Chapter XII: Part 12

_Molt._--Examination of specimens indicates that the time of molt
is irregular or that molting may occur at any time of the year.
However, there may be a peak in molting in July, August and
September; many of the adult birds taken then show evidence of
molting of wing and tail. This is immediately following the period
of greatest nesting activity.

_Food habits._--The Micronesian Kingfisher at Guam feeds on various
kinds of animal life; lizards and insects are the principal items.
Of three birds taken on February 14, the stomach of one contained a
blue-tailed skink; one contained parts of insects and one contained
parts of a gecko. I watched a kingfisher capture and swallow a
skink on January 14. The bird remained motionless on its perch
until the reptile approached within striking distance. Seale
(1901:45) writes that the bird has a bad reputation as a chicken
thief. He remarks, "I rather doubted his ability in this line until
one day I actually saw him attack a brood of small chicks quite
near me, and he would have undoubtedly secured one had not the
mother hen rushed to the rescue."

_Parasites._--Wharton (1946:174) obtained the chigger (Acarina),
_Trombicula_ sp., from the Guam Kingfisher.

_Remarks._--In 1820, Quoy and Gaimard (1824:35) obtained five specimens of this kingfisher at Guam and called the bird "Martin-chasseur à têterouse." Kittlitz recorded the bird in March, 1828. Marche obtained a series of 57 skins at Guam in 1887 and 1888; these were sent to the Paris Museum. Sharpe described the female as a separate species in 1892. There is considerable variation in the coloration of adult birds, which is mostly due to fading, as suggested by Hartert (1898:52). Some individuals have the crown feathers much abraided as a result of rubbing the crown against the edge of the nest holes as the birds enter and leave them.

The kingfisher is fairly common at Guam. It is primarily a bird of the forest, preferring particularly the marginal habitats between woodlands and openings. I saw only a few birds in open country; only rarely were birds seen sitting on the telephone lines along the roads. The writer (1947b:124) found that of all the birds frequenting habitat along roadways on Guam, the kingfisher comprised only 1.2 percent. Thus, it can be said that it is not a bird of very conspicuous habits, although its noisy "rattle" may be heard in the day and at night.

=Halcyon cinnamomina pelewensis= Wiglesworth

Micronesian Kingfisher

_Halcyon pelewensis_ Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 15. (Type locality, Pelew
Islands.)

_Halcyon reichenbachii_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1868, pp. 4, 118 (Pelew); Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus.,
17, 1892, p. 261 (Pelew).

_Halcyon cinnamomina_ Sharpe (part), Monogr. Alced., 1868-'71, pp.
xxxii, 213, pl. 30 (Pelew); Tristram (part), Cat. Birds, 1889, p.
92 (Pelew).

_Dacelo reichenbachii_ Schlegel, Mus. Pay-Bas, 3, no. 39, 1874, p.
29 (Pelew).

_Halcyon reichenbachi_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875, pp.
4, 11 (Palau); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 2, 1914, p. 116 (Palau).

_Halcyon cinnamominus_ Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12,
1876, pp. 17, 20 (Palau).

_Sauropatis cinnamomina_ Salvadori (part), Ornith. Papuasia, 1,
1880, p. 481 (Pelew).

_Halcyon pelewensis_ Hartert, Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p. 53
(Pelew); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, pp. 112, 113 (Palau);
Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 53 (Pelew); Uchida,
Annot. Zool. Japan., 9, 1918, p. 483 (Palau).

_Halcyon Reichenbachi_ var. _pelewensis_ Oustalet, Nouv. Arch.
Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 186 (Pelew).

_Halcyon cinnamominus_ var? _pelewensis_ Dubois, Syn. Avium, 1,
1902, p. 108 (Pelew).

_Sauropatis reichenbachii pelewensis_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1932, p. 60 (Angaur).

_Hyposyma cinnamomina pelewensis_ Mathews, Syst. Avium
Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 385 (Palau).

_Halcyon cinnamomina pelewensis_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 180 (Palau); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p.
200 (Babelthuap, Koror); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p.
293 (Palau); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 5, 1945, p. 206
(Babelthuap, Koror); Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 107, no.
15, 1948, pp. 63, 64 (Peleliu, Ngabad).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Palau Islands--Kayangel,
Babelthuap, Koror, Garakayo, Ngabad, Angaur.

_Characters._--Adult: Resembles adult of _H. c. cinnamomina_, but
smaller and with underparts white; auriculars with less bluish
wash; outer webs of outer tail feathers edged with white.

Immature: Resembles immature female of _H. c. cinnamomina_, but
smaller with white underparts edged with black on throat, breast,
and upper abdomen; outer webs of outer tail feathers edged with
white.

_Measurements._--Measurements are presented in table 32.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 17 (8 males, 8 females, 1
unsexed), as follows: Palau Islands, USNM--Babelthuap, 1 (Nov.
30)--Peleliu, 1 (Sept. 10)--Ngabad, 3 (Sept. 11); AMNH--exact
locality not given, 12 (Oct., Nov., Dec.).

_Food habits._--Stomachs of specimens obtained by the NAMRU2 party
at Palau contained insects. One male had a large cicada in its
stomach. Coultas (field notes) writes that foods of this bird
consist of grubs and ants.

_Parasites._--Uchida (1918:483) found the bird louse (Mallophaga),
_Docophorus alatoclypeatus_, on this bird at Palau.

_Remarks._--In 1945, the NAMRU2 party found this kingfisher in forested areas and at the edges of mangrove swamps on small islands near Peleliu. Only six birds were seen. The bird was located by listening for and determining the direction of its rasping call. After a search of the area of leafy foliage from where the call was coming, the bird would be seen sitting motionless on a near-by perch. McElroy of the NAMRU2 party saw a kingfisher with cinnamon underparts at Bulubul Island at Ulithi Atoll on August 21, 1945. It was not taken.

=Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii= (Hartlaub)

Micronesian Kingfisher

_Todirhamphus Reichenbachii_ Hartlaub, Archiv f. Naturgesch., 18,
1852, p. 131. (Type locality, Ponapé.)

_Halcyon cinnamominus_ Finsch (part), Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12,
1876, pp. 17, 19 (Ponapé); _idem_, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877
(1878), p. 778 (Ponapé); _idem_, Journ. f. Ornith., 1880, p. 285
(Ponapé); _idem_, Journ. f. Ornith., 1880, p. 285 (Ponapé);
_idem_, Mitth. Ornith. Ver. Wien, 1884, p. 47 (Ponapé).

_Sauropatis cinnamomina_ Salvadori (part), Ornith. Papuasia, 1,
1880, p. 481 (Ponapé).

_Halcyon cinnamomina_ Finsch, Ibis, 1881, pp. 112, 114 (Ponapé);
Tristram (part), Cat. Birds, 1889, p. 92 (Ponapé).

_Halcyon mediocris_ Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 17, 1892, p.
260 (Type locality, Ponapé); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. and Ber. Zool.
Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 16 (Ponapé); Oustalet,
Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, pp. 177, 180,
181, 184, 185, 186 (Ponapi); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 2, 1914, p. 116
(Ponapé).

