Chapter III: Part 3

The bastard-title, which is often wrongly called the half-title, is a modern evolution in its present application. Originally, this single-line title was the only title which existed, but as time went on the demand of the public, on the one hand, for a decorated page at the beginning of the book, together with the printer's desire, on the other hand, to advertise himself, developed the bastard-title into the dimensions of the title-page which we now know, containing the name of the book, the name of the author, the publisher's device, and the publisher's name and address. At the present time the bastard-title is used more to add elegance to the appearance of the volume than for any practical purpose, it being pleasanter for the eye to rest first upon this page rather than at once upon the title-page, which extends over the full dimensions of the type area.

ADVERTISING CARD

If an advertising card or limit notice is required, this page of display should be set up with careful consideration of the page it is to face, and of the typography of the book of which it is to be a part. Too frequently advertising cards are looked upon as separate jobs, and are set in types which do not harmonize with the typography of the rest of the book.

TITLE-PAGE

The title-page offers the printer and the publisher a tempting opportunity for display and for artistic typography, and too few realize the value of restraint. Cobden-Sanderson once remarked, as explaining the high prices which he secures for his work, that he always charges more for what he leaves out than for what he puts in.

The earliest volumes lacked the title-page, because vellum and linen paper were held so high that the expense of an extra leaf was considered an unnecessary luxury. In these books that which took the place of the title was at the end, the colophon being in evidence, indicating the name of the illuminator, if not always that of the printer. As was the case with the manuscript book, the volume began with the phrase, "Here beginneth...." Later came piratical reprints, which resulted in making the critical reader insist upon having each volume stamped with the printer's name or mark, as a guarantee of reliable workmanship.

The first definite step in the direction of the title-page is marked by bibliographers in a little volume printed by Arnold Ther Hoernen, of Cologne, in 1470. It consisted of an introduction at the head of a page, the major part of which was left blank. Whether the printer forgot to place the usual introduction at the head of the first page, and took this way to remedy his error, is not known.

In general, different faces of type should never be combined upon the title-page, the variations being secured by using smaller sizes of the same face, or harmonizing fonts. Capitals and lower-case letters can be successfully combined on the title-page only as a result of care and thought, the best title-pages usually being all in lower-case or all in caps and small caps. A two-color title-page is rarely a success unless it was originally composed with two colors in mind, instead of being set up in black and arbitrarily split up for colors.

The decoration should never overbalance the type, and this applies as well to the question of borders on decorated books. No matter how beautiful, if the decoration overbalances the type, the volume or the title-page ceases to be an example of typography and becomes something answerable only to itself.

COPYRIGHT

On the reverse of the title-page is ordinarily placed the copyright notice of the volume,[46] usually a little above the center, set in caps and small caps, or in small caps alone. At the foot of this same page the printer usually places his imprint.[47]

DEDICATION

The dedication is a page set in the monumental style, generally in small capitals. This must always be a right-hand page, and the reverse must always be blank.

PREFACE

Ordinarily the preface is set in the same size of type as the body. If it is written by some one other than the author, it is frequently set in italic to mark the distinction. This is particularly true in case the book contains an introduction as well. If the preface is of unusual importance, it is sometimes customary to have it set in type one size larger than the body, or double-leaded.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

After the preface and before the list of illustrations comes the contents, occupying whatever number of pages may be necessary. The style of its composition is dependent entirely upon the subject-matter and the typographical arrangement of the volume.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

This follows the contents, and is always set in a style conforming to the contents page or pages.

INTRODUCTION

See remarks under "Preface."

HALF-TITLE

The half-title ordinarily consists of a single line, standing by itself on the first page of the leaf immediately preceding the first page of the text, and carries the title of the book as at the top of the first page of text. It is frequently confused with the bastard or false-title, which always precedes the title-page. Half-titles may also run through the book before various divisions, but the bastard-title never moves from its one position at the beginning of the volume.

LIMIT NOTICE

If an edition be limited in number, the notice of such limit should be placed either on the page facing the bastard-title or on the reverse of the bastard-title.

IN GENERAL

The front matter is often put into type after the composition of the body has been completed, so that the number of pages is rarely definitely determined at the beginning of the work. For this reason, publishers have favored the expedient of numbering the preliminary pages with roman folios, using the arabic folios for the text itself. The front matter and the chapter pages running through the book offer opportunities for embellishment and distinctive typographical treatment, and therefore should be kept in exact accord, whether elaborate decorations are used or the severest form of typographical simplicity.

BASIC SIZES OF BOOKS

The following list gives the size of leaf to which the various standard names and proportions naturally fold:

========+============+=====================+==============
No. pp. | Size of | Name | Size of leaf
to form | sheet | |
--------+------------+---------------------+--------------
32 | 19 × 25 |Thirty-two mo (32mo) | 3⅛ × 4¾
32 | 22 × 29 |Twenty-four mo (24mo)| 3⅝ × 5½
32 | 24 × 32 |Eighteen mo (18mo) | 4 × 6
32 | 27 × 34 |Sixteen mo (16mo) | 4½ × 6¾
32 | 30½ × 41|Duodecimo (12mo) | 5⅛ × 7⅝
32 | 33 × 44 |Decimo (10mo) | 5½ × 8¼
16 | 24 × 36 |Octavo (8vo) | 6 × 9
4 | 18 × 24 |Quarto (4to) | 9 × 12
2 | 18 × 24 |Folio |12 × 18
--------+------------+---------------------+--------------

ENGLISH PAPER SIZES

=====================================================
| Abbreviated | Pages | Watermarks
Name | to | to one | in
| | sheet | hand-made
------------------+-------------+--------+-----------
Folio | Fo. | 4 | Vertical
Quarto | 4to | 8 | Horizontal
Octavo | 8vo | 16 | Vertical
Duodecimo | 12mo | 24 | Horizontal
Sextodecimo | 16mo | 32 | Horizontal
Octodecimo | 18mo | 36 | Vertical
Vigesimo-quarto | 24mo | 48 | Vertical
Trigesimo-secundo | 32mo | 64 | Vertical
------------------+-------------+--------+-----------

OCTAVOS

Foolscap 6¾ × 4¼ may become Crown 7½ × 5 inches
Crown 7½ × 5 " " Demy 8¾ × 5⅝
Post 8 × 5 " " Medium 9½ × 6
Demy 8¾ × 5⅝ " " Royal 10 × 6¼
Medium 9½ × 6 " " Super Royal 10¼ × 6⅞
Royal 10 × 6¼ " " Imperial 11 × 7½

