Chapter I: II. III. IV. V (4)

The foregoing differences amount to this: That in _B. bairdii_ the commencement of the lower series of transverse processes is pushed back one vertebra, as compared with _B. arnuxii_, and that in the ninth thoracic of the former species, which corresponds to the eighth of the latter species, the metapophysis has a short process on the side for the articulation of the tubercle of the rib, instead of merely a sessile facet. Although in other genera of ziphioids these differences would perhaps be looked upon as individual, since they are constant here they may be considered specific, at least provisionally.

SCAPULA.

In _B. bairdii_ the anterior border of the scapula is narrower than in _B. arnuxii_, the anterior ridge coming close to it and lying parallel with it. The acromion is directed more upward, so that the angle between it and the body of the scapula is more acute, and the process itself is rather more expanded distally. The coronoid is inclined a little more downward. The whole surface of the scapula is very uneven. (Pl. 33, fig. 2.)

HUMERUS AND ULNA.

The humerus is shorter than in _B. arnuxii_ and broader distally, and much more recurved on the ulnar side. The ulna is much broader distally and its whole shape is different. (Pl. 33, figs. 3 and 4.)

CHEVRONS.

As the skeleton of the typical form _arnuxii_ has been described in considerable detail and accurately figured by Flower and by Van Beneden and Gervais, it is not considered necessary to give a complete description of that of _bairdii_ in this place. The entire skeleton and many of the separate bones are figured in Pls. 42, 32, and 33. The phalanges are lacking altogether, or are incompletely represented, in the various skeletons of _bairdii_, and for that reason the phalangeal formula can not be given. The chevrons number ten in the skeleton from Centerville beach, California (Cat. No. 49725). Both Flower and Van Beneden and Gervais give nine chevrons as the number for the skeleton of _arnuxii_ in the Hunterian Museum, London, but the latter authors have added a tenth in outline in the figure of the skeleton of that species which is in the Paris Museum. Ten are mentioned by Hector as the correct number for the skeleton of _arnuxii_ from Wellington Harbor examined by him.[61]

STERNUM.

The sternum of _bairdii_ (Pl. 32, fig. 2) consists of five segments and does not offer characters by which to distinguish it from that of _arnuxii_. In the former species the first eight pairs of ribs possess distinct heads and tubercles; the tubercle is rudimentary in the ninth pair and absent in the tenth and eleventh.

The dimensions of the three skeletons of _bairdii_ and of that of _arnuxii_ described by Flower are as follows:

_Dimensions of one skeleton of Berardius arnuxii and three skeletons of
B. bairdii._

Column Headings:
_B. arnuxii._
B: New Brighton, New Zealand, 1868, (Flower). No. 3.
_B. bairdii._
C: 49726 St. George Island, Alaska, female adult.
D: 49725 Centerville, California, male(?) adult.
E: 49727 St. George Island, Alaska, male young.

B C D E
mm. mm. mm. mm.
Length of centra of seven cervicals 254 375 310 250
(inferior)
Atlas:
Breadth 292 362 341 280
Height ... 339 321 270
Fourth cervical:
Greatest height ... [a]254 [a]249 [a]191
Greatest breadth ... [b]243 [b]197 [b]173
Length of centrum 36 47 34 30
Seventh cervical:
Greatest height ... 310 270 198
Greatest breadth 241 257 235 177
Length of centrum 46 58 49 42
First thoracic:
Greatest height ... 391 390 255
Greatest breadth ... 310 290 240
Length of centrum 58 84 68 51
Ninth thoracic:
Greatest height ... 508 478 333
Greatest breadth ... 318 [c]218 198
Length of centrum 152 190 176 128
First lumbar:
Greatest height ... 585 540 359
Greatest breadth ... 626 575 340
Length of centrum 163 228 215 150
Sixth lumbar:
Greatest height ... 713 642 427
Greatest breadth ... 590 572 362
Length of centrum 206 273 243 172
First caudal:
Greatest height ... 800 [d]658 427
Greatest breadth ... 577 [d]511 360
Length of centrum 246 338 [d]280 200
Ninth caudal:
Greatest height ... 422 335 288
Greatest breadth ... 243 194 191
Length of centrum 168 241 194 160
Eleventh caudal, length of centrum 104 180 156 142
Length of scapula 503 710 670 395
Height of scapula 356 490 445 280
Length of humerus 274 ... 340 248
Breadth of humerus at distal end 109 ... 170 115
Length of radius 295 ... [a]380 220
Breadth of radius at distal end 84 ... 140 88
Length of ulna (incl. olecranon) 323 ... ... 241
Breadth of ulna at distal end 79 ... ... 71
Length of sternum 1,143 1,455 1,530 ...
Breadth of first segment of sternum 325 375 495 ...
Length of first rib (straight) 457 543 505 323
Length of fifth rib (straight) 991 ... ... ...
Length of tenth rib (straight) 737 ... ... ...

