Chapter VII: Part 7

[418] Spinden, pp. 181 and 252.

Indian graves filled up with stones are numerous in the vicinity of the several remains (pp. 29, 54 and 82) near Mr. Turner's home, according to Mr. J. S. Cotton. Mr. Turner told him that all the graves that had been excavated contained bones in a greatly decayed condition, which suggested to him that they were very old. These graves, like the other remains of the vicinity previously mentioned, have been in the same condition since about 1874.

The terraces mentioned on p. 13 (Fig. 1, Plate VII)[419] may have been made to facilitate reaching rock-slide graves in the same slide; while the pits which were found in the slides (Fig. 2, Plate VII)[420] walled up on the outer sides like balconies, with the rocks that apparently came both from the pits and the disturbed slide above them, have been considered as rifled graves or graves from which the burials had been removed (p. 13).

[419] See Museum negative no. 44520, 7-10, from the southwest, about
a mile above the mouth of the Naches River, (p. 13).

[420] See Museum negative no. 44519, 7-9. The same slide from the
southwest (p. 13).

The following quotation may refer to rock-slide pits:[421] "In the eastern part of Marion County, Oregon, there stands an isolated and most strikingly regular and beautiful butte some three hundred feet in height and covering nearly a section of land. It was fringed about its base, at the time of which I write, with fir groves, but its sides and well rounded and spacious top were devoid of timber, except a few old and spreading oaks, and perhaps a half dozen gigantic firs, whose weighty limbs were drooping with age. A meridian section line passes over the middle of this butte, and four sections corner near its top. While running this line and establishing these corners in 1851, I observed many semi-circular walls of stone, each enclosing space enough for a comfortable seat, and as high as one's shoulders when in a sitting posture, upon cross-sticks as high as the knee ... the older white residents said the Indians made them, but for what purpose they could not say. I became a witness to the use, and was particularly impressed with the fitness for what I saw. Indians from the North and South traveling that way generally camped upon the banks of the Abiqua Creek, a rapid stream of pure, cold water, just issued from the mountains upon the plain. The butte was near, and this they ascended and, taking seats within the stone sanctuaries, communed in silence with the Great Spirit. Bowing the head upon the hands and resting them upon the knees for a few moments, then sitting erect and gazing to the west over the enchanting valley interspersed with meadow, grove and stream." The author states that the place is now called Mount Angel, is surmounted by a Roman Catholic cathedral and that the Indians called this butte Tap-a-lam-a-ho, signifying Mount of Communion; and the plain to the west Chek-ta, meaning beautiful or enchanting.

[421] Pp. 35 and 36 of an article entitled "Extract from T. W.
Davenport's, Recollections of an Indian agent (not yet published)."
The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society, March, 1904, Vol. V,
No. 1.

Possibly the burials in the domes of volcanic ash and those in the rock-slides are practically the results of a common motive by the same people in the same time and the differences may be due simply to the difference in the character of the near by topography and the relative convenience of securing the material to cover the graves. This idea is strengthened by information given me by Mr. W. H. Hindshaw who stated that from sixteen to thirty miles above the mouth of the Snake River where it cuts through canons there are rock burial heaps immediately above flood level and burials in the flood sand below, both of which he found to contain human bones and implements. He also stated that graves are found on the bluff overlooking the river. One was curbed with the remains of a cedar canoe. The grave had a bottom of plank and a cover over the body--that of a small child--which was wrapped in a fur, apparently a beaver skin. There were a number of beads and brass buttons and a large fragment of the shell of the _Schizothoerus nuttallii_ which must have come from the coast.

_Cremation Circles._ Rings of stones (Fig. 1, Plate IX)[422] were also seen and on excavation within them cremated human remains were found usually several in each circle. In some cases the ring was irregular and in others assumed the form of a rectangle. None of them are known to be recent. In such places, dentalium shells, flat shell beads, and shell ornaments were usually seen. Mr. Teit says that rings of stones were also put on top of graves in the Thompson River region. Along the Columbia, below the mouth of the Snake River, vaults or burial houses like those found among the Upper Chinook were used.[423] A somewhat similar method was observed even among the Nez Perce.[424] This suggests that the cremation circles here described, may be the caved-in remains of earth-covered burial lodges built somewhat on the plan of the semi-subterranean winter houses.

[422] Museum negative no. 44493, 5-6 of circle no. 14 from the east
on the terrace northwest of the junction of the Yakima and the
Naches Rivers (p. 15 and 157). Cf. also Museum negative no. 44522,
7-2.

[423] Cf. Lewis, p. 190; Lewis and Clark, II, pp. 139-140.

[424] Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 369; Lewis, p. 190.

_Position of the Body._ In all the old graves the skeletons were flexed and usually on the side (Plate VIII, Fig. 2).[425] The graves where the body was buried at length with the feet to the east were doubtless recent and probably placed that way due to the teachings of Christians. In the Nez Perce region to the east, the body was placed in a variety of positions, either flexed or at length[426] and sometimes upon the side. Considering the difference between the costume and objects used by the men and those by the women, in the Nez Perce region to the east,[427] it would seem that the contents of the graves in this near by region may be used to check the determination of the sex of the skeletons.

[425] Museum negative no. 44516, 7-6, see grave no. 22, p. 160.

[426] Spinden, pp. 182 and 252.

[427] Cf. Spinden, p. 216.

