Chapter XI: Part 11

_Caloenas nicobarica_ Salvadori, Ornith. Papuasia, 3, 1882, p. 211
(Pelew); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und. Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6,
1890-1891 (1891), p. 57 (Pelew).

_Caloenas pelewensis_ Salvadori, Cat. Birds British Mus., 21,
1893, p. 618 (Pelew); Bolau, Mitteil. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg,
1898, p. 69 (Palau); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p. 113
(Palau); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 1, 1913, p. 328 (Palauinseln);
Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 52 (Pelew).

_Caloenas nicobaricus pelewensis_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 53 (Pelew).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Palau Islands-Babelthuap, Koror,
Garakayo.

_Characters._--Adult: A large heavy-bodied pigeon with head, neck,
and upper breast blackish; rest of plumage metallic bluish-green
with coppery sheen; wings glossy green; tail and under
tail-coverts white; feathers of hind-neck long and lanceolate;
bill heavy and slightly hooked with lump at base.

Resembles _C. n. nicobarica_ (Linnaeus), but slightly smaller and
with upper parts metallic bluish-green and underparts darker and
less green.

_Measurements._--One adult female measures: wing, 232; tail, 82;
culmen, 31; tarsus, 44; one immature female: wing, 236; tail, 89;
culmen, 32; tarsus, 45.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, three females from Palau
Islands, AMNH--exact locality not given (undated).

_Remarks._--_C. nicobarica_ is distributed from the Nicobar Islands east through Malaysia to Melanesia as a single undifferentiated form. In the northeasternmost part of its range, in the Palau Islands, it exhibits geographic variation and is considered to be subspecifically distinct from the rest of the population. _C. nicobarica_ appears to have no close relatives. It may represent the last remnant of some ancient group of pigeons.

The Nicobar Pigeon is rare. Coultas, who visited the islands in 1931, did not obtain the bird. The only specimens available for study are those in the collections of the American Museum of Natural History taken by Kubary in the period between 1870 and 1880. The NAMRU2 party did not obtain specimens but saw the bird on five occasions at the island of Garakayo in the middle Palaus. The writer expected the bird to be ground-living in habit, but the individuals, which I saw at Garakayo, were either perched on scrubby vegetation on high and inaccessible cliffs or were flying high overhead. In its flight overhead, the short, white tail was a particularly conspicuous mark of identification. The flight reminded me very much of that of the Black Vulture (_Córagyps atrátus_) of North America. No birds were found at Peleliu or Angaur, and the small population of this pigeon that remains is probably restricted to uninhabited coral islets, as Mayr (1945a:291) has already noted. Marshall (1949: 207) saw one bird on Peleliu and one on Koror in November and December, 1945. This endemic subspecies is probably on the road to extinction unless governmental protection can be established and enforced.

=Trichoglossus rubiginosus= (Bonaparte)

Ponapé Lory

_Chalcopsitta rubiginosus_ Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci.
Paris, 30, February, 1850, p. 134; Consp. Avium, 1, after April 15,
1850, p. 3. (Type locality, "ex Insulis Barabay et Guebe," error =
Ponapé.)

_Chalcopsitta rubiginosus_ Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1850, p. 26, pl. 16 ("Ins. Barabay et Guebe," error = Ponapé);
Pelzeln, Reise "Novara," Vögel, 1865, pp. 99, 162 (Puynipet);
Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith., 1881, p. 162 ("Nordwestl.
Polynessische subregion Carolinen" = Ponapé); Tristram, Cat.
Birds, 1889, p. 73 (Ponapé); Finsch, Deut. Verein zum Schultze der
Vogelwelt, 18, 1893, p. 458 (Carolinen = Ponapé); Matschie, Journ.
f. Ornith., 1901, p. 112 (Ponapé).

_Domicella rubiginosa_ Finsch, Die Papageien, 2, 1868, p. 781
(Puynipet); Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1872, p.
88 (Puinipet).

_Lorius rubiginosus_ Gray, Hand-list Birds, 2, 1870, p. 153
(Puynipet); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, 3, no. 38, 1874, p. 58
(Puynipet).

_Lorius rubiginosa_ Giebel, Thes. Ornith., 2, 1875, p. 502
(Senjawin = Ponapé).

_Trichoglossus rubiginosus_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12,
1876, pp. 17, 18 (Ponapé); _idem_, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877
(1878), p. 778 (Ponapé); _idem_, Journ. f. Ornith., 1880, p. 284
(Ponapé); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus. Godeffroy,
1881, p. 281 (Ponapé); Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 110, 111, 114
(Ponapé); _idem_, Mitth. Ornith. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 49 (Ponapé);
Hartert, Kat. Vogelsamml. Senckenb., 1891, p. 161 (Puypinet);
Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6 1890-1891
(1891), p. 8 (Ponapé); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 3, 1937, p.
151 (Ponapé); Mayr, Proc. Sixth Pac. Sci. Congr., 4, 1941, p. 204
(Ponapé); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 201 (Ponapé);
Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 291 (Ponapé).

_Eos rubiginosa_ Salvadori, Ornith. Papuasia, 1, 1880, p. 267
(Puynipet); _idem_, Cat. Birds British Mus., 20, 1891, p. 29
(Ponapé); Christian, The Caroline Islands, 1899, p. 357 (Ponapé);
Finsch, Notes Leyden Mus., 22, 1900, p. 142 (Ponapé); Dubois, Syn.
Avium, 1902, p. 29 (Puinipet); Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 9,
1918, pp. 484, 493 (Ponapé); Wetmore, in Townsend and Wetmore,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., 63, 1919, p. 192 (Ponapé).

_Chalcopsittacus rubiginosus_ Finsch, Sammlung wissensch.
Vorträge, 14th Ser., 1900, p. 639 (Ponapé).

_Oenopsittacus rubiginosus_ Reichenow, Die Vögel, 1, 1913, p. 443
(Karolinen = Ponapé); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922,
p. 58 (Ponapé); Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p.
295 (Ponapé); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p. 181
(Ponapé).

_Eos rubiginosus_ Takastukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 53
(Ponapé).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Ponapé.

_Characters._--Adult: A medium-sized, dark raspberry-red lory with
head and nape deep purplish-red; upper back, scapulars, and upper
wing-coverts raspberry-red, edged with blackish; lower back, rump,
and upper tail-coverts more purplish; tail yellowish-green
becoming more yellow and less green toward tip; wings black with
outer webs olivaceous-green; outer edges of primaries more
yellowish; lores, chin, auriculars, sides of head, and neck deep
purplish-red, chin feathers faintly barred with raspberry and
edged with blackish; throat, breast, abdomen, and flanks
raspberry-red, feathers edged with blackish except on lower
abdomen; under tail-coverts orange-red, under wing-coverts deep
purple with black edges; bill of male orange, of female paler
yellow; feet black; iris of male light yellowish-orange, of female
grayish-white.

Immature: Resembles adult, but with narrow and more sharply pointed
tail feathers.

_Measurements._--Measurements are presented in table 29.

TABLE 29. MEASUREMENTS OF _Trichoglossus rubiginosus_

===============+=====+===========+===========+=========+=========
| | | | Culmen |
Sex | No. | Wing | Tail | from | Tarsus
| | | | cere |
---------------+-----+-----------+-----------+---------+---------
Adult males | 18 | 147 | 105 | 20 | 16
| | (143-153) | (100-110) | (19-20) | (15-17)
| | | | |
Adult females | 13 | 142 | 101 | 19 | 16
| | (141-146) | (98-104) | (18-19) | (15-17)
---------------+-----+-----------+-----------+---------+---------

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 31 (18 males, 13 females), as
follows: Caroline Islands, USNM--Ponapé, 2 (Feb. 12); AMNH--Ponapé,
29 (Nov.).

