Chapter XI: The Audiencia and the Church: the Ecclesiastical Jurisdiction (2)

Clemente XIV y los Jesuitas, ó sea la historia de la destrucción
de los Jesuitas. Madrid, 1848.

Histoire religieuse politique et littéraire de la Compagnie de
Jésus. 5 vols. Paris, 1859.

Cunningham, Charles Henry

"Origin of the friar lands question in the Philippines," in The
American political science review, X, 463-480.

"The ecclesiastical influence in the Philippines," in The American
journal of theology, XXII, 161-186.

"The inquisition in the Philippines," in The Catholic historical
review, III, 417-445.

"The institutional background of Spanish-American history,"
in The Hispanic American review, I, 24-39.

"The question of ecclesiastical visitation in the Philippines,"
in The Pacific Ocean in history (Stephens and Bolton, editors),
223-237. New York, 1917.

"The residencia in the Spanish colonies," in The Southwestern
historical quarterly, XXI, 253-278.

Danvila y Collado, Manuel

El poder civil en España. 6 vols. Madrid, 1885-1886.

Historia del reinado de Carlos III. 6 vols. Madrid, 1893.

Significación que tuvieron en el gobierno de América la casa de
contratación de Sevilla y el consejo supremo de Indias. Madrid,
1892.

Decretos creando y organizando el cuerpo de administración civil
de Filipinas. Madrid, 1870.

Decretos de la Reina Doña Isabel II, ... desde 1834 hasta Diciembre
de 1836. 2 vols. Madrid, 1835-1837.

Decretos del rey Don Fernando VII ... desde el 4 de Mayo de 1814,
hasta fin de Diciembre de 1831 ... y ... desde 1832, hasta fin
de Diciembre de 1833. 18 vols. Madrid, 1818-1834.

Delgado, Juan

Historia general sacro-profana, política y natural de las islas
del Poniente, llamadas Filipinas. Manila, 1892.

Desdevises du Dezert, Gastón

L'Espagne de l'ancien règime. 3 vols. 1897-1904.

"Vice-rois et capitaines gènèraux des Indes espagnoles a la fin
du XVIII e siècle," in the Revue historique, CXXV, 223-264; CXXVI,
14-60, 225-270.

Díaz, Casimiro

Conquistas de las islas Filipinas. Valladolid, 1890 [First
ed. 1718.]

Elliott, Charles Burke

The Philippines; to the end of the military regime; to the end
of the commission government. 2 vols. Indianapolis, 1916, 1917.

Escriche, Joaquín

Diccionario razonado de legislación y jurisprudencia. 3d ed.,
2 vols. Madrid, 1847.

Estadística de las causas criminales, negocios civiles y
expedientes de gobierno despachados por la audiencia de Manila
durante el año de 1876. Manila, 1877.

Estadística general de los negocios terminados y pendientes
de despacho en la real audiencia de Filipinas en fin de año de
1867. Manila, 1869.

Estadística judicial de negocios despachados por la real audiencia
de Cebú en 1886. Cebú, 1887.

Suplemento al diccionario razonado de legislación y
jurisprudencia. Madrid and Santiago, 1851.

Fabie, Antonio María

Ensayo histórico de la legislación española. Madrid, 1896.

Fernández Martín, Manuel de

Compilación legislativa del gobierno y administración civil en
ultramar. 15 vols. Madrid, 1888-1898.

Ferrando, Juan

Historia de dos PP. Domínicos en las islas Filipinas. Madrid,
1870-1872.

Fonseca, Fabián, and Urrutia, Carlos de

Historia general de la real hacienda. 6 vols. Mexico, 1845-1853.

Ford, Worthington Chauncey

"Public records in our dependencies," in American Historical
Association, Annual report, 1904, 131-147. Washington, 1905.

Foreman, John

The Philippine Islands. London, 1906.

Gaceta de Manila, La

Publicación oficial, diaria, en la que aparecían todos los
decretos, reales órdenes y demás disposiciones dictadas por las
autoridades en las cuestiones de gobierno, fomento, hacienda,
estado, gracia, y justicia, administración.... Fué creada en
substitución del Boletín Oficial por real orden de 18 de Mayo de
1860 y publicó su último número el 12 de Agosto de 1898. Manila,
1860-1898.

Garcia Icazbalceta, Joaquín

Don Fray Juan de Zumárraga. Mexico, 1881.

Gómez Zamora, Matias

Regio patronato, español é indiano. Madrid, 1897.

Govantes, Felipe María de

Compendio de la historia de Filipinas. Manila, 1877.

Vida de Don Simón de Anda y Salazar. Manila, 1862.

Grau y Monfalcón, Juan

Memorial informatorio al rey ... por la ... ciudad de Manila
sobre las pretensiones de aquella ciudad, é islas, y sus vecinos,
y moradores, y comercio con la Nueva España. Madrid, 1637.

Justificación de la conservación, y comercio de las islas
Filipinas. Madrid, 1640.

Griffin, George Butler

"A brief bibliographical sketch of the Recopilación de Indias,"
in Historical Society of Southern California, Publications,
1887. San Francisco, 1888.

Hackett, Charles Wilson

"Delimitation of political jurisdictions in Spanish North America
to 1535," in The Hispanic American historical review, I, 40-69.

Hartzenbusch, Eugenio

Apuntes para un catálogo de periódicos Madrileños. Madrid, 1894.

Helps, Arthur

The Spanish conquest in America. 4 vols. New York,
1900-1904. M. Oppenheim, ed. [First ed., London, 1855-61.]

Hernáez, Francisco Javier

Colección de bulas, breves y otros documentos relativos á la
Iglesia de América y Filipinas. 2 vols. Bruselas, 1879.

Histoire de la persecution de deux saints evêques par les Jesuites,
... l'un Dom Bernardin de Cardenas, evêque du Paraguay dans
l'Amerique meridionale, l'autre Dom Philippe Pardo, archêveque
de l'Eglise de Manila, metropolitaine des isles Philippines dans
les Indies Orientales. Manila, 1691.

Humboldt, Alexander von

Political essay on the kingdom of New Spain. 4 vols. London, 1811.

Instrucción que los virreyes de Nueva España dejaron á sus
sucesores. 2 vols. Mexico, 1873.

Jagor, Feodor

Viages por Filipinas tradueidas del alemán por S. Vidal y
Solar. Madrid, 1875.

Juan de la Concepción

See Concepción.

Lafuente, Modesto

Historia general de España. 25 vols. Barcelona, 1889-1890.

Lannoy, Charles de

L'expansion coloniale du Portugal jusqu' au début du XIXe siècle,
in Lannoy and Vander Linden, Histoire de l'expansion coloniale
des peuples européens: Portugal et Espagne. Bruxelles, Paris, 1907.

La Pérouse, Jean Francois de Galaup

Voyage de La Pérouse autour du monde. Paris, 1797.

Lea, Henry Charles

A history of the inquisition in Spain. 4 vols. New York, 1906-1907.

The inquisition in the Spanish dependencies. New York, 1908.

Legentil de la Galaisière, Guillaume, Joseph Hyacinthe Jean Baptiste

Voyage dans les mers de l'Inde, fait par ordre du roi, à l'occasion
du passage de Vénus, sur le disque de soleil, le 6 juin 1761, &
le 3 du même mois 1769. 2 vols. Paris, 1779-1781.

Leroy, James A.

The Americans in the Philippines. 2 vols. Boston and New York,
1914.