QUARTOS

Foolscap 8½ × 6¾ may become Crown 10 × 7½ inches
Crown 10 × 7½ " " Demy 11¼ × 8¾
Post 10 × 8 " " Medium 12 × 9½
Demy 11¼ × 8¾ " " Royal 12½ × 10
Medium 12 × 9½ " " Super Royal 13¾ × 10¼
Royal 12½ × 10 " " Imperial 15 × 11

Pott 15½ × 12½
Foolscap 17 × 13½
Crown 20 × 15
Post 20 × 16
Demy 22½ × 17½
Medium 24 × 19
Double Pott 25 × 15½
Royal 25 × 20
Double Foolscap 27 × 17
Super Royal 27½ × 20½
Double Crown 30 × 20
Imperial 30 × 22
Double Post 32 × 20
Columbia 34½ × 23½
Atlas 36 × 26

Octavo Quarto
Pott 6¼ × 3⅞ 7¾ × 6¼
Foolscap 6¾ × 4¼ 8½ × 6¾
Crown 7½ × 5 10 × 7½
Post 8 × 5 10 × 8
Demy 8¾ × 5⅝ 11¼ × 8¾
Medium 9½ × 6 12 × 9½
Royal 10 × 6¼ 12¼ × 10
Super Royal 10¼ × 6⅞ 13¾ × 10¼
Imperial 11 × 7½ 15 × 11

MARGINS

A feature not to be overlooked in the appearance of a well-printed book is that of the margins. The perfect type-page is supposed to be proportioned in such a way that its diagonal is twice its width. With this page as a basis, the location of the type upon the paper leaf is to be studied carefully. In general, the two pages, right and left, should be considered as a unit, and the top margin and the inside margin of each page should be approximately the same. Doing this, the total blank between the two pages is supposed approximately to equal the outside and the bottom margins.

The proportion of margin is, to a certain extent, dependent upon the size of the book, the margins becoming greater as the volume increases from the thirty-two mo size up to the folio. A student of typography has ingeniously estimated that, taking the height of the paper leaf as 100 units, the height of the type page of the ordinary trade book should be from 72% to 75%; that of a library edition, from 66% to 71%; that of a de luxe volume, from 60% to 65%.

MAKING THE INDEX

EVERY book of a permanent nature, or intended as a work of reference, requires an index. The length of the Index, or its minuteness, depends upon the nature of the subject treated, and the importance of making it easily available to the reader. The Index belongs to the same family as the Table of Contents, and the Topical Analyses often placed at the beginning of each chapter: the Contents gives a general idea of the divisions into which the author has separated his subject; the Topical Analyses still further divide each chapter; and the Index is ordinarily still more minute, with the further advantage of having its references arranged in alphabetical order.

The proper person to make an index is, first of all, the author of the book, provided that he possesses the natural characteristics. It does not at all naturally follow, however, that all authors are competent to do this, for the art of indexing is not as simple as many superficially suppose. The author should be the one best fitted, because he knows better than any reader the exact meaning each of his sentences is intended to convey,--and this meaning should be expressed in the index. The ideal index is that which gives every topic, thought, or reference contained in the book itself, without a single superfluous word, and with no description or comment.

To make an index requires a quick grasp of the idea contained in each sentence or paragraph, an immediate discernment of the main thought, an instinctive classification, absolute accuracy in translating this thought into its briefest expression, ability to condense, and a sensing of the reader's needs in adequate cross-references. All this demands a mind more logical and more sensitive to codified detail than is possessed by many able writers. Under these circumstances, it is desirable to place the making of the index in the hands of one possessing these qualifications, either instinctively or as a result of experience.

Every publishing-house and most printing establishments of any consequence are in a position to have indexes prepared when required, but the danger is always present that the indexer, approaching his subject from the outside, will fail to place himself sufficiently in the author's attitude, and thus lessen the value of his work. It is most desirable, in order to prevent this, that the author carefully inspect the index while in manuscript. He can thus detect possible departures in the indexer's condensed expression of his own thought.

The following rules and suggestions are given with a twofold object in mind: _first_, to prevent those authors who possess the necessary qualifications from avoiding the preparation of their own indexes because of unfamiliarity with the technical details; _second_, to enable authors intelligently to criticize the form as well as the matter of those indexes which are prepared for their volumes by other hands.

WHAT TO INDEX

The closeness with which a book is to be indexed depends partly upon the nature of its contents and partly upon the ideas of the author or publisher. Some indexes contain only the page references; some are so analytical that a reader can gain an excellent idea of the subject-matter itself. These, however, represent the two extremes. The ordinary index aims to give every reference necessary to enable the reader to locate easily the subject-matter for which he searches, but not a synopsis of that subject-matter. The entries should cover, then, with more or less minuteness, as desired, the following:

(_a_) Proper names, whether of persons, places, religious or political
bodies, etc.
(_b_) Events and periods.
(_c_) Titles of books to which reference is made.
(_d_) Specific topics or subjects.
(_e_) Definitions.
(_f_) Vital statements.

PLAN

The indexer should decide definitely in his mind just what his procedure is to be before actually beginning work. At first, it is well to make the index too full rather than the reverse, as it is easier to cut out than to fill in. Most important of all, he must be sure that the matter to be indexed is clearly understood before he attempts to transcribe the idea. The character of the book to be indexed must be carefully considered, taking into account the class of people who will probably consult it, and the lines on which they will probably seek information.

Judgment is required in deciding whether it is wise to choose the exact words of the author or to condense the idea into other words. In technical books, the exact wording is sometimes essential, but otherwise it is more important to express the _idea_ than the exact terms in which it is expressed.

Always prefer simple words and expressions to those which are unusual and cumbersome.

Omit every unessential word.

When the book being indexed is one written upon a specific subject, this main subject should not be indexed unless necessary to indicate some reference for which a searcher would look. Ordinarily, the Contents covers this point rather than the Index.

Bear in mind particularly the two extremes: the importance of including every reference necessary to enable the searcher to find what he wishes without delay or confusion, the mistake of overloading the index with useless entries.

Use ink, as pencil entries often become illegible.

Write plainly, and do not try to economize space in preparing the copy.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

=Subject=: includes events, places, persons, facts, definitions or topics: e.g., _Boston, 7_; _Bonnet, Father, 155_; _Huron Mission, plans for, 129_; _Onontio, meaning of, 102_; _Absolutism, contest with liberty, 274._

=Heading=: the word or words used by the indexer to express the subject or idea. In the examples above, the headings are _Boston_, _Bonnet_, _Father_, _Onontio_, etc.

