Chapter VI: Book 4: Anatomy of Leaves, Flowers, Fruits and Seeds (5)

11. §. These _Fibers_ are likewise the immediate Visible Cause of the Shape of the _Leaf_. For if the nethermost _Fiber_ or _Fibers_ in the _Stalk_ (which thence runs chiefly through the length of the _Leaf_) be in proportion greater, the _Leaf_ is long; as in _Endive_, _Cichory_, and others: If all of a more equal size, it spreads rounder, as in _Ivy_, _Doves-foot_, _Colts foot_, &c. And although a _Dock-Leaf_ be very long, whose _Fibers_ notwithstanding, as they stand higher in the _Stalk_, are disposed into a _Circle_ all of an equal size; yet herein one or more peculiar _Fibres_, ♦ _Tab. 4._ ♦ standing, in or near the _Center_, betwixt the rest, and running through the length of the _Leaf_, may be observed.

12. §. In correspondence also to the size and shape of these _Fibres_, is the _Leaf_ flat. In that either they are very small, or if larger, yet they never make an entire Circle or _Ring_; but either half of one, as in _Borage_, or at most three parts of one, as in _Mullen_, may be seen. ♦ _Tab. 4._ ♦ For if either they were so big, as to contain, or so entire, as perfectly to include a _Pith_, the Energy of the _Sap_ in that _Pith_, would cause the said _Lignous Ring_ to shoot forth on every side, as it doth in the _Root_ or _Trunk_: But the said _Fibers_ being not figur’d into an entire _Ring_, but so as to be open; on that hand therefore where open they cannot shoot any thing directly from themselves, because there they have nothing to shoot; and the _Sap_ having also a free vent through the said opening, against that part therefore which is thereunto opposite, it can have no force; and so neither will they shoot forth on that hand; and so will they consequently, that way only, which the force of the _Sap_ directs, which is only on the right and left.

13. §. The several _Fibers_ in the _Stalk_, are all Inosculated in the _Leaf_, with very many Sub-divisions. According as these _Fibers_ are Inosculated near, or at, or shoot directly to the edge of the _Leaf_, is it Even, or Scallop’d. Where these _Inosculations_ are not made, there we have no _Leaves_, but only a company of _Filaments_; as in _Fennel_.

14. §. To the _Formations_ of _Leaves_, the _Fouldings_ immediately follow. And sometimes they have one Date, or are the contemporary works of _Nature_; each _Leaf_ obtaining its distinct shape, and proper posture together; both being perfect, not only in the outer, but Central and minutest _Leaves_, which are five hundred times smaller than the outer: both which in the Cautious opening of a _Germen_ may be seen.

15. §. Nor is there greater Art in the _Forms_, than in the _Foulds_ or _Postures_ of _Leaves_; both answerably varying, as this or that way they may be most agreeable. ♦ Treat. of the _Quincunx_. ♦ Of the _Quincuncial_ posture, so amply instanc’d in by the Learned Sir _Thomas Brown_, I shall omit to speak. Others there are, which though not all so universal, yet equally necessary where they are, giving two general advantages to the _Leaves_, _Elegancy_ and _Security_, _sc._ in taking up, so as their _Forms_ will bear, the least room; and in being so conveniently couch’d, as to be capable of receiving protection from other Parts, or of giving it one to another; as for instance,

16. §. First, There is the _Bow-Lap_, where the _Leaves_ are all laid somewhat convexly one over another, but not plaited; being to the length, breadth and number of _Leaves_ most agreeable; as in the Buds of _Pear-tree_, _Plum-tree_, &c. But where the _Leaves_ are not so thick set, as to stand in the _Bow-Lap_, there we have the _Plicature_, or the _Flat-Lap_; as in _Rose-Tree_, _Strawberry_, _Cinquefoyl_, _Burnet_, &c. For the _Leaves_ being here plaited, and so lying in half their breadth, and divers of them thus also collaterally set together; the thickness of them all, and half their breadth, are much alike dimensions; by which they stand more secure within themselves, and in better consort with other _Germen-Growths_ in the same _Truss_. If the _Leaves_ be much indented or jagg’d, now we have the _Duplicature_; wherein there are divers _Plaits_ in one _Leaf_, or _Labels_ of a _Leaf_, but in distinct _Sets_, a lesser under a greater; as in _Souchus_, _Tansey_, &c. When the _Leaves_ stand not collaterally, but single; and are moreover very broad; then we have the _Multiplicature_; as in _Gooseberries_, _Mallows_, &c. the _Plaits_ being not only divers in the same _Leaf_, but of the same _Set_ continuant, and so each _Leaf_ gather’d up in five, seven or more _Foulds_, in the same manner as our Gentlewomens Fans. Where either the thickness of the _Leaf_ will not permit a _Flat-Lap_, or the fewness of their number, or the smalness of their _Fibers_, will allow the _Rowl_, there This may be observed. Which is sometimes single, as in _Bears-Ears_, _Arum_, _Flammula_, _Jerusalem Cowslip_, &c. Sometimes double, the two _Rowls_ beginning at each edge of the _Leaf_, and meeting in the middle. Which again, is either the _Fore-Rowl_, or the _Back-Rowl_. If the _Leaf_ be design’d to grow long, now we have the _Back-Rowl_, as in _Docks_, _Sorrels_, and the rest of this Kindred: as also in _Primrose_, and other like _Plants_. For the main _Fibers_, and therewith a considerable part of the _Cortical Body_ standing prominent from the _Back-side_ of the _Leaf_, they thus stand securely couch’d up betwixt the two _Rowls_; on whose security the growth of the _Leaf_ in length depends. But those of _Bears-Ears_, _Violets_, _Doves Foot_, _Warden_, and many more, upon contrary respects, are rowled up inwards. Lastly, there is the _Tre-Rowl_, as in _Fern_; the _Labels_ whereof, though all rowled up to the _main Stem_, yet could not stand so firm and secure from the Injuries either of the _Ground_ or _Weather_, unless to the _Rowls_ in breadth, that by the length were super-induc’d; the _Stalk_ or _main Stem_ giving the same Protection here, which in other _Plants_ by the _Leaves_, or some particular _Mantling_, is contriv’d. These, and other _Foulds_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _First_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