_Property with the Dead._ Objects are usually found with the remains of the dead in all classes of old burials but some of the graves contained nothing; others very little. There was apparently no radical difference in the character of the material in the graves in volcanic domes and those in the rock-slides; but the more modern rock-slide graves seemed, on the whole, to contain a greater number of objects than the older graves or the graves in domes. On the coast, objects are found with recent burials, but rarely in ancient graves. The cremation circles often contained dentalium shells and bits of shell objects but little else. In the Nez Perce region to the east a considerable amount of property, ornaments and utensils is found buried with the dead.[428]

[428] Spinden, pp. 182 and 252.

_Horse Sacrifices._ We discovered no graves containing horse bones or over which a skeleton of a horse was found, although it will be remembered that such were found in the Nez Perce region east of here.[429] There, the killing of horses over the graves of their owners became the usual practice when horses were plentiful. Sometimes a horse was buried over the body.[430] In this region, however, we found no evidences of the horse in connection with the graves other than the presence of an old Spanish bit in one of the more recent burials.

[429] Spinden, p. 182.

[430] Spinden, p. 252.

_Diseases._ Out of about seventeen complete skeletons and six skulls secured in this region by our party those of two children (99-4323, 99-4326) and two adults, one of which was apparently a female (99-4336), exhibited anchylosis of some of the vertebrae. The left ankle bones of the other skeleton (99-4327) showed anchylosis with the tibia and one of the ribs was abnormal. The skeleton of a young child (99-4329) with persistent frontal suture, an example of retarded development was also found.[431]

[431] Cf. Wounds, p. 82.

CONCLUSION.

The connection, nay partial identity, of this culture with that of the Thompson River region in the southern interior of British Columbia is supported by considerable evidence. Small heaps of fresh-water clam shells are found in both regions. The preponderance of chipped points over those ground out of stone, bone and antler; the presence of digging stick handles; pestles with flaring bodies and no striking heads, others with tops in the form of animal heads; celts; the sites of cache pits, of circular summer lodges marked by rings of stones; and of semi-subterranean houses with stones on the encircling ridge; pairs of arrow-shaft smoothers, and bone tubes, were all found to be common to both regions. The simple pipe bowl found here, although with one exception not found among archaeological objects in the Thompson area is commonly used by the present Indians there. Tubular pipes, modern copper tubes or beads, incised designs consisting of a circle with a dot in it and engraved dentalium shells, each of a particular kind, besides pictographs in red, rock-slide sepulchres, modern graves walled up with parts of canoes, the marking of recent graves with sticks, and the custom of burying artifacts with the dead were also found to be common to both areas. Perforated slate tablets of gorget-form are unknown in both regions. Circles of stones which mark places where cremated human remains were found in this region sometimes indicate graves in the Thompson River region.

Frazer[432] mentions meeting Yakima Indians in the Lillooet Valley which shows that they travelled even beyond the Thompson River country and readily accounts for the dissemination of cultural elements.

[432] Fraser, p. 175.

On the other hand, many differences in culture are observable. Thus objects made of nephrite and mica which occur, the former being common in the Thompson River valley, were not found in the Yakima area. Quarries and terraced rock-slides such as were seen here are not known to us in the Thompson River region. The bone of the whale occasionally found in the Thompson River country is lacking in Yakima collections. That glassy basalt was not the chief material for chipped implements, as it was in the Thompson River region, is probably due to the scarcity of this material and its use is perhaps as rare in the Yakima valley as on the coast. Chipped implements were made of a greater variety of stone than in the interior of British Columbia, and a greater proportion were of the more beautifully colored materials. No harpoon points made of a unio (?) shell, such as the object found in the Thompson River region or other objects made of such a shell, were seen. Notched sinkers and large grooved sinkers were more commonly found than in the Thompson Valley, while sap scrapers which were common there, were not found in the Yakima district. A great number of pestles made from short cylindrical pebbles, forming a type rather rare in the Thompson River region; many long pestles, of which only four or five have been found in interior British Columbia; and one with a zigzag design not represented among the finds from that region, were found in the Yakima area. Saucer-shaped depressions marking summer lodge sites were not noted by the writer. Clubs made of stone were more numerous and all are of a different type. Clubs or other objects made of the bone of the whale or drilled pendants either circular or elongated were not found. Petroglyphs, pictographs in white, and representations of feather headdresses were not found among the archaeological objects in the Thompson region. Graves in knolls, some with a cyst made of thin slabs of stones constitute another distinct trait of the Yakima area.

There is relatively less evidence of contact with the prehistoric people of Puget Sound and the Pacific coast of Washington, and of southern British Columbia. Several kinds of sea shells, including dentalium, haliotis and pectunculus, which must have come from the coast, were found in the Yakima Valley. Small points chipped from beautiful material found in this region were occasionally seen on the coast, more particularly south of Puget Sound. Glassy basalt was used here perhaps about as much as on the coast. Net sinkers are also about as common here as on the coast from Gray's Harbor southward. The pestles found in the vicinity of Vancouver Island are similar to some of the short pestles found in the Yakima region. Short tubular pipes are found on the coast in the vicinity of the Saanich Peninsula and the Lower Frazer. The pipe previously described as clearly representative of the art of the Northwest coast must have been brought from there or made by a coast artist, not by one merely familiar with the art of the coast. A portion of the material indicative of coast culture that was found in the Yakima Valley may have come up the Cowlitz and down the Toppenish River.