=Entry=: the amplification of the Heading, with the addition of the supplementary phrase. In the example above, the entry is _Absolutism, contest with liberty_, the supplementary phrase being _contest with liberty_.

=Cross-reference=: a heading referring to an entry: e.g., _Michabou._ See _Manabozho_.

PROCEDURE

Having settled upon a definite plan, the indexer seats himself at a good-sized table, and lays out his materials in front of him. After testing every possible method, the present writer strongly urges the use of individual slips of paper, about 2½ inches by 4 inches. Arranged within easy reach in front of the indexer, but leaving room for the proof-sheets, should be twenty small pasteboard boxes,[48] a little larger than the slips themselves.[48] On the inside bottom of each box mark a letter of the alphabet, combining O and Q, U and V, and X Y Z. As soon as a slip is written, throw it into its proper box, and continue throughout the work. It is a false economy to search out the slips for subsequent entries, unless they can be easily found, as it is a simple matter at the end to combine the several slips which belong to the same heading.

Here are sample slips, showing a heading which requires full entries and one to which the text contains fewer references. The first shows a slip on which the various entries have been combined:

+-------------------------------------------------------+
| Andastes, the, 5; location and characteristics of, |
| 36; synonyms of, 36; plans for converting, 130; |
| war with Mohawks, 147; Hurons ask aid from, |
| 162; mortal quarrel with Mohawks, 163; promise |
| to aid Hurons, 163; Huron fugitives try to reach, |
| 240, 250; Mohawks first to bear brunt of war |
| with, 268; receive aid from Swedish colonists, 268; |
| attack Senecas, 269; courage their only strength |
| 270; finally overborne by Senecas, 270. |
+-------------------------------------------------------+

This slip shows the method of indexing a work in more than one volume:

+-------------------------------------------------+
| James, Edwin, gives account of Nanabush, i. 67; |
| on Indian ideas of another life, ii. 79. |
| |
| |
+-------------------------------------------------+

In the rules which follow, the basis adopted is "Cutter's Rules for a Dictionary Catalogue,"[49] prepared for library cataloguing. Such portion as applies to book indexing has been freely drawn upon, adapted and added to from the present writer's experience.

ARRANGEMENT

When, under a single entry, there are both subject-references and references by folios only, place the folio-references together at the end of the entry, following the subject-references.

Arrange entries according to the English alphabet, whatever the order of the alphabet in which a foreign name might have been entered in its original language.

Arrange German names spelled with the vowels ä, ö, ü as if spelled ae, oe, ue, but retain the form employed by the author.

When the same word serves for several kinds of entries, the order should be as follows: person, place, subject, title: e.g., (1) _Brown, G. F._ (person). (2) _Brown Village_ (place). (3) _Brown-tail Moth_ (subject). (4) _Brown Family, the_ (title).

Forenames precede surnames: e.g., _Francis I_ precedes _Francis, Charles_.

ADJECTIVE-HEADINGS

In general, a noun or a substantive phrase should be selected for the heading, but when an adjective forms part of a name or well-known term, the entry should include it: e.g., _Alimentary canal, hereditary genius, perpetual motion_, etc.

SUBJECT-MATTER

It is not possible to formulate rules for indexing subject-matter as definitely as has already been done with names, places, etc. The judgment of the indexer and his analytical skill will be called fully into play. The effort should be to express in the index, in the clearest yet briefest form, the _idea_ which the author has amplified in his text. As an aid to the nature and form of the entries, a page of text is shown on the opposite page, and the entries which would appear in the index from this page, are given below. This is what would be considered as a medium full index:

Bressani, Joseph, tortured by Iroquois, 73; life spared by Iroquois,
73; sent to Fort Orange, 73; ransomed by Dutch, 73; sent to Rochelle,
73.

Dutch, the, ransom Bressani, 73.

Indian Torture, See _Torture, Indian_.

Iroquois Indians, the, torture Bressani, 73; spare Bressani's
life, 73.

Jogues, Isaac, referred to, 73.

Orange, Fort, Bressani sent to, 73.

Rochelle, Bressani sent to, 73.

Torture, Indian, Bressani by the Iroquois, 73.

ESCAPE OF BRESSANI 73

march of several days,--during which Bressani, in wading a rocky
stream, fell from exhaustion and was nearly drowned,--they reached
an Iroquois town. It is needless to follow the revolting details
of the new torments that succeeded. They hung him by the feet
with chains; placed food for their dogs on his naked body, that
they might lacerate him as they ate; and at last had reduced his
emaciated frame to such a condition that even they themselves stood
in horror of him. "I could not have believed," he writes to his
Superior, "that a man was so hard to kill." He found among them
those who, from compassion or from a refinement of cruelty, fed
him, for he could not feed himself. They told him jestingly that
they wished to fatten him before putting him to death.

The council that was to decide his fate met on the nineteenth of
June, when to the prisoner's amazement, and, as it seemed, to their
own surprise, they resolved to spare his life. He was given, with
due ceremony, to an old woman, to take the place of a deceased
relative; but since he was as repulsive, in his mangled condition
as, by the Indian standard, he was useless, she sent her son
with him to Fort Orange, to sell him to the Dutch. With the same
humanity which they had shown in the case of Jogues, they gave a
generous ransom for him, supplied him with clothing, kept him until
his strength was in some degree recruited, and then placed him on
board a vessel bound for Rochelle. Here he

PAGE FROM PARKMAN'S WORKS. BY PERMISSION LITTLE, BROWN, & CO.

RULES AND EXAMPLES

=Names:=

Index under the Christian name or forename:

(_a_) Sovereigns, popes, queens, princes and princesses. _Exceptions_: Greek or Roman sovereigns, princes of the French Empire.

(_b_) Persons canonized: e.g., _Thomas a Becket, Saint_.

Also make cross-reference: e.g., _Becket, Thomas a._ See _Thomas a Becket_.

(_c_) Friars required by the constitution of their order to relinquish their surname: e.g., _Paolino da S. Bartolomeo_.

Also make cross-reference under family name: e.g., _Wesdin, J.P._ See _Paolino da S. Bartolomeo_.

(_d_) Persons known only by their first names, whether or not their profession, rank or native place be added: e.g., _Michelangelo Buonarroti_, _Rembrandt van Rhijn_.

Cross-reference under family name is optional, dependent upon closeness of indexing.

(_e_) Oriental authors, including Jewish rabbis: e.g., _Abu Bakr ibn Badr_.