17. §. According to the _Form_ and _Foulding_ of every _Leaf_ or _Germen_, is its Protection order’d; about six ways whereof may be observ’d; _sc._ by _Leaves_, _Surfoyls_, _Interfoyls_, _Stalks_, _Hoods_ and _Mantlings_. To add to what we have above given, one or two Instances. Every _Bud_, besides its proper _Leaves_, is covered with divers Leafy _Pannicles_ or _Surfoyls_; which, what the _Leaves_ are to one another, are that to them all: For not opening except gradually, they admit not the _Weather_, _Wet_, _Sun_ or _Aer_, to approach the _Leaves_, except by degrees respondent, and as they are gradually inur’d to bear them. Sometimes, besides _Surfoyls_, there are also many _Interfoyls_ set betwixt the _Leaves_, from the Circumference to the Center of the _Bud_; as in the _Hasel_. For the _Fibres_ of these _Leaves_ standing out so far from a plain surface; they would, if not thus shelter’d, lie too much expos’d and naked to the _Severities_ of the _Weather_. Where none of all the Protections above-named, are convenient, there the _Membranes_ of the _Leaves_ by continuation in their first forming (together with some _Fibres_ of the _Lignous Body_) are drawn out into so many _Mantles_ or _Veils_; as in _Docks_, _Snakeweed_, &c. For the _Leaves_ here being but few, yet each _Leaf_ and its _Stalk_ being both exceeding long; at the bottom whereof the next following _Leaf_ still springs up; the form and posture of all is such, as supersedes all the other kinds of Protection, and so each _Leaf_ apart is provided with a _Veil_ to it self. These, and other _Protections_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _First_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

18. §. The Uses of the _Leaves_, I mean in respect of their service to the _Plant_ it self, are these: First, for Protection; which, besides what they give one to another, they afford also to the _Flower_ and _Fruit_. To the _Flower_ in their _Foulds_; that being, for the most part, born and usher’d into the open Aer by the _Leaves_. To the _Fruit_, when afterwards they are display’d, as in _Strawberries_, _Grapes_, _Rasps_, _Mulberries_, &c. On which, and the like, should the Sun-Beams immediately strike, especially while they are young, they would quite shrivel them up; but being by the _Leaves_ screened off, they impress the circumjacent _Aer_ so far only as gently to warm the said _Fruits_, and so to promote their _Fermentation_ and _Growth_. And accordingly we see, that the _Leaves_ above-named are exceeding large in proportion to the _Fruits_: whereas in _Pear-trees_, _Apple-trees_, &c. the _Fruit_ being of a solider _Parenchyma_, and so not needing the like protection, are usually equal with, and often wider in Diameter than the _Leaves_.

19. §. Another use is for Augmentation; or, the capacity for the due spreading and ampliation of a _Tree_ or other _Plant_, are its _Leaves_. For herein the _Lignous Body_ being divided into small _Fibres_, and these running all along their lax and spongie _Parenchyma_; they are thus a _Body_ fit for the imbibition of _Sap_, and easie _Growth_. Now the _Sap_ having a free reception into the _Leaves_, it still gives way to the next succeeding in the _Branches_ and _Trunk_, and the voyding of the _Sap_ in these, for the mounting of that in the _Root_, and ingress of that in the _Ground_. But were there no _Leaves_ to make a free reception of _Sap_, it must be needs be stagnant in all the _Parts_ to the _Root_, and so the _Root_ being clogg’d, its fermenting and other Offices will be voyded, and so the due _Growth_ of the whole. As in the motion of a _Watch_, although the original term thereof be the _Spring_, yet, the capacity for its continuance in a due measure throughout all the _Wheels_, is the free and easie motion of the _Ballance_.

20. §. Lastly, As the _Leaves_ subserve the more copious advancement, so the higher purity of the _Sap_. For this being well fermented both in the _Root_, and in its Ascent through the _Trunk_, and so its _Parts_ prepar’d to a farther separation; the grosser ones are still deposited into the _Leaves_; the more elaborate and essential only thus supplied to the _Flower_, _Fruit_ and _Seed_, as their convenient _Aliment_. Whence it is, that where the _Flowers_ are many and large, into which the more odorous _Particles_ are copiously receiv’d, the green _Leaves_ have little or no smell; as those of _Rose-tree_, _Carnations_, _French-Marigold_, _Wood-bind_, _Tulips_, &c. But on the contrary, where the _Flowers_ are none, or small, the green _Leaves_ themselve are likewise of a strong savour; as those of _Wormwood_, _Tansie_, _Baum_, _Mint_, _Rue_, _Geranium Moschatum_, _Angelica_, and others.

_An Appendix._

_Of Thorns, Hairs and Globulets._

_THorns_ are of two kinds, _Lignous_ and _Cortical_. Of the first are such as those of the _Hawthorn_, and are constituted of all the same substantial _Parts_ whereof the _Germen_ or _Bud_ it self, and in a like proportion: which also in their Infancy are set with the resemblances of divers minute _Leaves_. Of affinity with these are the _Spinets_ or _Thorny Prickles_ upon the Edges and Tops of divers _Leaves_, as of _Barbery_, _Holly_, _Thistle_, _Furze_, and others; all which I think are the filamentous extremities of the _Lignous Body_ sheathed in the _Skin_. But this principal difference betwixt a _Bud_ and these _Lignous Thorns_, is observable; That the _Bud_ hath its Original from the Inner part of the _Lignous Body_, next the _Pith_: But these _Thorns_, from the outer, and less fecund Part; and so produceth no _Leaves_, but is, as it were, the _Mola_ of a _Bud_.

2. §. _Cortical Thorns_ are such as those of the _Rasberry_ Bush, being not, unless in a most extraordinary small and invisible proportion propagated from the _Lignous Body_, but as, it seems, wholly from the _Cortical_ and _Skin_, or from the exteriour part of the _Barque_.

3. §. The _Growth_ of this _Thorn_ may farther argue what in the ♦ _C. 2. §. 25._ ♦ _Second Chapter_ we supposed; _sc._ That as the proper _Tendency_ of the _Lignous Body_, is to _Ascend_; so of the _Cortical_ to _Descend_. For as the _Lignous Thorn_, like other _Parts_ of the _Trunk_, in its _Growth_ ascends; This, being almost wholly _Cortical_, pointeth downward. ♦ Hist. of the _Prop._ of _Veget._ ♦ The use of _Thorns_ the Ingenious Mr. _Sharrock_ hath observed.

4. §. Upon the _Leaves_ of divers _Plants_ two _Productions_ shew themselves, _sc._ _Hairs_ and _Gloubulets_. Of _Hairs_, only one kind is taken notice of; although they are various. Ordinarily they are of a _Simple Figure_; which when fine and thick set, as on most _Hairy Buds_; or fine and long, as on those of the _Vine_, we call them _Down_.

