Chapter M

Manigault, G. E., 35
Mearns, Dr. E. A., 32
L. di Z., 32
_Mesoplodon_, 3
_Mesoplodon bidens_, 2, 3, 4, 11
distribution of, 76
external dimensions of, 23
from Nantucket, Mass., 2, 3, 4
mandible of, 6
phalangeal formula of, 18
skull of, 4
skull, dimensions of, 8, 15
teeth of, 6
vertebral formula of, 15
_Mesoplodon bowdoini_, 3
distribution of, 77
_Mesoplodon densirostris_, 2, 9, 28
description of exterior of, 10
distribution of, 76
earbones of, 83
external dimensions of, 23
from Annisquam, Mass., 2, 3, 4
skull, dimensions of, 8
_Mesoplodon europæus_, 2, 11
color of, 22
distribution of, 76
external characters of, 21
external dimensions of, 20, 23
first record of, 11
from Atlantic City, N. J., 2, 3, 11
history of, 20
from North Long Branch, N. J., 2, 3, 11
lungs of, 22
mandible of, 14
pectoral limb of, 18
phalangeal formula of, 18
ribs of, 17
scapula of, 18
skeleton, dimensions of, 18
skull of, 13
specific characters of, 12
sternum of, 18
stomach of, 22
teeth of, 15
tongue of, 22
type-skull of, description of, by L. Brasil, 24
Van Beneden’s opinion regarding, 12
vertebræ of, 15, 16
vertebral formula of, 15
_Mesoplodon grayi_, 3
distribution of, 76
_Mesoplodon hectori_, distribution of, 77
_Mesoplodon layardi_, 3
distribution of, 77
teeth of, 28
_Mesoplodon stejnegeri_, 2, 24
distribution of, 77
earbones of, 83
external characters of, 29
from Bering Island, 1, 3
from Oregon, 1, 2, 3
mandible of, 28
skull of, 25
skull, dimensions of, 29
teeth of, 28
teeth, dimensions of, 29
Museum of Comparative Zoölogy, 2, 3, 76

O
Oregon, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 1, 3

P
_Physeter bidens_, 4
_planifrons_ (_Hyperoödon_), 77
Pla-un, 66
Pribilof Islands, _Berardius_ from, 1

R
Ring, J. H., 63
_rostrata_ (_Balæna_), 76
_rostratum_ (_Hyperoödon_), 76

S
St. George Island, Alaska, _Berardius_ from, 1
Scollick, J. W., 32
_semijunctus_ (_Hyperoödon_), 30
(_Ziphius_), 30
_seychellensis_ (_Ziphius_), 9
Soderman, Captain, 32
_sowerbensis_ (_Delphinus_), 4
_sowerbyi_ (_Delphinus_), 4
Stejneger, Leonhard, 1, 3, 24, 31, 60, 64, 65
_stejnegeri_ (_Mesoplodon_), 24, 77

W
Wellander, Capt. Otto, 25
West coast of United States, Ziphiidæ from, 2

Y
Yaquina Bay, Oregon, _Mesoplodon stejnegeri_ from, 24

Z
Ziphiidæ from east coast of United States, 2
from west coast of United States, 2
list of existing species of, 76
specimens of, available for study, 1
in National Museum, 1
_Ziphius_, 30, 77
fossil, 4
species of, 30
_Ziphius cavirostris_, 2, 30
Argentine specimen of, 36
caudal vertebræ of, 42
cervical vertebræ of, 38
chevron bones of, 44
color of, 33, 34
comparison of skeletons of, 36
dimensions of, 32
distribution of, 77
earbones of, 83
external characters of, 59
external dimension of, 32, 33, 34
from Argentina, 55, 57
from Barnegat City, N. J., 2, 31
from Barnegat City, N. J., history of, 33
from Bering Island, 1, 31
from Charleston, S. C., 2, 31
from Kiska harbor, Alaska, 1, 2, 31
from Newport, R. I., 2, 31, 32
from St. Simon Island, Ga., 2, 31
lumbar vertebræ of, 41
pectoral limb of, 46
phalangeal formula of, 46, 49
scapula of, 45
sex characters of, 54
skeleton, dimensions of, 47
skeleton of, from Bering Island, 58
skull, age variations in, 50
dimensions of, 53
sternum of, 45
teeth, description of, 55
dimensions of, 55
thoracic vertebræ of, 40
skeleton, variations in, 49
vertebræ of, 37
vertebral column of, 36
vertebral formula of, 36
_Ziphius gervaisii_, 30, 54
_Ziphius grebnitzkii_, 30
external characters of, 59
from Bering Island, 31
skull, dimensions of, 53
skeleton of, from Bering Island, 58
_Ziphius semijunctus_, 30, 35
from Charleston, S. C., 2
type-skull, dimensions of, 53
_Ziphius seychellensis_, 9

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zoölogy, No. 1727. Female, adult. Dorsal aspect. About ¼ nat. size.