This rule has many exceptions. Some Oriental writers are known and should be entered under other parts of their name than the first, as "_Abu-l-Kasim, Khalaf ibn Abbas_," _Firdusi, Abul Kasim_, etc., _known as_, or under some appellation as "_al-Masudi_," "_at-Tabari_."

In Arabic names, the words of relationship _Abu_ (father), _Umm_ (mother), _Ibn_, _Bin_ (son), _Ahu_ (brother), though not to be treated as names by themselves, are yet not to be disregarded. They form a name in conjunction with the word following (e.g., _Abu Bakr_), and determine the alphabetical place of the entry. But the article _al_ (changed by assonance to _ad_-, _ar_-, _as_-, _at_-, _az_-, according to the letter it precedes) is neglected (al- _Masudi_).

In all Oriental names, the indexer must be careful not to take titles, as _Emir, Bey, Pasha, Sri, Babu, Pundit_, for names.

In regard to East Indian names, Dr. Feigl gives the rule: If there are two names, enter under the first, which is the individual name, with a cross-reference from the second; if there are three or more, enter under the third, which is the family name, with a cross-reference under the first or individual name; the second may be neglected.

Index under the surname:

(_a_) In general, all persons not included under previous rules.

In a few cases, chiefly of artists, a universally-used sobriquet is to be taken in place of the family or forename, as _Tintoretto_ (whose real name was Giacomo _Robusti_). Similar cases are _Canaletto_ (Antonio _Canale_ and also B. _Belotto_), _Correggio_ (Ant. _Allegri_), _Garofalo_ (Benvenuto Piero _Tisi_), Il _Sodoma_ (Giov. Ant. _Bazzi_), _Spagnoletto_ (Jusepe _Ribera_, now however oftener called _Ribera_), _Uccello_ (Paolo _Doni_). Always cross-reference from the family name.

(_b_) In particular, ecclesiastical dignitaries: e.g., _Kaye_, John, Bishop of Lincoln. _Lincoln_, John, Bishop of. See _Kaye_.

Bishops usually omit their family name, canons their forename: e.g., _Canon Liddon_, _Bishop of Ripon, Henry Edward_, _Archbishop of Westminster_, i.e., _H. E. Manning_. Care must be taken not to treat Canon as a forename or Edward as a family name.

(_c_) Married women, using the known form:

Wives often continue writing, and are known in literature only under their maiden names (as _Miss Freer_ or _Fanny Lewald_), or after a second marriage retain for literary purposes the first husband's name. Enclose the maiden name in parenthesis: e.g., _Ward, Mrs. Elizabeth (Phelps)_. Use the form _White, Mrs. Julia Charlotte, wife of J. C._, when the husband's name is used: e.g., _Hopkins, Mrs Sarah (Drake) Garretson_. _Stowe, Mrs. Emily Howard (Jennings)_. _Soyaux, Frau Frieda (Schanz)_. _Gasparin, Valérie (Boissier) Comtesse de_.

Women known under their husbands' names are to be entered as follows: _Hinkson, Mrs. Katherine (Tynan), Mrs. H. A. Hinkson_. Cross-reference to be made from the latter form.

Index under the highest title:

British and foreign noblemen, with cross-reference from earlier titles by which they have been known, and, in the case of British noblemen, from the family name: e.g., _Chesterfield, 4th Earl of (Philip Dormer Stanhope)_. _Chesterfield, 5th Earl of (Philip Stanhope)_. Cross-reference from _Stanhope_. _Saint-Simon, Louis de Rouvroi, Duc de_.

Authors should be put under their names. The definition of a name is "that by which a person or thing is known." Noblemen are known by their titles, not by their family names.

In the few cases in which the family name[50] or a lower title is
decidedly better known, index under that and cross-reference from
the title: e.g., _Francis Bacon, Baron Verulam_; _Robert Curzon,
14th Baron Zouche_; _John Napier, Baron of Merchiston_; _Horace
Walpole, 4th Earl of Oxford_; likewise the military nobles and
princes of the French Empire: e.g., _Lucien Bonaparte, Prince de
Canino_; _McMahon, Duc de Magenta_.

Englishwomen's titles-of-honor are to be treated by the following
rules. In the matter of titles an Englishwoman in marrying has
everything to gain and nothing to lose. If she marries above her
own rank she takes her husband's title in exchange for her own,
if below her own rank she keeps her own title.

(_a_) The wife of a peer takes her husband's style.

That is, she is Baroness, Viscountess, Marchioness, etc. In indexing, say _Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Baroness_; not _Brassey, Annie (Allnutt), Lady_.

(_b_) The wife of a knight or baronet is _Lady_. Whether this title precedes or follows her forename depends upon whether she had a title before her marriage.

That is, if Lady Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (either knight or baronet), she is _Lady Mary Brown_, also if Hon. Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet) she is _Lady Mary Brown_; but if Miss Mary Smith marries Sir John Brown (knight or baronet), she becomes _Mary, Lady Brown_.

(_c_) A maid of honor retains her _Hon._ after marriage, unless, of course, it is merged into a higher title.

Thus, if she marries a baronet she is the _Honᵇˡᵉ Lady Brown_; if a peer, the _Lady So and So_. In either case as though she had been a peer's daughter.

(_d_) The wife of an earl's (or higher peer's) younger son is never the _Honᵇˡᵉ Lady_; if she used the _Lady_ before marriage in her own right she does not, of course, add anything by such marriage, but the wife of a younger son of a lower peer than an earl is _Honᵇˡᵉ Mrs._ (not _Lady_)--the younger children of all peers using, of course, the family name, with or without their forenames, according to their rank.

(_e_) If the lady to whom the title _Hon._ belongs in virtue of her father's rank marries a commoner, she retains her title, becoming _Hon. Lady_ if she marries a knight or baronet, and _Hon. Mrs._ if her husband has no title.

None of these courtesy titles is inherited by the children of those who bear them, the third generation of even the highest peer being simply commoners unless raised in rank by marriage or merit.

(_f_) The title _Lady_ belongs to daughters of all noblemen not lower than earl.

(_g_) The title _Hon._ belongs to daughters of viscounts and barons; also to an untitled woman who becomes a maid-of-honor to the Queen, and this title is retained after she leaves the service. If a woman who has the title _Lady_ becomes maid-of-honor she does not acquire the title _Hon._

Index compound names according to the usage of the author's
fatherland, though if it is known that his practice differs from
this usage, his preference should be followed. Compound names
then go:

(_a_) If English, under the last part of the name, when the first has not been used alone by the author: e.g., _Gould, Sabine Baring-_; but _Halliwell (afterwards Halliwell-Phillipps), J. O._, and _Locker (afterwards Locker-Lampson)_, because they are well-known under the first names.