5. §. But sometimes they are _Branched out_, from the bottom to the top, reciprocally on every side, in some resemblance to a _Stags Horn_; as in _Mullen_. And sometimes they are _Astral_, as upon _Lavender_, and some other _Leaves_, and especially those of _Wild Olive_; wherein every _Hair_ rising in one round entire _Basis_ a little way above the surface of the _Leaf_, is then disparted, Star-like, into several, four, five or six _Points_, all standing at right Angles with the said perpendicular _Basts_.

6. §. The Uses of _Hairs_ are for _Distinction_ and _Protection_. That of _Distinction_ is but secondary, the _Leaves_ being grown to a considerable size. That of _Protection_ is the prime, for which they were originally form’d together with the _Leaves_ themselves, and whose service they enjoy in their Infant-estate: For the _Hairs_ being then in form of a _Down_, always very thick set, thus, give that _Protection_ to the _Leaves_, which their exceeding tenderness then requires; so that they seem to be veiled with a Coat of _Frize_, or to be kept warm, like young and dainty _Chickens_, in _Wool_.

7. §. _Globulets_ are seen upon _Orach_, both Garden and Wild; and yet more plainly on _Mercury_ or _Bonus Henricus_. In these, growing almost upon the whole _Plant_, and being very large, they are by all taken notice of.

8. §. But strict Observation discovers, that these _Globulets_ are the natural and constant Off-spring of very many other _Plants_. Both these _Globulets_, and likewise the diversity of _Hairs_, I find that Mr. _Hook_ hath also observed. ♦ Micrography. ♦I take notice, that they are of two kinds; _Transparent_, as upon the _Leaves_ of _Hysop_, _Mint_, _Baume_, and many more _White_, as upon those of _Germander_, _Sage_, and others. All which, though the naked Eye will discover, yet by the help of _Glasses_ we may observe them most distinctly. The use of these we suppose the same, in part, with those of the _Flower_, whereof we shall speak.

CHAP. V.

_Of the FLOWER._

WE next proceed to the _Flower_. The general _Parts_ whereof are most commonly three; _sc._ the _Empalement_, the _Foliation_, and the _Attire_.

2. §. The _Empalement_, whether of one or more pieces, I call that which is the utmost _Part_ of the _Flower_, encompassing the other two. ’Tis compounded of the three general _Parts_, the _Skin_, the _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_, each _Empaler_ (where there are divers) being as another little _Leaf_; as in those of a _Quince-Flower_, as oft as they happen to be overgrown, is well seen. As likewise in the _Primrose_, with the _green Flower_; commonly so call’d, though by a mistake: For that which seems to be the _Flower_, is only the more flourishing _Empalement_, the _Flower_ it self being _White_. But the continuation of all the three aforesaid _Parts_ into each _Empaler_, is discoverable, I think, no where better than in an _Artichoke_, which is a true _Flower_, and whose _Empalers_ are of that amplitude, as fairly to shew them all: As also, that the Original of the _Skin_ of each _Empaler_ or _Leaf_ is not distinct from that of the rest; but to be all one piece, laid in so many _Plaits_ or _Duplicatures_, as there are _Leaves_, from the outermost to the inner and most Central ones.

3. §. The Design of the _Empalement_, is to be _Security_ and _Bands_ to the other two _Parts_ of the _Flower_: To be their _Security_ before its opening, by intercepting all extremities of _Weather_: Afterwards to be their _Bands_, and firmly to contain all their _Parts_ in their due and most decorous posture: so that a _Flower_ without its _Empalement_, would hang as uncouth and taudry, as a _Lady_ without her _Bodies_.

4. §. Hence we have the reason why it is various, and sometimes wanting. Some _Flowers_ have none, as _Tulips_; for having a fat and firm _Leaf_, and each _Leaf_ likewise standing on a broad and strong _Basis_, they are thus sufficient to themselves. _Carnations_, on the contrary, have not only an _Empalement_, but that (for more firmitude) of one piece: For otherwise, the Foot of each _Leaf_ being very long and slender, most of them would be apt to break out of compass: yet is the top of the _Empalement_ indented also; that the _Indentments_, by being lapp’d over the _Leaves_ before their expansion, may then protect them; and by being spread under them afterwards, may better shoulder and prop them up. And if the Feet of the _Leaves_ be both long and very tender too, here the _Empalement_ is numerous, though consisting of several pieces; yet those in divers _Rounds_, and all with a counterchangeable respect to each other (which also the Learned Sir _Thomas Brown_ observes) ♦ Treat. of the _Quincunx_. ♦ as in all _Knapweeds_, and other _Flowers_; whereby, how commodious they are for both the aforesaid ends, may easily be conceiv’d; and well enough exemplified by the Scales of _Fishes_, whereunto, as to their position, they have not an unapt resemblance.

5. §. THE FOLIATION also, is of the same substantial _Nature_ with the green _Leaf_; the _Membrane_, _Pulp_, and _Fibres_ whereof, being, as there, so here, but the continuation of the _Skin_, the _Cortical_ and _Lignous Bodies_.

6. §. The _Foulds_ of the _Flower_ or _Foliation_ are various, as those of the green _Leaf_; but some of them different. The most general are, First, The _Close-Couch_, as in _Roses_, and many other double _Flowers_. Then the _Concave-Couch_, as in _Blattaria flore albo_. Next the _Plait_, as in some of the _Leaves_ of _Pease-Blooms_, in the _Flowers_ of _Coriander_, &c. which is either single, as in those nam’d; or double, as in _Blew-Bottle_, _Jacea_, and more of that rank. Next, the _Couch_, and _Plait_ together in the same _Flower_, as in _Marigolds_, _Daisies_, and all others of an agreeing form: where the first apparent _Fould_ or _Composture_ of the _Leaves_ is in _Couch_; but the _Leaves_ being erect, each likewise may be seen to lie in a double _Plait_ within it self. Then the _Rowl_, as in the _Flowers_ of _Ladies-Bower_, the broad top of each _Leaf_ being by a double _Rowl_ foulded up inwardly. Next, the _Spire_, which is the beginning of a _Rowl_; and may be seen in the _Flowers_ of _Mallows_, and others. Lastly, the _Plait_ and _Spire_ together, where the _Part_ analogous to the _Foliation_, is of one piece, the _Plaits_ being here laid, and so carried on by _Spiral Lines_ to the top of the _Flower_, as is in divers, and I think, in _Convolvulus Doronici folio_, more elegantly seen. These and other _Foulds_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Second_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=. The reason of all which varieties, a comparative consideration of the several _Parts_ of the _Flower_ may suggest. I’le only mention, That no _Flower_, that I find, hath a _Back-Rowl_, as hath the green _Leaf_. For two Reasons; because its _Leaves_ have not their _Fibres_ standing out much on their backside, as the green _Leaves_ have; and because of its _Attire_, which it ever embosomes, and cannot so well do it by a _Back-Rowl_.