_Halcyon reichenbachi_ Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 15 (Ponapé); Oustalet, Nouv.
Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, pp. 176, 180, 181, 182,
183, 184, 185, 186 (Ponapi); Hartert, Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p. 53
(Ponapé); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, pp. 112, 113 (Ponapé);
Mayr, Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Congr., 4, 1941, p. 204 (Ponapé).

_Halcyon cinnamominus_ var. _reichenbachi_ Dubois, Syn. Avium, 1,
1902, p. 108 (Ponapé).

_Halcyon cinnamominus_ var. _mediocris_ Dubois, Syn. Avium, 1,
1902, p. 108 (Ponapé).

_Halcyon reichenbachii_ Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p.
53 (Ponapé).

_Sauropatis mediocris_ Wetmore, in Townsend and Wetmore, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zoöl., 63, 1919, p. 195 (Ponapé).

_Sauropatis reichenbachii reichenbachii_ Kuroda, in Momiyama,
Birds Micronesia, 1922, p. 60 (Ponapé).

_Hyposyma cinnamomina reichenbachii_ Mathews, Syst. Avium
Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 384 (Ponapé).

_Halycyon cinnamomina reichenbachii_ Hand-list Japanese Birds,
rev., 1932, p. 180 (Ponapé); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed.,
1942, p. 200 (Ponapé); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 293
(Ponapé); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 5, 1945, p. 206
(Ponapé).

_Halcyon cinnamomina reichenbachii_ Bequaert, Mushi, 12, 1939, p.
82 (Ponapé); idem, Occ. Papers Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 16, 1941,
p. 290 (Ponapé).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Ponapé.

_Characters._--Adult male: Resembles adult male of _H. c.
cinnamomina_, but with slightly smaller wing and smaller tail;
slightly longer bill; top of head paler cinnamon; feathers of back
tipped with cinnamon and bordered by backish; underparts white.

Adult female: Resembles adult male, but feathers forward of black
nape band may be mixed white and cinnamon; back and scapulars
duller and less olive.

Immature: Resembles adult, but crown streaked with greenish-black;
back and scapulars darker; wing-coverts edged with cinnamon, in
male chin and throat creamy, sides of throat, breast, and flanks
cinnamon, and axillaries, under wing-coverts, abdomen, under
tail-coverts paler cinnamon; in female chin and throat white and
rest of underparts paler than in male.

_Measurements._--Measurements are presented in table 32.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 49 (25 males, 24 females), as
follows: Caroline Islands, USNM--Ponapé, 1 (Feb. 12); AMNH--Ponapé,
48 (Nov., Dec).

_Molt._--Most of the specimens taken by Coultas in November and
December are either worn or in molt.

_Parasites._--Bequaert (1939:82 and 1941:290) records a fly
(Hippoboscidae), _Ornithoica pusilla_, from the Micronesian
Kingfisher at Ponapé.

_Remarks._--The difference in coloration between the adults and immatures has resulted in considerable confusion concerning the taxonomy of this subspecies. According to Wiglesworth (1891a:15), the name _Halcyon reichenbachii_ was established by Gustav Hartlaub in 1852 for a kingfisher with a white abdomen in the Dresden Museum, which had been figured by Reichenbach (Synopsis Avium, Alcedineae, 1851) and called _Todiramphus cinnamomina_. This specimen had been mislabeled and Hartlaub and Finsch (1868a:4), noting a resemblance between this bird and specimens from the Palau Islands, used the name _H. reichenbachii_ for the birds from the Palaus. Later, when specimens from Ponapé were taken, Hartlaub's bird was found to be identical with them; thus the name _H. reichenbachii_ could be restricted to the bird at Ponapé, and Wiglesworth supplied the new name _H. pelewensis_ for the population at Palau. _H. mediocris_ was used by Sharpe to designate the cinnamon-breasted birds at Ponapé, because they were assumed to belong to a species different from the white-breasted ones. This confused situation was not clarified until additional collections were obtained by the Japanese.

Coultas (field notes) comments on the conspicuously different field characters of the two color types in this bird. In 1930, he found the bird common and usually in marginal habitat in the lowlands and at the edges of mangrove swamps.

_Evolutionary history of Halcyon cinnamomina._--The three races of kingfishers belonging to the species _H. cinnamomina_ have been derived from _H. chloris_. The principal distinction between the two species is the presence of the cinnamon coloring in _H. cinnamomina_, although within _H. chloris_ there are some subspecies possessing traces of this coloration. The link between these two species, as pointed out to me by Mayr, appears to be _H. chloris matthias_ Heinroth of the St. Matthias and Squally islands, which is colored like _H. chloris_ except that on the head, especially on the occiput, there is a faint wash of color ranging from buff to ochre. This coloration of the head is a step toward the condition in the Micronesian populations of _H. cinnamomina_.

In _H. c. pelewensis_ and _H. c. reichenbachii_, the adult birds resemble each other, although the former subspecies is slightly smaller. The immatures of _H. c. reichenbachii_, however, possess cinnamon coloring on the cheeks, sides of body, and breast in addition to that present on the crown and nape. The crown and nape are of this same color in the adults. In the subspecies at Guam, _H. c. cinnamomina_, the adult male has the immature type of plumage found in _H. c. reichenbachii_. The female of _H. c. cinnamomina_ has this cinnamon coloring on the throat, but the breast, abdomen and under tail are white. The original stock from which the Micronesian birds came may have invaded the area via the Palau Islands, although Mayr (1940) is of the opinion that they reached Micronesia via Ponapé (eastern Carolines) and spread to Guam and Palau. He states further (1942b:181, 182) that the presence of _H. cinnamomina_ and _H. chloris_ as reproductively isolated groups in the Palaus may not indicate that they are distinct species, but that they represent the overlap of terminal links of the same species, which have diverged to such an extent as to leave these terminal links reproductively isolated.

=Halcyon chloris teraokai= Kuroda

White-collared Kingfisher

_Halcyon chloris teraokai_ Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 56, pl. 3,
fig. 3. (Type locality, Pelew.)

_Halcyon albicilla_ Hartlaub, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1867
(1868), p. 828 (Pelew); Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London, 1868, pp. 4, 118 (Pelew); Gray (part), Hand-list Birds, 1,
1869, p. 93 (Pelew); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875, p. 49
(Palau, Mackenzie, Matetotas); Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 171 (Pelew).

_Halcyon chloris_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1872, pp. 89, 93 (Pelew); Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875,
pp. 4, 10 (Palau); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 14 (Pelew); Mayr, Amer. Mus.
Novit., no. 469, 1931, p. 3 (Pelew).

_Dacelo albicilla_ Giebel (part), Thes. Ornith., 2, 1875, p. 1
(Pelew).

_Halcyon sanctus_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875, p. 50
(Palau); Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 17, 1892, p. 267
(Pelew).

_Dacelo albicilla_ Giebel (part), Thes. Ornith., 2, 1875, p. 1
(Pelew).

_Sauropatis chloris_ Salvadori, Ornith. Papuasia, 1, 1880, p. 470
(Pelew).