[a] Median.
[b] Inferior.
[c] Process aborted on one side.
[d] Second.

Genus HYPEROÖDON Lacépède.

HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS (Forster).

_Balæna ampullatus_ Forster, Kalm’s Linnean Travels, vol. 1, 1770, p.
18, footnote.
_Balæna rostrata_ Müller, Zool. Dan. Prodrom., 1776, p. 7.
_Hyperoödon butskopf_ Lacépède, Hist. Nat. des Cétacés, 1803-4, pp.
XLIV and 319.
_Hyperoödon rostratum_ Wesmael, Nouv. Mém. Acad. Roy. Bruxelles, vol.
12, 1840, pls. 1, 2.
_Hyperoödon ampullatus_ Rhoads, Science, new ser., vol. 15, 1902, p.
756.

The National Museum has one skeleton of this well-known species, somewhat imperfect, which is labeled as having been obtained on the coast of Norway, and was received about the year 1875. Its catalogue number is 14499. This skeleton is about 19 feet long and has the following vertebral formula: C. 7; Th. 9; L. 9; Ca. 19 (+1?) = 44 (or 45). Eight chevrons are attached to the caudal vertebræ, and at least two more were present originally. The fifth thoracic vertebra has no facet on the centrum for the head of the sixth rib, but the latter articulates with a small facet on the side of the centrum of the sixth thoracic vertebra. The seventh thoracic has a well-developed transverse process on the side of the centrum. The ninth rib is shorter and more slender than the others. None of the transverse processes of the caudal vertebræ are perforated by foramina. These processes end on the eighth caudal, and the neural spines on the tenth caudal. The free ends of the neural spines of the thoracic and lumbar vertebræ are all more or less rounded. The pectoral limbs are incomplete.

So far as I am aware, only three examples of _Hyperoödon_ have been taken on the coasts of the United States, as mentioned in the list on page 2. The skeleton of one of these (from North Dennis, Massachusetts) is in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and the skull of the second (from Newport, Rhode Island), which was a female, is in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.[62] This skull is represented in Pl. 32, fig. 3.

LIST OF SPECIES OF EXISTING ZIPHIOID WHALES.

Genus MESOPLODON Gervais.
MESOPLODON BIDENS (Sowerby).
North Atlantic Ocean; northern France to Norway and Sweden; Nantucket
Island, Massachusetts.
MESOPLODON EUROPÆUS (Gervais).
North Atlantic Ocean; English Channel; New Jersey.
MESOPLODON GRAYI Haast.
New Zealand and Chatham Islands; Bahia Nueva, Patagonia (Moreno).
MESOPLODON DENSIROSTRIS (Blainville).
Indian Ocean and South Seas; Lord Howe Island; Seychelles Islands;
South Africa; Massachusetts(?).
MESOPLODON HECTORI (Gray).
New Zealand.
MESOPLODON BOWDOINI Andrews.
New Zealand.
MESOPLODON LAYARDI (Gray).
South Seas; New Zealand, Chatham Islands; Australia; Cape of Good Hope.
MESOPLODON STEJNEGERI True.
North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and Oregon.

Genus ZIPHIUS Cuvier.
ZIPHIUS CAVIROSTRIS Cuvier.
Cosmopolitan.

Genus BERARDIUS Duvernoy.
BERARDIUS ARNUXII Duvernoy.
New Zealand.
BERARDIUS BAIRDII Stejneger.
North Pacific Ocean; Bering Island and St. George Island, Bering Sea,
to Kiska Harbor, Alaska, and Centerville, California.

Genus HYPEROÖDON Lacépède.
HYPEROÖDON AMPULLATUS Forster.
Arctic and North Atlantic oceans; Mediterranean Sea; southern France;
New York Bay, Newport, Rhode Island, and Cape Cod,
Massachusetts.
HYPEROÖDON PLANIFRONS Flower.
Indian and Pacific oceans; Lewis Island, Australia; Province of
Buenos Ayres, Argentina, and territories of Chubut and Santa
Cruz, Patagonia.

FOOTNOTES

[1]As this species is well known, the skeleton is not described in this
paper.

[2]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 366.

[3]Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318.

[4]Idem, vol. 29, 1899, p. 9.

[5]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357.

[6]Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. 11, 1866-68, p. 318.

[7]One of the teeth of Sowerby’s specimen is figured by Lankester in
Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., new ser., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2.

[8]Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., vol. 1, 1869, p. 205.

[9]Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 771.