(_b_) If foreign, under the first part.

Both such compound names as _Gentil-Bernard_ and such as _Gentil de Chavagnac_. There are various exceptions, when a name has been more known under the last part, as _Fénelon_, not _Salignac de Lamothe Fénelon_; _Voltaire_, not _Arouet de Voltaire_; _Sternberg_, not _Ungern-Sternberg_. Moreover, it is not always easy to determine what is a compound surname in French. Cross-references are necessary whichever way one decides each case, especially when the second part of a foreign compound name has been used alone, as _Merle d'Aubigné_ (index under _Merle_ with a cross-reference from _Aubigné_).

In French, a forename is sometimes joined to a surname by a hyphen. In such cases make the entry under the family name, with a cross-reference from the forename: e.g., entry, _Rochette, Désiré Raoul_; cross-reference, _Raoul-Rochette, Désiré_. See _Rochette_.

(_c_) In foreign compound names of women also, although the first part is usually the maiden name and the second the husband's name, the entry should generally be under the first, with a cross-reference from the second[51]: e.g., _Rivé-King_, with cross-reference from _King, born Rivé_.

Index surnames preceded by prefixes:

(_a_) In French and Belgian, under the prefix when it is or contains an article, _Le, La, L', Du, Des_; under the word following when the prefix is a preposition, _de, d'_: e.g., _Des Essarts, Du Cange, La Fontaine, Le Sage, L'Estoille_; but _Charlevoix, P. F. X. de_; _Estrées, Mme d'_.

_La_ and _Le_ are often, _Des_ is usually, and _Les_ is almost without exception printed as one word with the name following, as _Lafontaine, Lesage, Lesdiguières_; _de_ and _d'_ are sometimes so printed; when they are, enter under the _D_: e.g., _Debucourt, Decamps, Delisle_; but _Bucourt, A. de_, _Camps, C. de_, _Lisle, J. de_.

(_b_) In English, under the prefix, no matter from what language the name is derived, with cross-references when necessary: e.g., _De Quincey_, _Van Buren_.

(_c_) In all other languages, under the name following the prefix, with cross-references whenever the name has been commonly used in English with the prefix, as _Del Rio_, _Vandyck, Van Ess_: e.g. _Gama, Vasco da_, _Goethe, J. W. von_.

But when the name is printed as one word, entry is made under the prefix, as _Vanderhaeghen_.

(_d_) Naturalized names with prefixes are to be treated by the rules of the nation adopting them.

Thus German names preceded by _von_, when belonging to Russians, are to be entered under _Von_, as this is the Russian custom. So when Dutch names compounded with _van_ are adopted into French or English (as _Van Laun_) the _Van_ is treated as part of the family name.

Prefixes are _d', de, de La_ (the name goes under _La_ not _de_), _Des, Du, L', La, Le, Les, St, Ste_ (to be arranged as if written _Saint, Sainte_), _da, dal, dalla, dalle, dai, dagli, del, della, delle, dei_ (_dé_ or _de_), _degli, da, dos_, _das, ten, ter, thor, Van, vander, van't, ver, am, auf, auf'm, aus, aus'm, in, im, von, vom, zu, zum, zur, A', Ap, O', Fitz, Mac_ (which is to be printed as it is in the title, whether _M'_, or _Mc_, or _Mac_, but to be arranged as if written _Mac_).

Index names of capes, lakes, mountains, rivers, forts, etc.,
beginning with _Cape_, _Lake_, _Mt._, etc., under the word
following the prefix, but when the name is itself used as a
prefix, do not transpose _Cape_, etc., nor in such names as _Isle
of the Woods_, _Isles of Shoals_; but there is more reason for
writing _France, Isle de_; _Man, Isle of_; _Wight, Isle of_:
e.g., _Cod, Cape_; _George, Lake_; _Washington, Mt._; _Moultrie,
Fort_; but _Cape Breton Island_. When the name of a fort becomes
the name of a city, of course the inversion must be abandoned, as
_Fort Wayne_.

Forenames are to be used in the form employed by their owners,
however unusual, as _Will Carleton, Sally (Pratt) McLean, Hans
Droysen, Fritz Reuter_.

Give names of places in the English form. (Cross-reference from
the vernacular, if necessary): e.g., _Munich_ not _Muenchen_ or
_München_, _Vienna_ not _Wien_, _Austria_ not _Oesterreich_.

But if both the English and the foreign forms are used by English
writers, prefer the foreign form: e.g., _Dauphiné_ rather than
_Dauphiny_.

Use the modern name of a city and cross-reference to it from the
ancient, provided its existence has been continuous and there is
no doubt as to the identity.

Distinctive epithets are to be in the same language as the name:
e.g.,

_Kniaz, fürst von, Freiherr zu, duc de Magenta, Bishop of Lincoln, évêque de Meaux_; but _Emperor of Germany, King of France_, not _kaiser_ and _roi_, when names of sovereign princes are given in English. Treat in the same way patronymics habitually joined with a person's name; as, _Clemens Alexandrinus_.

Prefixes (i.e., titles which in speaking come before the name), as
_Hon., Mrs., Rev._, etc., should in the heading be placed before
the Christian name (as _Smith, Capt. John_), and suffixes as
_Jr., D.D., LL.D._, after it (as _Channing, James Ellery, D.D._).

Hereditary titles generally follow the Christian name, as _Derby, Thomas Stanley, 1st earl of_; but British courtesy titles (i.e., those given to the younger sons of dukes and marquesses) precede, as _Wellesley, Lord Charles (2d son of the Duke of Wellington)_. In other languages than English, French, and German the title usually precedes the forename; as, _Alfieri, Conte Vittorio_. Occasionally a French nobleman uniformly places his title before his forenames; as, _Gasparin, Comte Agénor de_.

_Lord_ should be replaced by the exact title in the names of English noblemen: e.g., Lord Macaulay should be entered as _Macaulay, 1st baron_. _Lord_ in the title of Scotch judges follows the family name; as, _Kames, H. Home, afterwards Lord_.