_Halcyon chloris teraokai_ Uchida, Annot. Zool. Japon., 9, 1918,
p. 482 (Palau); Kuroda, Ibis, 1927, p. 707 (Pelew); Takatsukasa
and Yamashina, Dobutsu. Zasshi, 43, 1931, p. 484 (Pelew);
Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p. 180 (Palau); Bequaert,
Mushi, 2, 1939, p. 82 (Palau); _idem_, Occ. Papers Bernice P.
Bishop Mus., 16, 1941, p. 290 (Palau); Hand-list Japanese Birds,
3d ed., 1942, p. 201 (Babelthuap, Koror, Angaur); Mayr, Birds
Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 293 (Palau); Peters, Check-list Birds
World, 5, 1945, p. 209 (Babelthuap, Koror, Angaur); Baker,
Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 107, no. 15, 1948, p. 64 (Peleliu,
Garakayo).

_Sauropatis chloris teraokai_ Oberholser, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
55, 1919, p. 357 (Pelew); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia,
1922, p. 59 (Angaur); Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 1,
1927, p. 381 (Palau).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Palau Islands--Kayangel,
Babelthuap, Koror, Garakayo, Peleliu, Angaur.

_Characters._--Adult male: Dorsal surface bluish, head slightly
darker, back and scapulars more greenish, rump lighter blue; outer
webs of feathers of wing and of tail dark blue, entire first
primary blue, inner webs of other primaries black; collar and
underparts white; ariculars black with bluish wash, the black
extending around neck above white band; spot on upper lores and
narrow line above eye white; orbital ring and lower part of lores
black; under wing-coverts white; under tail black; feet black;
bill black, mandible with whitish base; iris dark brown.

Adult female: Resembles adult male, but crown and back more green
and less blue; auriculars with greenish-blue wash.

Immature: Resembles adult, but feathers of forehead edged with
buff; spot on lores and underparts buffy margined with dusky.

_H. c. teraokai_ resembles closely _H. c. chloris_ (Boddaert), but
more greenish and less bluish, especially on tail.

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 33. Adult males
and females have similar measurements and are treated together.

TABLE 33. MEASUREMENTS OF _Halcyon chloris_ IN MICRONESIA

==================+=====+===========+=========+=========+=========
| | | | Exposed |
SUBSPECIES | No. | Wing | Tail | culmen | Tarsus
------------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+---------
_H. c. teraokai_ | 17 | 113 | 76 | 45 | 14
| | (110-116) | (72-81) | (41-52) | (13-16)
| | | | |
_H. c. orii_ | 9 | 111 | 80 | 44 | 16
| | (109-116) | (78-83) | (42-45) | (15-16)
| | | | |
_H. c. albicilla_ | 17 | 116 | 81 | 46 | 16
| | (109-119) | (78-84) | (42-49) | (14-17)
| | | | |
_H. c. owstoni_ | 3 | 115 | 81 | 44 | 17
| | (114-116) | (80-82) | (42-45) | (16-17)
------------------+-----+-----------+---------+---------+-----------

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 53 (25 males, 28 females), as
follows: Palau Islands, USNM--Garakayo, 3 (Sept. 20)--Peleliu, 14
(Aug. 27, 29, 30, 31, Sept. 1, 5, 6, Nov. 7); AMNH--exact locality
not given, 36 (Oct., Nov., Dec.).

_Food habits._--Unlike _H. cinnamomina_, _H. chloris_ obtains much
of its food by fishing in inland waters or in tidal flats and
lagoons. It does, however, obtain terrestrial foods also. Stomachs
of birds taken by the NAMRU2 party at Palau contained insects,
fish, crab, and shrimp. One stomach contained 3 cc. of fragments of
crab, another 2 cc. of shrimp and other crustacea, and another 2
cc. of grasshoppers. Marshall (1949:210) records the house mouse as
a food of this bird.

_Parasites._--Uchida (1918:483) records the bird louse
(Mallophaga), _Docophorus alatoclypeatus_, from this bird at
Palau. Bequaert (1939:82 and 1941:290) lists the fly
(Hippoboscidae), _Ornithoica pusilla_, from _H. c. teraokai_.

_Remarks._--The White-collared Kingfisher at Palau is a showy and conspicuous bird. It cannot be classed as a forest bird but seems to prefer openings and marginal woodlands. Its range does not overlap that of the secretive and inconspicuous _H. cinnamomina pelewensis_, which prefers the denser forests. In 1945, the NAMRU2 party found _H. c. teraokai_ to be numerous in the cleared battle areas at Peleliu and Angaur. A favorite perch of this bird was the telephone lines, from which a number of our specimens were shot. Usually the bird was observed singly; occasionally two birds were found together. A pair was seen in copulation on August 29. The call of this bird, a loud and harsh rattle, is noticeably different from the low rasping note of _H. c. pelewensis_. Coultas found _H. c. teraokai_ to be numerous in 1931. He comments (field notes) that the bird frequents salt water areas, especially the mangrove swamps. He noted the bird fishing at the outer reef.

=Halcyon chloris orii= Takatsukasa and Yamashina

White-collared Kingfisher

_Halcyon chloris orii_ Takatsukasa and Yamashina, Dobutsu. Zasshi,
43, 1931, p. 484. (Type locality, Rota.)

_Halcyon albicillus_ Sharpe (part), Cat. Birds British Mus., 17,
1892, p. 249 (Marianne = Rota).

_Halcyon albicilla_ Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 169 (Rota); Hartert (part), Novit. Zool.,
5, 1898, p. 53 (Rota).

_Sauropatis albicillus_ Kuroda (part), in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 58 (Rota).

_Halcyon chloris orii_] Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p.
180 (Rota); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 200 (Rota,
Saipan as straggler); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 293
(Rota); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 5, 1945, p. 210 (Rota);
Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 107, no. 15, 1948, p. 64
(Rota).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Rota.

_Characters._--Adult: Resembles _H. c. teraokai_, but loral spot
larger and more buffy; occiput lightly streaked with white and
white line above eye; top of head and back more oily green and
less blue, darker in female.

Immature: Resembles adult, but underparts and loral spot buffy
with dusky edges; feathers of forehead tipped with buff; remainder
of upper parts slightly darker.

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 33.

_Weights._--The author (1948:64) lists the weights of two adult
females as 84 and 85.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 11 (4 males, 6 females, 1
unsexed), from Mariana Islands, USNM--Rota (Oct. 18, 19, 22, 26,
Nov. 2).

_Molt._--The 11 specimens taken by the NAMRU2 party at Rota in
October and November are in molt.

_Remarks._--The kingfisher at Rota was taken by Marche in June and July, 1888, and reported by Oustalet (1895:169). It was taken later by the Japanese and described by Takatsukasa and Yamashina as a new subspecies. Apparently, no other specimens were taken until the NAMRU party visited Rota in October and November, 1945, and obtained 11 skins. The bird is conspicuous and common at Rota.

The color characters of white feathers intermingled with the bluish coloring of the crown and the occiput and the large, whitish loral spot place this subspecies as intermediate between _H. c. teraokai_ and the two subspecies known from the more northern Marianas.

=Halcyon chloris albicilla= (Dumont)

White-headed Kingfisher

_Alcedo albicilla_ Dumont, Dict. Sci. Nat., éd. Levrault, 29, 1823,
p. 273. (Type locality, Marianne = Tinian.)

_Alcedo albicilla_ Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1853, p. 388
(Marianne = Tinian); Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith., 1855, p. 423
(Mariannen = Tinian); Cassin, U. S. Expl. Exped. 1838-'42, 1858,
p. 225 (Mariannes = Tinian).