"The Philippine 'situado' from the treasury of New Spain," in
The American historical review, X, 929-932; XI, 722-723.

Review: Blair and Robertson (editors), The Philippine Islands,
1493-1898, in The American historical review, XI, 681-687; XII,
143-145; 912-915.

Leroy-Beaulieu, Paul

De la colonization chez les peuples modernes. 2 vols. Paris, 1902.

Lowery, Woodbury

The Spanish settlements within the present limits of the United
States, 1513-1561. New York, 1901.

Malcolm, George A.

The government of the Philippine Islands, its development and
fundamentals. Rochester, 1916.

Mallat de Bassilau, Jean

Les Philippines; histoire, géographie, moeurs, agriculture,
industrie et commerce des colonies espagnoles dans l'Oceanie. 2
vols. Paris, 1846.

Marichalar, A., and Manrique, Cayetano

Historia de la legislación y recitaciones del derecho civil de
España. 9 vols. Madrid, 1861-1872.

Martínez Alcubilla, Marcelo

Diccionario de la administración española, peninsular y
ultramarina. 12 vols. Madrid, 1868.

Martínez de Zúñiga, Joaquín

An historical view of the Philippine Islands: exhibiting their
discovery, population, language, government, manners, customs,
productions and commerce. Translated by John Mayer. London, 1814.

Estadismo de las islas Filipinas, ó mis viajes por este
país.... Publica esta obra por primera vez extensamente anotada
W. E. Retana. 2 vols. Madrid, 1893.

Historia de las islas Filipinas. 2 vols. Sampaloc, 1803.

Mas, Sinibaldo de

Informe sobre el estado de las islas Filipinas en 1842. Madrid,
1843.

Maurtua, Victor N.

Antecedentes de la Recopilación de Indias. Madrid, 1906.

Medina, José Toribio

Bibliografía española de las islas Filipinas (1523-1810). Santiago
de Chile, 1897-1898.

Historia del tribunal del Santo Oficio de la inquisición en
Chile. 2 vols. Santiago de Chile, 1890.

Mendízabal, Francisco

Investigaciones acerca del origen, historia y organización de la
real chancillería de Valladolid, su jurisdicción y competencia,
in Revista de archivos, bibliotecas y museos, tercera época, XXX,
(1914), 62-72; 243-264, 437-452. Madrid, 1914.

Mendieta, Gerónimo de

Historia eclesiástica Indiana. Mexico, 1870.

Montemayor y Córdoba, Juan Francisco

Sumarios de las cédulas, ordenes y provisiones reales ... para
la Nueva España y otras partes. Mexico, 1678.

Montero y Vidal, José

El archipiélago Filipino y las islas Marianas, Carolinas, y Palaos;
su historia, geografía y estadística. Madrid, 1886.

Historia general de Filipinas desde el descubrimiento de dichas
islas hasta nuestros días. 3 vols. Madrid, 1887-1895.

Morga, Antonio de

Sucesos de las islas Filipinas. Obra publicada en Méjico el año
de 1609, nuevamente sacada á luz y anotada por José Rizal. Paris,
1890. [First ed., Mexico, 1609. English translation by Henry
Stanley, London, 1868.]

Moses, Bernard

South America on the eve of emancipation. New York, 1908.

The establishment of Spanish rule in America. New York, 1898.

The Spanish dependencies in South America. 2 vols. London, 1914.

Murillo Velarde, Pedro

Historia de la provincia de Philipinas de la Compañia de
Jesus. Manila, 1749.

Navarrete, Martín Fernández de

Colección de los viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar
los Españoles desde fines del siglo xv. 5 vols. Madrid, 1825-1837.

New laws of the Indies for the good treatment and preservation
of the Indians (1542-1543). London, 1893.

Ordenanza general formada de orden de Su Majestad para el gobierno
é instrucción de intendentes subdelegados y demás empleados de
Indias. Madrid, 1803.

Ordenanzas para el régimen y gobierno de la real Audiencia
de Manila con el reglamento para su secretaría, aprobadas las
primeras por real decreto.... Manila, 1868.

Pardo de Tavera, Trinidad Hipólito

Biblioteca Filipina. Washington, 1903.

Reseña histórica de Filipinas desde su descubrimiento hasta
1903. Manila, 1906.

"The judiciary of the Philippine Islands," in Census of the
Philippine Islands, I, 389-410. Washington, 1905.

"The power of the monastic orders," in Census of the Philippine
Islands, I, 340-346. Washington, 1905.

Parrás, Pedro Joseph

Gobierno de los regulares de la América. 2 vols. Madrid, 1783.

Pastels, Pablo

See Colín, Francisco.

Misión de la compañia de Jesús de Filipinas en el siglo XIX. 3
vols. Barcelona, 1917.

Pérez y López, Antonio Xavier

Teatro de la legislación de España é Indias. 28 vols. Madrid,
1791-1798.

Pons, Francisco Raymond Joseph de

A voyage to the eastern part of Tierra Firma, or the Spanish
Main, in South America, during the years 1801, 1802, 1803 and
1804. Tr. [from the French] by an American gentleman. New York,
1806. [First ed., Paris, 1806.]

Prescott, William H.

History of the conquest of Mexico. Philadelphia, 1890.

Priestley, Herbert I.

José de Gálvez: visitor-general of New Spain, 1765-1771. Berkeley,
1916.

Puga, Vasco de

Provisiones, cédulas, instrucciónes de su magestad de esta
Nueva España (1525-1563). 2 vols. Mexico, 1878-1879. [First ed.,
Mexico, 1563.]

Real ordenanza de 13 de Octubre para el restablicimiento é
instrucción de intendentes de provincias y exércitos. Madrid, 1749.

Real ordenanza para el establicimiento é instrucción de intendentes
de exército y provincia en el virreinato de Buenos Ayres. Madrid,
1782.

Real ordenanza para el establicimiento y instrucción de intendentes
de exército y provincia en el reino de la Nueva España. Madrid,
1786.

Reales ordenanzas formadas por el superior gobierno y real acuerdo
de estas islas en 26 de Febrero de 1768. Para el buen gobierno
de los gobernadores, corregidores y alcaldes mayores de sus
provincias. Manila, 1834.

Recopilación de leyes de los reinos de las Indias. 5th ed.,
2 vols. Madrid, 1841. [1st ed., 4 vols., Madrid, 1681; 2d ed.,
4 vols., Madrid, 1754; 3d ed., 4 vols., Madrid, 1774; 4th ed.,
3 vols., Madrid, 1791.]

Retana, Wencesláo Emelio

Catálogo abreviado de la biblioteca Filipina. Madrid, 1898.

Ricafort, Mariano

Reglamento para establecer la comisión de policía, ordenada con
acuerdo de la real audiencia de las islas Filipinas. Sampáloc,
1826.

Robertson, James Alexander

Bibliography of the Philippine Islands. Cleveland, 1908.

"Catholicism in the Philippines," in The Catholic historical
review, III, 375-391.

"Legaspi and Philippine colonization," in American Historical
Association, Annual report, 1907, I, 143-156. Washington, 1908.

"Notes on the archives of the Philippines," in American Historical
Association, Annual report, 1910, 423-425. Washington, 1912.

"The social structure of, and idea of law among, early Philippine
peoples; and a recently-discovered pre-hispanic criminal code
of the Philippine Islands," in The Pacific Ocean in history
(Stephens and Bolton, editors), 160-191. New York, 1917.

