quantitys by the Barque of Ash, Rosemary,
Black-Thorn, Agrimony_, 256. Query 1.
_Garden and Sea Scurvy-grass_, 256. Query 2.
_Mint distill’d, and not_, 256. Query 3.
_Majorane, Oak-Barque, Liquorish, Aniseeds, Sorrel, Garden
Scurveygrass, Mint, Sea Scurveygrass_, 256. Query 4.
_Majorane, Agrimony, Mugwort, Mint, Mallow, Rhubarb, Sena, Jalap,
Colocynthis_, 257. Query 5.
_Flax_, 258. Qu. 1.
_Gum Arabick, Euphorbium, Myrrh, Opium, Aloe, Scammony, Gutta
gamba_, 258. Query 2.

Salt Marine, _its nature_, 246. § 43.

Salt Marine _of Plants, how made by Nature or Art_, 234. § 8,
263. § 12, &c. 266. § 16.
_Of several sorts, instanced in those of Rosemary, Scurveygrass,
Black Thorn, Wormwood_, 266. § 17, &c.

Salt _of the dead Sea_, 263. § 14.

Saps _of_ Plants, _how to be observed_, Id. § 21. _to_ 26. and 31.
_to_ 47.
_Their several kinds_, § 21.
_Receptacles_, § 22.
_Motions_, § 23.
_Quantitys_, § 24.
_Consistence_, § 25.

Sap, _how imbibed, and distributed to the several parts of the Root._
An. 82. § 15. &c.
_Its Circulation therein_, An. 17. § 29.
_where, and how it ascends in the Trunk_, An. 24. § 29. & An. 124.

Sap _and other contents of the several Parts how made_, An. 92. § 57
&c. & 131.
_How a Milky Sap_, An. 67. § 19. & 93. § 60. & 133. § 12 &c.
_How a Winy_, 93. § 62. § 132. § 3 &c.
_How one very Oyly_, 132. § 6 &c.

Scurveygrass Garden, _of what Tast_, 283. § 6.

Scurvey-grass Sea, _its Nature_, 256. Query 4.

Seasons _of_ Plants, Id. § 14.

Secundine, _see_ Seed.

Seeds; _their Case or Uterus_, An. 45, § 2.
_of several manners_, 186.
_Figures_, An. 45. § 3. &c. 195.
_Number_, 198.
_Motions_, 188. § 18 & 199 § 3, &c.
_Stones_, 201. § 2. & 209.
_Mucilages_, 201. § 4.
_Coats or Membranes_, An. 2. § 3. 45. § 3. &c. 46. § 10. 47. § 15 &
201. § 6. 210 &c.
_Apertures_, An 2. § 5. & 200 § 1.

Vitellum, 20. 2. § 9.
_The Fœtus, or true Seed, its Radicle and Lobes,_ An. 2 & 3.
§ 9 _to_ 12. & 203.
_Plume or Bud_, An. 3. § 13. & 206.
_Skin_, An. 4. § 16. & 207. § 9.
_Parenchyma_, An. 4. § 18. & 207. § 10.
_Seminal Root or Vessels_, An 5. § 21. &c. & 207. § 11, &c.
_Navle Fiber_, An. 48. § 17. & 212.
_Content_, 208. § 15.
_The manner of its Vegetation,_ An. 6. § 30, &c.
_Of its Generation,_ An. 48. § 18 &c. & 209 &c.

Shape _of_ Roots, _and other_ Parts, _see_ Roots _and other parts_.

Shells, _their Nature_, 248. § 9, 10, 11.

Skin, _see_ Seed _and other Parts_.

Silver, _its Nature_, 245. § 29.

Smell _of green Carduus_, Id. § 28.
_Of the Pestil of Arum._ Ib.

Soyl, _see_ Earth.

Sperme _of_ Plants, _see_ Flower.

Spirit _of Salt_, 247. § 46.

Spirit _of Salt Armoniac_, 247. § 47.

Spirit _of Peas-Cods_, Id. § 30.

Spirits urinous, _how made less offensive_, Id. § 45.

Spirit _of Wine mixed with Aqua fortis, what thereupon remarkable_,
242. § 26.