Extremity of beak defective.

2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. Boston Society of Natural History. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Defective on the left side.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.

2. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoölogy. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Distal portion of beak lacking and right frontal region defective.

3. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Tooth. Nantucket, Mass. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., No. 1727. Nat. size.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Edges abraded; distal end of beak defective.

2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Proximal end of premaxillæ defective and right nasal lacking.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Mass. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. No. 1727. Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size. Tip of beak, left pterygoid, and malars defective.

2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Mass. Female, young. Boston Society of Natural History. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Left frontal region defective.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.

2. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoölogy. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Distal portion of beak lacking, pterygoids, malars, and left frontal and temporal regions defective.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Edges abraded; tip of beak, pterygoids, zygomatic processes, etc., defective.

2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.

Pterygoids and left malar defective.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Skull. Nantucket, Massachusetts. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. No. 1727. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Tip of beak, left pterygoid and malar defective.

2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Skull. Annisquam, Massachusetts. Female, young. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Distal portion of beak defective and warped.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.

2. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Skull. North Long Branch, New Jersey. Female, adult. Mus. Comp. Zoöl. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.

Distal portion of beak lacking.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.

Premaxillæ, maxillæ, frontals, zygomatic process, etc., defective. On account of these defects and the immaturity of the individual the forward inclination of the supraoccipital is much greater than in the skull shown in fig. 2.

2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Skull. Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Adult. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. ¼ nat. size.

Proximal end of premaxillæ defective.

Skulls of _Mesoplodon_.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Nantucket, Massachusetts.

2. _Mesoplodon densirostris_? Annisquam, Massachusetts.

3. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey.

4. _Mesoplodon europæus._ North Long Branch, New Jersey.

5. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Type-skull. Bering Island.

6. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

Posterior aspect. All figures ¼ nat. size.

Mandibles of _Mesoplodon_.

Figs. 1, 2, and 5. _Mesoplodon bidens._ Nantucket, Massachusetts.

3 and 6. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey.

4. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

All figures ⅕ nat. size.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Mandible and tooth. ¼ nat. size.

2. The same. Left mandibular tooth. Outer surface.

3. The same. Right mandibular tooth. Inner surface.

All figures a little more than ⅗ nat. size.

_Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. No. 23346,
U.S.N.M.

Fig. 1. Vertebræ, from right to left as follows: 7th thoracic, 8th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal. Scale, 1/3.7 nat. size.

2. Sternum. Anterior aspect.

3. Left scapula. External surface. Scale 1/3.6 nat. size.

4. Right pectoral limb. External surface. Scale 1/3.7 nat. size.

5. Lungs. Dorsal aspect. About 1/8 nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Female, young. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

Tip of beak slightly defective.

2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Female, adult. Cat. No. 20971, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Female (?), adult, Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

2. Skull. Bering Island. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Dorsal aspect. Cat. No. 21246. ⅙ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Male (?). Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

2. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Adult. Cat. No. 21245, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 21248, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

2. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Ventral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

2. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

3. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect. ⅙ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris._

Fig. 1. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Lateral aspect. 1/7 nat. size.

2. Skull. (Type of _Ziphius semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.

3. Skull. Barnegat City, New Jersey. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.

4. Skull. (Topotype of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.

5. Skull. Newport, Rhode Island. Posterior aspect. 1/7 nat. size.

Mandibles of _Ziphius cavirostris_.

Fig. 1. Charleston, South Carolina. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).)

2. Newport, Rhode Island.

3. Bering Island. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M.

4. Bering Island. Cat. No. 21248, U.S.N.M.

All figures about ⅕ nat. size.

Mandibles of _Ziphius cavirostris_.

Fig. 1. Bering Island. (Type of _Ziphius grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. About ⅕ nat. size.

2. Newport, Rhode Island. Symphysis. Dorsal aspect.

3. The same. Ventral aspect.

Mandibles and vertebræ of _Ziphius cavirostris_.

Fig. 1. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21975, U.S.N.M. ⅕ nat. size.

2. (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. About ⅕ nat. size.

3. Barnegat, New Jersey. About ⅕ nat. size.

4. Vertebræ. (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) From right to left, as follows: 1-3 cervicals, 1st thoracic, 7th thoracic, 8th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal. About ¼ nat. size.

_Ziphius cavirostris_ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).)

Fig. 1. Atlas. Anterior surface. Defective on left side.

2. Sternum. Ventral aspect.

3. Right pectoral limb. Scapula somewhat defective.

About ࡩ nat. size.