Robertson, William

The history of the discovery and settlement of America. New York,
1858. [First ed., London, 1777.]

Rodríguez Bérriz, Miguel

Diccionario de la administración de Filipinas. 17 vols. Manila,
1887.

Rodríguez San Pedro, Joaquín

Legislación ultramarina, publicada con la colaboración de Chorot,
Pierre, y Gonzales Junguitú. 16 vols. Madrid, 1865-1869.

Roscher, Wilhelm Georg Friedrich

The Spanish colonial system. E. G. Bourne, ed. New York, 1904.

Salazar, Domingo de

Carta relación de las cosas de la China y de los Chinos del Parián
de Manila, enviada al rey Felipe II desde Manila el 24 de Junio
de 1590. Madrid, 1897.

Salazar, Vicente de

Historia de la provincia de santissimo rosario de
Philipinas. Manila, 1742.

San Agustín, Gaspar de

Conquistas de las islas Filipinas. Madrid, 1698.

San Antonio, Juan Francisco de

Chrónicas de la apostólica provincia de San Gregorio de religiosos
descalzos de N. S. P. S. Francisco en las islas Philipinas, China,
Japón. 3 vols. Manila, 1738-1744.

Santa Cruz, Baltasar de

Tomo segundo de la historia de la provincia de Santo Rosario de
Filipinas. Zaragoza, 1693.

Schmidt, Gustavus

The civil law of Spain and Mexico. New Orleans, 1851.

Schurz, William Lytle

"The Chinese in the Philippines," in The Pacific Ocean in history
(Stephens and Bolton, editors), 214-222. New York, 1917.

"The Manila galleon and California," in The Southwestern historical
quarterly, XXI, 107-126.

Shepherd, William R.

Guide to the materials for the history of the United States in
Spanish archives. Washington, 1907.

Smith, Donald Eugene

The viceroy of New Spain. Berkeley, 1913.

Sobre una reseña histórica de Filipinas. Colección de articulos
que han visto la luz pública ... en refutación de los calumniosos
errores que el Doctor T. H. Pardo de Tavera ha escrito contra las
beneméritas ordenes religiosas de Filipinas en su reseña histórica,
impresa en Manila. Manila, 1906.

Solórzano Pereira, Juan de

Política Indiana. Madrid, 1776. [First ed., Madrid, 1647.]

Superior decreto sobre las funciones que debe llenar el
Sr. Intendente de Manila tocante al tesoro agricultural é
industrial del reino. Manila, 1829.

Stephens, H. M., and Bolton, H. E. (editors)

The Pacific Ocean in history. New York, 1917.

Ulloa, Antonio de, and Juan y Santacilla, Jorge

Noticias secretas de América. Londres, 1826. [Abridged and
translated into English, Boston, 1851.]

United States, Library of Congress

Bibliography of the Philippine Islands: a list of books with
references to periodicals on the Philippine Islands in the Library
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Vander Linden, Herman

L'expansion coloniale de l'Espagne jusqu'au début du XIXe siècle,
in Lannoy and Vander Linden, Histoire de l'expansion coloniale
des peuples européens: Portugal et Espagne. Bruxelles, Paris, 1907.

Veitia Linaje, Joseph de

Norte de la contratación de las Indias Occidentales. Seville, 1672.

Vindel, Pedro

Biblioteca oriental ... relativas á Filipinas, Japón, China y
otras partes de Asia y Oceanía. Madrid, 1911.

Worcester, Dean Conant

The Philippines, past and present. 2 vols. New York, 1914.

Zamora y Coronado, José María

Apéndice al registro de legislación ultramarina. Havana, 1835.

Biblioteca de legislación ultramarina en forma de diccionario
alfabético. 7 vols. Madrid, 1844-1849.

Zúñiga

See Martínez de Zúñiga, Joaquin.

MANUSCRIPT MATERIALS FROM THE ARCHIVE OF THE INDIES [884]

I. Audiencia de Filipinas.

(a) Ramo Secular.

1584-1700: Consultas originales correspondientes de esta Audiencia. 67-6-3. [885]

1568-1808: Registros de oficios y partes: reales ordenes dirigidas á las autoridades y particulares de la audiencia. 105-2-11 to 18. 8 legajos.

1594-1698: Decretos originales correspondientes á dicha audiencia. 67-6-4.

1600-1700: Peticiones y memoriales sueltos decretados por el Consejo. 67-6-5.

1567-1699: Cartas y expedientes del Gobr. de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo. 67-6-6 to 17. 12 legajos.

1583-1699: Cartas y expedientes del presidente y oidores de esta audiencia vistos en el Consejo. 67-6-18 to 26. 7 legajos.

1564-1699: Cartas y expedientes de los oficiales reales de Filipinas vistos en el Consejo. 67-6-29 to 33. 5 legajos.

1565-1650: Cartas y expedientes de personas seculares de dicha audiencia. 67-6-34 to 42. 9 legajos.

1629-1791: Reales cédulas, mercedes y informes sobre encomiendas. 105-2-24.

1651-1699: Cartas y expedientes de personas seculares de esta audiencia. 68-1-1 to 2. 2 legajos.

1616-1700: Confirmaciones de encomiendas de Indios. 68-1-5 to 16. 12 legajos.

1572-1691: Autos y otros papeles del Gobernador de Filipinas Don Juan de Silva contra los oficiales reales sobre uso excesivo de sus oficios. 68-1-21.

1670: Expediente formado de los procedimientos de Don Francisco Samaniego Tuesta, Oidor de la Audiencia de Manila. 68-1-23.

1615-1837: Materias gubernativas. 105-3-12.

1608-1762: Cartas y expedientes del presidente y oidores de aquella audiencia. 68-4-12 to 35. 24 legajos.

1622-1825: Reales cédulas, nombramientos y informes acerca del presidente, oidores y subalternos de la audiencia. 106-2-15.

1651-1850: Duplicados de gobernadores de Filipinas. 105-4-7 to 24; 105-5-1 to 24; 105-6-1 to 24; 105-7-1 to 24; 106-1-1 to 27; 106-2-1 to 14. 111 legajos.

1670-1831: Inventario de cédulas y consultas. 105-2-5.

1671-1756: Indices de la correspondencia del gobor., auda., oficiales reales y sugetos particulares del distrito de aquella real audiencia. 68-2-30.

1675-1765: Cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas. 68-3-4 to 33 and 68-4-1 to 11. 40 legajos.

1684-1744: Expediente sobre la expulsión de los Sangleyes. 68-5-16.

1685-1688: Testimonios de autos obrados en Acapulco, Méjico y Filipinas, en razón de descubrir los bienes del gobernador de Manila, Don Juan de Vargas Hurtado y su cuñado Don Francisco Guerrero Ardila. 68-1-24.

1687-1690: Testimonios de autos sobre la rebelión, conversión y expulsión de los Sangleyes de China. 68-1-25.

1699-1760: Cartas y expedientes del Virrey de Nueva España que tratan de asuntos de Filipinas. 68-3-1 to 3. 3 legajos.

1703-1850: Duplicados del presidente y oidores de la Audiencia de Filipinas. 106-2-17 to 25; 106-3-1 to 28; 106-4-1 to 21. 58 legajos.

1711-1722: Expte. sobre la restitución de las plazas de oidores de la Audiencia de Manila á Don Gregorio Manuel de Villa y Don José Antonio Pabón; y lo resuelto contra Don José Torralba, oidor de la misma audiencia. 68-5-30 to 31. 2 legajos.