_Nesting._--According to Coultas (field notes) the nest is placed
in the top of a coconut tree or in a hollow of a large forest tree.
He says that one egg is laid, but does not record dates of nesting.
Four of the birds taken by Coultas at Ponapé in November had
swollen gonads.

_Molt._--Specimens taken in November by Coultas were either in
fresh plumage or were completing the molt when obtained.

_Parasites._--Uchida (1918:484, 493) found the bird lice
(Mallophaga), _Psittaconirmus harrisoni_ and _Eomenopon
denticulatus_, on the Ponapé Lory.

_Remarks._--There is little written information concerning the habits of the Ponapé lory. Mayr (1945a:291) describes the bird as being "very noisy" and with "habits apparently similar to _T. haematodus_." Coultas made a number of observations on this species; some of these unpublished notes are essentially as follows: _Trichoglossus_ is common on Ponapé. It is found everywhere on the island, preferring the coconut palms; it is noisy and quarrelsome. The parrot travels usually in small groups of two to six or eight birds, keeping up a continuous chatter all of the time. This chatter quiets down into a very pleasant-sounding crooning-tone after sunset. _Trichoglossus_ is a continual nuisance to the hunter, inquisitive and easily attracted by the slightest noise, to which the bird responds with a frantic yapping that frightens everything within a radius of a mile. One sometimes finds a bird alone working quietly about among the low trees of the high mountain ridges. The natives' name for the bird, "se ridt," means "always hide out in rain." The bird stays under a big leaf and keeps dry during the rain. This lory is intelligent, easily tamed, and sometimes learns to repeat a few words.

_Evolutionary history of Trichoglossus rubiginosus._--The Ponapé Lory is the only native parrot in Micronesia. It is an aberrant species and seemingly is of long residence on the island, as indicated by its differences from related forms to the southward and southwestward. The bird shows some relationships to _T. ornatus_ (Linnaeus) of Celebes, but the plumage of _T. rubiginosus_ lacks the brilliant red, green, and yellow of this bird. The plumage of the Ponapé Lory is also softer in texture; this is a character exhibited also by other Micronesian birds, for example, _Cleptornus_ and _Colluricincla_. _T. rubiginosus_ and _T. ornatus_ correspond, however, in having the feathers of the breast edged with blackish. _T. rubiginosus_ resembles also _T. flavovirides_ of Celebes and Sula in that the edges of the feathers of the breast are dark, no markings are present on the inner web of the wing, and feathers of the upper back are edged with dark coloring. _T. rubiginosus_ may have been derived from either of these two species; however, it shows a close relationship also to the _T. haematodus_ group from the Papuan region. In any case, the Ponapé Lory, isolated in Micronesia, has not the multicolored plumage of its relatives and has, instead, a rather uniformly colored plumage. The presence of this parrot at only a single island in Micronesia is difficult to explain; perhaps at one time the bird was more widely distributed in Micronesia, or it may be that the population represents a single successful invasion to Ponapé. Like _Aplonis pelzelni_, another endemic species at Ponapé, this lory may have reached the island as a straggler, perhaps being carried north by the prevailing winds in the post-nesting season.

=Cuculus canorus telephonus= Heine

Common Cuckoo

_Cuculus telephonus_ Heine, Journ. f. Ornith., 1863, p. 332. (Type
locality, Japan.)

_Cuculus canorus_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1872, pp. 89, 100 (Pelew); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875,
pp. 4, 12 (Palau); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 10 (Pelew); Takatsukasa and
Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 63 (Pelew).

_Cuculus canorus telephonus_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 57 (Pelew); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 181 (Palau); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p.
201 (Palau); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 302 (Palau).

_Geographic range._--Breeds in northeastern Asia and Japan. Winters
south to India, Malaysia, and Melanesia. In Micronesia: Palau
Islands--exact locality not given.

_Remarks._--The Common Cuckoo is a straggler on winter migration to the Palau Islands.

=Cuculus saturatus horsfieldi= Moore

Oriental Cuckoo

_Cuculus horsfieldi_ Moore, in Moore and Horsfield, Cat. Birds Mus.
Hon. East-India Co., 2, 1856-58 (1857), p. 703. (Type locality,
Java.)

_Cuculus striatus_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1872, pp. 89, 100 (Pelew); Finsch. Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875,
pp. 4, 12 (Palau); Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 63
(Pelew).

_Cuculus intermedius_ Wiglesworth. Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 10 (Pelew).

_Cuculus optatus optatus_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia,
1922, p. 57 (Pelew); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p. 181
(Palau).

_Cuculus saturatus horsfieldi_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed.,
1942, p. 201 (Babelthuap, Koror); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific,
1945, p. 302 (Palau).

_Geographic range._--Breeds in eastern Asia and Japan. Winters
south to India, Malaysia, and Melanesia. In Micronesia: Palau
Islands--Babelthuap, Koror.

_Remarks._--The Oriental Cuckoo reaches the Palau Islands as a winter visitor. On November 11 and 25 of 1931, Coultas obtained four immature birds at Palau near taro swamps. The natives told him that the cuckoo visited the islands each year from December to June. On September 21 at Angaur the NAMRU2 party saw one bird which may have been this cuckoo.

=Eudynamis taitensis= (Sparrman)

Long-tailed New Zealand Cuckoo

_Cuculus taitensis_ Sparrman, Mus. Carls., fasc, 2, 1787, pl. 32.
(No type locality = Tahiti.)

_Eudynamis tahitiensis_ Gräffe, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 2, 1873, p.
123 (Yap).

_Eudynamis taitiensis_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875, p.
49 (Palau); _idem_, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12, 1876, pp. 17, 20
(Ponapé); _idem_, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877 (1878), p. 778
(Ponapé); _idem_, Journ. f. Ornith., 1880, pp. 284, 298 (Ponapé,
Kuschai, Palaos, Marshalls); _idem_, Ibis, 1880, pp. 331, 332
(Taluit); _idem_, Ibis, 1881, pp. 104, 108, 113, 114 (Kushai,
Uleai, Ponapé); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus.
Godeffroy, 1881, pp. 281, 299, 353 (Ponapé, Mortlock, Ruk);
Christian, The Caroline Islands, 1899, p. 358 (Ponapé).

_Urodynamis taitensis_ Finsch, Mitth. Ornith. Ver. Wien, 1884, p.
53 (Jaluit, Ponapé, Palau); Bogert, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 933,
1937, p. 9 (Palau, Ruk, Kusaie, Ponapé, Truk, Iringlove, Wozzie,
Auru, Jaluit, Ratak); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 4, 1940, p.
40 (Palaus, Carolines, Marshall); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d
ed., 1942, p. 201 (Palau, Truk, Lukunor, Ponapé, Kusaie, Jaluit,
Elmore, Aurh, Wotze).

_Urodynamis taitiensis_ Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 11 (Pelew, Ualan, Ponapé,
Luganor, Taluit); _idem_, Ibis, 1893, p. 212 (Marshalls); Hartert,
Novit. Zool., 7, 1900, p. 7 (Ruk); Finsch, Notes Leyden Mus., 22,
1900, p. 120 (Ponapé, Palau, Kuschai, Ruk, Mortlock, Uleai,
Jaluit); Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 52 (Ruk);
Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922, p. 58 (Pelew, Ualan,
Ponapé, Luganor, Ruk, Taluit); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 180 (Palau, Kusaie, Ponapé, Luganor, Truk, Jaluit,
Elmore, Aurh, Wotze).