The similarities mentioned are, however, outweighed by marked differences. Large shell heaps--the chief feature of Coastal archaeology--have not been found in the Yakima area, while quarries are unknown to us on the coast. Objects made of nephrite and whale's bone are lacking in the Yakima Valley. A very great number of points rubbed out of slate and bone are found on the coast, but none rubbed out of slate and only a few rubbed out of bone have been found on Yakima sites. Net sinkers are much more common than on the coast, where they are plentiful only from Gray's Harbor southward and in the Lower Columbia Valley. Long pestles with the tops carved to represent animal heads are distinctive of the Yakima area, while cylindrical pebbles used as pestles but slightly changed from the natural form, which are quite common in the Yakima Valley, are rarely found in the Coast country. One style of club made of stone commonly found in this vicinity has not been seen anywhere on the coast, although some clubs made of stone are like specimens from that region. Perforated slate tablets like Coastal gorgets are unknown to us from the Yakima area. Cairns common on the coast are not found in the Yakima country, while the reverse holds true of rock-slide burials. Graves in knolls are unknown on the Pacific, and artifacts are often found in the Yakima graves but they seldom, if ever, occur with ancient burials on the coast.

Much of the material from the Yakima region resembles that which I have seen from the general area including the Columbia Valley between Umatilla and The Dalles, and possibly extending further down the valley. There seems to be a greater similarity of the art products of the Yakima to those of the Thompson River region than to those of the Columbia Valley below the mouth of the Snake, so far as we understand the latter region at this time, and this according to Lewis[433] is certainly not contrary to the belief in an earlier occupancy of this region by the Salish. The culture here resembles that of the Nez Perce region to the east in that a considerable variety of material was used for chipped implements.[434]

[433] Lewis, p. 196.

[434] Spinden, p. 181.

Inter-tribal trade may have been a factor in the production of some observed similarities. It was seen that pipes of three types, one of which is found as far east as the Dakota, another as far north as the Thompson River country, and a third as far west as the Queen Charlotte Islands are all found in this region. It is clear that the ancient people from the Yakima region had extensive communications not only with the region southward as far as The Dalles, but also northward, as far as the more distant Thompson River tribes. If the products of the sea found in this region came up the Columbia, as may be inferred from Lewis,[435] it is a good illustration of how trade as a rule, follows the line of least physical resistance; although the migrations of the tribes do not always follow such lines because the lines of trade as a rule are thickly populated by people who resist the migration of their neighbors. Lewis[436] states that from the coast inward there was only one trade route of importance in the Washington-Oregon-Idaho region and this led up the Columbia River to The Dalles where was found the greatest trade center in the whole region and whither the tribes were wont to come from the north and south as well as from the east.[437] Klamath,[438] Cayuse, Nez Perce, Walla Walla and other Sahaptin and probably Salish tribes were all in the habit of going there to traffic. He also states that further east, the Sahaptin in their turn, traded with the Shoshone from whom they obtained buffalo robes and meat. The center for this trade at least in later times was the Grande Ronde in eastern Oregon;[439] but this later center probably came into being after the advent of the horse. The Okanogan are known to have crossed the mountains to Puget Sound to trade wild hemp for sea shells especially dentalia as well as for other small objects.[440] The Yakima also in later times crossed the mountains and traded with Puget Sound tribes according to Gibbs,[441] but if this trade were carried on in earlier times its effect in the Yakima Valley seems to have been slight as indicated by the few dentalium shells, the shell pendants shown in Figs. 87-94 and the pipe of coast art, shown in Fig. 127. It is possible that this trade with the coast became customary only after the horse was introduced. There was a considerable amount of trade between the Yakima and the Thompson River and other tribes of British Columbia which was carried on chiefly through the Okanogan.[442] Lewis[443] states that the Walla Walla who lived to the south of the Yakima at least in later times visited as far north as the Thompson River region, and that certain Sahaptin tribes seem to have moved northward and westward and forced back the Salish tribes which at the time of Lewis and Clark's visit were on the north bank of the Columbia and on its tributaries.[444] These tribes were particularly the Klickitat and the Yakima, an assumption which Lewis states is supported by the definite assertions of the natives themselves. A number of old men positively assured Dr. Suckley that they had pushed their way into the country formerly occupied by the Salish.[445] The Klickitat, although living in a well wooded region on the southern slopes of Mt. Adams and Mt. St. Helens are thought to have been driven by the Cayuse from their earlier home which was further east and south. Later, they went further west into the Cowlitz Valley.[446] This may account for the circular pit surrounded by an embankment which I saw near Rochester in Thurston County and interpreted as the remains of a semi-subterranean winter house site. Lewis also states that the Yakima probably lived on the Columbia near the mouth of the river which now bears their name, and are in fact so located by Cox who places them on the north and east side of the Columbia. The pressure of neighboring tribes caused by the coming of the white race no doubt facilitated the adoption of new cultural details.

[435] Lewis, p. 193.

[436] Lewis, p. 193.

[437] Lewis and Clark, IV, p. 286; Ross, (b), p. 117.

[438] Gatschet, p. 93.

[439] Wilkes, IV, p. 394.

[440] Ross, (a), p. 290; (b), I, p. 44.

[441] Gibbs, (a), p. 408.

[442] Cf. Teit, (a), p. 258.

[443] Lewis, pp. 194-5.

[444] Lewis and Clark, VI, pp. 115 and 119; Mooney, pp. 734-736.

[445] Gibbs, (b), p. 224.

[446] Swan, p. 323.

As late as 1854, the Palus, a tribe living further east on the Paloose River regarded themselves as a portion of the Yakima and the head chief of the Yakima as their chief.[447] The general similarity of the Walla Walla language to that of the Klickitat and Yakima rather than to that of the Nez Perce is mentioned by Lewis.