1715-1727: Expte. sobre los procedimientos del Gobr. Don Fernando Bustillo Bustamante y sobre la muerte violenta que sufrió dicho gobernador y su hijo. 68-6-1 to 5. 5 legajos.

1718-1784: Expte. sobre competencia entre el gobernador y audiencia sobre remisión a España bajo partida de registro de Don Diego Martínez de Araque, regente de la misma y otros ministros. 106-5-1 to 3. 3 legajos.

1728-1829: Remisiones al consejo, cámara y ministros. 105-3-10 to 11. 2 legajos.

1729-1748: Gobiernos de los capitanes generales, Marqués de Torre Campo, Don Fernández Valdés Tamón, Don Gaspar de la Torre, é interino del Obispo de Nueva Segovia. 105-3-25.

1740: Duplicados de la causa criminal y prisión de Don Cristobal Pérez de Arroyo, fiscal de aquella audiencia, remitido por el gobernador. 106-4-23 to 28. 6 legajos.

1746-1767: Gobierno del capitán-general, Marqués de Obando. 105-3-26.

1752-1762: Gobiernos de los capitanes-generales, Don Pedro Manuel de Arandía y Don José de Crispo. 105-4-1.

1753: Correspondencia del Gobernador Marqués de Obando, dando noticias del estado de aquellas Islas. 105-4-2.

1755-1789: Expediente sobre expulsión de los Sangleyes ó Chinos Católicos por delitos de infidelidad y otros durante la ocupación de la plaza por los Ingleses. 107-2-27 to 30. 4 legajos.

1759-1821: Correspondencia con gobernadores. 105-4-3 to 4. 2 legajos.

1762-1766: Expediente de la reclamación hecha por Inglaterra de dos miliones de pesos capitulados en la toma de la plaza de Manila. 107-3-1 to 2. 2 legajos.

1765-1824: Informes sobre materias gubernativas. 105-3-13 to 14. 2 legajos.

1769-1780: Gobierno del Capitán-General Don Simón de Anda. 105-4-5.

1776-1787: Gobierno de los Capitanes-Generales Don José Vazco y Vargas y Don Felipe Veringuer de Marquina. 105-4-6.

1691-1819: Informe sobre el ramo de tributos y renumeración de Indios. 108-1-9.

1682: Materias de real hacienda. 107-3-12.

1733-1824: Materias gubernativas de la real hacienda. 107-3-11.

1751-1833: Expte. sobre bienes de difuntos. 107-3-9.

1755-1830: Cuentas de tributos, contribución directa y ramo á cargo de los corregidores y alcaldes mayores. 108-1-10 to 13. 4 legajos.

1759-1833: Cuentas de real hacienda. 107-7-25 to 32; 108-1-1 to 8. 16 legajos.

1762-1765: Expte. relativo al sitio y toma de Manila por los Ingleses. 107-3-3 to 6. 4 legajos.

1773-1821: Expedientes de provisiones de empleos de real hacienda. 107-3-13 to 14. 2 legajos.

1783: Expte. sobre avalúo de la alcaicería de San Fernando, manejo, ejercicio y facultades de su castellano y lo actuado contra Don Fernando de Mier y Noriega que fué el primero. 107-3-8.

1787-1849: Duplicados de superintendentes é intendentes de ejército y real hacienda. 107-5-15 to 31; 107-6-1 to 31; 107-7-1 to 21. 69 legajos.

1784-1787: Expediente sobre establicimiento de intendencias y sub-intendencias. 107-5-14.

1794: Expte. de Don Frco. Fernández Cendero, Alcalde Mayor y Capitán de Guerra de la provincia de Ilocos, sobre su residencia pendiente de informe de la audiencia. 106-5-4.

(b) Ramo Eclesiástico.

1579-1697: Cartas y expedientes del Arzobispo de Manila. 68-1-32 and 33. 2 legajos.

1569-1700: Cartas y expedientes de los misioneros de Filipinas. 68-1-37 to 41. 5 legajos.

1570-1696: Cartas y expedientes de personas eclesiásticas de Filipinas. 68-1-42 to 44. 3 legajos.

1586-1700: Cartas y expedientes del cabildo eclesiástico de Filipinas. 68-1-35 to 36. 2 legajos.

1597-1698: Cartas y expedientes de los obispos sufraganeos de Manila, á saber, Nueva Segovia, Nueva Cáceres, Santissimo Nombre de Jesús o Cebú. 68-1-34.

1626-1795: Reales cédulas y informes sobre diezmos. 108-5-24.

1681-1689: Testimonios de autos respectivos al Arzobispo de Manila y otros. 68-2-1 to 2. 2 legajos.

1692: Expte. sobre la extrañeza y prisión del Arzobispo de Manila Don Fray Felipe Pardo y discordias ocuridas entre las religiones de Santo Domingo y la Compañia de Jesus. 68-2-4 to 5. 2 legajos.

1702-1832: Consultas de materias y provisiones eclesiásticas. 108-5-21 to 22. 2 legajos.

1726-1815: Reales cédulas y informes sobre medias anatas y mesadas eclesiásticas. 108-5-19.

1751: El Gobernador Marqués de Obando da cuenta con testimonio de los informes que se han podido adquirir sobre el número de religiosos que hay en aquellas islas y de los que necesitan para la reducción de los indios gentiles. 108-6-27 to 28. 2 legajos.

1760: Expte. del Obispo de Cebú, gobernador interino de aquellas Yslas y el Arzobispo de Manila sobre en cual de los dos había de recaer el mando de ellas. 108-6-29.

1762: Expte. sobre embargo de bienes de Don Santiago de Orendain y su mujer Doña Maria Dominga Arráez, vecinos de Manila, por deudas al ramo de bulas de la Cruzada y otros excesos. 108-7-18 to 19. 2 legajos.

1769: Pliegos remitidos al Consejo por el arzobispo para S. S. sobre el estado de curato y fundamentos de los regulares para eximirse de la jurisdicción del diocesano. 108-6-5 to 6. 2 legajos.

1772: Expte. sobre la remoción de los religiosos de S. Agustín de las doctrinas de la Provincia de Pampanga, secularización de curatos de aquellas Yslas y sujeción de las religiones al real patronato y visita de los ordinarios. 108-6-31 to 35. 5 legajos.

1777: Expte. sobre competencia entre el Arzobispo de Manila, Obispo Sufragano de Nueva Cáceres, vice-patrono real y fiscal de la real audiencia, por disposición al presbítero Don Vicente Ygnacio de Arroyo del curato de Santa Cruz. 108-6-36.

1778: Expte. sobre aprobación de las ordenanzas de la Casa de Misericordia de Manila é el permiso concedido para que esta pueda remitir sus cuentas sin intervención de la real audiencia. 106-5-8.

1778: Expte. de la real audiencia sobre el espolio del Arzobispo Don Manuel Antonio Rojo y demandas introducidas contra él. 108-7-1 to 2. 2 legajos.

1780: Cuatro exptes. unidos sobre pago de diezmo por los religiones y naturales de aquellas Yslas, sin embargo de no estar en practica.... 108-7-3.

II. Secretaria de Nueva España.

(a) Ramo Secular y Eclesiástico.

1630-1759: Consultas y decretos originales. 68-2-8 to 12. 5 legajos.

1671-1756: Indices de la correspondencia del gobernador, audiencia, oficiales reales y sugetos particulares del distrito de aquella audiencia. 68-2-31.

(b) Ramo Secular.