_Todiramphus albicilla_ Reichenbach, Syn. Avium, Alcedineae, 1851,
p. 30 (Mariannen = Tinian).

_Halcyon albicilla_ Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith., 1854, p. 167
(Mariannen = Tinian); Gray, Cat. Birds Trop. Is. Pacific Ocean,
1859, p. 5 (Ladrone or Marian Islands = Tinian); Gray (part),
Hand-list Birds, 1, 1869, p. 93 (Mariannes = Tinian); Oustalet, Le
Nat., 1889, p. 260, (Saypan); Wiglesworth (part), Abhandl. und Ber.
Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 14 (Marianne =
Tinian); Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3),
7, 1895, p. 169 (Saypan); Hartert (part), Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p.
52 (Saipan); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, pp. 112, 113, 114
(Saipan); Seale, Occ. Papers Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 1, 1901, p. 45
(Saipan).

_Dacelo albicilla_ Giebel (part), Thes. Ornith., 2, 1875, p. 1
(Marianne = Tinian).

_Sauropatis albicilla_ Salvadori, Ornith. Papuasia, 1, 1880, p.
470 (Marianne = Tinian).

_Halcyon albicillus_ Sharpe (part), Cat. Birds British Mus., 17,
1892, p. 249 (Marianne = Saipan).

_Halcyon saurophagus_ Schnee, Zeitschr. f. Naturwisch., 82, 1912,
p. 463 (Saipan).

_Sauropatis albicillus_ Kuroda (part), in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 58 (Saipan).

_Leucalcyon albicilla albicilla_ Mathews (part), Syst. Avium
Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 376 (Saipan).

_Halcyon chloris albicilla_, Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932,
p. 180 (Saipan, Tinian); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942,
p. 200 (Saipan, Tinian, Yap?); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific,
1945, p. 293 (Saipan, Tinian); Peters, Check-list Birds World, 5,
1945, p. 210 (Saipan, Tinian); Downs, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.,
49, 1946, p. 97 (Tinian); Stott, Auk, 64, 1947, p. 526 (Saipan).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Saipan, Tinian.

_Characters._--Adult: Resembles _H. c. teraokai_, but slightly
larger; pileum white; white collar broad; black band on nape
narrow and faint in some individuals; back and scapulars more oily
green and less blue.

Immature: Resembles adult, but pileum pale buff streaked with
bluish-green; back and scapulars darker; upper wing-coverts edged
with white; breast feathers edged with dusky black.

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 33.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 20 (12 males, 8 females), as
follows: Mariana Islands, USNM--Saipan, 1 (Sept. 27)--Tinian, 4
(Oct. 18, 23, 26); AMNH--Saipan, 11 (July 8, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17,
August 5, 21, 26)--Tinian, 4 (Sept. 7, 8, 10).

_Nesting._--Hartert (1898:42) records an egg found in a hole of a
tree at Saipan on July 31, 1895. He writes that the egg "is only
slightly glossy, very thin, pure white, but soiled all over with
deep brown spots, evidently from the decaying wood in the nest
hole. It measures 33:25 mm."

_Molt._--Most of the birds taken in July, August, September, and
October are in molt.

_Remarks._--Quoy and Gaimard, who visited the Marianas while on the expedition in the "Uranie," obtained this kingfisher at Tinian. Additional material was taken by Marche in 1887 at Saipan and by Owston's Japanese collectors in 1895. In 1932, Coultas (field notes) found the bird to be common on both Tinian and Saipan, especially in open country. At Saipan, Stott (1947:526) found the birds as singles or in pairs on wooded hillsides. At Tinian, Gleise (1945:220) estimated the population in 1945 as 150.

The completely white head in _H. c. albicilla_ closely resembles that in _H. s. saurophaga_ Gould of Melanesia. These two species resemble each other in several other respects. _H. saurophaga_ is smaller than _H. chloris_ with black or greenish blue on the anterior part of the ear-coverts and the color of the back, wings, and tail is more greenish. The presence of both _H. saurophaga_ and _H. chloris_ on the same islands in Melanesia is an indication that the two groups are specifically distinct.

=Halcyon chloris owstoni= Rothschild

White-collared Kingfisher

_Halcyon owstoni_ Rothschild, Bull. British Ornith. Club, 15, 1904,
p. 6. (Type locality, Asuncion.)

_Halcyon albicillus Sharpe_ (part), Cat. Birds British Mus., 17,
1892, p. 249 (Marianne = Pagan, Agrigan).

_Halcyon albicilla_ Oustalet (part), Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Paris, (3), 7, 1895, pp. 169, 170 (Pagan, Agrigan); Hartert,
Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p. 52 (Pagan, Agrigan).

_Sauropatis chloris owstoni_ Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 59 (Asuncion).

_Leucalcyon albicilla owstoni_ Mathews, Syst. Avium
Australasianarum, 1, 1927, p. 376 (Asuncion).

_Halcyon chloris owstoni_ Takatsukasa and Yamashina, Dobutsu.
Zasshi, 43, 1931, p. 484 (Asuncion); Hand-list Japanese Birds,
rev., 1932, p. 180 (Asuncion); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed.,
1942, p. 200 (Assongsong, Pagan, Almagan); Mayr, Birds Southwest
Pacific, 1945, p. 293 (Almagan, Pagan, Agrigan, Asuncion); Peters,
Checklist Birds World, 5, 1945, p. 209 (Asuncion, Pagan,
Alamagan); Borror, Auk, 64, 1947, p. 417 (Agrigan).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Asuncion,
Agrigan, Pagan, Almagan.

_Characters._--Adult: Resembles _H. c. albicilla_, but hind part
of crown blue-green and black collar broader.

Immature: Resembles adult, but forehead buffy and edges of
feathering on anterior crown, upper wing-coverts, and tips of
secondaries brownish.

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 33.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 4 (2 males, 1 female, 1
unsexed), as follows: Mariana Islands, AMNH--Asuncion, 4 (Jan.,
July).

_Remarks._--Marche obtained specimens of this bird at Pagan in November, 1887, and at Agrigan in December, 1888, and in February, 1889. Owston's Japanese collectors obtained birds at Asuncion in 1904, which were named as new by Rothschild. Apparently he used an immature specimen in preparing the diagnosis of his new subspecies. Borror (1947:417) visited Agrigan in 1945 and obtained specimens of this kingfisher. He reports that the bird is a "common and abundant species and probably nests on the island."

_Evolutionary history of Halcyon chloris in Micronesia._--_Halcyon chloris_ is distributed from eastern Africa at the Red Sea eastward through southern Asia to Malaysia, Australia and the Pacific islands. Peters (1945:207-213) recognized 47 subspecies within this species.

In its colonization of Micronesia, _H. chloris_ apparently arrived first at the Palaus probably from the Philippines or the Moluccas. Whether _H. cinnamomina_ was established at Palau prior to the arrival of _H. chloris_ is unknown. _H. chloris teraokai_ dominates most of the available habitats at Palau, although it has differentiated but little from subspecies to the west and southwest of Palau. Among named kinds it most closely resembles _H. c. chloris_ (Boddaert) of the Moluccas, Lesser Sundas and adjacent areas in color and structure. The species did not succeed in establishing itself in the Carolines or at Guam, but did so in the Marianas at Rota and northward. In comparison with other subspecies of _H. chloris_ those in the Marianas are characterized by a slight increase in size and a replacement of the bluish-green coloring of the head either partly or wholly by white. It is noteworthy that on the islands of Tinian and Saipan, which occupy a geographically intermediate position in the Mariana chain, the bird has an almost completely white head, whereas the birds on islands to the north and south have only partly white heads.