7. §. The usual _Protections_ of _Flowers_ by the Precedents are express’d, _sc._ _Green Leaves_ and _Empalements_. Some have another more peculiar, that is a _double Veil_; as the _Spring-Crocus_. For having no _Empalement_, and starting up early out of the _Mould_, even before its _Green Leaves_, and that upon the first opening of the Spring; lest it should thus be quite starved, ’tis born swath’d up in a double _Blanket_, or with a pair of _Sheets_ upon its _Back_.

8. §. The _Leaves_ of divers _Flowers_ at their _Basis_ have an _hairy Tuft_; by which _Tufts_ the Concave of the _Empalement_ is filled up; That, being very choice and tender, they may thus be kept in a gentle and constant Warmth, as most convenient for them.

9. §. The _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, though they are not hairy all over, yet in some particular parts they are often set with a fine Downy _Velvet_; that, being by their shape and posture in those parts contiguous to their delicate and tender _Attire_, they may thus give it a more soft and warmer touch. Thus in the _Flower_ of _Ladies Bower_, those parts of its _Leaves_ which rowl inward, and lie contiguous to the _Attire_, are Downy; whereas the other _Parts_ are smooth or bald: So the _Flowers_ of _Pease_, _Spanish Broom_, _Toad-Flax_, and many others, where contiguous to their _Attires_, are deck’d with the like _Hairy Velvet_.

10. §. As upon the Green _Leaves_, so upon the _Flowers_ are _Globulets_ somtimes seen; as upon the backside of that of _Enula_. On none more plainly than that kind of _Blattaria_ with the white _Flower_; where they are all transparent, and growing both on the _Stalk_ and _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, each shewing likewise its _Peduncle_ whereon it is erected.

11. §. The use of the _Flower_, or the _Foliation_ whereof we now speak, (that is, as to its private service) is for the protection of the _Attire_; _This_, as its under, and the _Empalement_ as its upper Garments. As likewise of the _Fruit_: The necessity of which Service, in some Cases, by the different situation of the _Flower_ and _Fruit_, with respect to each other, is evident; _Apples_, _Pears_, and several other _Fruits_, standing behind or under the _Flower_; but _Cherries_, _Aprecots_, and divers others, within it. For these, being of a very tender and pulpous Body, and withal putting forth with the colder part of the Spring; could not weather it out against the Variations and Extremities of the Air, (as those of a more solid _Parenchyma_ can) except lodged up within their _Flowers_.

12. §. And as the _Flower_ is serviceable to the safety of the _Fruit_, so is it to its growth; _sc._ in its Infancy, or _Embryo_-estate; for which purpose, as there is a _Flower_, so that _Flower_ is greater or less, according as the nature of the _Fruit_ to which it belongs, and the plenty of the _Sap_ by which the _Fruit_ is fed, doth require. Thus, where the young _Fruit_ is of a solider Substance and the ascent of the _Sap_ less copious, were there here no _Flower_ to promote the said ascent thereof into the _Fruit_ (in the manner as is effected by the Green _Leaves_) it must needs pine and die, or prove less kindly. On the contrary, should the _Flower_ be over-large, it would not only promote the ascent of the _Sap_ up to the _Fruit_, but being as yet over-proportionate to it, would likewise it self exhaust the same _Sap_, as fast as ascendent; like a greedy Nurse, that prepares the Meat for her Child, and then eats it up her self. Thus we see _Apples_ and _Pears_, with a _Flower_ of a moderate _Size_; like their _Body_, of a middle Constitution, and their _Sap_, of a middle quantity: But _Quinces_, being more solid, besides that they have as great a _Flower_, the _Impalers_ of their _Flower_ also thrive so far as to become handsom _Leaves_; continuing also after the _Flower_ is fallen, firm and verdent a great while; so long, till the _Fruit_ be able to provide for it self. On the other hand, _Plums_ being more tender and Sappy than _Apples_ and _Pears_, besides that their _Empalers_ are much alike, their _Flower_ is less, and _Goosberries_ and _Currants_, which are still more Pulpy, and the course of the _Sap_ towards them more free, have yet a _Flower_ far less. And _Grapes_, whose _Sap_ is still of quicker Ascent, have scarce any _Flower_ at all; only some small resemblance thereof, serving just upon the setting of the _Fruit_, and no longer.

13. §. THE ATTIRE, I find to be of two kinds, _Seminiforme_, and _Florid_. That which I call _Seminiforme_, is made up of two general _Parts_, _Chives_ and _Semets_, one upon each _Chive_. These _Semets_ (as I take leave to call them) have the appearance, especially in many _Flowers_, of so many little _Seeds_: but are quite another kind of _Body_. For, upon enquiry, we find, that these _Semets_, though they seem to be solid, and for some time after their first formation, are entire; yet are they really hollow; and their side, or sides, which were at first entire, at length crack asunder: And that moreover the _Concave_ of each _Semet_ is not a meer vacuity, but fill’d up with a number of minute Particles, in form of a _Powder_. Which, though common to all _Semets_, yet in some, and particularly those of a _Tulip_ or a _Lilly_, being larger, is more distinctly observable. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 12._ ♦

14. §. These _Semets_ are somtimes fastned so, as to stand erect above their _Chive_, as those of _Larks-heel_. Somtimes, and I think usually, so as to hang a little down by the midle, in the manner and figure of a _Kidney_; as in _Mallows_. Their _Cleft_ or _Crack_ is sometimes single, but for the most part double: At these _Clefts_ it is that they disburse their _Powders_; ♦ _f. 12._ a. ♦ which as they start out, and stand betwixt the two Lips of each _Cleft_, have some resemblance to the common Sculpture of a _Pomegranate_ with its _Seeds_ looking out at the _Cleft_ of its _Rind_. This must be observ’d when the _Clefts_ are recently made, which usually is before the expansion of the _Flower_.