_Urdynamis taitiensis_ Finsch, Sammulung wissensch. Vorträge, 14th
ser., 1900, p. 659 (Palau).

_Eudynamis taitiensis_ Schnee, Zool. Jahrbücher, 20, 1904, p. 389
(Marshalls); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 302
(Micronesia).

_Geographic range._--Breeds in New Zealand and adjacent islands.
Winters chiefly in Polynesia, also Melanesia and Micronesia. In
Micronesia: Palau Islands--exact locality unknown; Caroline
Islands--Yap, Lukunor, Truk, Ponapé, Kusaie; Marshall
Islands--Jaluit, Elmore, Auru, Wotze, Bikini.

_Characters._--Adult: A large, long-tailed cuckoo with upper parts
dark brown; top of head spotted with white; wings, upper back and
tail barred with rufous; underparts pale rufous or buffy-rufous
with shafts of feathers streaked with brown.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 4 (2 males, 2 females), as
follows: Caroline Islands, AMNH--Truk, 1 (Jan. 7)--Kusaie, 2
(March); Marshall Islands, USNM--Bikini, 1 (May 1).

_Remarks._--Bogert (1937) has summarized the information known concerning the migration of the New Zealand Long-tailed Cuckoo. Its principal winter range is in eastern and central Polynesia: Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Union, Cook, Society, and Tuamotu islands. The bird reaches the northern extent of its range in the Marshall and Caroline islands (see map in Bogert, 1937:3-4). There are no records for the Marianas and only one record from the Palaus (taken by Peters, as recorded by Finsch, 1875:49). The bird is seemingly much more numerous as a winter visitor in the Marshall Islands than in the Caroline Islands. Coultas (field notes) writes that the cuckoo appears at Kusaie about the first of February. Bogert (1937) remarks that the cuckoo arrives at New Zealand for the breeding period in October or November and leaves for the northern wintering grounds in February or March.

Bogert (1937:11) discusses briefly the history of migration of this bird. She presents as a possible reason for the migration the fact that the cuckoo feeds principally on caterpillars and that as a consequence it moves northward to the tropics during the winter months because this food is not available at the breeding grounds in the winter months. Perhaps this cuckoo in developing its ability to fly long distances over water on migration has expanded the breadth of its range eastward into the oceanic islands, rather than westward through Malaysia and Melanesia, because it has found less competition from resident birds and from other migrants for feed and habitat. On many of the islands and atolls of the Pacific Basin, this species is the only land bird known.

=Otus podarginus= (Hartlaub and Finsch)

Palau Scops Owl

_Noctua podargina_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1872, p. 90. (Type locality, Pelew Islands.)

_Noctua podargina_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875, pp. 4,
8, pl. 1, fig. 1 and 2 (Palau); Giebel, Thes. Ornith., 2, 1875, p.
720 (Pelew); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus. Godeffroy,
1881, p. 407 (Palau).

_Ninox podargina_ Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 2, 1875, p. 151
(Palau); Bolau, Mitteil. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 1898, p. 51
(Palau); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922, p. 61
(Pelew); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p. 181 (Palau).

_Scops podargina_ Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 2, 1875, p. 313
(Palau); Nehrkorn, Journ. f. Ornith., 1879, p. 394 (Palau);
Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891
(1891), p. 3 (Pelew); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p. 112
(Palau); Dubois, Syn. Avium, 2, 1904, p. 883 (Pelew).

_P[isorhina] podargina_ Reichenow, Die Vögel, 1913, p. 424
(Palau).

_Otus podarginus_ Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 1, 1927,
p. 268 (Palau); Mayr. Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 1269, 1944, p. 3
(Palau); _idem_, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 291 (Palau).

_Pyrroglaux podargina_ Yamashina, Tori, 10, 1938, p. 1 (Pelew);
Peters, Check-list Birds World, 4, 1940, p. 109 (Babelthuap,
Koror); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 202 (Palau).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Palau Islands--Koror, Babelthuap,
Angaur.

_Characters._--Adult male: A small owl with forehead and
superciliary area whitish tinged with buff and narrowly barred
blackish-brown; feathers at base of upper mandible with long,
blackish shafts, crown and back rufous-brown; some feathers on
neck narrowly barred ochraceous and black; some scapulars with
outer webs barred dark brown and white; rump and upper
tail-coverts dark rufous, barred white and dark brown; tail
rufous, barred indistinctly dark brown, inner webs barred white
and dark brown; wings sandy rufous, outer edges of all but first
primary spotted buffy-white; lores rufous, shafts white;
indistinct eye ring rufous; ear-coverts whitish with rufous tips,
chin white; throat white narrowly barred with wavy dark lines and
tipped with rufous; breast pale rufous, feathers barred with white
and black; abdomen paler rufous; under tail-coverts often barred
with black and white without rufous wash; under wing-coverts white
barred with dark brown; bill and feet whitish; iris brown.

Adult female: Resembles adult male, but darker brown above with
fine vermiculations of blackish color; underparts may be pale or
dark rufous with slight or heavy white and brown barrings and
spots.

Immature: Resembles adult male, but upper parts darker brown;
forehead, crown, and back barred ochraceous and black; scapulars
with white shaft streaks and spots of white; underparts more
heavily barred.

_Measurements._--Eight males measure: wing, 155-163 (159); tail,
82-88 (84); culmen, 22.0-23.5 (23.0); tarsus, 32-35 (33); two
females measure: wing, 158, 165; tail, 83, 90; culmen, 23.5, 24.0;
tarsus, 33, 35.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 11 (9 males, 2 females), as
follows: Palau Islands, USNM--Koror, 1 (Nov. 3); AMNH--exact
locality not given, 10 (Oct., Nov., Dec.).

_Remarks._--Coultas (field notes) found the Palau Scops Owl fairly common around villages on the island of Koror. He obtained specimens at night with the use of a flashlight. He writes that the bird moves about considerably remaining on one perch and calling for only approximately three minutes. The bird stays in the mangrove thickets in the daylight hours. Marshall (1949:207) also found the owl at Koror as well as at Peleliu in 1945. He observed 33 pairs on Koror (approximately one-half of the total population) and four pairs on Peleliu. The NAMRU2 party did not find the owl in the southern Palaus in 1945.

Yamashina (1938:1) gave the Palau Scops Owl the generic name, _Pyrroglaux_. Mayr (1944b:3) has reviewed this treatment and presents evidence to show that the name _Pyrroglaux_ should not be recognized and that the bird correctly belongs in the genus _Otus_. He presents a detailed discussion to show its relationship to _O. spilocephalus_, and that the characters possessed by _O. podarginus_ are no more different or unusual than those found in other members of this widespread genus. It is pointed out that the reduction of the feathering is probably caused by the change in habitat--from a colder one in Asia to a warmer, tropical one in the Palaus. The bird is probably derived from _O. spilocephalus_ of Asia and Malaysia.

=Asio flammeus flammeus= (Pontoppidan)

Short-eared Owl

_Strix Flammea_ Pontoppidan, Danske, Atlas, 1, 1763, p. 617, pl.
25. (Type locality, Sweden.)

_Strix stridula_ Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. "Uranie," Zool., 1824, pp.
680, 696 (Mariannes); _idem_, Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris, 6, 1825, p.
149 (Mariannes).

_Otus brachyotus_ Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith., 1854, p. 167
(Mariannen); Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12, 1876, pp.
17, 18 (Mariannen?).