1724: Expte. sobre el registro del galeón de Filipinas nombrado el Santo Cristo de Burgos que hizo viage el año 1723 desde el puerto de Cavite al de Acapulco. 68-6-11.

1728-1732: Expte. de la Hermandad de la Misericordia de Manila sobre amplificación de sus facultades y privilegios. 68-6-16.

1735-1741: Expte. sobre los 162,992 pesos que se sacaron del comercio. 68-6-23.

1739-1746: Testimonio de autos originados sobre la visita y composición de tierras encargadas al Oidor Don Pedro Calderón, del Consejo de S. M. 68-6-26.

1740-1744: Expte. sobre la prisión y causa criminal seguida contra Don Cristobal Pérez de Arroyo, fiscal de la Audiencia de Manila. 68-6-28 to 31. 4 legajos.

1741-1751: Exptes. y autos sobre la sublevación de los pueblos tagalos y otros por vejaciones recibidas de los religiosos de Santo Domingo y San Agustín, pacificados por el Oidor Pedro Calderón. 68-6-40 to 44. 5 legajos.

1743: Testimonio de autos de la visita que hizo el Oidor Don José Ygnacio de Arzadún, remitidos por la Audiencia de Manila. 68-3-32 to 35. 4 legajos.

1743-1753: Exptes. sobre la presa que hicieron los Ingleses del navío Covadonga y libertad de los oficiales que mandaba.... 68-6-38 to 39. 2 legajos.

1745-1755: Exptes. del subdelegado Don Pedro Calderón de la Barca sobre tierras. 68-6-45.

1752-1755: Expte. sobre las altercaciones sufridas por el comercio de Filipinas á causa de las novedades introducidas por el Gobernador Marqués de Obando. 68-6-50-51. 2 legajos.

1756-1758: Expte. sobre los excesos cometidos por el Gobernador Don Pedro Manuel de Arandía. 68-6-53.

1644-1760: Provisiones de plazas togados de la Audiencia de Manila. 69-1-1.

1654-1745: Testimonios de autos que se hallaron sin cartas de remisión entre los papeles del distrito de la Audiencia de Manila. 69-1-13 to 17. 5 legajos.

(c) Ramo Eclesiástico.

1660-1761: Cartas y expedientes de personas eclesiásticas del distrito de aquella audiencia. 69-1-24 to 29. 6 legajos.

1604-1696: Expedientes sobre la visita de los religiosos por los ordinarios. 69-1-30 to 32. 3 legajos.

1691-1696: Exptes. sobre que en las vacantes del arzobispado de Manila, gobierne el cabildo eclesiástico. 69-1-34.

1698-1704: Expediente sobre la resistencia hecha por las religiones á presentar sus títulos de las tierras y estancias. 69-1-37.

1702-1761: Cartas y expedientes del Arzobispo de Manila. 69-1-18 to 20. 3 legajos.

1704-1719: Expte. sobre causa formada á Fray Bartólome Marrón, de la Orden de Predicadores, por un manifiesto esto que imprimió y publicó sobre varios puntos de real patronato. 69-1-38.

1710-1730: Expte. sobre corregir las ordenanzas del Colegio Seminario de San Felipe, etc. 69-1-40.

1730-1740: Tres testimonios de autos pertenecientes á un expediente ... del cabildo eclesiástico de Manila, sobre organización de boletas. 69-2-1.

1737-1746: Expte. sobre erección de un seminario para la educación de religiosos misioneros de la Orden de San Agustín. 69-2-3.

NOTES

[1] Vander Linden, in his L'expansion coloniale de L'Espagne (p. 360), states that the Philippine audiencia exercised fewer governmental functions than did the audiencias of New Spain and Peru. It is true that the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Manila was confined to a territory which was politically and economically of less importance to Spain and to the world in general than New Spain and Perú. It is the conviction of the writer that the distance and isolation of the Philippines, their proximity to Japan, China, and the hostile colonies of the Portuguese and the Dutch, the necessities of self-dependence and defense, the corruption of the governors and officials and the problem of dealing independently with the ecclesiastical organization within the colony, forced the Audiencia of Manila to take upon itself powers and responsibilities as extensive, at least, as were assumed by the Audiencia of Mexico.

[2] "Título expedido por los Reyes Católicos, 30 de Abril, 1492," in Navarrete, Colección de viages, II, 9-11; also see Vander Linden, op. cit., 277-283; 338.

[3] See Altamira, Historia de la civilización española, II, 477-480; Bancroft, History of Central America, I, 247-288; Helps, Spanish conquest, (1856), I, 187-227:

In the Spanish colonies an alcalde was usually an ordinary judge, not always trained in the law to the extent of being a letrado or togado. An alcalde ordinario or an alcalde de ayuntamiento tried cases in first instance. An alcalde mayor or an alcalde de partido might try cases on appeal from these. Generally speaking, alcaldes ordinarios were town judges, in contrast to alcaldes mayores who had provincial jurisdiction as well. Alcaldes ordinarios and regidores were members of the town ayuntamientos or cabildos (municipal councils). Regidores did not exercise judicial functions.

[4] Recopilación de leyes de los reinos de las Indias (hereinafter to be referred to as the Recopilación), lib. 2, tit. 2, ley 13. For an account of the Recopilación, see footnote 40, below.

[5] Bancroft, History of Central America, I, 269; see note 27 of this chapter.

[6] In some of the early Spanish colonies the alcalde was elected by his fellow-townsmen. He exercised the functions of judge and chief executive, subject to the governor, or adelantado, and in the absence of the latter assumed the government of the colony. Alcaldes in new settlements or on expeditions were different in character and exercised functions distinct from those of the alcaldes of the later periods. This earlier type probably existed in Española under Columbus (see Bancroft, History of Central America, I, 175, 330, note 7). That their duties varied in different colonies may be deduced from the statement of Bancroft that "the alcaldes mayores of New Spain under Cortés were merely entrusted with judicial powers ... later those of San Luís Potosí and other places acted also as lieutenants for captains-general, and exercised, in other respects, the duties and ceremonies of governors" (Bancroft, History of Mexico, III, 520). The term, therefore, does not always convey a clear impression of the exact nature of the duties attached to the office.

[7] Bancroft, History of Central America, I, 269.

[8] Altamira, Historia, II, 479.

[9] Bourne, Spain in America. 222; Vander Linden, L'expansion coloniale de l'Espagne, 339; see note in Bancroft, History of Central America, I. 280-283.

[10] Bourne, Spain in America, 222; Moses, The Spanish dependencies in South America. I, 250-1; see Col. Doc. Ined., XXXI, 139-155.

[11] Recopilación, 9-1-2, 5.

[12] Ibid., 2-2-82, auto 36; Desdevises du Dezert, Espagne de l'ancien régime. Les institutions. 100-101; see Veitia Linaje, Norte de la contratación de las Indias Occidentales, passim.

[13] Zamora y Coronado, Biblioteca de legislación ultramarina, 1, 450-451; II, 374 et seq.; also Recopilación, 9-1-1, note 1; Vander Linden, op. cit., 344.

[14] Desdevises du Dezert, op. cit., 100.

[15] Escriche, Diccionario, I, 578; see Desdevises du Dezert, Les institutions, 95-102; Robertson, History of America, IV (Book VIII), 21.

[16] Recopilación, 2-2-2.