15. §. The Particles of these _Powders_, though like those of Meal or other Dust, they appear not easily to have any regular shape; yet upon strict observation, especially with the assistance of an indifferent _Glass_, it doth appear, That they are a _Congeries_, usually, of so many perfect _Globes_ or _Globulets_; Sometimes of other _Figures_, but always regular. That which obscures their _Figure_ is their being so small: In _Dogs-Mercury_, _Borage_, and very many more _Plants_, they are extreamly so. In _Mallows_, and some others, more fairly visible.

16. §. Some of these _Powders_, are _yellow_, as in _Dogs-Mercury_, _Goats-Rue_, &c. and some of other Colours: But most of them I think are _white_; and those of _yellow Henbane_ very elegant; the disburs’d _Powders_ whereof, to the naked eye, are _white_ as _Snow_; but each _Globulet_, through a Glass, transparent as Crystal; which is not a fallacy from the _Glass_, but what we see in all transparent _Bodies_ whatsoever, lying in a _Powder_ or small Particles together. The Parts of this _Attire_, see in _Tab. 4._ But especially, in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Second_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

17. §. The _Florid Attire_, is commonly known by the blind and rude Name of _Thrums_; as in the _Flowers_ of _Marigold_, _Tansie_, &c. How inadequate its imposition is, observation will determine. For the several _Thrums_ or rather _Suits_, whereof the _Attire_ is made up, however else they may differ in various _Flowers_, in this agree, that they are ever consistent of more than one, sometimes of Two, ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 13._ a. ♦ and for the most part of Three _Pieces_ (for which I call them _Suits_) and each _Piece_ of a different, but agreeable and comely form.

18. §. The _outer Part_ of every _Suit_, is its _Floret_: whose _Body_ or _Tube_ is divided at the top (like that of the _Cowslip_) into five distinct _Leaves_. ♦ _f. 13._ b. ♦ So that a _Floret_, is the Epitome of a _Flower_: and is all the _Flower_ that many _Plants_, as _Mugwort_, _Tansie_, and others, have. What the Learned Sir _Thomas Brown_ observeth ♦ Treat. of the _Quincunx_. ♦ of the number _Five_, as to the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, is still more universally holding in these of the _Floret_.

19. §. Upon the Expansion of the _Floret_, the next _Part_ of the _Suit_ is from within its _Tube_ brought to sight; which we may (with respect to that within it) call the _Sheath_. ♦ _f. 13._ c. ♦ For this also, like the _Floret_, is a _Concave Body_; in its shape very well resembling the Fistulous Pouches of _Wake-Robin_, or of _Dragon_.

20. §. The _Sheath_, after some time, dividing at the top, from within its Concave the Third and innermost part of the _Suit_, _sc._ the _Blade_ advanceth and displayes it self. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 13._ d. ♦ This Part is not hollow, as the other two, but solid; yet at its Point, is commonly, divided into two halves.

21. §. About the said Point especially, there appears, _Globulets_, which are of the same nature with those of a _Semet_, though not so copious. So that all _Flowers_ have their _Powders_ or _Globulets_. The whole _Attire_ may in _Aster Per_, _Blewbottle_, &c. where the _Suits_ are large, be plainly observed without a _Glass_. The _Parts_ of this _Attire_, See in _Tab. 4._ But especially in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Second_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

22. §. The use of the _Attire_, how contemptibly soever we may look upon it, is certainly great. And though for our own use we value the _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, or the _Foliation_, most; yet of all the three _Parts_, this in some respects is the choycest, as for whose sake and service the other two are made. The use hereof, as to _Ornament_ and _Distinction_, is unquestionable; but is not all. As for Distinction, though, by the help of _Glasses_, we may make it to extend far; yet in a passant view, which is all we usually make, we cannot so well. As for Ornament, and particularly in reference to the _Semets_, we may ask, If for that meerly these were meant, then why should they be so made as to break open, or to contain any thing within them? Since their Beauty would be as good if they were not hollow; and is better before they crack and burst open, than afterwards.

23. §. Other uses hereof therefore we must acknowledge, and may observe. One is, for food; for Ornament and Distinction to us, and for _Food_ to other _Animals_. I will not say, but that it may serve even to these for Distinction too, that they may be able to know one _Plant_ from another, and in their flight or progress settle where they like best: and that therefore the varieties of these small parts are many, and well observed by them, which we take no notice of. Yet the finding out of Food is but in order to enjoy it: Which, that it is provided for a vast number of little _Animals_ in the _Attires_ of all _Flowers_, observation perswades us to believe. For why else are they evermore here found? Go from one _Flower_ to another, great and small, you shall meet with none untaken up with these Guests. In some, and particularly the _Sun-Flower_, where the parts of the _Attire_, and the _Animals_ for which they provide, are larger, the matter is more visible. We must not think, that _God Almighty_ hath left any of the whole Family of his Creatures unprovided for; but as the Great Master, some where or other carveth out to all; and that for a great number of these little Folk, He hath stored up their peculiar provisions in the _Attires_ of _Flowers_; each _Flower_ thus becoming their Lodging and their Dining-Room, both in one.

24. §. Wherein the particular parts of the _Attire_ may be more distinctly serviceable, this to one _Animal_, and that to another, I cannot say: Or to the same _Animal_, as a _Bee_, whether this for the _Honey_, another for their _Bread_, a third for the _Wax_: Or whether all only suck from hence some _Juice_; or some may not also carry some of the _Parts_, as of the _Globulets_, wholly away.

25. §. Or lastly, what may be the Primary and Private Use of the _Attire_ (for even this abovesaid, though great, yet is but Secondary) I now determine not.

CHAP. VI.

_Of the FRUIT._

THE general composition of all _Fruits_ is one, that is, their _Essential_ and truly _Vital Parts_, are in all the same, and but the continuation of those which in the other _Parts_ of a _Plant_, we have already observed. Yet because by the different _Constitutions_ and _Tinctures_ of these _Parts_, divers considerably different _Fruits_ result; I shall therefore take a particular view of the more known and principal of them, _sc._ _Apples_, _Pears_, _Plums_, _Nuts_ and _Berries_.