The geographic ranges of _H. chloris_ and _H. cinnamomina_ in Micronesia overlap only at Palau as shown by Mayr (1942b:181). Even here each is restricted to a different habitat. Possibly the present ranges resulted from competition between each group, and both may have had more extensive ranges in Micronesia in the past. Another possibility is that the original stock of _H. chloris_ arrived in Micronesia via the Palaus and that of _H. cinnamomina_ via Ponapé (eastern Carolinas), and that the resulting successful colonizations were a matter of chance. If this were the case the present day ranges may represent the total amount of dispersal that has taken place. The absence of kingfishers from Kusaie, Yap, Truk and other apparently suitable islands favors this possibility.

=Eurystomus orientalis connectens= Stresemann

Dollar Bird

_Eurystomus orientalis connectens_ Stresemann, Novit. Zool., 20,
1913, p. 302. (Type locality, Moa.)

_Eurystomus orientalis connectens_ Yamashina, Tori, 10, 1940, p.
675 (Babelthuap); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 199
(Babelthuap).

_Eurystomus orientalis pacificus_ Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific,
1945, p. 302 (Palau).

_Geographic range._--Celebes and adjacent islands, Lesser Sunda
Islands from Lombock to Damar, Southeastern Islands. In Micronesia:
Palau Islands--Babelthuap.

_Remarks._--Yamashina (1940:675) records an adult male taken at Babelthuap in 1938. He assigns it to _E. o. connectens_, comparing it with a series of 15 specimens of this race from Celebes, Halmahera and Batchian. Mayr (1045a:302) refers this visitor to Palau to _E. o. pacificus_ (Latham); this form is migratory and may fly north from Australia to the Melanesian area between breeding seasons.

=Hirundo rustica gutturalis= Scopoli

Eastern Barn Swallow

_Hirundo gutturalis_ Scopoli, Del. Flor. et Faune, Insubr., 2,
1786, p. 96. (Type locality, "in Nova Guinea," error = Panay,
Philippine Islands.)

_Hirundo rustica_ Gräffe, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 2, 1873, p. 112
(Yap); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus. Godeffroy, 1881,
p. 391 (Yap).

_Hirundo rustica gutturalis_ Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932,
p. 178 (Koror); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 198
(Koror); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 302 (Palau);
Baker, Smithson. Mus. Coll., vol. 107, no. 15, 1948, p. 65 (Guam,
Angaur, Ngesebus).

_Geographic range._--Breeds in northeastern Asia, winters south to
Australia and Pacific islands. In Micronesia: Mariana
Islands--Guam, Tinian; Palau Islands--Babelthuap, Koror, Ngesebus,
Peleliu, Angaur; Caroline Islands--Yap.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 13 (9 males, 3 females, 1
unsexed), as follows: Mariana Islands, USNM--Tinian, 10 (Oct. 23,
25); Palau Islands, USNM--Babelthuap, 1 (Nov. 27)--Angaur, 1 (Sept.
21); AMNH--exact locality not given, 1 (Oct. 26).

_Remarks._--This swallow is a winter migrant to western Micronesia from Asia. In the Palau Islands in September, 1945, the NAMRU2 party saw the swallow at Ngesebus and Angaur in small flocks. At Guam, the NAMRU2 party saw one bird on October 7 and four birds flying near Agaña River on October 11. Strophlet (1946:535) saw one bird on October 28, 1945, and six birds on November 16 at Guam. Marshall (1949:221) found swallows at Tinian, Saipan and Palau from October to February. He found only immature birds.

=Edolisoma tenuirostre monachum= (Hartlaub and Finsch)

Cicada Bird

_Campephaga monacha_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1872, p. 99. (Type locality, Pelew Islands.)

_Volvocivora monacha_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 8, 1875, pp.
4, 19, pl. 3, fig. 2-3 (Palau); _idem_, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12,
1876, p. 28 (Palau); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus.
Godeffroy, 1881, p. 407 (Palau).

_Lalage monacha_ Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 4, 1879, p. 105
(Pelew); Tristram, Cat. Birds, 1889, p. 186 (Pelew); Wiglesworth,
Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p.
25 (Pelew); Bolau, Mitteil. Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 1898, p. 53
(Palau); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, pp. 112, 113 (Palau);
Dubois, Syn. Avium., 1, 1902, p. 303 (Pelew); Reichenow, Die
Vögel, 2, 1914, p. 276 (Palau); Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1,
1915, p. 54 (Pelew); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds Micronesia, 1922,
p. 68 (Pelew); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p. 175
(Palau); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 194
(Babelthuap, Koror).

_Edolisoma monacha_ Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 2,
1930, p. 541 (Pelew).

_Edolisoma tenuirostre monacha_ Stresemann, Ornith. Monatsber.,
47, 1939, p. 126 (Palau); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p.
294 (Palau); Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 107, no. 15, 1948,
p. 65 (Peleliu).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Palau Islands--Babelthuap, Koror,
Peleliu.

_Characters._--Adult male: Forehead, crown, nape, back, and
underparts near "Tyrian blue"; auriculars darker than back; lores
and chin black; throat black washed with blue gray; wing feathers
black, margined with pale blue; black tail tipped with whitish,
and basal part of middle two rectrices colored like back; under
wing dark except for whitish inner margins of secondaries; bill
and feet black; iris dark brown.

Adult female: Resembles adult male, but forehead and under eye
pale buff; superciliary stripe darker buff; crown, nape, and sides
of neck dark slate-blue; mantle brown, feathers with buffy
centers; back brown washed with burnt brown; feathers of rump and
upper tail-coverts with terminal black bar edged with buff; wing
and tail brownish-black, primaries margined with buff, innermost
three secondaries and upper wing-coverts broadly edged with
lighter buff, tail tipped with buff, more broadly so on outermost
tail feathers, two outermost tail feathers with outer edge buff;
two central tail feathers basally dark ochre; ear-coverts buff,
tinged with black; chin, throat, and under wing-coverts deep buff;
breast, abdomen, and flanks buff, feathers with subterminal
blackish bar; under tail buff.

Immature: Resembles adult female, but crown, nape, and sides of
neck brown; back faintly mottled with buff; tail feathers and
primary wing-coverts tipped with white; younger birds may have
upper parts margined with pale buff.

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 34.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 23 (13 males, 10 females), as
follows: Palau Islands, USNM--Koror, 4 (Nov. 6, 14, 26, Dec.
5)--Peleliu, 2 (Aug. 29, 30); AMNH--exact locality not given, 17
(Oct., Nov., Dec.).