[10]Zoologist, ser. 3, vol. 17, Feb., 1893, p. 42; Ann. and Mag. Nat.
Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 275.

[11]Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 7, 1804, p. 310.

[12]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, no. 3.

[13]The external margin is broken at this point.

[14]Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, vol. 11, 1893, p. 277.

[15]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, pp. 27, 28.

[16]Trans. Zoöl. Soc. London, vol. 10, 1878, p. 418.

[17]Second ed., plate 40, fig. 4.

[18]Plate 25, fig. 2.

[19]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1896, pp. 363-370, fig. 3 (tooth, nat. size);
fig. 4 (sternum).

[20]Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, vol. 10, 1866, p. 177.

[21]Bull. Acad. Roy. Belgique, vol. 41, 1888, p. 117.

[22]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 359.

[23]Ostéographie, plate 24.

[24]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 32, fig. 12.

[25]Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 10, 1888-89, p. 13.

[26]Amer. Nat., vol. 40, 1906, p. 357.

[27]Journ. Anat. Phys., vol. 20, pl. 4, figs. 2 and 3, Oct. 1885.

[28]Idem, pl. 4, fig. 1.

[29]Bull. Soc. Linn. Normandie, ser. 6, vol. 1, pp. 216-225, pls. 1, 2
(skull); two text-figs. (tooth).

[30]“The slight differences pointed out by Mr. True appear to be
individual or local rather than specific.” (Van Beneden, Les
Ziphioïdes des mers d’Europe, 1888, p. 100.) See also James A. Grieg,
Bergens Museums Aarbog, 1897, No. 5, p. 19.

[31]Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 8, 1885, p. 585.

[32]Trans. Roy. Micr. Soc., vol. 15, 1867, pl. 5, figs. 1, 2.

[33]Bergens Mus. Aarb., 1904, No. 3, p. 26, fig. 10.

[34]Sci. Results of the Voy. of the _Challenger_, Zool., vol. 1, pt. 4,
Bones of Cetacea, 1880, p. 13.

[35]See the following:

Turner, W.—Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 26, 1872, p. 769.
Flower, W. H.—Proc. Zoöl. Soc. London, 1876, p. 477.
Fischer, P.—Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. 35, 1881, p. 113.
Van Beneden, P. J.—Les Ziphioïdes des Mers d’Europe, 1888, p. 82.

[36]An immature male might, of course, present the characters of the
female, but in the former case the teeth would be open at the roots
and but slightly, if at all, coated with cement.

[37]As to reasons for assigning sexes thus, see p. 55.

[38]Cope’s original description of this species was as follows:

“Hyperodon semijunctus, sp. nov. The question whether a Hyperodon
visits this side of the Atlantic, has at length been solved by the
description which I have received through Dr. Alexander Wilcocks of
this city, of a species taken in Charleston Harbor. This is well
drawn up by Gabriel Manigault, who set up the specimen, which adorns
the Charleston Museum. The points wherein it evidently differs from
its congeners, the _H. bidens_ and _latifrons_, are, first, the
separation of the four posterior cervical vertebræ, the three
anterior only being solidly anchylosed, instead of the seven, as in
the known species, even in the young, according to Dr. J. E. Gray.
Second, the possession of one or more pairs of ribs added to the
flying series, and of two more vertebræ, including ten dorsal instead
of nine. (Nine are given by Cuvier, Ossemens Fossiles, viii, 188; and
Flower, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 419, for the _bidens_.) Five
ribs are connected with the sternum, of which the anterior
articulates with the seventh cervical by its inferior head.

“I extract the following from Gabr. Manigault’s description:

“‘The superior maxillary bones are quite pointed in front and widen
out toward the base of the snout. Their lateral edges become
developed on each side into a prominent vertical ridge, which is
slightly convex on the outer surface, and the reverse on the inner.
These bones, after having widened out upon approaching the orbits,
ascend vertically along with the occipital (the two together holding
the frontal, which is quite perceptible, between them) and form at
the back of the head a transverse ridge, which is quite high and very
thick. From my not knowing by what name it was known, I did not
satisfy myself concerning the presence of palatine tubercles. Another
peculiarity of the head consists in the lower maxillary bones being
provided each at its point with a single small and very sharp tooth.
These were not noticed during the dissection, owing to their being
too much imbedded in the integuments; they are now, however, quite
visible. In the cavity of the skull is a septum of bone separating
the cerebrum from the cerebellum (_i. e._, the tentorium). The first
rib is very wide and short, and presents a marked contrast to the
others. The sternum is quite flat and wide. The pectoral fins are
small, and have been carefully preserved, with the various carpal and
phalangeal bones kept together by their natural ligaments. As the
skeleton stands, the fins consist only of the scapula, the humerus,
the radius, and the ulna, with but few phalanges.