[447] Stevens, XII, p. 200, Pacific R. R. Rept., Pt. I.

Cultural elements, especially those associated with the horse and with the new mode of life which it made possible, probably came from the region to the southeast, and show a great similarity to the Plains type of culture. How much the Plains culture had influenced the Plateau type before the introduction of the horse, is a question.[448] On the Columbia River, near the mouth of the Yakima, were numerous Indians who were visited by Clark in 1805, but he says that while he saw a few horses, the Indians appeared to make but little use of them. If these were the Yakima Indians there must have been quite a change in their manner of living in the next few years.[449] This agrees very well with the time of the introduction of the horse among the Lower Thompson Indians towards the close of the eighteenth century, according to Teit.[450] All this would tend to show that the horse, while common in the Yakima country, about that time, had not yet affected the earlier customs of the natives.

[448] Lewis, p. 179.

[449] Lewis, p. 184; Ross, (b), I, p. 19.

[450] Teit, (a), p. 257.

The early culture throughout the great area of which this is a part, according to Lewis, was of a very simple and undeveloped character, which probably accounts for the rapidity with which eastern types were assimilated when once introduced.[451]

[451] Lewis, p. 180.

Summing up: the prehistoric culture of the Yakima area resembled that of its recent inhabitants, as it will be remembered was the case in the Thompson River region, the Lower Fraser Valley and the Puget Sound country including the coast from Comox on Vancouver Island to Olympia. As a typical plateau culture, being affiliated with the neighboring cultures to the north, east and south, it presented a sharp contrast to both the present and past cultures of the coast to the west. Compared with other branches of the Plateau culture area it must be considered inferior in complexity to its northern neighbor of the southern interior of British Columbia and also to the adjacent branch near The Dalles to the south. While each of these divisions has been influenced by the others more especially in the past, differentiations due to environment or specific historical conditions lead to local variations without obscuring an essential unity of cultural traits.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

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North America. 5 volumes. 1874-1882.

CATLIN, GEORGE. O-Kee-Pa. A religious Ceremony and other
Customs of the Mandans. Philadelphia, 1867.

COX, ROSS. Adventures on the Columbia River, etc. New
York, 1832.

DE SMET, FATHER. Life, Letters and Travels of Father
Pierre-Jean De Smet, S.J., 1801-1873. Edited by
Chittenden and Richardson. 4 volumes. New York, 1905.

DOUGLAS. D. Sketch of a Journey to the Northwestern part
of the Continent of North America during the years
1824-27. (Oregon Historical Society Quarterly, 5-6,
1904-05.)

EELLS, MYRON. The Stone Age in Oregon. (Smithsonian
Report, for 1886, Washington, 1889, pp. 283-295.)

FRASER, SIMON. Journal of a Voyage from the Rocky
Mountains to the Pacific Coast in 1802.

GATSCHET, ALBERT S. The Klamath Indians of Southwestern
Oregon. (Contributions to North American Ethnology, II,
parts I-II, Washington, 1890.)

GIBBS, GEORGE. (a) Report on the Indian Tribes of the
Territory of Washington. (Pacific Railroad Report, 1, pp.
402-436, Washington, 1855.)

(b) Tribes of Western Washington and Northwestern Oregon.
(Contributions to North American Ethnology, I, pp.
157-241, Washington, 1877.)

HALE, HORATIO. United States Exploring Expedition during
the years 1838-1842. Under the command of Charles Wilkes.
Vol. VI. Ethnology and Philology. Philadelphia, 1846.

JOCHELSON, WALDEMAR. Material Culture and Social
Organization of the Koryak. (Memoir, American Museum of
Natural History, 1908, Vol. X, Part 2, pp. 283-842.)

KANE, PAUL. Wanderings of an Artist among the Indians of
North America. London, 1859.

LEWIS, ALBERT BUELL. Tribes of the Columbia Valley and
the Coast of Washington and Oregon. (Memoirs of the
American Anthropological Association, Vol. 1, Part 2,
1906.)

LEWIS AND CLARK. Original Journals of the Lewis and Clark
Expedition. (Thwaites Edition.) New York, 1904.

LORD, JOHN KEAST. The Naturalist in Vancouver's Island
and British Columbia. 2 vols. London, 1866.

MALLERY, GARRICK. Pictographs of the North American
Indians. (Fourth Annual Report, Bureau of American
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Outbreak of 1890. (Fourteenth Annual Report, Bureau of
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MOOREHEAD, WARREN K. Prehistoric Implements. A
description of the Ornaments, Utensils and Implements of
Pre-Columbian Man in America. New York. 1900.

ROSS, ALEXANDER. (a) Adventures of the First Settlers on
the Oregon or Columbia River. London, 1849.

(b) The Fur Hunters of the Far West. 2 vols. London,
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SCHOOLCRAFT, HENRY R. Historical and Statistical
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Prospects of the Indian Tribes of the United States.
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Natural History, 1903, Vol. 4, Part 4, pp. 133-191.)

(b) Archaeology of the Gulf of Georgia and Puget Sound.
(Memoir, American Museum of Natural History, 1907, Vol.
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(c) Archaeology of the Thompson River Region. (Memoir,
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APPENDIX.

The following appendix contains a detailed account of graves with catalogue numbers of their contents and other finds, upon which the preceding descriptions are based.

KENNEWICK.

202-8114. Flint chip from the surface. No chips of this
quality were found in the Thompson River region.