TABLE 34. MEASUREMENTS OF _Edolisoma tenuirostre_ IN MICRONESIA

-------------------+------+----------+---------+-----------+-----------
| | | | Exposed |
SUBSPECIES | No. | Wing | Tail | culmen | Tarsus
-------------------+------+----------+---------+-----------+-----------
| | | | |
_E. t. monachum_ | 10 | 98 | 80 | 21.0 | 23.0
| | 96-103 | 76-83 | 20.0-22.5 | 22.5-24.
| | | | |
_E. t. insperatum_ | 35 | 109 | 86 | 23.0 | 24.0
| | 107-112 | 82-91 | 22.0-24.0 | 23.0-25.0
| | | | |
-------------------+------+----------+---------+-----------+-----------

_Molt._--Molt in this bird appears to take place in the period from
August to December. Most of the specimens taken in August, October,
November and December were in molt. None was taken in other months.

_Food habits._--This bird feeds principally on insects. A female
taken on August 29 had in its stomach about one and a half cc. of
parts of grasshopper. Marshall (1949:212) records both animal and
vegetable matter in the stomach of this bird.

_Remarks._--The Cicada Bird at Palau inhabits the jungles, especially the marginal areas between the thick jungle and the more open woodlands. In 1945, the NAMRU2 party observed only two birds, both of which were obtained. These were found at Peleliu in a small area of undisturbed woodland at the edge of a mangrove swamp. Each bird was perched approximately 25 feet above the ground on the outer branches of a densely foliated tree. The bird is thought not to be so rare as our records indicate; probably its secretive habits conceal it from man except as he makes special search for it. Coultas (field notes) describes the bird as one of the true forest. He found it shy and retiring and possessing a very weak voice.

It may be noted that Delacour (1946:2) does not accept the genus _Edolisoma_ but places birds which are currently assigned to it in the genus _Coracina_.

=Edolisoma tenuirostre nesiotis= (Hartlaub and Finsch)

Cicada Bird

_Campephaga nesiotis_ Hartlaub and Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London,
1872, p. 98. (Type locality, Uap.)

_Campehaga nesiotis_ Gräffe, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 2, 1873, p.
123 (Yap); Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus. Godeffroy,
1881, p. 391 (Yap).

_Volvocivora nesiotis_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12, 1876, p.
28 (Yap).

_Edoliisoma nesiotis_ Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 4, 1879, p.
56 (Yap); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden, no.
6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 25 (Uap); Bolau, Mitteil. Naturhist. Mus.
Hamburg, 1898, p. 53 (Yap); Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p.
112 (Yap); Dubois, Syn. Avium, 1, 1902, p. 299 (Uap); Reichenow,
Die Vögel, 2, 1914, p. 274 (Karolinen = Yap); Kuroda, in Momiyama,
Birds Micronesia, 1922, p. 68 (Mackenzie, Yap).

_Edolisoma nesiotis_ Mathews, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 2,
1930, p. 542 (Mackenzie group); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 174 (Yap); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 194
(Yap).

_Edolisoma tenuirostre nesiotis_ Stresemann, Ornith. Monatsber.,
49, 1939, p. 126 (Yap); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p.
294 (Yap).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Yap.

_Characters._--Adult male: Resembles adult male of _E. t.
monachum_. Adult female: Resembles adult female of _E. t.
monachum_, but wings and upper parts less buffy and more rufous;
eye-stripe rufous; breast barred on sides only.

_Remarks._--No specimen of the Cicada Bird from Yap has been examined by me. For a long time this bird was thought to be a species distinct from any other member of this genus, but Stresemann (1939:126) arranged it as a subspecies of _Edolisoma tenuirostre_. The type specimen is an immature, and the adult is unknown. The presence of rufous coloring shows a relationship with _E. t. insperatum_ of Ponapé, but Mayr, who has examined the type of _E. t. nesiotis_ in the Hamburg Museum, and has obligingly showed me his notes on the bird, says that it has a greater resemblance to the Cicada Bird at Palau especially because of the amount of barring on the underparts. The true status of this bird, as well as that of other members of the avifauna of Yap, will be incompletely known until such time as good collections are available from this island group.

=Edolisoma tenuirostre insperatum= (Finsch)

Cicada Bird

_Volvocivora inseperata_ Finsch, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1875,
(1876), p. 644. (Type locality, Ponapé.)

_Volvocivora insperata_ Finsch, Journ. Mus. Godeffroy, 12, 1876,
pp. 17, 27 (Ponapé); _idem_, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1877 (1878),
p. 779 (Ponapé); _idem_, Ibis, 1881, pp. 110, 112, 115 (Ponapé);
Schmeltz and Krause, Ethnogr. Abth. Mus. Godeffroy, 1881, p. 281
(Ponapé).

_Volvozivora insperata_ Finsch, Journ. f. Ornith., 1880, p. 289
(Ponapé).

_Lalage insperata_ Sharpe, Cat. Birds British Mus., 4, 1879, p.
108 (Ponapé); Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus. Dresden,
no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 25 (Ponapé); Bolau, Mitteil.
Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, 1898, p. 53 (Ponapé); Matschie, Journ. f.
Ornith., 1901, pp. 112, 113 (Ponapé); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 2,
1914, p. 276 (Karolinen = Ponapé); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 68 (Ponapé); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev.,
1932, p. 174 (Ponapé); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p.
194 (Ponapé).

_Lisomada insperata_ Mathews, Novit. Zool., 24, 1928, p. 372 (new
generic name); _idem_, Syst. Avium Australasianarum, 2, 1930, p.
545 (Ponapé).

_Edolisoma tenuirostre insperata_ Stresemann, Ornith. Monatsber.,
47, 1939, p. 126 (Ponapé); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p.
294 (Ponapé).

_Edolisoma tenuirostre_ Mayr, Proc. 6th Pacific Sci. Congr., 4,
1941, p. 204 (Ponapé).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Caroline Islands--Ponapé.

_Characters._--Adult male: Resembles adult male of _E. t.
monachum_, but larger; upper parts more grayish-blue; wings with
outer edges bluish-gray and inner webbings grayish-white; central
tail feathers with subterminal, roundish, black spots; two
outermost tail feathers black tipped with broad, pale bluish-gray
coloring; lores more bluish-gray and less black; ear-coverts pale
bluish-gray; chin, throat, breast, abdomen, flanks, under wing,
and under tail-coverts grayish-blue; bill and feet black; iris
dark brown.

Adult female: Resembles adult female of _E. t. monachum_, but
larger; forehead slate-gray; crown brownish-gray, browner on nape;
back chocolate-brown; rump rufous; upper tail-coverts more
cinnamon; wing and tail brownish-black, outer margins of primaries
edged with buff; outer margins of secondaries and upper
wing-coverts except primary wing-coverts edged with rufous;
central tail feathers like back but tipped with buff, other tail
feathers more broadly tipped with buff; lores grayish-black; malar
stripe to auriculars darker and more brownish-black with lighter
shafts; underparts rufous, under wing paler and more buffy.

Immature: Resembles adult female, but forehead grayish tinged with
ochre; crown and neck brown becoming slightly more reddish on back
and more burnt reddish-brown on rump; tail edged and tipped with
buff; primaries tipped with whitish, secondaries broadly edged
with buff, primary wing-coverts tipped with buffy-white; lores
blackish; ear-coverts rufous with lighter shafts; tail feathers
pointed while in adult more rounded. Younger birds resemble older
ones, but plumage except wings and tail may be spotted or barred
with buff and black with whitish margins.

_Measurements._--Measurements are listed in table 34.