_Asio accipitrinus_ Wiglesworth (part), Abhandl. und Ber. Zool.
Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 3 (Marianne); Oustalet
(part), Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 168
(Mariannes); Hartert, Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p. 51 (Marianne);
Seale, Occ. Papers Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 1, 1901, p. 44
(Mariannes); Safford, Osprey, 1902, p. 68 (Marianas); _idem_,
Amer. Anthro., 4, 1902, p. 711 (Guam); _idem_, The Plant World, 7,
1904, p. 263 (Tinian); _idem_, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., 9, 1905,
p. 79 (Tinian); Prowazek, Die deutschen Marianen, 1913, p. 88
(Marianen).

_Asi accipitrimus_ Wheeler, Report Island of Guam, 1900, p. 12
(Guam).

_Asio flammeus sandwichensis_ Kuroda (part), in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 61 (Marianne); Hand-list Japanese Birds
(part), rev., 1932, p. 182 (Marianas).

_Asio flammeus ponapensis_ Hand-list Japanese Birds (part), 3d
ed., 1942, p. 202 (Pagan).

_Asio flammeus flammeus_ Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p.
292 (Marianas).

_Geographic range._--Breeds in Europe, Asia, and North America.
Winters to tropics. In Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Pagan, Tinian.

_Remarks._--The Short-eared Owl was taken at Tinian by Quoy and Gaimard (1824:680, 696) and in recent years has been recorded at Pagan. The committee which prepared the Hand-list of Japanese Birds (Hachisuka _et al._, 1942:202) writes that the bird taken at Pagan has a short wing (288) and indicates that it belongs to _A. f. ponapensis_. In the present work this bird is considered to be _A. f. flammeus_, a migrant from Asia; possibly, however, there is an unrecorded resident population of the Short-eared Owl in the northern Marianas, which may be closely related to _A. f. ponapensis_ of Ponapé. Owls may have at one time been resident in the southern Marianas. At Guam, for instance, owls are well known to the native peoples, and there is suitable habitat for the owl in the extensive grassland areas of the island. Perhaps an owl was resident at Guam and at other islands but has been eliminated partly by the overgrazing and burning of the grassy habitats preferred by the owl.

=Asio flammeus ponapensis= Mayr

Short-eared Owl

_Asio flammeus ponapensis_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 609, 1933,
p. 1. (Type locality, Ponapé.)

_Otus brachyotus_ Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12, 1876,
pp. 17, 18 (Ponapé); _idem_, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877 (1878),
p. 778 (Ponapé); _idem_, Journ. f. Ornith., 1880, p. 283 (Ponapé);
_idem_, Mitth. Ornith. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 47 (Ponapé); _idem_,
Sammlung wissensch. Vorträge, 14 ser., 1900, p. 659 (Ponapé).

_Asio brachyotus_ Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 113, 114 (Ponapé).

_Asio accipitrinus_ Ridgway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 4, 1882, p.
367 (Strong's Island = Kusaie); Wiglesworth (part), Abhandl. und
Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 3 (Ponapé);
Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895,
p. 169 (Ponapi).

_Asio flammeus sandwichensis_ Kuroda (part), in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 61 (Ponapé); Hand-list Japanese Birds (part),
rev., 1932, p. 182 (Ponapé).

_Asio flammeus ponapensis_ Kelso, Oölogist, 1938, p. 183 (Kusaie);
Peters, Check-list Birds World, 4, 1940, p. 170 (Ponapé);
Hand-list Japanese Birds (part), 3d ed., 1942, p. 202 (Ponapé);
Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 291 (Ponapé).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Ponapé, Kusaie?

_Characters._--Adult: a large, short-eared owl, dark brown above
streaked with buff and lighter below streaked with dark brown. An
adult female has upper parts dark brown, outer webs of feathers
buffy to give a streaked appearance; rump pale buff, feathers
edged subterminally with darker brown; scapulars like head and
back; wing-coverts dark brown tipped and edged with splotches of
buffy to buffy-rufous; primaries and secondaries brown with large
spots of pale rufous; tail brown barred with whitish buff spots,
webs with dark centers; forehead whitish tinged with buff; region
below and behind eye dark; chin pale with rufous tinged sides;
throat and breast rufous-buff with heavy streaks of brown,
becoming narrower on abdomen and under tail; under wing-coverts
buffy streaked with dark brown; auxilaries buffy; feathering of
tibia and tarsus pale buff; bill dark slate; feet grey-brown; iris
yellow.

Resembles _A. f. flammeus_, but wing shorter and color darker.

_Measurements._--Mayr (1933:2) lists the following measurements
for two adult females: wing, 295, 307; tail, 135, 139; culmen, 17,
17.5; and tarsus, 48, 51.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 2 females, from Caroline
Islands, AMNH--Ponapé (Dec.).

_Nesting._--Coultas (field notes) writes that the Short-eared Owl
at Ponapé builds its nest in the grass on the ground. He did not
observe the nest but received reports of it from the natives.

_Remarks._--The owl at Ponapé has been known since the time of Kubary. Coultas, visiting the island in 1930, was the first naturalist to record very much concerning the habits. According to him (field notes) the bird inhabits the open grasslands of Ponapé and apparently has somewhat the same habits as other members of the species. He estimated the population in 1930 as two dozen or more. He found the birds extremely secretive during the daylight hours. They were observed flying over the patches of grassland at twilight and on moonlight nights. He comments that the catlike call of this owl is heard occasionally in the night. Richards writes (_in litt._) that twice in late December, 1947, he saw this owl in a forested area near the summit of Jokaj Island (900 feet).

Kelso (1938:138) records the Short-eared Owl from Kusaie on the basis of a specimen taken by Gulick, which Ridgway (1882:367) thought came from the West Indies. The specimen is labeled Strong's Island, which is an old name for Kusaie. Kelso gives the measurements of this bird as: wing, 275; tail, 141; culmen from cere, 19.5, and comments that the wings are shorter than those of specimens from Asia. The skin is in the U. S. National Museum.

The Short-eared Owl at Ponapé closely resembles _A. f. flammeus_ but is slightly smaller and darker. Apparently the owl came to Ponapé as a straggler on migration from Asia, and becoming acclimated and adapted to the grassy areas at Ponapé remained as a resident. The occurrence of _A. f. flammeus_ in the Marianas on migration offers evidence as to how the bird originally reached Ponapé.

=Caprimulgus indicus jotaka= Temminck and Schlegel

Jungle Nightjar

_Caprimulgus jotaka_ Temminck and Schlegel, in Siebold's Fauna
Japonica, Aves, 1847, p. 37, pl. 12, 13. (Type locality, Japan.)

_Caprimulgus indicus jotaka_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932,
p. 179 (Palau); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 199
(Palau); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 302 (Palau).

_Geographic range._--Breeds in eastern Asia and Japan. Winters
south to tropics. In Micronesia: Palau Islands--exact locality
unknown.

_Remarks._--According to the committee who prepared the Hand-list of Japanese Birds (Hachisuka _et al._, 1942:199), one female was obtained by Oba in the Palaus in November, 1930. The skin was placed in the Kuroda collection. Coultas obtained a male on December 9, 1931, in the Palaus, which is in the American Museum of Natural History. The bird is apparently an occasional migrant to western Micronesia.

=Caprimulgus indicus phalaena= Hartlaub and Finsch

Jungle Nightjar

_Caprimulgus phalaena_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1872, p. 91. (Type locality, Pelew.)