202-8115. Chipped point made of buff jasper from the
surface (Plate II, Fig. 1).

202-8116. Large grooved pebble from the beach of the
Columbia River.

202-8117. Chipped pebble from the surface.

202-8118. Broken pestle from the surface.

202-8119. Chipped and battered hammerstone from the
surface. (Fig. 43).

202-8120. One half of a sculptured tubular steatite pipe,
purchased from Mr. W. F. Sonderman who dug it up while
building a flume near Kennewick (Fig. 105).

NORTH YAKIMA.

202-8121. Sculptured handle of a digging stick made of
the horn of a Rocky Mountain sheep purchased of Mr. W. Z.
York, at Old Yakima, who bought it from an Indian woman
living near Union Gap below Old Yakima. She, however, may
have brought it from some other locality. (Fig. 126).

202-8122. Tubular steatite pipe (Fig. 104).

202-8123. Pestle made of stone. Presented by Mr. W. M.
Gray of North Yakima. Found where the Moxie Ditch enters
the flume, about 3 miles northeast of the mouth of the
Naches River and southeast of the Yakima River.

202-8124. Fragment of rock painted red. Part of a
pictograph showing a human figure with feather headdress
(Plate XIV, Fig. 1), taken from the basaltic cliffs
southeast of the Naches River above the mouth of Cowiche
Creek, about four miles northwest of North Yakima.
Several other pictographs were photographed here from the
north: Plate XV, Fig. 2 (44480, 4-5), white human heads
with feather headdresses and white and red double star
figure; Plate XIV, Fig. 2 (44483, 4-8), white human heads
with feather headdresses, also (44484, 4-9), Plate XV,
Fig. 1 (44485, 4-10); Plate XVI, Fig. 1 (44486, 4-11),
and Plate XVI, Fig. 2 (44487, 4-12), white and red human
heads with feather headdresses.

202-8125. Six parts of pebbles, from the surface of the
flat on the east side of the Yakima River at "The Upper
Gap" near the northern end of North Yakima, as samples of
what could have been used as material for arrow points.

Numbers 202-8126 to 202-8136 are from the quarry shown in
Plate III, Fig. 1 (44488, 5-1 from the south, 44489, 5-2,
and 44490, 5-3). This quarry is on the ridge top north of
the Naches River, about two miles above its mouth (p.
16).

202-8126. Stone, possibly a hammer.

202-8127. Two river pebbles used as stone hammers.

202-8128. Hammerstone (Fig. 40).

202-8129. Pebble used as a hammer.

202-8130. Fragment of a hammerstone, edge smooth.

202-8131. Two fragments of hammerstones.

202-8132. Four pieces of raw material for chipped
implements.

202-8133. Seven pieces of raw material for chipped
implements possibly waste from pieces blocked out to be
transported or possibly too small or of too poor a
quality to be transported.

202-8134. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps chipped.

202-8135. Two pieces of raw material, perhaps too poor to
be transported.

202-8136. Thirty pieces of raw material, some very good,
some very poor, all apparently waste of pieces blocked
out to be transported. No finished or broken implements
were found here.

* * * * *

Grave No. 1. Plate VI, Fig. 3 (1910) from north of west
of the grave before it was disturbed (p. 14). This grave
was about 50 feet up the gully from No. 2, and was
excavated by us May 18. It was marked by a stick which
was very dry but not yet fully decayed. It was located in
the rock-slide on the east slope of the gully, a steep
ravine going down from the south to a little flat
southeast of the Yakima River. This ravine is on the
north side of the hill on the east of the Yakima River at
the mouth of the Naches River. The grave was about a mile
northeast of the mouth of the Naches River, and about 80
feet above the Yakima. From the spot one can see out over
the valley of the Yakima. The grave was on a slight,
bench, terrace, or place that could be so interpreted.
There were large pits and terraces in the slide above
this grave, like those shown in Plate VII. Indications of
very old charred cedar strips were found across the
grave. Charcoal was found among the rocks, and the grave
was bounded by a sort of circular balcony of rocks of the
rock-slide and had a slight flat or depression in the
center. On top, the stones were large, averaging the size
of a man's head, some 30 pounds, some 100 pounds, some
the size of a man's fist. Below, covering the body, the
rocks were small and many were fine, being chipped small
from the same rock by fire. All except this burned rock
were the common irregular angular rock-slide material. In
the bottom of the grave were found adult human bones,
partly charred black, the parts not so charred were
yellow. Numbers 202-8137 to 202-8152 were found in this
grave.

202-8137. Left half of a charred human jaw, parts are
ivory black and parts yellowish gray.

202-8138. Part of a human vertebra.

202-8139. Some charred and calcined bones of a dog with
the joint end of the tibia showing the articulation
pulled off as in youth. Ashes and black fine masses
resembling pulverized charcoal were found in the bottom
of the grave. The human bones found with these were
probably of two skeletons, but all were much broken and
charred. Some yellow brown mass, composed of rootlets,
maggot sacks, etc., was found at the sides of the grave.

202-8140. At the east side of the grave, a large piece of
partly charred cedar about 8 inches wide by 2 inches
thick was found.

202-8141. Chipped point of obsidian with base broken off,
showing that at least some of the contents of the grave
were of prehistoric culture.

202-8142. Finely chipped point made of brown chert found
in fire refuse of this grave (Plate II, Fig. 5).

202-8143. Scorched point made of bone (Fig. 9).

202-8144. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found
with it.

202-8145. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found
with it.