[17] By the royal decree of March 24, 1834, the Consejo de Castilla and the Consejo de Indias were amalgamated. In place of these was created the Tribunal Supremo de España é Indias, with judicial functions and a Consejo Real de España é Indias for governmental and administrative affairs. On September 28, 1836, the Consejo Real de España é Indias was suppressed. On July 6, 1845, the Consejo de Estado assumed charge of affairs pertaining to the Indies, with a separate Ministerio de Ultramar. This reform was re-enacted on September 24, 1853 (Martínez Alcubilla, Diccionario, III, 313-315; Escriche, Diccionario, I, 578-579).

[18] It became the practice in later years to reward successful colonial administrators, including viceroys, governors, and magistrates, with membership in this council. Among those so elevated were Juan Solórzano y Pereyra, magistrate of the Audiencia of Perú, José de Gálvez, visitor of New Spain, Governor Simón de Anda y Salazar, and the able fiscal, Francisco Leandro de Viana, of the Philippines. These men rendered very distinguished service in the colonies.

[19] Recopilación, 2-15-2 to 14; see Danvila y Collado, Reinado de Carlos III, III, 151-157. No attempt is made here to indicate all subsequent changes.

[20] Oidor, a ministro togado who heard and sentenced civil suits in an audiencia (Escriche, Diccionario, II, 661). In this treatise the Spanish term oidor will be retained throughout to designate a magistrate of that particular class. Oidor is sometimes incorrectly translated into "auditor", which in English means a reviewer of accounts (Spanish, contador). The Spanish term auditor has a special meaning, referring to a particular kind of magistrate, as auditor de guerra, auditor de marina or auditor de rota (Escriche, Diccionario, I, 369-371). Blair and Robertson, in their Philippine Islands (Cleveland, 1908), have used the terms oidor and "auditor" interchangeably, or rather, in almost all cases they have translated oidor as "auditor", but this usage will not be followed here for the reasons given.

The oidor is also to be distinguished from the alcalde del
crimen. The latter existed only in the larger audiencias of
Mexico and Perú, or in Manila, Havana or Puerto Rico in the
later nineteenth century. Alcaldes del crimen in the sixteenth,
seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were subordinate in rank to
oidores, but by virtue of the reforms of 1812, 1836 and 1837, the
latter were required to be togados, and the ministers of all the
audiencias were placed in the same class. (Escriche, Diccionario,
I, 154; I, 363-369; II, 661; Bancroft, History of Central America,
I, 297; see also Pérez y López, Teatro de la legislación, XXI,
351-369; IV, 525-528; Martínez Alcubilla, Diccionario, I, 525-526.)

[21] The original cédulas refer to this audiencia as La Audiencia Real de la Nueva España--see Puga, Provisiones, cédulas, f. 7.

[22] Zamora y Coronado, Biblioteca, I, 452; I, 483-486; Martínez Alcubilla, Diccionario, VIII, under "Justicia". See also Danvila y Collado, Reinado de Carlos III, VI, 157-158.

[23] By the royal decree of May 23, 1879, the audiencias at Havana and Manila were each given a civil and criminal sala and a fiscal was provided for each sala as in the audiencias of Mexico and Lima. When it was necessary, oidores could be transferred from one sala to the other.--Colección legislativa de España, CXXII, 1093-1100.

[24] Recopilación, 2-15-1.

[25] See Professor Shepherd's brief description of the governmental machinery of Spain's colonies, in his Guide to the materials for the history of the United States in Spanish archives, 10-12; note also the articles recently published by Desdevises du Dezert in the Revue historique (CXXV, 225-264; CXXVI, 14-60, 225-270) under the title of "Vice-rois et capitaines généraux des Indes espagnoles a la fin du XVIII siècle."

[26] Recopilación, 2-15-17.

[27] Ibid., 2-15-2. Although the Recopilación and Danvila y Collado (cited in note 19) give the date of the establishment of the Audiencia of Santo Domingo as 1526, the royal decree issued at Pamplona, October 22, 1523, is addressed to nros oydores de la audiencia real de la Ysla Española (A. I., 139-1-6, tom. 9, fol. 225). There are various references antedating 1526 in this and the following legajo.

[28] Ibid., 2-15-3. For the exact limits of this audiencia see Puga, Provisiones, cédulas, ff. 12-13; 47-48, and Hackett, "Delimitation of political jurisdictions in Spanish North America to 1535," in Hispanic American Historical Review, I, 60, note 102.

[29] Ibid., 2-15-13, 14, 15.

[30] Ibid., 5-1-2, 3; 2-15-4, 12.

[31] Ibid., 5-1-16.

[32] Zamora y Coronado, Biblioteca, I, 486-487. The following will give some idea of the size and rank of the respective audiencias of the Spanish colonies in the later eighteenth century. This table was compiled from the Reglamento de 4 de Mayo, 1788 (Pérez y López, Teatro, IV, 522-524).

Audiencia. No. of No. of Magistrates. Salary of Total Salas. fiscales. regent, budget, pesos. pesos. Lima 2 2 15 10,000 95,000 Mexico 2 2 15 9,000 85,500 Charcas 1 2 5 9,725 43,745 Chile 1 2 5 9,720 43,740 Buenos 1 2 5 6,000 36,726 Ayres Manila 1 2 5 7,000 31,500 Guadalajara 1 2 5 6,600 29,700 Guatemala 1 2 5 6,600 29,700 Santo 1 2 5 6,600 29,700 Domingo Santa Fé 1 2 5 6,600 29,700 Quito 1 2 5 6,600 29,700 Cuzco 1 1 3 9,000 27,000 Caracas 1 1 3 5,000 18,200

[33] Solórzano y Pereyra, Política Indiana (Madrid, 1647). This was the first great general work on the political institutions of the Indies, and probably the most valuable and comprehensive of its kind ever published, barring possibly the Recopilación. It comprises history, description, law, discussions of suits and cases, litigation and legal citations. Its ample title-page states that it is "divided into six books, in which, with great distinction and study, are treated and resolved all matters relating to the discovery, description, acquisition and retention of the Indies, and their peculiar government, as well as concerning the persons of the Indians and their services, tributes, tithes and encomiendas, as concerning spiritual and ecclesiastical affairs and doctrine, inquisitors, commissaries of crusade and of the religious. And in regard to temporal affairs, concerning the secular magistrates, viceroys, presidents, audiencias, the Supreme Council and its junta de guerra, including a setting forth of the many royal cédulas which have been despatched for the latter." Solórzano y Pereyra contributed largely to the codification of the laws of the Indies.

[34] See Chapter X of this book.

[35] Recurso de fuerza, see footnote 3, Chapter XI of this work.

[36] The origin and nature of the acuerdo is explained in Chapter VI, note 78, of this book; see also Chapter III, note 37.

[37] The oficiales reales consisted of the tesorero (treasurer), contador (accountant) and factor (disbursing officer and supply agent). See Recopilación, 8-4-34, 35; 8-2-5, 6.

The laws of March 2, 1618, and of November 17, 1626, ordered that in colonies having audiencias the acuerdos de real hacienda should be attended by the president (governor or viceroy), fiscal, senior oidor, and oficial real, respectively. In case there were no audiencia, the session should then consist of all the oficiales reales and the governor, and then the votes of the treasury officials should be final (Recopilación, 8-3-8, 11, 12). Under certain circumstances the factor was assisted by a veedor and a proveedor. The duties of the latter officials were largely administrative (ibid., 8-4-38 to 39).