_Caprimulgus phalaena_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875, pp.
4, 13, pl. 2, fig. 1, 2 (Palau); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr.
Abth. Mus. Godeffroy, 1881, p. 407 (Palau); Wiglesworth, Abhandl.
und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 17
(Pelew); Hartert, Cat. Birds British Mus., 16, 1892, p. 545
(Pelew); _idem_, Das Tierreich, no. 1, 1897, p. 51 (Palau); Bolau,
Mitteil. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 1898, p. 65 (Palau); Matschie,
Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p. 112 (Palau); Dubois, Syn. Avium 1,
1902, p. 124 (Pelew); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 2, 1914, p. 154
(Palau); Mathews, Syst. Avium. Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 396
(Pelew); Hachisuka, Birds Philippines, 2, 1934, p. 120 (Pelew).

_Caprimulgus indicus phalaena_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 61 (Pelew); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 179 (Palau); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 4, 1940, p.
204 (Palau); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 199
(Babelthuap, Koror); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 292
(Palau).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Palau Islands--Babeltuap, Koror,
Garakayo.

_Characters._--Adult male: "Above grayish-brown, very finely
vermiculated, more rufous on the back, with large longitudinal
streaks and a few cross markings; scapulars partly with pale buff
bands, mostly pale gray at the basal portion; primaries deep
brown, with a white spot to the inner web of the first primary not
extending to the shaft, second and third primary with fine spots
to the inner web extending to the shaft and obsolete white spots
to the outer web, fourth primary with a smaller and less pure
white spot; chin and throat blackish brown, barred with rufous,
with two white spots on the throat; breast brownish gray,
vermiculated and spotted with brown and blackish; abdomen dirty
ochraceous buff barred with brown, the bars wider on the lower
tail-coverts; retrices rufous-brown with blackish bars, outer ones
with broad white terminal spots." (Hartert, 1892:545.) Bill
basally whitish with black tip; feet blackish pink; iris dark
brown.

Adult female: According to Hartert (1892:545) similar to male, but
with small, more or less obsolete, rufous-buff (not white) spots
on the primaries; rectrices without white spots.

Immature: Resembles adult but paler and less distinctly marked.

_C. i. phalaena_ resembles _C. i. jotaka_, but is paler; the male
is more broadly barred and more buffy on abdomen and under side of
tail; the female has paler spots on wing.

_Measurements._--Measurements of four males: wing, 161-168 (165);
tail, 118-129 (124); culmen, 22; tarsus, 14.0-15.1 (14.5); of four
females: wing, 161-165 (163); tail, 118-127 (123); culmen, 22;
tarsus, 14.5-15.6 (15.1).

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 8 (4 males, 4 females), as
follows: Palau Islands, USNM--Koror, 3 (Nov. 3, 20, 29);
AMNH--exact locality not given, 5 (Oct., Nov., Dec.).

_Remarks._--This subspecies of the Jungle Nightjar is restricted to the Palau Islands and particularly to those islands possessing damp, shady forests and mangrove swamps. In September, 1945, two birds were observed at the edge of a mangrove swamp at Garakayo at twilight by the NAMRU2 party, but neither of them was taken. Coultas (field notes) found the nightjar in mangrove swamps. He writes that they remain quiet there during the daylight hours. He took specimens both in the evening and at dawn. He considers the bird as not very common. Marshall (1949:208) obtained specimens at Koror in 1945.

Among the races of _C. indicus_, the coloration of _C. i. phalaena_ resembles most closely that of _C. i. jotaka_; probably _C. i. phalaena_ was derived from _C. i. jotaka_ of Asia. Apparently this bird arrived at the Palaus by way of the Philippines. It is found only in these islands of Micronesia and maybe another one of that group of species which reached the Palaus without expanding their ranges farther into Micronesia.

=Collocalia inexpectata pelewensis= Mayr

Edible Nest Swiftlet

_Collocalia pelewensis_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 820, 1935, p.
3. (Type locality, Palau Islands.)

_Collocalia vanicorensis_ Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867
(1868), p. 829 (Pelew); Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1868, pp. 4, 116, 118 (Pelew); _idem_, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1872, p. 89 (Pelew); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8,
1875, pp. 4, 15 (Palau); _idem_ (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12,
1876, pp. 17, 24 (Palau); _idem_ (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1880, p. 575 (Palaos); _idem (part), Ibis, 1881, p. 104 (Pelew);
Tristram, Cat. Birds, 1889, p. 111 (Pelew);_ Wiglesworth (part),
Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p.
18 (Pelew); Matschie (part), Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p. 112
(Palau).

_Collocalia vanikorensis_ Gray, Hand-list Birds, 1, 1869, p. 66
(Pelew); Giebel, Thes. Ornith., 1, 1872, p. 737 (Pelew).

_Collocalia fuciphaga_ Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist.
Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 189 (Palaos); Reichenow, Die Vögel,
2, 1914, p. 161 (Palau).

_Collocalia francica_ Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1915, p. 53
(Pelew).

_Collocalia fuciphaga inquieta_ Kuroda (part), in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 62 (Pelew).

_Collocalia unicolor amelis_ Kuroda (part), in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 63 (Pelew).

_Collocalia fuciphaga amelis_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 179 (Palau).

_Collocalia (vanikorensis) pelewensis_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit.,
no. 828, 1936, p. 11 (Palau).

_Collocalia germani pelewensis_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 915,
1937, p. 18 (Palau).

_Collocalia inexpectata pelewensis_ Peters, Check-list Birds
World, 4, 1940, p. 224 (Palau); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific,
1945, p. 292 (Palau); Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 107, no.
15, 1948, p. 63 (Garakayo, Peleliu).

_Collocalia vanikorensis pelewensis_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d
ed., 1942, p. 199 (Babelthuap, Koror).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Palau Islands--Babelthuap, Koror,
Garakayo, Peleliu, Angaur.

_Characters._--Adult, according to Mayr (1935:3): "Small; tarsus
naked; upper parts dark fuscous-green, with a brownish tone on
back; crown not much darker than back; rump pale but no distinct
light gray bar across rump as in _C. spodiopygia_; color of the
rump showing much individual variation, bases of feathers always
being pale gray, but tips sometimes strongly glossy green; inner
margins of wing-feathers not particularly light; feathers of chin
and throat soft, with fuscous bases and rather sharply defined
silvery-gray edges, but no shaft-streaks; abdomen dull gray,
slightly darker than throat, inconspicuous shaft-streaks on breast
and abdomen, more pronounced shaft-streaks on under tail-coverts;
longest under tail-coverts fairly glossy green; white loral spot
inconspicuous."

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 30.

TABLE 30. MEASUREMENTS OF _Collocalia inexpectata_ IN MICRONESIA

====================+=====+===============+============
SUBSPECIES | No. | Wing | Tail
--------------------+-----+---------------+------------
_C. i. pelewensis_ | 14 | 111 (109-113) | 50 (47-51)
| | |
_C. i. bartschi_ | 13 | 108 (105-108) | 54 (52-57)
--------------------+-----+---------------+------------

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 20 (12 males, 8 females), as
follows: Palau Islands, USNM--Peleliu, 1 (Sept. 13)--Garakayo, 2
(Sept. 18)--Koror, 3 (Nov. 5, 6, 7); AMNH--exact locality not
given, 14 (Oct., Dec.).

_Remarks._--The NAMRU2 party found the swiftlet to be numerous on islands in the southern Palaus in 1945. The birds were observed flying in clearings and about the cliffs. Coultas writes (field notes) that they nest in caves on the smaller islands.

=Collocalia inexpectata bartschi= Mearns

Edible Nest Swiftlet

_Collocalia bartschi_ Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 36, 1909, p.
476. (Type locality, Guam.)