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 46 (23 males, 23 females),
from Caroline Islands, AMNH--Ponapé (Nov., Dec.).

_Nesting._--Coultas (field notes) writes that the nest is
cup-shaped, made of grasses and strands of hair fern, and placed at
low elevations in small trees and bushes. He was told that two eggs
are laid. He comments that the nesting season had just been
completed in November and December (the time of his visit to
Ponapé), because he noted juveniles being attended and fed by the
adults.

_Molt._--Most of the specimens taken by Coultas in November and
December are in fresh plumage or in the final stages of molt,
indicating that the molt was initiated possibly in September and
would be completed possibly in January. This time of molt appears
to be approximately one month later than the time of molt of _E. t.
monachum_ of Palau. Probably the bird at the Palau Islands breeds
slightly earlier in the year than the subspecies on Ponapé.

Examination of the large series of birds taken by Coultas at
Ponapé shows the presence of three types of plumages. The writer
has not made a thorough diagnosis of these plumages, but suspects
that the phenomenon obtained here is the same as was found by Mayr
(1933e) in his study of _Neolalage banksiana_ (Gray), which is a
related bird. Immatures of _E. t. insperatum_ seemingly present
two plumages, which, if Mayr's arrangement is followed, may be
interpreted as a more primitive or "retarded" type in one case,
with less striking plumage, barred with black and buff, and a more
advanced or "progressive" type in the other case, with plumage of
the latter resembling more the adult type, especially the adult
female. It was not ascertained whether any of these specimens
represented adult birds in "retarded" plumage.

_Remarks._--The Cicada Bird at Ponapé resembles in habits its related subspecies at Palau. Coultas (field notes) writes that it is a forest bird, with retiring habits. He observed the birds in small groups, and describes their musical call notes as "to-to-wee, to-to-wee" repeated several times.

_Evolutionary history of Edolisoma tenuirostre in Micronesia._--Mayr (in Stresemann, 1939:126) first pointed out the close relationship between the cicada birds of Micronesia and _Edolisoma tenuirostre_ of the Solomon Islands. Up to that time the Micronesian birds were considered to belong to the genus _Lalage_. The cicada birds probably invaded Micronesia along two independent routes from a dispersal center in the Papuan area. The form at Palau, _E. t. monachum_, resembles closely several of the subspecies to the south and southwest, particularly those in the New Guinea area. Aside from the smaller size of the Palau form there are differences in coloration between this bird and those of Melanesia. In the adult female and the juvenile there are differences in the amount of barring on the underparts and in the shade of color on the upper parts. In the adult male there are differences in the marginal coloring of the primaries and secondaries. _E. t. nesiotis_ may have arrived at Yap from Palau. Little is known concerning the taxonomic position of this bird. On the basis of the information available, it appears closer to the Palau bird than the Ponapé bird in color; however, in size it probably more closely approaches the latter subspecies.

The Ponapé Cicada Bird, _E. t. insperatum_, appears to represent a colonization distinct from that which established the populations at Yap and Palau. This conclusion is based on the fact that the adult female of _E. t. insperatum_ has distinctive reddish coloring and lacks the barring on the underparts, and that it may have been derived from an ancestral stock, which was reddish and not barred, such as _E. t. remotum_ of the New Ireland area. The three subspecies in Micronesia may represent remnants of a single colonization, since additional material from Yap may prove that this island population has characters intermediate between those of the other subspecies of Micronesia.

=Dicrurus macrocercus harterti= S. Baker

Black Drongo

_Dicrurus ater harterti_ S. Baker, Novit. Zool., 26, 1918, p. 299.
(Type locality, Formosa.)

_Dicrurus macrocercus_ Baker, Trans. 11th N. Amer. Wildlife Conf.,
1946, p. 211 (Rota).

_Dicrurus macrocercus harterti_ Baker, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol.
107, no. 15, 1948, p. 65 (Rota).

_Geographic range._--Formosa. In Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Rota
(introduced).

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 7 (4 males, 3 females), from
Mariana Islands, USNM--Rota (Oct. 18, 19, Nov. 2).

_Remarks._--This drongo was introduced from Formosa to Rota by the Japanese South Seas Development Company (Nanyo Kohatsu Kabushiki Kaisha) apparently in 1935. An illustrated booklet, printed by this organization and seen by members of the NAMRU2 party at the Rota Civil Government headquarters, showed pictures of the captive birds before release and indicated that they had been brought to Rota for the purpose of controlling destructive insects. Dr. Charles Vaurie has examined these birds and compared them with a series of drongos from Formosa in the collection of the American Museum of Natural History.

The drongo appears well adapted at Rota, where it prefers cultivated areas and the bombed village sites to thick woodlands. Birds were found in small flocks often perched in large shade trees in village areas. Weights of two immature males are 53 and 61 grams. One adult male measures: wing, 144, tail, 153, culmen, 26, tarsus, 22.

=Corvus kubaryi= Reichenow

Marianas Crow

_Corvus Kubaryi_ Reichenow, Journ. f. Ornith., 1885, p. 110. (Type
locality, Palau, error = Guam.)

_Corvus solitarius_ Kittlitz, Obser. Zool., in Lutké, Voy. "Le
Séniavine," 3, 1836, p. 305 (Guahan); Bonaparte, Comptes Rendus
Acad. Sci. Paris, 37, 1853, p. 830 (Mariannes); Kittlitz, Denkw.
Reise russ. Amer. Micron. und Kamchat., 2, 1858, p. 143 (Guahan);
Oustalet, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, (3), 7, 1895, p. 216
(Guam and Rota).

_Corvus_ spec. Hartlaub, Journ. f. Ornith., 1854, p. 167
(Mariannen); Gray, Hand-list Birds, 2, 1870, p. 12 (Marianne).

_Corvus kubaryi_ Hartert, Novit. Zool., 5, 1898, p. 59 (Guam,
Rota); Wheeler, Report Island of Guam, 1900, p. 13 (Guam);
Matschie, Journ. f. Ornith., 1901, p. 112 (Guam); Seale, Occ.
Papers Bernice P. Bishop Mus., 1901, p. 55 (Guam); Safford,
Osprey, 1902, p. 69 (Guam); _idem_, The Plant World, 7, 1904, pp.
3, 264 (Guam); _idem_, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb., 9, 1905, p. 79
(Guam); Prowazek, Die deutschen Marianen, 1913, pp. 87, 102
(Marianen); Reichenow, Die Vögel, 2, 1914, p. 306 (Palau);
Takatsukasa and Kuroda, Tori, 1, 1915, p. 64 (Marianne); Cox,
Island of Guam, 1917, p. 21 (Guam); Kuroda, in Momiyama, Birds
Micronesia, 1922, p. 69 (Guam, Rota); Meinertzhagen, Novit. Zool.,
33, 1926, p. 73 (Guam); Hand-list Japanese Birds, rev., 1932, p.
169 (Guam, Rota); Bryan, Guam Rec., vol. 13, no. 2, 1936, p. 25
(Guam); Hand-list Japanese Birds, 3d ed., 1942, p. 187 (Guam,
Rota); Mayr, Birds Southwest Pacific, 1945, p. 298 (Guam, Rota);
Watson, The Raven, 17, 1946, p. 41 (Guam); Wharton, Ecol. Monogr.,
16, 1946, p. 174 (Guam); Strophlet, Auk, 1946, p. 540 (Guam);
Baker, Ecol. Monogr., 16, 1946, p. 408 (Guam); _idem_, Condor, 49,
1947, p. 125 (Guam); _idem_, Smithson. Misc. Coll., vol. 107, no.
15, 1948, p. 66 (Guam, Rota).