202-8146. Part of a point similar to 202-8143 and found
with it.

202-8147. Tube of rolled brass having the diameter of a
lead pencil. Proving this grave to have been made since
the prehistoric people were able to reach the whites in
trade.

202-8148. Tube similar to 202-8147 (Fig. 75).

202-8149. Charred tube made of bone about 1-1/4 inches
long.

202-8150. Tube similar to 202-8149 (Fig. 97).

202-8151. Scorched tube made of bone and ornamented by
incisions running from one end to the other in a spiral
course. The tube is charred and about 1-1/4 inches long
(Fig. 98).

202-8152. Slate disk perforated in the center and at each
side. The object is about 1 inch in diameter and 1/8 inch
thick (Fig. 77).

* * * * *

Grave No. 2. Rock-slide grave, about 50 feet down the
ravine from grave No. 1 and about 40 feet above the
flume. It had grass growing in the center. The grave
seemed caved in and as if thoroughly walled like a well.
It contained nothing, apparently having been rifled.
Before excavation this seemed to be more like a grave
than No. 1. (See photograph taken from the southwest.)

* * * * *

Grave No. 3. Rock-slide grave.

99-4314. Bleached skull and jaw of an adult purchased of
a boy who said it was from a rock-slide grave on the
north side of the Yakima Ridge lying east of the Yakima
River above the Upper Gap.

* * * * *

Grave No. 4. Rock-slide grave about 6 feet southeast of
grave No. 5 at Selah Canon. As this grave had been opened
and the skeleton had been disturbed, no accurate
description as to its position can be given. Some of the
rock-slide material was quite large, weighing from 200 to
300 lbs; depth, 4 feet; diameter, 3 feet. Decayed wood
was found in the grave and long poles on the side of the
grave. The grave was probably not very old.

99-4315. Part of skull and skeleton of a youth which was
partly bleached. Found in Grave No. 4.

* * * * *

Grave No. 5. Rock-slide grave in Selah Canon and about 6
feet northwest of grave No. 4. Apparently this grave had
been rifled. The adult skull lay to the west and was
broken. The skeleton was flexed, the feet were toward the
east and the knees south of the vertebrae, that is, the
skeleton was on the right side. The grave which was about
75 feet up the hillside, and 1-1/2 miles east of the
Yakima River on the south side of Selah Canon, was about
3-1/2 feet deep by 3-1/2 feet in diameter. Long poles lay
on the side of the grave while decayed wood, leather
thongs and dried flesh yet adhering to some of the bones,
in this kind of a grave even in such a dry region as
this, especially the last two, suggest the grave to be
recent.

99-4316. Jaw and skeleton of an adult. Found in grave No.
5.

* * * * *

Grave No. 6. Rock-slide grave about 100 feet up the
hillside at the top of a rock-slide on a point south of
the Yakima River about 2 miles northeast and above the
mouth of the Naches River. The bones were found in
excavating an adjacent barren grave, 5 feet to the
northeast and had probably been thrown out of this one on
top of it. Pieces of cedar were scattered around the
grave, which had been rifled. Its depth was 5 feet,
diameter 5 feet.

99-4317. Skull and one hip bone of an adult. Probably
from grave No. 6.

* * * * *

Grave No. 7. Rock-slide grave situated northeast of North
Yakima and about half a mile northeast of grave No. 6.
There is a road near the edge of the grave. The grave had
been rifled and pieces of wood were found lying near it;
the bones were scattered around and broken. None of them
were in anatomical order. Numbers 202-8153 to 202-8156
were found in this grave.

202-8153. One brass bell.

202-8154. Three glass beads.

202-8155. Two shell beads.

202-8156. Three dentalium shells.

* * * * *

Grave No. 8. Rifled rock-slide grave. The skeleton which
had been wrapped in cedar bark had been taken away.
Nothing besides the cedar bark was found. The grave was
found near No. 7 and about a half mile northeast of No.
6. Wood was lying near by. There was a road near the edge
of the grave which had been rifled.

* * * * *

Grave No. 9. Rock-slide grave found near No. 7 which was
situated about half a mile northeast of No. 6. The grave
contained nothing but charcoal. There was wood lying near
by. There was a road near the edge of the grave which had
been rifled.

* * * * *

Grave No. 10. Rock-slide grave excavated June 2, 1903.
This grave was 150 feet up the hill from the Naches
River, half a mile above its mouth and on the north side.
It was 5 feet long by 6 feet wide and 4 feet deep and had
been disturbed and many of the bones thrown out. Dry
poles and cedar boards lay around the top. Numbers
99-4318, 202-8157 to 202-8169 were found in this grave.

99-4318. An adult skull and skeleton with abnormality on
right malor and with one rib expanded, part of a young
adult skeleton and part of a child's skeleton were found.
Some of the bones were bleached. The adult and the child
were on the bottom. These two bodies had been wrapped in
bark and placed in a hole one foot deep in the ground
below the slide. The adult's head was to the west
southwest. On top and to the east northeast was the young
adult. Human hair was also found in grave No. 10.

202-8157. Four parts of the hearth of a fire drill,
similar to that used in the Thompson River region. See
Teit, (a) p. 203, for descriptions of fire drills (See
also Fig. 38.)

202-8158. Wolf or dog bones, some of them bleached.

202-8159. Part of a decorated wooden bow (Fig. 114).

202-8160a, b. Two pieces of a basket. Doubtless of a
finer stitch than those from the Thompson River Indians.
See Teit, (a), Fig. 131a and Figs. 143 to 146.