2. §. AN APPLE, if cut traverse, appears constituted of four distinct _Parts_, the _Pilling_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_, and _Coare_. The _Pilling_ is only the spreading and dilatation of the _Skin_, or utmost part of the _Barque_ in the _Branch_. The _Parenchyma_, when full ripe, is a tender delicate Meat. Yet as the _Pilling_ is but the Continuation of the utmost part of the _Barque_; so is this, but the continuance and ampliation, or (as I may call it) the swelth and superbience of the _Inner Part_ thereof; which upon observation of a young and Infant-_Apple_ especially, is evident. Thus we see the _Pith_, which is often tough; in many _Roots_, as _Parsneps_, _Turneps_, &c. is tender and edible. So here, the _Parenchyma_, though originally no more than the _Barque_, yet the copiousness and purity of its _Sap_ being likewise effectual to the largness and fineness of its growth, it thus becomes a soft and tender meat. The _Branchery_ is nothing else but the Ramifications of the _Lignous Body_ throughout all the parts of the _Parenchyma_; the greater _Branches_ being likewise by the _Inosculations_ of the less (as in the _Leaf_) united together. The main _Branches_ are usually Twenty: Ten are spred and distributed through the _Parenchyma_, most of them enarching themselves towards the _Cork_ or _Stool_ of the _Flower_: The other Ten, running from the _Stalk_ in a directer Line, at last meet the former at the said _Cork_, and are there osculated with them. Of these latter, five are originated from one; which running along the Center of the _Stalk_, and part of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Fruit_, is therein at last divided. To these the Coats of the _Kernels_ are fastned. So that whereas most of these _Branches_ were originally extended even beyond the _Fruit_, and inserted into the _Flower_ for the due growth thereof; the _Fruit_ afterwards growing to some head, and so intercepting and preying upon the _Aliment_ of the _Flower_, starves that and therefrom supersedes the service of the said _Branches_ to it self, fifteen for its _Parenchyma_, and five for its _Seed_. The _Coar_ is originated from the _Pith_; for the _Sap_ finding room enough in the _Parenchyma_, through which to dispence it self all abroad, quits the _Pith_, which thereby hardens into a _Coar_. Thus we see the _Insertions_, although originate from the _Cortical Body_, yet their _Parts_ being, by the _Inosculations_ of the _Lignous_, so much compress’d and made to co-incide together, they become a _Body_ very compact and dense. And in the _Barque_ the same thing is effected by _Arefaction_ only, or a meer _voydance_ of the _Sap_; the _Inner Part_ whereof, though soft and sappy, yet its superficial _Rind_ is often so hard and smooth, that it may be fairly writ upon. The _Parts_ of an _Apple_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

3. §. IN A PEAR there are five distinct _Parts_, the _Pilling_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_, _Calculary_, and _Acetary_. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 14._ ♦ The three former are here and in an _Apple_ much alike; saving that here the _Inner_ or _Seed-Branches_ ordinarily stand double. The _Calculary_ (most observable in rough-tasted, or _Choak-Pears_) is a _Congeries_ of little stony _Knots_. They are many of them dispersed throughout the whole _Parenchyma_: But lying more continuous and compact together towards the Center of the _Pear_, surround the _Acetary_ there, in a somewhat Globular Form. About the _Stalk_ they stand more distant; but towards the _Cork_ or _Stool_ of the _Flower_, they still grow closer, and there at last gather (almost) into the firmitude of a _Plum-stone_ it self. Within this lies the _Acetary_; ’tis allways sour, and by the bounding of the _Calculary_ of a _Globular Figure_. ’Tis a simple _Body_, having neither any of the _Lignous_ branched in it, nor any _Calculous Knots_. It is of the same substantial nature with the outer _Parenchyma_; but whether it be absolutely one with it, or be derived immediately from the _Pith_, my Enquiries yet made, determine not.

4. §. The Original of the _Calculary_ I seem to have neglected. But hereof we may here best say, that whereas all the other _Parts_ are _Essential_ and truly _Vital_; the _Calculary_ is not: but that the several _Knots_ whereof it consists, are only so many meer _Concretions_ or _Precipitations_ out of the _Sap_; as in _Urines_, _Wines_, and other _Liquors_, we often see. And that the _Precipitation_ is made by the mixture and re-action of the _Tinctures_ of the _Lignous_ and _Cortical Bodies_ upon each other: Even as all _Vegetable Nutrition_ or _Fixation_ of _Parts_ is also made by the joynt efficiency of the two same _Tinctures_, as hath been said. Hence we find, that as the _Acetary_ hath no _Branches_ of the _Lignous Body_, so neither hath it any _Knots_. Hence likewise it is, that we have so different and contrary a tast in the _Parenchyma_ beyond the _Calculary_, from that in the _Acetary_: For whereas this is sour, that, wherein the said _Precipitations_ are made, is sweet; being much alike effect to what we find in mixing of _Corals_, &c. with _Vinegar_ or other _acid Liquors_. The _Parts_ of a _Pear_, See in _Tab. 4._ But especially in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

5. §. IN A PLUM (to which the _Cherry_, _Apricot_, _Peach_, _Walnut_, &c. ought to be referr’d) there are four distinct _Parts_, the _Pilling_, the _Parenchyma_, _Branchery_ and _Stone_. The _Pilling_ and _Parenchyma_ are, as to their Original, with those of an _Apple_ or _Pear_, both alike. As likewise the _Branchery_; but differently ramified. In _Plums_ (I suppose all) there are five main _Out-Branches_, which run along the Surface of the _Stone_ from the _Basis_ to the point thereof, four of them by one _Ridge_, and one by the other opposite to it. ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 15._ ♦ In an _Apricot_ there is the same number, but the single _Branch_ runs not upon the _Surface_, but through the _Body_ of the _Stone_. There are likewise two or three smaller _Branches_, which run in like manner under the other _Ridge_ for some space, and then advancing into the _Parenchyma_, therein disperse themselves: These latter sort in _Peaches_ are numerous throughout.

6. §. But notwithstanding the different disposition of the _Branches_ of the _Fruits_ aforesaid; yet is there one _Branch_ dispos’d in one and the same manner in them all. The entrance hereof into the _Stone_ is at its _Basis_; from whence running through its Body, and still inclining or arching it self towards its _Concave_, is at last, about its _Cone_, thereinto emergent, ♦ _Tab. 4. f. 15._ ♦ where the _Coats_ of the _Seed_ are appendent to it. Of the _Seed-Branch_ ’tis therefore observable that after its entrance into the _Fruit_, ’tis always prolonged therein to a considerable length; as is seen not only in _Apples_, &c. where the _Seed_ stands a good distance from the _Stalk_; but in _Plums_ likewise, where it stands very near it; in that here the _Seed-Branch_, as is said, never strikes through the _Stone_ into the _Coats_ of the _Seed_ directly, but runs through a _Chanel_ cut in the _Stone_, till it issues, near the _Cone_, into the _Concave_ thereof.