_Corone phillipina_ Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 46 (Marianne).

_Corone kubaryi_ Wiglesworth, Abhandl. und Ber. Zool. Mus.
Dresden, no. 6, 1890-1891 (1891), p. 46 (Pelew, error = Guam).

_Geographic range._--Micronesia: Mariana Islands--Guam, Rota.

_Characters._--Adult: A small, black crow with a slight
greenish-black gloss on head; back, wings, and tail with
bluish-black gloss; underparts with dull, greenish-black gloss;
bases of feathers light grayish, more nearly white on neck,
producing a somewhat ragged appearance; nasal bristles short but
extending over nostrils and base of culmen; bill and feet black;
iris dark brown. Female smaller.

Immature: Resembles adult, but feathers with less gloss; wings and
tail browner.

_Measurements._--Measurements of _Corvus kubaryi_ are listed in
table 35.

_Weights._--The NAMRU2 party obtained weights of the Marianas Crow
as follows: from Guam, 5 males, 231-270 (256), 11 females, 205-260
(242); from Rota, 1 male, 256; 1 female, 260 grams.

TABLE 35. MEASUREMENTS OF _Corvus kubaryi_

=========+===========+===========+===========+=========+=========
| Number | | | Full |
LOCATION | and sex | Wing | Tail | culmen | Tarsus
---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------+---------
Guam | 9 males | 236 | 165 | 55 | 51
| | (229-244) | (158-170) | (51-57) | (49-52)
| 19 females| 227 | 151 | 50 | 50
| | (222-241) | (143-166) | (47-54) | (46-54)
| | | | |
Rota | 3 males | 235 | 167 | 54 | 50
| | (233-236) | (166-169) | (53-56) | (49-51)
---------+-----------+-----------+-----------+---------+---------

_Specimens examined._--Total number, 49 (20 males, 27 females, 2
unsexed), as follows: Mariana Islands, USNM--Guam, 26 (May 25, 29,
June 4, 7, 8, 9, 18, 28, 29, July 10, 12, 18, Sept. 5, 11)--Rota, 4
(Oct. 22, 25, 29); AMNH--Guam, 19 (Jan., Feb., March, Aug., Sept.,
Dec.).

_Nesting._--In the spring of 1945, the NAMRU2 party obtained
records of nesting activities by crows. One nest was observed on
March 8 in a banyan tree. Specimens collected from May to September
were not in breeding condition, and it is thought that the nesting
period is concentrated in the winter and spring months. Watson
(1946:41) reports finding a young crow being fed on May 8 by an
adult.

_Molt._--The Marianas Crow molts in the period from May to August
or September. Most of the birds taken by the NAMRU2 party in this
period were in the process of molt. Skins obtained at Rota in late
October also exhibit signs of molt. Specimens taken in December,
January and February are in fresh or slightly worn plumage. The
crow presents an exceedingly shabby appearance in molt, because the
grayish and whitish basal parts of the feathers are exposed.

_Food habits._--The crow is an omnivorous feeder. Stomachs
examined contained both plant and animal food. Both Seale
(1901:55) and Safford (1905:79) comment on the damage which the
crow does to the corn crop at Guam. Seale remarks that the crow
has a reputation for plundering nests of other birds. The NAMRU2
party saw crows being chased by starlings on several occasions.

_Parasites._--Wharton (1946:174) obtained the chigger (Acarina),
_Trombicula_ sp., from the crow at Guam.

_Remarks._--The Marianas Crow is confined to the forested areas and to the coconut plantations at Guam. The birds were seen as singles or in small flocks, often along the roadways. In a count of the number of birds seen along the roadways of Guam, the author (1947:124) found crows to constitute 2.4 per cent of the total population of birds counted and observed the crow on 21.6 per cent of the 125 roadway counts made. Coultas (field notes) noted the birds at the northern part of Guam. The NAMRU2 party found the birds distributed in most parts of the island but usually they were infrequent near areas where large numbers of service personnel were stationed. The birds were often noisy when flying in small flocks or in pairs; Seale (1901:55) also notes this. When observed in jungle areas, the birds were generally quiet, feeding and perching in dense foliage. At Rota, the NAMRU2 party found the bird to be fairly numerous and with habits resembling those of the crow at Guam. No differences in color or structure could be found between the specimens of crows obtained at the two islands.

Kittlitz (1836:305) was the first person to write an account of the crow at Guam. He called it _Corvus solitarius_ and remarked that he later found the same species in the Philippines. Wiglesworth (1891a:46) also considered the crow at Guam to resemble one found in the Philippines and called it _Corone phillipina_. Later Reichenow named the bird _Corvus kubaryi_ with the type locality as the Palau Islands. This locality proved to be erroneous and the bird was judged to be from Guam by Hartert (1898:59), who did not use the name _C. solitarius_ because it was a _nomen nudum_, and recognized _C. kubaryi_ as the correct name.

_Evolutionary history of Corvus kubaryi._--Meinertzhagen (1926:59) writes that "Environmental influences seem to be mainly, if not entirely, responsible for geographic differences in the genus _Corvus_." Such may be the case in _C. kubaryi_, which is a small, dull-colored crow with a relatively unmodified bill. In structure, it has little resemblance to other crows found in the Pacific area. Kittlitz was the first to note a resemblance between the bird at Guam and one in the Philippines. Oustalet (1896:70) wrote that the bird at Guam is related to crows of the Moluccas and New Guinea. Although not closely related to the Hawaiian Crow, _C. tropicus_, both have little gloss on their feathers, a character which is common to many of the insular populations of crows. Mayr (1943:46) is of the opinion that the Hawaiian bird was derived from a North American ancestor, although Bryan (1941:187) suggests that it is related to _C. macrorhynchus_ of southeastern Asia and remarks that the Hawaiian Crow, "has some relation to the Guam Crow." In looking for the ancestral stock of _C. kubaryi_, the several species of crows which occur to the north, west and south of the Marianas have been examined. In size and general structure, _C. kubaryi_ appears to be closest to the _C. enca_ group, and not as closely related to the _C. macrorhynchus_ group. The small size, the shape of the culmen, the lack of pointed feathers on the breast, and the presence of white on the basal parts of the feathers of the nape are characters which _C. kubaryi_ has in common with _C. enca_. Nasal bristles cover the frontal base of the culmen in _C. kubaryi_; this character is found also in _C. enca florensis_. _C. kubaryi_ differs from the _C. enca_ group by lacking the purple sheen on the upper parts; this sheen is conspicuous in the latter species. _C. kubaryi_ appears to have little in common with _C. meeki_ of the Solomons and _C. orru_ of the Moluccas and New Guinea area. There is apparently no close relation between the Marianas Crow and the crow which reaches the Bonins. The latter crow, according to the Hand-list of Japanese Birds (Hachisuka _et al._, 1932:1), is called _C. coronoides hondoensis_ Momiyama and is apparently now extinct in the Bonins.