The title Baronet is given in the form _Scott, Sir Walter, bart._

Patronymic phrases, as _of Dedham_, follow all the names; but they must immediately follow the family name when they are always used in close connection with it, as _Girault de St. Farjeau, Eusèbe_; similarly _aîné_, _fils_, _jeune_, as _Dumas fils, Alexandre_; _Didot fils, Ambroise_. Latin appellatives should not in general be separated from their nouns by a comma; as, _Caesar Heisterbacensis_.

The name of a king's wife should be written thus: _Charlotte, Queen, consort of George III of England_. _Anne Boleyn Queen, 2d consort of Henry VIII of England._

=Countries and places:=

Index under countries or places important events relating to them:
e.g., _Montreal, Cartier's description of houses at_. Also make
reference under name: e.g., _Cartier, description of houses at
Montreal_.

Enter congresses of several nations under the name of the place
of meeting (as that usually gives them their name), with
cross-references from the nations taking part in them, and from
any name by which they are popularly known: e.g., the _Congress
of London, of Paris, of Verona, International Peace Congress
at the Hague_.

Enter treaties under the name of each of the contracting parties,
with a cross-reference from the name of the place of negotiation,
when the treaty is commonly called by that name, and from any
other usual appellation: e.g., treaty of _Versailles_, _Barrier_
treaty, _Jay's_ treaty.

=Parties and sects:=

Enter the official publications of any political party or
religious denomination or order, under the name of the party, or
denomination, or order: e.g.,

Platforms, manifestoes, addresses, etc., go under _Democratic Party, Republican Party_, etc.

Confessions of faith, creeds, catechisms, liturgies, breviaries, missals, hours, offices, prayer books, etc., go under _Baptists, Benedictines, Catholic Church, Church of England, Friends_, etc.

That part of a body which belongs to any place should be entered under the name of the body, not the place: e.g., _Congregationalists in New England_, _Congregationalists in Massachusetts_, not _New England Congregationalists_, _Massachusetts Congregationalists_. But cross-references must be made from the place (indeed in cases like _Massachusetts Convention_, _Essex Conference_, it may be doubted whether those well-known names should not be the headings).

Enter corporations and quasi corporations, both English and
foreign, under their names as they read, neglecting an initial
article or serial number when there is one.

Enter orders of knighthood, both those of medieval times and their
honorary modern equivalents, under the significant word of the
English title: e.g., _Garter, Order of the_; _Malta, Knights
of_; _Templars, Knights_; _Teutonic Order_; _Freemasons_. But
the American Knights Templars, being merely a division of the
Freemasons, belong under _Freemasons_; so of other regular
masonic bodies.

The colleges of an English university and the unnamed professional
schools of an American university go under the university's
name. Such professional schools, if they have a distinctive
name, particularly if at a distance from the university, or for
any other reason less closely connected with it, go under their
own name: e.g., _Oxford University, Magdalen College_; _Harvard
University, Veterinary School_; but _Barnard College, Columbia
University_; _Radcliffe College, Harvard University_; _Sheffield
Scientific School of Yale University_.

College libraries go under the name of the college: e.g., _Harvard
College, University Library_. But the Bodleian Library may be put
under _Bodleian_.

Local college societies go under the name of the college;
intercollegiate societies and Greek letter fraternities under
their own names: e.g., Φ B K _A, of Harvard_.

Alumni and Alumnæ associations go under the name of the school or
college: e.g., _Harvard Alumni Association of New York_.

Schools supported by public taxation go under the name of the city
or town maintaining them, whether they have an individual name or
not.

When a corporation is much less known by the first words of its
name than by a later part, enter under the later part: e.g.,
_Christian Endeavor, Young People's Society of_.

Enter guilds under the name of the trade: e.g., _Stationers
Company_, not _Master and Keepers or Wardens and Commonality of
the Mystery and Art of Stationers of the City of London_, which
is the corporate title.

Enter bodies whose legal name begins with such words as _Board_,
_Corporation_, _Trustees_ under that part of the name by
which they are usually known: e.g., Trustees of the _Eastern
Dispensary_; President and Fellows of _Harvard College_;
Proprietors of the _Boston Athenæum_; Contributors to the
_Asylum for the Relief of Persons Deprived of their Reason_.
Cross-reference from the first word of the legal name.

Enter the name of a firm under the family name rather than the
forename, and do not fill out the forenames: e.g., _Friedlander
und Sohn, Raphael_, not under _Raphael_; _Stokes, F. A. Co._, not
_Stokes, Frederick A. Co._

The consulter is much more likely to remember the family than the Christian name. Whether the Christian name is written at the end or thus, _Town (John)_ and _Bowers (Henry)_, all firms should be arranged after all the other entries of the first family name, i.e., _Friedlander und Sohn_ after all the _Friedlanders_.

This rule might be extended to include corporations, colleges, libraries, etc., whose legal names include forenames. Entry under a forename, as _Silas Bronson Library_, and especially under initials, as _T. B. Scott Public Library_, is awkward. But the public habit is not yet sufficiently settled to justify an exception.

Enter the universities of the European continent and of Central and
South America under the name of the place; all other societies
under _Königliche_, _Herzogliche_, etc.

Cross-reference from the first word in the university names and from the place of societies.

A few learned academies, commonly called by the names of the cities where they are established, may be entered under the place with a cross-reference from the name. These are _Berlin, Göttingen, Leipzig, Lisbon, Madrid, Munich, St. Petersburg, Vienna_.

Enter national libraries, museums, and galleries, as well as
libraries, museums, and galleries instituted or supported by a
city, under the place, provided they have not a distinctive name.

Example of place: _Paris Bibliothèque Nationale_. _Boston Public Library._

Example of name: _Berkshire Athenæum_; _Boston Athenæum_; _British Museum_; _Forbes Library_; _Marucceliana, Biblioteca_; _Reuben Hoar Public Library_.

Enter observatories under the name of the place: e.g., _Greenwich,
Observatory_. _Pulkowa, Sternwarte_; except that:

(_a_) University observatories go under the university: e.g., _Harvard College. Astronomical Observatory, at Cambridge._ (Cross-reference from _Cambridge_.)

(_b_) Any observatory having an individual name may go under that: e.g., _Lick Observatory_, _Yerkes Observatory_.

Enter expositions under the place where they were held: e.g.,

_Buffalo, Pan-American Exposition, 1901_; _Chicago, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893_; _New Orleans, World's Industrial and Cotton Centennial Exhibition, 1884-85_; _Philadelphia, Centennial Exhibition, 1876_.

Cross-reference from an individual name.

Enter American State universities and State historical,
agricultural and medical societies, whether supported by the
State or not, under the name of the State, unless they are better
known by a distinctive name. The State's name usually enters into
the name of these societies and they are known outside of the
State by its name. Cross-reference when necessary.