7. §. The _Stone_ though it seem a simple Body, yet it is compounded of different ones. The Inner _Part_ thereof, as it is by far the thinnest, so is it the most _dense_, _white_, _smooth_ and _simple_. The Original is from the _Pith_; difficult, but curious to observe: For the _Seed-Branch_, not striking directly and immediately quite through the _Basis_ of the _Stone_, but in the manner as is above described, carries a considerable _Part_ of the _Pith_, now gather’d round about it, as its _Parenchyma_, along with it self; which upon its entrance into the concave of the _Stone_ about its farther end, is there in part spread all over it, as the _Lining_ thereof. The outer and very much thicker _Part_, consisteth partly of the like _Precipitations_ or concrete Particles, as in a _Pear_; being gathered here much more closely, not only to a _Contiguity_, but a _Coalition_ into one entire _Stone_; as we see in _Pears_ themselves, especially towards the _Cork_, they gather into the like Stoniness; or as a _Stone_, _Mineral_, or _Animal_, is oftentimes the product of accumulated _Gravel_. But as the _Parenchyma_ is mixed with the _Concretions_ in the _Calculary_, so is it also, though not visibly, with these in the _Stone_, the _ground_ of the _Stone_ being indeed a perfect _Parenchyma_; but by the said _Concretions_ so far alter’d, as to become dry, hard and undistinguishable from them. All which Particulars, are observable only in the several degrees of _Growth_ in the young _Fruit_. And are represented in _Tab. 4._ But especially by the several _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ and _Fourth_ =Parts= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

8. §. IN A NUT (to which an _Akern_ is analogous) there are three general _Parts_, the _Cap_, _Shell_, and _Pith_. The _Cap_ is constituted of a _Pilling_ and _Parenchyma_, derived from the _Barque_; and _Ramulets_ from the _Lignous Body_ of the _Branch_. The _Shell_ likewise is not one simple Body, but compounded. The Superficial _Part_ thereof is originated from the _Pilling_ or _Skin_ of the _Cap_, from the inside whereof it is, in a Duplicature, produc’d and spred over the _Shell_. Which, if you look at the _Basis_ of the _Shell_, is farther evident: for that being continuous with the _Parenchyma_ of the _Cap_, without the interposure of the _Skin_, the said superficial _Part_ is there wanting. The thicker and inner _Part_ of the _Shell_ consisteth of the same _Parenchyma_ as that of the _Cap_, with a _Congeries_ of _Precipitations_ silled up, as in a _Stone_. And as the _Lignous Body_ is branched in a _Stone_, so, with some difference, in a _Shell_. The _outer Branches_ or _Ramulets_ are numerous, each issuing out of the _Parenchyma_ of the _Cap_, and entring the _Shell_ at the _Circumference_ of its _Basis_, and so running betwixt its superficial and inner _Parts_ towards the _Cone_, round about. The _Inner_ or _Seed-Branch_ is single, entring in, as do the other, at the _Basis_ of the _Shell_, but at the _Center_ thereof: from whence it runs, not through the _Shell_, as in _Plums_ through the _Stone_; but through the _Pith_, as far as the _Cone_, where the _Coats_ of the _Seed_ hang appendent to it. The _Pith_ whether derived from the same part both in name and nature in the _Branch_ and _Stalk_; or from the _Cortical Body_, I yet determine not. The _Parts_ of a _Nut_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

9. §. A BERRY, as a _Gooseberry_ (to which _Corinths_, _Grapes Hips_, &c. are to be referr’d) consisteth, besides the _Seed_, of the three general _Parts_, _Pilling_, _Parenchyma_ and _Branchery_. The _Pilling_ is originated as in the foregoing _Fruits_. The _Parenchyma_ is double, as likewise in some other _Berries_. The _outer_ is commonly, together with the _Pilling_, call’d the _Skin_, and is that part we spit out, being of a sour tast. Now as the _Pilling_ is originated from the _outer_, so this from the _inner Part_ of the _Barque_; and accordingly the _Pores_ thereof may be observed plainly of a like shape with those both of the _Cortical Body_ and _Pith_. The _Inner_ or _Pulp_ is of a sweet taste, and is the _Part_ we eat: It is of a Substance so laxe and tender, as it would seem to be only a thicker or jellied _Juice_; although this likewise be a true _Parenchyma_, something like that of an _Orange_ or _Limon_, with its _Pores_ all fill’d up with _Liquor_. The _Branchery_ is likewise double: The _Exterior_ runs betwixt the _Pilling_ and _Outer Parenchyma_ in arched _Lines_, from the _Stalk_ to the _Stool_ of the _Flower_. These _outer Branches_, though of various number at the _Stalk_, yet at the _Cork_ are usually ten principal ones; five for the five _Leaves_ of the _Flower_, and five for the _Attire_. The _Inner main Branches_ are two, diametrically opposite to each other, and at the _Cork_ with the other inosculated. From these two are branched other smaller, every one having a _Seed_ appendent to it, whose _Coats_ it entreth by a double _Filament_, one at the _Basis_, the other at the _Cone_. They are all very white and turgent, and by a slaunt cut, may be observ’d concave; thus representing themselves analogous to so many true _spermatick Vessels_. The _Parts_ of a _Gooseberry_, See in the _Figures_ belonging to the _Third_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

10. §. The Uses of _Fruits_ are for _Man_, (sometimes also other _Animals_, as are _Akerns_ and _Haws_) and for the _Seed_. For _Man_, they are so variously desirable, that till our _Orchards_ and _Store-Chambers_, _Confectioners-Stoves_ and _Apothecaries-Shops_, our _Ladies Closets_, their _Tables_ or _Hands_ are empty of them, I shall not need to enquire for what. If it be asked, how the _Fruit_ becomes, generally above all the other _Parts_, so pleasant a Meat? It is partly from the _Sap_, the grosser portion thereof being deposited in the _Leaves_, and so the purer hereunto reserved. Partly from the _Globular Figure_ of the _Fruit_. For the _Sap_ being thus in a greater quantity herein, and in all Parts equally diffus’d, the _Concoction_ hereof, as in a _Vessel_, is with greatest advantage favoured and promoted. Wherefore all _Fruits_, which we eat raw, how small soever, are of a _Globular_ Form, or thereunto approaching; and the nearer, the delicater; amongst _Apples_, the _Pipin_; amongst _Pears_, the _Burgundian_; and amongst all _Fruits_, the _Grape_; and amongst _Grapes_, the roundest, are of all, the most dainty.