Bancroft (History of Mexico, III, 520) states that "the provinces of royal officials [oficiales reales] were merely revenue districts whose heads received their appointment from the king, and administered their office under a certain supervision from the viceroy and governors attending their councils; yet they were responsible only to the tribunal of finance in the viceregal capital, and this again reported direct to Spain." See also Priestley, José de Gálvez, 76-82.

[38] Bull of the Santa Cruzada, the apostolic bull by which the popes conceded certain indulgences to those who went to the conquest of Jerusalem, and later to the Spaniards who contributed alms to aid in the war against the Africans. It was called cruzada because the soldiers wore crosses as emblems (Escriche, Diccionario, I, 462). Funds for this purpose were raised in the Philippines, paid into the insular treasury and deducted from the subsidy at Acapulco (Recopilación, 1-20-24). As noted above, an oidor acted as asesor of these funds (ibid., 2-16-23).

[39] Solórzano y Pereyra, Política Indiana, II, 271-279.

[40] The first attempt at the codification of the laws for the governing of the colonies was made in New Spain in 1545, when the ordinances for the government of that viceroyalty and audiencia were printed. This collection was given the royal approval in 1548. A similar compilation was made in Perú in 1552 by Viceroy Mendoza. The first intimation of a universal code is to be found in the recommendations of the fiscal of the Council of the Indies, Francisco Hernández de Liebana, in 1552. On September 4, 1560, Luís Velasco, viceroy of New Spain, was ordered to print a compilation of laws for the Audiencia of Mexico. This commission was given to Oidor Puga of that tribunal and executed in 1563. In 1569 Viceroy Francisco Toledo was ordered to make a similar compilation for Perú, but the work was not completed at that time. The first volume actually printed by authority of the Council was accomplished in 1593. This was the beginning of the code of the Indies, but the volume which was published pertained only to the regimen of the Council of the Indies itself, and made no regulations for the colonies. A more extensive collection of provisions, letters, orders and cédulas was published on the authority of the Council by Diego de Encinas, a clerk of that tribunal, in 1596. In 1603, the Ordenanzas reales para la Casa de Contratación de Sevilla y para otras cosas de las Indias were printed in the same city. Another ordinance was published for the regulation of the contaduría mayor.

Various compilations were made by the oidores from time to time, either for their own use, or in compliance with the royal commands. Among the latter, perhaps the most famous and certainly the most useful was that of Juan de Solórzano y Pereyra, oidor of the Audiencia of Perú and later a member of the Council of the Indies. This collection was made at Lima in compliance with the commission of Philip IV, issued in 1610. The work, consisting of six volumes, received the stamp of royal approval on July 3, 1627. In 1623 León Pinelo published a Discurso sobre la importancia, forma, y disposición de la recopilación de leyes de Indias. On April 19 of that year Pinelo was ordered to make an examination of all the existing laws and cédulas relative to the government of the colonies, printed or in manuscript, with a view to codification. A magistrate named Aguilar y Acuña was ordered to collaborate with him. The result of these proceedings was a Sumario de la Recopilación General, which continued under process of compilation for a half century. It was finally perfected and published in 1677. In 1668 Pinelo's work was issued as the Autos acordados y decretos de gobierno del Real y Supremo Consejo de las Indias.

Although the collection was practically ready by 1677, it was not officially accepted until May 18, 1680. On that day it was promulgated by Charles II, king of Spain. On November 1, 1681, the work was ordered published by the India House, and the Recopilación de los Reynos de Indias was issued at Madrid in four volumes. Subsequent editions were printed in 1754, 1774, 1791 and 1841. The last-mentioned contains in its index reforms down to 1820. A Recopilación Sumaria was published in Mexico in two volumes in 1787. The compilations of Zamora y Coronado, Rodríguez San Pedro and Pérez y López, cited repeatedly in this work, contain later laws, and serve in the place of the Recopilación for the more recent periods.

Authorities: Solórzano y Pereyra, Política Indiana, I, Introduction; G. B. Griffin, "A brief bibliographical sketch of the Recopilación de Indias" in Historical Society of Southern California, Publications, 1887; Fabié, Ensayo histórico de la legislación española; Puga, Provisiones, cédulas, (1563); Garcia Icazbalceta, Bibliografía Mexicana del siglo XVI, (1886), 25-26; Bancroft, History of Mexico, III, 550-551; History of Central America, I, 225-288; Antequera, Historia de la legislación española, 480-483.

[41] Altamira, Historia, IV, 165-166.

[42] Recopilación, 5-2-2, 3, 7, 15, 19, 28. In this case a local military functionary.

[43] Ibid., 37, 39, 41; Moses, Establishment of Spanish Rule in America, 83-84; Vander Linden, L'expansion coloniale de l'Espagne, 345-361.

[44] Repartimientos or polos; referring to the forced labor of natives on public works, such as ship and road-building. The provincial officials exercised supervision over this obligatory service, and were held responsible for the proper execution of the laws appertaining thereto (Blair and Robertson, The Philippine Islands [hereinafter cited as Blair and Robertson], XIX, 71-76).

[45] Cartas y expedientes de gobernadores de Durango, (1591-1700), Archivo de Indias, Sevilla, [hereinafter cited as A. I.,] 66-6-17, 18 (these numbers refer to archive place); Cartas y Expedientes del Virrey de Mégico que tratan de asuntos de Guadalajara (1698-1760), A. I., 67-2-10 to 13. These two series contain hundreds of letters on this subject, as do other series, relating to Nuevo León, Nueva Galicia, Nueva Vizcaya, and New Mexico.

[46] This was true of San Luís Potosí and Guadalajara in New Spain. See Bancroft, History of Mexico, III, 520; History of Central America, I, 297; Moses, Establishment of Spanish rule in America, 83.

[47] Bancroft (History of Central America, I, 297) defines the corregidor as a magistrate with civil and criminal jurisdiction in the first instance, and gubernatorial inspection in the political and economic government of all the towns of the district assigned to him. There were corregidores letrados (learned in the law), corregidores políticos (political and administrative), de capa y espada (military) and políticos y militares (administrative and military). When the corregidor was not a lawyer by profession, unless he had an asesor of his own, the alcalde mayor, if possessed of legal knowledge, became his advisor, which greatly increased the importance of the last-mentioned official. The alcalde mayor was appointed by the king. It was required that he should be a lawyer by profession, twenty-six years of age, and of good character. Practically, in cases of this kind, when the governor was not a letrado, civil, criminal, and some phases of military authority devolved on the alcalde mayor; the first two ex-officio, and the latter as the legal advisor of the military chief. In new colonies this officer was invested with powers almost equal to those of the governor.--See Recopilación, 5-2.

[48] The first encomiendas in the Philippines were granted by Legaspi in 1572 (Montero y Vidal, Historia general, I, 42-43). The encomenderos ruled the Indians in their care with little interference from alcaldes mayores, corregidores, or governors. Vander Linden especially emphasizes the fact that the encomenderos were not supposed to act as the private masters of the Indians on their holdings, but were to act as the representatives of the king (Vander Linden, L'expansion coloniale de l'Espagne, 345-346). The laws of the Indies specified that the encomenderos were to protect, aid and educate them, seeing particularly that they were taught the Catholic Faith (Recopilación, 6-8, 9, 10, 11; esp. tit. 9, laws 1-4).

The encomenderos, in the guise of benefactors, guardians and protectors of the Indians, supervised the labor of the latter on the encomiendas, drawing remuneration therefrom, collecting tribute from them, and retaining a share of that. Aside from the very intimate relationship of the encomenderos as the guardians of the Indians in spiritual and temporal things, they were not considered as officials in the same sense as were the alcaldes mayores and corregidores.