Enter churches under the name of the place.

Single churches have usually been entered under the place, a practice which arose in American indexes from our way of naming churches "The First Church in----," "The Second Church of----," etc., and applies very well to a majority of English churches, whose name generally includes the name of the parish. It is more in accordance with indexing principles to limit the local entry of churches to _First Church_, etc., and those which have only the name of the town or parish, and to put all others (as _St. Sepulchre's_, _St. Mary Aldermansbury_) under their names, as they read, and to treat convents and monasteries in the same way; but the convenience of having a single definite rule has been held to outweigh in this case the claims of consistency.

The parishes of London (as _Kensington_, _Marylebone_, _Southwark_), like the parts of Boston (_Dorchester_, _Roxbury_, etc.), or of any other composite city, would be put under their own names, not under the name of the city.

A few cathedrals generally known by some other name may be entered
under it: e.g., _St. Paul's, London; Notre Dame, Paris; St.
Peter's, Rome; St. Sophia, Constantinople_.

Put monasteries and convents, like churches, under the place,
unless better known by the name.

National banks designated merely by number (as _First National Bank
of Boston_) go under the name of the place.

Young men's Christian associations, mercantile library
associations, and the like, should have local entry.

Private schools having no distinctive name go under the name of the
proprietor.

Private libraries, galleries and museums go under the name of the
proprietor.

Buildings are for the most part provided for in the above rules, as
museums, galleries, libraries, churches, etc. Any others should
be entered under their names, with a cross-reference from the
city.

Headings like _Charles_, _George_, _Henry_, when very numerous,
must be divided into classes, in this order: Saints, Popes,
Emperors, Kings, Princes, and Noblemen, others. The Saints are
sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, the Popes by their
number, Sovereigns and Sovereign princes in alphabetical order
of countries, and under countries numerically. Other persons
are sub-arranged by their usual appellatives, neglecting the
prepositions:[52] e.g.,

_Peter_, Saint.
_Peter_, Pope.
_Peter_, the Great, Emperor of Russia.
_Peter II_, of Aragon.
_Peter III_, of Aragon.
_Peter I_, of Portugal.
_Peter_, Duke of Newcastle.
_Peter_, of Groningen, enthusiast. See _Pieter_.
_Peter_, John Henry.
_Peter, Lake._
_Peter, Mt._
_Peter-Hansen_, Erik.
_Peter_ Lewis, a true tale.

When there are two appellatives coming in different parts of the alphabet, cross-reference from the rejected one, as _Thomas Cantuariensis_. See _Thomas Becket_.

Arrange in two alphabets names that differ slightly in spelling and
come close together in the alphabet: e.g.,

_Brown_ and _Browne_, and the French names beginning with _Saint_ and _Sainte_. As readers may not always know the spelling of the author's name, cross-references should be made: e.g., _Brown_. See also _Browne_.

Arrange by the forename headings in which the family name is the
same.

No attention is to be paid to prefixes, as _Bp., Capt., Dr., Hon., Sir, Fräulein, Miss, Mlle., Mme., Mrs._, or to suffixes, as _D.D., F.R.S., LL.D._, etc.

When the forenames are the same, arrange chronologically.

No attention is to be paid to the titles _Sir_, etc.: e.g., _Bart, T. L._, comes before _Bart, Thomas_, for the same reason that _Bart_ comes before _Barta_.

Forenames not generally used should be neglected in the arrangement.

When an author is generally known by one of several forenames he will be looked for by that alone, and that alone should determine the arrangement. The form should be _Harte, Bret_ (in full _Francis Bret_), or _Harte, Bret_ (i.e., _Francis Bret_).

Make cross-references whenever the omission of a name will change the alphabetical arrangement, as from _Müller, F. Max_, to _Müller, Max_.

When there are two names exactly the same, add dates if available:
e.g., _Franklin, John (d. 1759)_; _Franklin, John (d. 1863)_.

If an author uses both the shorter and the longer forms in
different works, and yet is decidedly better known by the
shorter, arrange by that.

Arrange a nobleman's title, under which entry is made, and the name
of a bishop's see, from which reference is made to the family
name, among the personal names, not with the places: e.g.,

_London_, Alfred.
_London_, David, bp. of.
_London_, John.
_London_, Conn.
_London_, Eng.
not _London_, John.
_London_, David, bp. of.
_London_, Conn.
nor _London_, John.
_London_, Conn.
_London_, David, bp. of.
_London_, Eng.

_Danby_, John.
_Danby_, Thomas _Osborne_, earl of.
_Danby_, Wm.
_Danby_, Eng.
_Holland_, C.
_Holland_, 3d baron (H: R. Vassal Fox).
_Holland_, 4th baron (H: E. Vassal Fox).
_Holland_ (the country).

The possessive case singular should be arranged with the plural: e.g.,

_Bride_ of Lammermoor.
_Brides_ and bridals.
_Bride's_ choice.
_Boys'_ and girls' book.
_Boy's_ King Arthur.
_Boys_ of '76.

Arrange Greek and Latin personal names by their patronymics or other
appellatives: e.g.,

_Dionysius._
_Dionysius_ Areopagita.
_Dionysius_ Chalcidensis.
_Dionysius_ Genuensis.

Arrange English personal and place names compounded with prefixes as
single words; also those foreign names in which the prefix is not
transposed: e.g.,

_Demonstration._
_De Montfort._
_Demophilus._
_De Morgan._
_Demosthenes._

Other such names are _Ap Thomas, Des Barres, Du Chaillu, Fitz Allen, La Motte Fouqué, Le Sage, Mac Fingal, O'Neal, Saint-Réal, Sainte-Beuve, Van Buren_.

This is the universal custom, founded on the fact that the prefixes are often not separated in printing from the following part of the name. It would, of course, be wrong to have _Demorgan_ in one place and _De Morgan_ in another.

Arrange proper names beginning with _M', Mc, St., Ste._ as if spelled
_Mac, Saint, Sainte_.

Because they are so pronounced. But _L'_ is not arranged as _La_ or _Le_, nor _O'_ as if it stood for _Of_, because they are not so pronounced.