11. §. The visible cause of this _Globular Figure_, is the _Flower_; or the Inosculation of all the main _Branches_ at the _Stool_ of the _Flower_; and upon the fall of the _Flower_, the obtuseness, and with _Wind_ and _Sun_, as it were the _seaing_ of their several ends: For thus the _Sap_ entering the _Fruit_, being not able to effect, either a _Disunion_, or a _shooting_ forth of the said _Branches_, and so to carry on their _Growth_ in length; they must of necessity be enarch’d, and with the _Parenchyma_ more and more expand themselves. Whereas were they disposed and qualified otherwise, than as is said; instead of forming a _Fruit_ within bounds, they would run out into all extravagance, and even into another little _Tree_ or _Leafy Growth_.

12. §. To the _Seed_, the _Fruit_ is serviceable; First, in order to its being supply’d with a due and most convenient _Sap_, the greater part thereof, and that which is less elaborated, being, in its passage towards the _Seed_, thereinto received; the _Fruit_ doing the same office to the _Seed_, which the _Leaves_ do to the _Fruit_; the _Sap_ in the _Fruit_ being, in a laxe comparison, as the _Wine_; and that for the _Seed_, a small part of the highest Spirit rectified from it.

13. §. So likewise for its Protection, in order to the prosperous carrying on and perfecting of its generation, and security being perfected. Which protection it gives not only to the Seminal _Sap_ and _Seed_ it self, but ever also to its _Seed-Branch_. Thus we see an _Apple_, besides that it is it self of ample compass, for the sake of its _Seed_, hath likewise its _Coar_; as if it were not sufficient, that the Walls of their Room are so very thick, unless also _wainscoated_. In a _Pear_ again, where the _Parenchyma_ is of less compass than that of an _Apple_, to what protection this affords, that of the _Calculary_ is super-added. But in a _Plum_, where the _Parenchyma_ is exceeding tender, and in a _Peach_, which hangs late, and till Autumn Frosts approach, we have not only the Rubbish of a _Calculary_, but stout Stone-Walls. Within which also, not only the _Seed_ it self, but the _Seed-Branch_ is evermore immur’d. Lastly, in a _Nut_, where the _Shell_ being not surrounded with a _Parenchyma_, that protection is wanting without, ’tis answer’d by an ample _Pith_ within it; and the _Seed-Branch_ likewise included, not meerly in the _Body_ of the _Shell_, as in a _Plum_, but within the _Pith_ it self. So necessary is this design, that what the Hen by Incubation or Hovering, is to the Egg or Chick; that the whole _Fruit_, by comprehension, is to the _Seed_.

CHAP. VII.

_Of the SEED, in its State of Generation._

AS the Original, so the Ultimate end and Perfection of _Vegetation_ is the _Seed_. How it is the former, and in its state apt for _Vegetation_, hath already been seen. How the latter, and in its state of Generation, we shall now lastly enquire. In doing which, what in the other state, was either not distinctly existent, or not so apparent, or not so intelligible, will occur.

2. §. The two general _Parts_ of the _Seed_ are its _Covers_ and _Body_. The _Covers_ in this estate are usually _Four_. The outmost, we may call the _Case_. ’Tis of a very various form; sometimes a _Pouch_, as in _Nasturtium_, _Cochlearia_; a _Cod_, as in all _Pulse_, _Galega_; sometimes not entire, but parted, or otherwise open, as in _Sorrel_, _Knotgrass_; with many other forms: I think alwaies more heterogeneous to that of the _Seed_, by which it differs from the proper _Coats_. To this the _Caps_ of _Nuts_, and the _Parenchyma’s_ of other _Fruits_ are analogous.

3. §. The two next are properly the _Coats_. In a _Bean_ especially, and the like; from whence, to avoyd Confusion, the denomination may run common to the responding _Covers_ of other _Seeds_. The Colour of the outer, is of all degrees, from White to the Blackness of _Jett_. Its Figure sometimes Kidney’d, as in _Alcea_, _Behen_, _Poppy_; Triangular, as in _Polygonatum_, _Sorrel_; Spherically triangular, in _Mentha_, _Melissa_; Circular, in _Leucoium_, _Amaranthus_; Globular, in _Napus_, _Asperula_; Oval, in _Speculum Veneris_, _Tithymalus_; half Globe, in _Coriander_; that which we take for _one_ single round _Seed_, being a Conjugation of _two_; half Oval, in _Anise_, _Fennel_; Hastal, in _Lactuca_; Cylindrical, as, if I mistake not, in _Jacobæa_; Pyramidal, in _Geranium Althææ fol._ with many other differences. But the Perfection of one or two of the said Figures lieth in the _Case_. So that, as all _Lines_ and _Proportions_ are in the _Leaf_ and _Flower_; so all Regular _Solids_ in the _Seed_; or rather in its _Covers_.

4. §. ’Tis sometimes glistering, as in _Speculum Veneris_; Rough-cast, in _Catanance_; Studded, in _Behen_, _Balttaria_; Favous, in _Papaver_, _Antirrhinum_, _Lepidum annuum_, _Alcea Vesicaria_, _Hyoscyamus_, and many more, before the _Seeds_ have lain long by; Pounced, in _Phalangium Cretæ_, _Lithospermum_; Ramified, in _Pentaphyllum fragiferum Erectum majus_, resembling the _Fibers_ of the _Ears_ of the _Heart_; some just _Quinquenerval_, as in _Anisum_, and many more, the _Lignous Body_ being in five main _Fibers_ branched therein. The _Figures_, and _Surface_, of These, and other _Seeds_, See in the Tables belonging to the _Fourth_ =Part= of the _Fourth_ =Book=.

5. §. The _Covers_ of not only _Quince-Seeds_, and those of _Psyllium_ (more usually taken notice of) but those also of _Horminum_, _Nasturtium_, _Eruca_, _Camelina_, _Ocymum_, and divers others, have a _Mucilage_. Which, though it be not visible when the _Seeds_ are throughly dry; yet lying a while in some warm Liquor, or only on the Tongue, it swells more or less, and upon them all fairly shews it self. On that of _Ocymum_ it appears grayish; on the other, transparent; and on that of _Nasturtium Hortense_ very large; even emulous of the inner Pulp surrounding a _Gooseberry-Seed_. The putting of _Clary-seed_ into the Eye, may have been brought into use from this _Mucilage_, by which alone it may become Medicinal. And thus far of the _Superficies_.