Dr. Pardo de Tavera characterizes the duties and relations of the encomenderos to the Indians as follows: "The encomenderos were the first Spaniards after the conquest and pacification of the colony who represented the civil authority of Spain in the Islands: they were obliged to maintain order and secure the well-being of the Indian residents of their encomiendas or holdings, and to defend their tenants against any encroachments on their rights by the Spaniards, soldiers, alcaldes, and judges; and to endeavor to bring their tenants together in towns and furnish them with opportunities to be converted to the Christian religion, and to help them build churches and convents ... encomenderos were charged with the succor and support of the people on their holdings in case of any calamity, famine or public disaster, and they were prohibited from charging tribute in bulk against the various barangayes, that is to say, they should not make the chiefs of a family or tribe responsible for the payment of tribute by the various members, nor were the encomenderos allowed to use force to secure the payment of a tribute. When an encomendero received a tribute from his people, he thereupon was considered to have assumed the duty of acting as their protector" (Pardo de Tavera, Philippines census [1905], I, 330). Suffice it to say that, theoretically, the encomenderos were the fatherly protectors and benefactors of the helpless, childlike natives, and their every act was to be for the good of their wards.

[49] Antequera, Historia de la legislation española, 486-487; Bourne, "Historical introduction," in Blair and Robertson, I, 56.

[50] Recopilación, 6-8-38 to 39; 8-9-20 to 24. It seems that the oficiales reales merely supervised the collection of tribute, which was really accomplished in the provinces by the alcaldes mayores and corregidores, who acted as their agents. Martinez de Zúñiga, An historical view of the Philippine Islands, I, 2; Ordinances of Good Government, Blair and Robertson, L, 191-264; Recopilación. 6-5-64; Montero y Vidal, Historia general, I, 380-385.

[51] The Relación of Miguél de Loarca, alcalde mayor of Arévalo, Panay, gives us a good idea of the rapidity with which this institution spread within ten years in the Philippines. It indicates the extent to which the encomienda was utilized as a means of opening up and settling the country. This report is dated June 12, 1582. At that time there were three principal centers of administration in the Islands: Manila, Cebú and Arévalo. About thirty encomiendas were located close to Manila, ten were near to Cebú, and fifteen near to Arévalo under the jurisdiction of Loarca. The latter group consisted of about 20,000 Indians. Encomiendas varied in size from 250 to 1500 natives, but the ideal encomienda was supposed to contain 500 souls. By cédula, of August 9, 1589, royal authority was extended for the increase of the size of encomiendas in the Philippines to 800 or 1000 persons, if necessary, in order to bear the greater expenses of instruction and defense. This was bitterly opposed by the churchmen on account of the additional missionary labors incumbent on the priests assigned to these larger encomiendas (Cédula of August 9, 1589, A. I., 105-2-11). Philip II, on November 30, 1568, had ordered that no encomienda should yield more than 2000 pesos (Recopilación, 6-8-30).

Loarca states that there were also encomiendas in the Camarines provinces in southeast Luzon and in IIocos, in the north of the same island. These encomiendas were under the jurisdiction of the alcaldes mayores and corregidores governing those provinces. (Relation by Loarca, Blair and Robertson, V, 35-187.)

[52] Report of Governor Dasmariñas on the encomiendas of the Philippines, May 31, 1591, in Blair and Robertson, VIII, 96-141.

[53] Blair and Robertson, VII, 269-294, Salazar to the Governor, January 25, 1591; Reply of the Governor [no date], ibid., 294-300; Carta del Obispo de Manila sotre la muerte de Ronquillo y los excesos que este cometió..., A. I., 68-1-32; Memorial de las cosas ... dignas de remediar en la Isla, Zulueta Papers. Place numbers not given. These are examples of the hundreds of complaints, mostly by churchmen, against the abuses of the encomenderos. It would be impossible to cite them all.

The Zulueta Papers are transcripts from the Archive of the Indies of Seville, the National Library of Madrid, and the British Museum. They were copied under the direction of a Filipino scholar, Señor Zulueta. These Papers are now in the Philippines Library at Manila.

[54] On June 4, 1620, the governor of the Philippines was authorized to bestow encomiendas, with the provision that if he neglected to do so for a period of sixty days the vacant holdings should be bestowed by the audiencia. On October 24, 1655, Philip IV ordered that acting viceroys and acting governors should be limited to the faculty of providing encomiendas ad interim, subject to the subsequent ratification of the Council of the Indies (Recopilación, 6-8-8, 1-4, 5, 8, 11, 22).

[55] Blair and Robertson, III, 304-306.

[56] In this connection may be noted the distinction between the two classes of encomiendas which was made for purposes of administration. Private encomiendas were those which had been granted to private persons, conquerors, discoverers, soldiers, or persons who paid a regular rent, usually a third of the gross tribute collected. These were originally granted for life, and might be held for two subsequent generations. Later (after 1655), the usual period of confirmation was ten years, for persons who rented encomiendas as a business proposition. The royal encomiendas were situated near cities or ports and the income from them was reserved for the expenses and necessities of the royal estate, the payment of salaries, and other governmental expenses. Private encomiendas became royal on the death of an incumbent if he had no heirs, or on the expiration of the contract. The tribute from royal encomiendas was collected by the royal treasury. Morga's Sucesos, Blair and Robertson, XVI, 157; also ibid., VIII, 27; see Bourne, "Historical introduction," ibid., I, 39-40.

On June 7, 1597, the king, as a suggestion for the increase of funds for the maintenance of the government, wrote to the audiencia that a greater number of royal encomiendas should be established, and that the governor should not be permitted to assign so many to private persons (King to the Audiencia, June 7, 1597, A. I., 105-2-1). On February 16, 1602, the king again addressed the audiencia on the subject of the royal encomiendas, desiring to know why the tribute from them had so materially decreased, it having reached the low mark of 2500 pesos. In answer, the same reason for this falling off was suggested as in the letter above quoted, namely, that the governor had assigned many encomiendas to his friends (King to the Audiencia, February 16, 1602, A. I., 105-2-1). Francisco de la Misa, factor of the royal treasury of Manila, in a letter to the king, dated May 31, 1595, stated that the royal encomiendas, which had been established to provide revenue for the payment of the salaries of alcaldes mayores, tenientes, oficiales reales, and even that of the governor, had diminished greatly in number, so that not enough revenue was derived from them to meet the expenses for which they had been created. Misa concluded with a recommendation that eight royal encomiendas of the value of 8000 pesos a year should be established out of the first private encomiendas that were vacated (Misa to the King, May 31, 1595, A. I. 67-6-29).

[57] Salazar to the Council of the Indies, June 20, 1582, A. I., 68-1-32.

[58] Ronquillo de Peñalosa to the King, July 15, 1582, A. I., 67-6-6.

[59] Morga's Sucesos, Blair and Robertson, XV, 59-60; Carta del Obispo de Manila sobre la muerte de Ronquillo, y de los excesos que este cometio, ... A. I., 68-1-32.

[60] Ibid.

[61] The cédula of March 1, 1551, had forbidden the bestowal of encomiendas on ministers of justice, treasury officials, viceroys, ecclesiastics, and governors. According to the terms of the appointment of Gonzalo Ronquillo de Peñalosa as proprietary governor, he had been allowed an encomienda in each principal town. See Recopilación, 6-8-12.

[62] Op. cit.