202-8161. Piece of coarse coil basket with splint
foundation and bifurcated stitch (Fig. 17).

202-8162. Piece of a stitched rush mat (p. 86).

The bill of a saw-bill duck was found but not preserved.

202-8163. Copper tubes with six beads, short sections of
dentalium shells, which were found from the top to the
bottom of the grave. These beads were strung.

202-8164. Four bone tubes found near the bottom and
mostly to the east northeast of the grave.

202-8165. Point made of bone found to the west northwest
in grave (Fig. 7).

202-8166. A perforated cylinder made of steatite found at
about the center of the grave (Fig. 99).

202-8167. Fishbone.

202-8168. Three pieces of yellow jasper (raw material).

202-8169a, b, c. Three small arrow points, one found on
center, one in east northeast part and one in south of
grave. _a_ is of brownish fissile jasper (Plate II. Fig.
2).

* * * * *

Grave No. 11. Rock-slide grave located on the north side
of the Naches River, a little over half a mile above its
mouth. The place is about 600 feet west southwest of
grave No. 10 and 150 feet above the river. It was 6 feet
by 4 feet in diameter and 4 feet deep. Apparently it had
been rifled as nothing was found in it except a skull and
a few bones.

99-4319. Skull, a lower jaw, and a few broken bones which
were scattered among the rocks. The skull was found in
the west southwest part of the grave with the face down.
The lower jaw was found in the southern part of the grave
about 1 foot higher up in the rocks.

* * * * *

Grave No. 12. Bluff pebble grave. We examined a ring of
river boulders on the twenty-acre farm of Mr. James
McWhirter, a boy about fifteen years old, twelve miles up
the Naches River on the crest of the foothill terrace
north of the road, and overlooking the bottom along the
north side of the Naches River. This grave was about 150
feet high above the river by about half a mile from it.
At first it looked like a little underground house site
or a shallow cache pit. (Museum negative, no. 44441, 1-2
for general locality.) James, who called our attention to
the pile of boulders, said that some one threw off part
in an abandoned attempt to dig the grave. We thought the
grave practically undisturbed and it proved to have been
the least disturbed of any we had found up to this point.
The outside of the ring was 10 feet east and west by 5
feet north and south. The inside of the ring or the space
surrounded was 6 feet east and west by 4 feet north and
south. Probably this grave was a boulder heap, the aspect
of a ring being given by the removal of the stones, i.e.,
this central space may be where stones were thrown off.
River boulders were found from top to bottom. The
boulders varied in weight from about 7 to 30 pounds. Most
of them were disk-shaped but some were oval. Numbers
99-4320 and 202-8170, 1 were found in this grave.

99-4320. An adult skeleton was found 4 feet deep with the
head towards the west, resting on its occiput. The skull
which was broken, faced south by east, with the mouth
open. The knees were north; the body was on its left side
and flexed. Over the north side of the knees was an
elliptically-shaped piece of cedar burned on the upper
side. It was about 2 feet wide by 4 feet long. A few
fragments of the skeleton of a child were found in the
grave. All the bones in the grave were very soft and as
the ends were broken off we discarded all but the skull
and a few of the bones of the child. Two shell disks
(202-8170,1) were found about 6 inches apart near the
neck, one at the south shoulder, and one at the south
side of the skull of the adult.

202-8170. Pendant of disk shape made of oyster shell with
one perforation near the edge (Fig. 94).

202-8171 Pendant of disk shape made of shell with two
perforations near one edge (Fig. 93).

* * * * *

Grave No. 13. Cremation circle, similar to several of the
others on the terrace northwest of the mouth of the
Naches River. This consisted of a ring of angular rocks
among which were no river pebbles, resembling a small
underground house site, 8 feet in diameter outside, 6
feet in diameter at the top of the rocks, 4-1/2 feet in
diameter inside, both east-west and north-south. It is
widest and built of largest stones on the side towards
the lower part of the terrace, suggesting that the ring
had slid down but the nearly level terrace would argue
against this idea. This grave was like a rock-slide
grave, filled with soil, but on a gently sloping terrace
instead of a steep slide. Photograph no. 44495, 5-8, from
the south shows a telegraph pole to left and a flume
across the Yakima River to the right. See also graves No.
14 and 15. Child bones, found two feet deep in volcanic
ash, were decayed and discarded. The tibiae were about
2-1/2 inches long.

* * * * *

Grave No. 14. This cremation circle was situated on the
terrace about 100 feet above the Naches River and about
250 yards north of the two bridges near its mouth. Plate
IX, Fig. 1 (photograph no. 44493, 5-6) shows this from
the east with telegraph poles beyond. The stone circle
measured 6 feet north and south inside (16 outside) by 7
feet east and west inside (14 outside). Our excavation
here was 6 by 5 by 4 feet deep. Fragments of charred
human bones, and some that seemed not to be charred, of
six or seven individuals were found from about 1 foot
deep down to 4 feet deep. Most of these were pieces of
skulls, but pieces of many other bones were found. The
bones which were most burned, were those found nearest
the surface. Much charcoal was seen. A layer of ashes
about 6 inches in thickness was found in the center. In
the northwest part of the hole a skeleton was found lying
on the left side flexed, the face east, and the head
north. This may have been buried after the others. The
bones were very much decomposed and the skull was broken
into small pieces. Numbers 202-8172 to 202-8174 were
found in this grave.

202-8172. A shell ornament found on the east side of the
skull.