“‘The length of this specimen is between twelve and thirteen feet.’”
(_Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila._, 1865, p. 15.)

[39]The Buenos Ayres specimen is not included here, as I am uncertain as
to its proper interpretation.

[40]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 5, 1873, p. 164, pls. 4-5.

[41]Hector also figures a tooth from a specimen found at Manawatu beach
in pl. 5, fig. 3, which is like those of the Chatham Island specimen
in size and shape (diameter 34 mm.), and should belong to a male, but
as he does not figure or describe the skull this can not be used in
the present discussion.

[42]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 9, 1876, p. 430, pl. 24, figs. A and
C; pl. 26, fig. 4.

[43]Idem, p. 440, pl. 24, fig. B; pl. 26, fig. 3.

[44]Zool. et Paléontol. franç., 2d ed., 1859, p. 287, pl. 39, figs. 2-7.

[45]Anal. Mus. Pub. Buenos Aires, vol. 1, 1868, pp. 301-366, pls. 15-20.

[46]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1865, p. 15.

[47]Forest and Stream, vol. 65, 1905, p. 452.

[48]Trans. Zoöl. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1871, pp. 203-234, pls. 27-29.

[49]See Bull. Amer. Geogr. Soc, 1886, No. 4, p. 328.

[50]There is, or was formerly, in the museum of the Alaska Commercial
Company in San Francisco a skull of _Berardius_ 3 feet 6 inches long.
The locality in which it was obtained is unknown to me.

[51]Science, new ser., vol. 20, 1904, p. 888.

[52]At the time this was written it was not known that there were really
four teeth in the lower jaw, but it is interesting to note that when
the mandible was covered by the integuments none of the teeth was
visible in the male, although the individual was 25 feet long, and
that only two teeth were visible in the adult female.

[53]Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 6, pp. 75-77, June 22, 1883.

[54]Duvernoy, Ann. Sci. Nat., ser. 3, Zoöl., vol. 15, 1851, p. 52,
footnote.

[55]Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. 6, October, 1870, p. 348.

[56]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 338.

[57]Ostéographie des Cétacés, pl. 23^bis.

[58]Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 8, 1872, p. 223.

[59]Ostéographie des Cétacés, p. 615, pl. 23^_bis_.

[60]Trans. New Zealand Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339.

[61]Trans. N. Z. Inst., vol. 10, 1878, p. 339. Hector remarks that in the
skeleton studied by Flower there were twelve caudals with facets for
chevrons, but I do not find it so stated in the original account.

[62]Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., Dec. 1869, pp. 191, 192.

INDEX.

A
Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 76
Agassiz, L., 3
description of _Mesoplodon bidens_ by, 4
Alaska, _Ziphius_ from, 1
Allen, Dr. G. M., 3
American Museum of Natural History, 2, 3
_ampullatus_ (_Balæna_), 76
(_Hyperoödon_), 76
_arnuxii_ (_Berardius_), 68

B
_bairdii_ (_Berardius_), 60
_Balæna ampullatus_, 76
_rostrata_, 76
_Berardius_, 60, 77
from California, 1
from Pribilof Islands, 1
specimens of, in National Museum, 1
_Berardius arnuxii_, chevron bones of, 74
coloration of, 66
distribution of, 77
external dimensions of, 67
size of, 66
skeleton, dimensions of, 75
skull, dimensions of, 68
teeth, dimensions of, 70
vertebræ of, 73, 74
vertebral formula of, 72
_Berardius bairdii_, 2, 60
chevron bones of, 74
coloration of, 66
description of a young, from Bering Id., 64
distribution of, 77
earbones of, 69, 83
external dimensions of, 64, 67
from Bering Island, 1, 60
from Centerville Beach, Cal., history of, 2, 63
from St. George Island, Alaska, 2
external dimensions of specimens, 62
history of, 61, 62
from Trinidad, Cal., 2
humerus of, 74
original description of, 65
scapula of, 74
size of, 66
skeleton of, 72
skeleton, dimensions of, 75
skull of, 68
skull, dimensions of, 68
sternum of, 74
teeth of, 70
teeth, description of, 70
teeth, dimensions of, 70
ulna of, 74
vertebral formula of, 72
_Berardius vegæ_, 60
Bering Island, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 24
Ziphiidæ from, 1
_bidens_ (_Mesoplodon_), 4, 76
(_Physeter_), 4
Boston Society of Natural History, 3
_bowdoini_ (_Mesoplodon_), 3, 77
Brasil, L., account of type-skull of _Mesoplodon europæus_ by, 24
_butskopf_ (_Hyperoödon_), 76