_Cypselus inquietus_ Kittlitz (part), Obser. Zool., in Lutké.,
Voy. "Le Séniavine," 3, 1836, p. 304 (Guahan); _idem_ (part),
Denkw. Reise russ. Amer. Micron. und Kamchat., 2, 1858, p. 26
(Guahan).

_Collocalia nidifica_ Gray (part), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., (3), 17,
1866, p. 125 (Marianne); _idem_ (part), Hand-list Birds, 1, 1869,
p. 65 (Marianne).

_Collocalia vanicorensis_ Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy,
12, 1876, p. 24 (Marianen); _idem_ (part), Ibis, 1881, p. 105
(Guam); Oustalet, Le Nat., 1889, p. 260 (Mariannes); Wiglesworth
(part), Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891
(1891), p. 18 (Marianne); Matschie (part), Journ. f. Ornith.,
1901, p. 112 (Guam, Saipan).

_Collocalia fuciphaga_ Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1865, p.
616 (Marianne); Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 187 (Mariannes); Hartert, Novit. Zool., 5,
1898, p. 53 (Rota, Guam, Saipan); Seale, Occ. Papers Bernice P.
Bishop Mus., 1, 1901, p. 46 (Marianas); Safford, Osprey, 1902, p.
60 (Marianas); _idem_, The Plant World, 7, 1904, pp. 84, 263
(Guam); _idem_, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., 9, 1905, p. 79 (Guam);
Prowazek, Die deutschen Marianen, 1913, p. 102 (Marianen); Cox,
Island of Guam, 1917, p. 21 (Guam); Bryan, Guam Rec., vol. 13, no.
2, 1936, p. 25 (Guam).

_Collocalia fuchphaga_ Wheeler, Report Island of Guam, 1900, p. 13
(Guam).

_Collocalia fuciphaga fuciphaga_ Oberholser (part), Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 186 (Guam).

_Collocalia unicolor amelis_ Oberholser, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1906, p. 193 (Guam); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 63 (Guam).

_Collocalia fuciphaga tachyptera_ Obersolser, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 42, 1912, p. 20 (Type locality, Guam); Stresemann, Verhandl.
Ornith. Gesellsch. Bayern, 12, 1914, p. 11 (Guam); Takatsukasa and
Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 63 (Marianas); Kuroda, in Momiyama,
Birds Michnoseia, 1922, p. 62 (Guam, Saipan, Rota).

_Collocalia unicolor bartschi_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 63 (Guam).

_Collocalia fuciphaga bartschi_ Mathews, Syst. Avium
Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 402 (Guam); Hand-list Japanese
Birds, rev., 1932, p. 178 (Marianas).

_Collocalia vanikorensis bartschi_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
828, 1936, p. 11 (Marianne); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed.,
1942, p. 198 (Saipan, Rota, Guam).

_Collocalia germani bartschi_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 915,
1937, p. 18 (Marianne).

_Collocalia inexpectata bartschi_ Peters, Check-list Birds World,
4, 1940, p. 224 (Marianne); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945,
p. 292 (Marianas); Watson, The Raven, 17, 1946, p. 41 (Guam);
Downs, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci., 49, 1946, p. 105 (Tinian); Stott,
Auk, 64, 1947, p. 526 (Saipan); Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol.
107, no. 15, 1948, p. 63 (Guam, Rota).

_Collocalia inexpectata_ Strophlet, Auk, 63, 1946, p. 538 (Guam);
Baker, Condor, 49, 1947, p. 125 (Guam).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Guam, Rota,
Tinian, Saipan.

_Characters._--Resembles _C. i. pelewensis_, but with wing shorter;
upper parts lighter; underparts more brownish and lacking dark
shaft-streaks on breast and abdomen; feathers on lores whiter
basally.

_Measurements._--Measurements are presented in table 30.

_Weights._--The present author (1948:63) lists the weights of
seven adult males as 6.4-7.3 (6.8); of three adult females as
6.8-7.6 (7.1). These birds were taken at Guam.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 48 (17 males, 19 females, 12
unsexed), as follows: Mariana Islands, USNM--Guam, 21 (Jan. 29, May
20, June 21, July 20, 29)--Rota, 1 (Oct. 27); AMNH--Guam, 18 (Jan.
22, 29, Feb. 15, July 10, Aug. 11, 12)--Saipan, 8 (Sept. 17).

_Remarks._--The taxonomic relationships of the species and subspecies of the genus _Collocalia_ are not fully known. The many different name combinations applied to the five kinds named from Micronesia are evidence of the lack of agreement among previous writers as to the correct systematic positions of the kinds. The genus is widely distributed in southeastern Asia and adjacent islands and is divisible into a number of species and subspecies. This diversity is apparently influenced by the restriction of the birds to local habitats caused, as Stresemann (1931b:83) states, by the necessity of staying by their nesting areas which are in caves. Stresemann also points out that the birds are thus dependent on "narrowly limited ecological conditions." The birds are confined to certain areas and are, therefore, isolated from other populations. Most of the volcanic islands of Micronesia have numerous caves which are suitable to the swiftlets for nesting. _C. inexpectata_ evolved in the Malayan region and apparently spread to Micronesia via the Philippines to Palau and to the Marianas. The two subspecies of _C. inexpectata_ in Micronesia resemble closely those to the westward but are smaller. I am following Peters (1940:224) in the treatment of these, and although some future reviser may rearrange these species and subspecies, it appears to me that the Micronesian swiftlets fall into the two natural groups (_C. inexpectata_ and _C. inquieta_) now recognized, even though their parent stocks in Malaysia, in my opinion, are inadequately known.

At Guam and Rota, the NAMRU2 party found swiftlets concentrated at cliff areas, flying about in large groups. Away from the cliffs fewer were seen and singles were observed in woodland openings, over fields, and in the coconut groves. On May 18, 1945, a colony of nesting birds was found approximately two miles east of Agaña on Guam. This colony was in a coral sink-hole which was approximately 75 feet deep and 60 feet in diameter. The nests were grouped in clusters of 5 to 25 or more, on underhanging ledges, sheltered from the light. The nests, which were fastened securely to the irregular ledges, were knocked down by shots from our collecting guns. Approximately 250 nests were found; no eggs were observed, the nests containing young birds. The young were in various stages of development; some were with little feather growth, others were completely feathered. Nests examined contained only one young each. The pile of guano below each cluster of nests was large; an estimate made at the time indicated that there were 10 or more tons in each pile. Guano deposits in large quantities were found also in caves at Amantes Point, Guam.

=Collocalia inquieta inquieta= (Kittlitz)

Carolines Swiftlet

_Cypselus inquietus_ Kittlitz, Obser. Zool., in Lutké, Voy. "Le
Séniavine," 3, 1836, p. 285. (Type locality, Ualan.)

_Cypselus inquietus_ Kittlitz (part), Denkw. Reise russ. Amer.
Micron. und Kamchat., 2, 1858, p. 26 (Ualan).

_Collocalia ualensis_ Streubel, Isis, 1848, p. 368 (no type
locality = Kusaie?).

_Collocalia nidifica ualensis_ Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist., 17, 1866, p.
123 (Caroline Islands = Kusaie?).

_Collocalia vanicorensis_ Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy,
12, 1876, p. 24 (Ualan); _idem_ (part), Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1880, p. 575 (Kuschai); _idem_ (part), Journ. f. Ornith., 1880,
pp. 285, 298 (Kuschai); _idem_ (part), Ibis, 1881, pp. 104, 108
(Kushai); Wiglesworth (part), Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 18 (Ualan); Matschie (part),
Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p. 112 (Ualan).