Arrange compound names of places as separate words, except those
beginning with prefixes: e.g.,

_New_, John.
_New Hampshire._
_New_ legion of Satan.
_New Sydenham Society._
_New York._
_Newark._
_Newfoundland._
_Newspapers._
not _New_, John.
_New_ legion of Satan.
_Newark._
_Newfoundland._
_New Hampshire._
_Newspapers._
_New Sydenham Society._
_New York._

Arrange personal names compounded of two names with or without a
hyphen after the first name, but before the next longer word: e.g.,

_Fonte_, Bart. de.
_Fonte Resbecq_, Auguste.
_Fontenay_, Louis.
_Fontenay Mareuil_, François.

Arrange names of societies as separate words.

See _New Sydenham Society_ in the list above.

Arrange hyphened words as if separate: e.g.,

_Happy_ home.
_Happy-Thought_ Hall.
_Happy_ thoughts.
_Home_ and hearth.
_Home_ rule.
_Homely_ traits.
_Homer._
_Sing_, pseud.
_Sing_, James.
_Sing_, James, pseud.
_Sing-Sing Prison._
_Singapore._
_Singing._
_Grave and Reverend Club._
_Grave County._
_Grave Creek._
_Grave-digger._
_Grave-mounds._
_Grave_ objections.
_Grave de Mézeray_, Antoine.
_Gravel._
_Gravestone._
_Graveyard._
_Out_ and about.
_Out_ in the cold, a song.
_Out-of-door_ Parliament.
_Outer_ darkness, The.

Arrange pseudonyms after the corresponding real name: e.g.,

_Andrew_, pseud.
_Andrew_, St.
_Andrew_, St., pseud.
_Andrew_, John.
_Andrew_, John, pseud.
_Andrew_, John Albion.

Arrange incomplete names by the letters. When the same letters
are followed by different signs, if there are no forenames,
arrange in the order of the complexity of signs; but if there
are forenames, arrange by them: i.e., put a dot before a line, a
line before a star (three lines crossing), etc.: e.g.,

_Far_ from the world.
_Far_ ...
_Far_ ***
_Far_, *** B. F.
_Far_ ..., J. B.
_Farr_, John.

The arrangement of title-entries is first by the heading words; if
they are the same, then by the next word; if that is the same,
by the next; and so on. Every word, articles and prepositions
included, is to be regarded, but not a transposed article: e.g.,

_Uncovenanted_ Mercies.
_Under_ a Cloud.
_Under_ the Ban.
_Under_ the Greenwood Tree; a novel.
_Under_ the Greenwood Tree; a poem.
_Under_ Which King.
_Undone_ Task, The.
_Undone_ Task Done.[53]

It makes no difference whether the words are connected with one another in sense or not; the searcher should not be compelled to think of that. Let the arrangement be by words as ordinarily printed. Thus _Home Rule_ is one idea but it is two words, and its place must be determined primarily by its first word _Home_, which brings it before _Homeless_. If it were printed _Homerule_ it would come after _Homeless_. Similarly _Art Amateur_ is one phrase, but as the first word _Art_ is followed by a word beginning with _am_, it must come before _Art_ and _Artists_, although its parts are more closely connected than the parts of the latter phrase.

The French _d'_ and _l'_ are not to be treated as part of the following word: e.g.,

_Art d'économiser._
_Art d'être grandpère._
_Art d'instruire._
_Art de faire._
_Art de l'instruction._
_Art de linguistique._
_Art des mines._
_Art digne._
not _Art de faire._
_Art de linguistique._
_Art de l'instruction._
_Art d'économiser._
_Art des mines._
_Art d'être grandpère._
_Art digne._
_Art d'instruire._

Arrange titles beginning with numeral figures as if the figures
were written out in the language of the rest of the title: e.g.,

100 deutscher Männer--Ein hundert deutsche Männer; 1812--Mil huit cent douze.

Arrange abbreviations as if spelled in full, but elisions as they
are printed: e.g.,

_Dr., M., Mlle., Mme., Mr., Mrs., St., as Doctor, Monsieur, Mademoiselle, Madame, Mister, Mistress, Saint_.

But _Who'd be a king?_
_Who killed Cock Robin?_
_Who's to blame?_

Care must be taken not to mix two subjects together because their
names are spelled in the same way.

Thus _Grace_ before meals, _Grace_ of body, _Grace_ the musical term, and _Grace_ the theological term, must be four distinct headings.

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

NOTE.--_(b) Signifies terms used in connection with binding only. (c) Terms usually employed in connection with the composing-room. (e) Terms used in engraving. (el) Terms used in electrotyping. (g) Terms used with general significance. (p) Terms used in connection with presswork._

=Accents= (_g_).--Small marks placed over, under, or through particular letters, used to indicate pronunciation.

=Adams Press= (_p_).--A large platen printing-machine, used for bookwork.

=Agate= (_c_).--A small size of type equal to 5½ points. See _Point_.

=Alignment= (_c_).--The arrangement of type in straight lines, also the adjustment of the lines of type so that their ends appear in line, vertically.

=All-along= (_b_).--In sewing a book, when the thread is passed from kettle-stitch to kettle-stitch, or from end to end in each sheet, it is sewed all-along.

=Alley= (_c_).--The floor space between stands where compositors work.

=American Russia= (_b_).--See _Cowhide_.

=Antique Type= (_c_).--Fonts of type of an old or medieval character. The lines of all the characters are nearly uniform as to thickness; the corners square and bold.

=Aquatint= (_e_).--A peculiar style of etching on copper or steel in imitation of drawings in sepia or India ink.

=Arabic Numbers= (_c_).--The numeral figures as distinguished from Roman characters.

=Art Canvas= (_b_).--A book cloth known both as Art Canvas and Buckram.

=Art Work= (_e_).--See _Retouching_.

=Ascending Letters= (_c_).--Letters that ascend to the upper shoulder of the type body; as, _b_, _d_, _f_, _h_, _l_, etc.

=Author's Proof= (_c_).--Proof sent to the author for inspection and approval.

=Azure Tools= (_b_).--Used in binding, where the heavy and wide marks, instead of being a solid mass, are made with horizontal lines.

=Backing= (_b_).--The process of forming the back in preparing the book for the cover or case, commonly called Rounding and Backing. It is done in three ways; viz. (1) by hand with a hammer, (2) by a hand rounding-and-backing machine, (3) by a steam- or electric-driven machine.

=Backing Up= (_p_).--Printing the second side of a sheet.

=Band Driver and Nippers= (_b_).--Tools used in forwarding, to correct irregularities in the bands of flexible backs.

=Bands= (_b_).--The cords on which the sheets of a volume are sewed. When sewed "flexible," the bands show on the back of the book; when bands are let in the back by sawing grooves, narrow strips of leather are glued across the back to look like raised bands.