202-8173. Two dentalium shells found on the west side of
the skull. Dentalium shells were found in all parts of
the excavation but were most numerous in the northeastern
parts.

202-8174. A shell ornament.

* * * * *

Grave No. 15. Cremation circle excavated on June 10, 11
and 12. Shown from the east in photograph No. 44494, 5-7.
It is 56 feet west of grave No. 14 and further up the
terrace. The outside circle of stones measured 15 feet
north and south by 15 feet east and west. The next circle
of stones measured 9 feet north and south by 9 feet east
and west. The space inside the stone circle measured 7
feet north and south by 7 feet east and west. The depth
varied from 2 feet 6 inches in the east and south parts
to 4 feet in the north and west parts below all of which
was a pitching layer of basaltic rocks. The three rings
of stones surrounded a hollow. The inner row was about 12
inches lower than the outer ring. Several boulders were
found in the grave. Ashes and lava composed the grave
soil. The whole cremation circle seemed to have been the
burned remains of a communal or family depository for the
dead, probably a hut like an underground winter house
walled around the edge of the roof with stones. Two
skeletons were found on the bottom, apparently not
burned, but much decayed. They were discarded. Numbers
202-8175 to 202-8182 were found in this grave.

202-8175. Charcoal was abundant but most of it was found
about 14 inches deep.

202-8176. Broken and charred human bones of about twelve
individuals were found throughout the grave in a space
about 8 by 5 feet beginning at the east inner ring of
stones and extending beyond the second circle on the
west. They were found from 8 inches deep to parts of the
bottom.

202-8177. Dentalium shells were very abundant.

202-8178. Engraved dentalium shells (Fig. 118).

202-8179. Several kinds of shell ornaments were found in
the northern and northwestern parts of the grave.

202-8180. Several burned pieces of shell.

202-8181. One piece of metal, probably copper.

202-8182. Several pieces of shell of different kinds.

* * * * *

Grave No. 16. Shallow cremation circle, 13 feet north and
south by 14 east and west (outside); 5 feet north and
south by 7 feet east and west (inside). Charred human
bones of a child about 10 years old were found.

* * * * *

Grave No. 17. Cremation circle situated 58 feet west from
grave No. 15 and 46 feet west from grave No. 16. Its
diameter was 13 feet east and west by 14 feet north and
south outside of all stones. The diameter was 5 feet east
and west by 6 feet north and south inside. At the middle
of the stone ring the diameter was 9 feet. The middle of
the excavation was 3 feet deep in volcanic ash. No
evidence of burning was found among the bones except the
presence of charcoal at a depth of four feet. Parts of at
least four skeletons, one adult, and children were found,
all much broken and separated. The bones were mostly in
the southwestern end of the excavation. No skull bones
were found except a lower jaw, while in grave No. 13 most
of the pieces found were of skulls. Numbers 202-8183 to
202-8185 were found here.

202-8183. Three shell ornaments found in the northeastern
part of the grave.

202-8184. Two dentalium shells found in the western part
of the excavation. These were the only two found in the
whole grave.

202-8185. Piece of copper found in the northwestern part
of the grave.

* * * * *

Grave No. 18. Cremation circle situated 84 feet south of
grave No. 14. This grave had possibly been rifled. The
stone circle was 15 feet in diameter outside and 9 feet
in diameter inside. The excavation was 2 feet, 6 inches
to 3 feet 6 inches deep. Excavation 7 feet by 6 feet.
Some fragments of human bones were found on the surface.
There were more stones mixed in the earth than in the
graves previously excavated here; viz: Nos. 13 to 17.
Ashes were abundant especially at the bottom. Many pieces
of much broken human bones were found but not as many as
were seen in grave No. 15 and they were less burned than
in that grave. Numbers 202-8186 to 202-8187 were found in
this grave.

202-8186. Two engraved dentalium shells.

202-8187. Two dentalium shells of which one was crushed
and discarded. A broken flat shell ornament which we also
discarded, was found here.

* * * * *

Graves Nos. 19-20. These cremation circles were of the
usual construction, showed nothing new and contained no
specimens.

* * * * *

Grave No. 21. Cremation rectangle last explored on the
terrace near the mouth of the Naches River and situated
300 feet northwest from the two bridges. The rectangular
enclosure was bounded by a single row of stones, but on
the south several rows were placed outside to conform
with the slope of the hill covering a semi-circular area,
while on the west was a second row of marking stones. It
was 12 feet long north and south by 8 feet wide east and
west and 3 feet, 6 inches deep. Part of a child's skull,
two scapulae, two tibiae, and a piece of a femur of
another child; bones of a young adult; a small piece of
skull and part of a femur of an adult were found. All
the bones were in a poor state of preservation. Numbers
202-8188 to 202-8189 were found in this grave.

202-8188. Dentalium shells.

202-8189. A shell ornament was found in this excavation.
A piece of beaver tooth and several pieces of decayed
cedar were also found and discarded.

* * * * *

99-4321. See grave No. 25.

* * * * *

Grave No. 22. Rock-slide grave located near the top of
the slide and above the flume on the southern side of the
Yakima Ridge on the northern side of the Yakima River
about a mile eastward from the mouth of the Naches River.
Traces of wrappings of stitched rush matting were seen in
the grave.

99-4322. Adult skeleton, partly bleached, flexed on back,
head north as shown in situ after removing covering rocks
in photograph (no. 44516, 7-6 from the south by west),
Plate VIII, Fig. 2 (pp. 15 and 142).

* * * * *