_Collocalia fuciphaga_ Hartert (part), Cat. Birds British Mus.,
16, 1892, p. 498 (Kuschai); Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 190 (Oualan).

_Collocalia fuciphaga fuciphaga_ Oberholser (part), Proc. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Phila., 1906, p. 186 (Ualan).

_Collocalia fuciphaga vanikorensis_ Oberholser (part), Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 42, 1912, p. 20 (Kusaie).

_Collocalia fuciphaga inquieta_ Stresemann, Verhandl. Ornith.
Gesellsch. Bayern, 12, 1914, pp. 9, 11 (Ualan); Kuroda (part), in
Momiyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922, p. 62 (Kusaie); Hand-list
Japanese Birds (part), rev., 1932, p. 179 (Kusaie).

_Collocalia inquieta inquieta_ Mayr, Amer. Mus., Novit., no. 915,
1937, p. 11 (Kusaie); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 4, 1940, p.
225 (Kusaie); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 292
(Kusaie).

_Collocalia vanikorensis inquieta_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d
ed., 1942, p. 199 (Kusaie).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Kusaie.

_Characters._--Adult: Upper parts dark (sooty-black) with a slight
greenish gloss on head and back and a more conspicuous
bluish-purple gloss on the wings and tail; feathers of lores
white, tipped with black; underparts smoky-gray; feet brownish;
bill black; iris dark brown.

_Measurements._--Measurements are presented in table 31.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 42 (21 males, 20 females, 1
unsexed), as follows: Caroline Islands, USNM--Kusaie, 1 (Feb. 8);
AMNH--Kusaie, 41 (Jan., Feb., March).

_Remarks._--Kittlitz obtained this swiftlet when he visited Kusaie from December 8, 1827, to January 1, 1828. In 1931, Coultas found the bird common at Kusaie. The name _Collocalia ualensis_, published by Streubel in Isis in 1848, p. 368, is without mention of a locality, but is later used by Gray to denote the swiftlet in the Caroline Islands.

TABLE 31. MEASUREMENTS OF _Collocalia inquieta_

============================+=====+====================
SUBSPECIES | No. | Wing
----------------------------+-----+--------------------
_Collocalia i. inquieta_ | 11 | 119 (116-125)
| |
_Collocalia i. ponapensis_ | 10 | 110 (107-114)
| |
_Collocalia i. rukensis_ | | (112-119.5)[C]
----------------------------+-----+--------------------

[C] (Mayr, 1935:3).

=Collocalia inquieta rukensis= Kuroda

Carolines Swiftlet

_Collocalia fuciphaga rukensis_ Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, pp. 58, 59,
pl. 3, fig. 1. (Type locality, Ruk.)

_Collocalia vanicorensis_ Finsch (part), Proc. Zool. London, 1880,
p. 575 (Ruk); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus. Godeffroy,
1881, p. 353 (Ruk); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 18 (Uap and Ruk); Hartert,
Novit. Zool., 7, 1900, p. 11 (Ruk); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith.,
1901, p. 112 (Yap, Ruk).

_Collocalia fuciphaga vanikorensis_ Oberholser (part), Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus., 42, 1912, p. 20 (Uala = Truk).

_Collocalia fuciphaga rukensis_ Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1,
1915, p. 53 (Ruk); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922, p.
62 (Ruk, Yap); Kuroda, Ibis, 1927, p. 706 (Truk); Mathews, Syst.
Avium Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 402 (Ruk); Hand-list Japanese
Birds, rev., 1932, p. 178 (Ruk).

_Collocalia fuciphaga inquieta_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 62 (Ruk).

_Collocalia inquieta rukensis_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no. 915,
1937, p. 11 (Ruk); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 4, 1940, p. 225
(Truk, Yap); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 292 (Yap,
Truk).

_Collocalia vanikorensis rukensis_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d
ed., 1942, p. 198 (Truk, Yap).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Truk, Yap.

_Characters._--Adult: Resembles _C. i. inquieta_ but with wing
shorter.

_Measurements._--Measurements are given in table 31.

_Specimen examined._--One unsexed bird from Caroline Islands,
USNM--Truk (Feb. 16).

_Remarks._--Little is known concerning this swiftlet. The bird at Yap is referred to this race; I have not seen specimens from this island. McElroy reports seeing no swiftlets at Truk in December, 1945. _C. i. rukensis_ appears to be intermediate in size between _C. i. inquieta_ and _C. i. ponapensis_. Richards writes (_in litt._) that he found swiftlets common at Truk in 1948. He also noted a large swiftlike bird in "January or February," 1948, near the summit of Mount Tonáchian on Moen Island. From his description, the bird may have been a large migratory swift, possibly _Apus pacificus_ or _Chaetura caudacuta_, neither of which have been reported previously from Micronesia.

=Collocalia inquieta ponapensis= Mayr

Carolines Swiftlet

_Collocalia vanikorensis ponapensis_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
820, 1935, p. 3. (Type locality, Ponapé.)

_Collocalia vanicorensis_ Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy,
12, 1876, pp. 17, 23 (Ponapé); _idem_, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1877 (1878), p. 778 (Ponapé); _idem_ (part), Journ. f. Ornith.,
1880, p. 285 (Ponapé); _idem_, Ibis, 1881, p. 115 (Ponapé);
Wiglesworth (part), Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6,
1890-1891 (1891), p. 18 (Ponapé); Matschie (part), Journ. f.
Ornith., 1901, p. 112 (Ponapé).

_Collocalia fuciphaga_ Hartert, Cat. Birds British Mus., 16, 1892,
p. 498 (Ponapé).

_Collocalia fuciphaga vanikorensis_ Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori,
1, 1915, p. 53 (Ponapé).

_Collocalia fuciphaga inquieta_ Kuroda (part), in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 62 (Ponapé).

_Collocalia vanikorensis ponapensis_ Mayr, Amer. Mus. Novit., no.
828, 1936, p. 12 (Ponapé); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942,
p. 198 (Ponapé).

_Collocalia inquieta ponapensis_ Mayr, Amer. Novit., no. 915,
1937, p. 11 (Ponapé); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 4, 1940, p.
225 (Ponapé); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 292
(Ponapé).

_Collocalia inquieta_ Mayr, Proc. 6th Pac. Sci. Congr., 4, 1941,
p. 204 (Ponapé).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Ponapé.

_Characters._--Adult: According to Mayr (1936:12), "Very similar
to _inquieta_, but much smaller; on the upper parts apparently
somewhat less glossy, and not so dark, more brownish; under parts
very variable, sometimes very dark (partly on account of
greasing), sometimes quite silvery on the throat; very dark
specimens show some greenish gloss not only on the longest under
tail-coverts, but also on the entire under side, except on the
throat; rump of the same color as the back; tarsus unfeathered."

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 31.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 37 (19 males, 18 females) from
Caroline Islands, AMNH--Ponapé (Nov., Dec.).

_Nesting._--Coultas obtained young birds from nests in caves in
November and December.

_Remarks._--I am following Mayr (1937:11) and Peters (1940:225) in this treatment of these Caroline swiftlets, even though the differences between _C. inquieta_ and _C. vanikorensis_ appear to be slight indeed. _C. inquieta_ appears closest to the forms of _C. vanikorensis_ in Northern Melanesia. The birds found in New Guinea and the Solomons are similar in size to the birds in the Carolines, while those in the Moluccas, Admiralties and Lihir are larger. Color differences are slight with the pale color of the sides of the head and underparts being variable. All of these dark-rumped birds evidently evolved in the Melanesian area.

=Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina= Swainson

Micronesian Kingfisher

_Halcyon cinnamomina_ Swainson, Zool. Illustr., 2, 1821, text to
pl. 67. (No type locality = Guam.)

_Halcyon cinnamomina_ Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith., 1854, p. 167
(Marianen = Guam); Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean, 1859,
p. 5 (Ladrone or Marian Islands = Guam); Sharpe (part), Monogr.
Alced., 1868-71, pp. xxxii, 213, pl. 80 (Guam); Gray, Hand-list
Birds, 1, 1869, p. 93 (Mariannes = Guam); Oustalet, Le Nat., 1889,
p. 260 (Mariannes = Guam); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool.
Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 16 (Guam); Oustalet,
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 175 (Guam);
Hartert, Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p. 53 (Guam); Matschie, Journ. f.
Ornith., 1901, pp. 112, 113, 114 (Guam); Wharton, Ecol. Monogr.,
16, 1946, p. 174 (Guam); Strophlet, Auk, 63, 1946, p. 538 (Guam);
Baker, Condor, 49, 1947, p. 125 (Guam).

_Alcedo ruficeps_ Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., 29, 1823, p. 273
(Mariannes = Guam); Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 1853, p. 387
(Mariannes = Guam); Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith., 1855, p. 423
(Mariannen = Guam).

_Dacela ruficeps_ Lesson, Traité d'Ornith., 1831, p. 247
(Mariannes = Guam).

_Halcyon cinnamomeus_ Kittlitz, Obser. Zool., in Lutké, Voy. "Le
Séniavine," 3, 1836, p. 304 (Guahan).

_Dacelo cinnamomina_ Kittlitz, Denkw. Reise russ. Amer. Micron.
und Kamchat., 2, 1858, p. 131 (Guahan); Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
3, no. 17, 1863, p. 39; no. 39, 1874, p. 29 (Mariannes = Guam);
Giebel, Thes. Ornith., 2, 1875, p. 3 (Mariannae = Guam).

_Todiramphus cinnamominus_ Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exped. 1838-'42,
1858, pp. 220, 225 (Ladrone or Marianna Islands = Guam).

_Sauropatis cinnamomina_ Cabanis, Mus. Hein., 2, 1859-'60, p. 159
(Marianen); Salvadori (part), Ornith. Papuasia, 1, 1880, p. 481
(Marianne = Guam).

_Halcyon cinnamominus_ Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12,
1876, pp. 17, 20 (Marianen = Guam); Sharpe, Cat. Birds British
Mus., 17, 1892, p. 259 (Marianne = Guam); Seale, Occ. Papers
Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 1, 1901, p. 45 (Guam); Safford, Osprey,
1902, p. 69 (Guam); Dubois, Syn. Avium, 1, 1902, p. 108 (Guam);
Safford, The Plant World, 7, 1904, p. 263 (Guam); _idem_, Contr.
U. S. Nat. Herb., 9, 1905, p. 79 (Guam); Mearns, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., 36, 1909, p. 476 (Guam); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 2, 1914, p.
116 (Marianen = Guam); Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p.
63 (Mariannes = Guam); Cox, Islands of Guam, 1917, p. 21 (Guam);
Thompson, Guam and its people, 1942, p. 23 (Guam).

_Halcyon rufigularis_ Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 17, 1892,
p. 260 (No type locality = Guam).

_Halcyon cinnamanea_ Wheeler, Report Island of Guam, 1900, p. 12
(Guam).

_Halcyon cinnamonius_ Prowazek, Die deutschen Marianen, 1913, p.
102 (Marianen = Guam).

_Souropatis cinnamominus_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia,
1922, p. 59 (Guam).

_Hyposyma cinnamomina_ Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 1,
1927, p. 384 (Marianne = Guam).

_Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 179 (Guam); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p.
200 (Guam); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 293 (Guam);
Peters, Check-list Birds World, 5, 1945, p. 206 (Guam); Watson,
The Raven, 17, 1946, p. 41 (Guam); Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll.,
vol. 107, no. 15, 1948, p. 63 (Guam).

_Halcyon cinnamomius_ Bryan, Guam, Rec., vol. 13, no. 2, 1936, p.
25 (Guam).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Guam.

_Characters._--Adult male: Head, neck, upper back, and entire under
surface near "Sanford's brown"; auriculars black with bluish wash;
narrow black line extending around nape; orbital ring black; lower
back, lesser wing-coverts, and scapulars deep greenish-blue; outer
webs of wing feathers and tail blue; rump resembles tail but
slightly lighter; under wing-coverts greenish-blue; feet dark
brown; bill black, base of mandible paler; iris dark brown.

Adult female: Resembles adult male, but chin, throat, and upper
breast paler; rest of underparts and under wing-coverts white; a
few cinnamon-tipped feathers on tibia and at bend of wing; back
and scapulars darker olive-green and less blue.

Immature: Resembles adult, but brown of crown mixed with
greenish-blue; back and wing-coverts edged with pale cinnamon;
chin and throat whitish; rest of underparts buffy-white in male
and paler in female; feathers on breast and nape with dark
edgings.

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 32.

TABLE 32. MEASUREMENTS OF _Halcyon cinnamomina_

=====================+==========+==========+=========+=========+========
| | | | Exposed |
SUBSPECIES | Number | Wing | Tail | culmen | Tarsus
---------------------+----------+----------+---------+---------+--------
_H. c. cinnamomina_ |31 males | 102 | 77 | 37 | 15
| | (96-105) | (73-83) | (35-39) | (14-17)
| | | | |
|25 females| 102 | 79 | 38 | 15
| | (99-106) | (74-84) | (35-38) | (14-17)
| | | | |
_H. c. pelewensis_ | 5 males | 89 | 61 | 39 | 14
| | (88-89) | (58-64) | (38-40) | (13-14)
| | | | |
| 4 females| 88 | 64 | 39 | 14
| | (88-89) | (61-67) | (38-39) | (13-14)
| | | | |
_H. c. reichenbachii_|14 males | 99 | 74 | 41 | 16
| | (96-101) | (72-77) | (39-43) | (16-17)
| | | | |
|15 females| 100 | 74 | 41 | 16
| | (96-102) | (71-76) | (39-42) | (15-17)
---------------------+----------+----------+---------+---------+--------

_Weights._--The NAMRU2 party obtained the following weights: 11
adult males, 56-62 (59); 10 adult females, 58-76 (66).

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 72 (40 males, 32 females), as
follows: Mariana Islands, USNM--Guam, 38 (Feb. 14, 24, March 8, May
25, 26, 30, June 2, 3, 4, 6, 13, 14, 16, 18, 19, 28, 29, July 6, 7,
10, 18, 20, Aug. 24, 30, Nov. 19); AMNH--Guam, 34 (Jan., Feb.,
March, April, July, Aug., Sept., Nov., Dec.).

_Nesting._--In 1945, the NAMRU2 party found the kingfisher nesting
in the months of March, April, May, and July. Nests were placed in
hollows of trees, usually ten or more feet above the ground. On
April 3, a nest was found in a banyan tree approximately 25 feet
above the ground in a hollow limb. There were two entrances to the
nest cavity and both the male and female were observed to feed the
young. They did not enter the hollow but placed food in the
protruding beaks of the young; the parents and nestling both were
exceedingly noisy throughout most of the feeding period. On July 8,
McElroy found a nest containing two white eggs, partly incubated,
in a cavity of a felled coconut palm at Agfayan Bay.