_Berardius bairdii._

Fig. 1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. About 1/10 nat. size.

Frontals and zygomatic processes somewhat defective.

2. Skull. St. George Island, Pribilof Group, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect. About 1/10 nat. size.

3. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Dorsal aspect.

All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.

_Berardius bairdii._

Fig. 1. Type-skull. Bering Island. Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.

2. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.

3. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect.

All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.

_Berardius bairdii._

Fig. 1. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect.

2. Skull. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Lateral aspect.

3. The same skull. Posterior aspect.

4. Type-skull. Bering Island. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M. Posterior aspect.

All figs. about 1/10 nat. size.

_Berardius bairdii._

Figs. 1-4. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.

5. Skull. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 29727, U.S.N.M. Posterior aspect. 1/10 nat. size.

Mandibles of _Berardius bairdii_.

Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.

2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M.

3. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.)

Dorsal aspect, 1/10 nat. size.

Mandibles of _Berardius bairdii_.

Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M.

2. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M.

3. Bering Island. (From type-skull.) Immature. Cat. No. 20992, U.S.N.M.

4. Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M.

5. Bering Island. Adult. (From mounted skull.)

Lateral aspect. 1/10 nat. size.

_Berardius bairdii._

Fig. 1. Vertebræ. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. The vertebræ from left to right are as follows: 1-3 cervicals, 1st thoracic, 8th thoracic, 9th thoracic, 10th thoracic, 1st lumbar, 1st caudal.

2. The same specimen. Sternum. Ventral aspect. About 1/7 nat. size.

3. _Hyperoödon ampullatus._ Newport, Rhode Island. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia.

Fig. 1. _Berardius bairdii._ Atlas. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M. Anterior surface. 1/7 nat. size.

2. The same specimen. Right scapula. 1/7 nat. size.

3. The same specimen. Humerus. 1/7 nat. size.

4. _Berardius bairdii._ St. George Island, Alaska. Left pectoral limb. Cat. No. 49727. Male, immature. ⅕ nat. size.

Tympanic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris_ (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts.

2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.

4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island.

5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.

6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.

7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.

Ventral aspect. Nat. size.

Tympanic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris_ (?). Annisquam, Massachusetts.

2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.

4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger). Bering Island.

5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.

6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.

7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.

External surface. Nat. size.

Right periotic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris._ (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts.

2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.

4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger.) Bering Island.

5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.

6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.

7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.

Inner aspect. Nat. size.

Right periotic bones of _Mesoplodon_, _Ziphius_, and _Berardius_.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon densirostris._ (?) Annisquam, Massachusetts.

2. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon.

3. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope).) Charleston, South Carolina.

4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ (Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger). Bering Island.

5. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Barnegat City, New Jersey.

6. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island.

7. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California.

Outer aspect. Nat. size.

Teeth of _Ziphius cavirostris_.

Fig. 1. Type of _Z. semijunctus_ (Cope). Charleston, South Carolina. Cat. No. 21112, U.S.N.M. Left tooth. Inner surface.

2. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.

3-4. Barnegat City, New Jersey. The two large teeth.

5. The same. One of the rudimentary teeth.

6. Topotype of _Z. grebnitzkii_. Cat. No. 22069, U.S.N.M. Bering Island. Left tooth. Outer surface.

7. The same. Right tooth. Inner surface.

8. Type of _Z. grebnitzkii_ Stejneger. Cat. No. 20993, U.S.N.M. Bering Island. Left tooth. Inner surface.

9. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.

10. Newport, Rhode Island. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M. Left tooth. Inner surface.

11. The same. Right tooth. Outer surface.

Teeth of _Berardius bairdii_.

Fig. 1. Bering Island. Young. Cat. No. 142118, U.S.N.M. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.

2. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface.

3. St. George Island, Alaska. Male, immature. Cat. No. 49727, U.S.N.M. Right anterior tooth. Inner surface.

4. The same. Left anterior tooth. Outer surface.

5. Centerville, California. Male, adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.

6. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface.

7. St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Cat. No. 49726. Left anterior tooth. Inner surface.

8. The same. Right posterior tooth. Outer surface.

9. The same. Left posterior tooth. Inner surface.

All figures natural size.

Fig. 1. Stomach of _Mesoplodon europæus_. Atlantic City, New Jersey. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Ventral aspect. About ¼ nat. size.

2. The same. Dorsal aspect. About ¼ nat. size.

3. The same. Perineum. _a_, penis. _b_, rudimentary mammary slits. _c_, anus. About ¼ nat. size.

4. _Mesoplodon stejnegeri._ Yaquina Bay, Oregon. Cat. No. 143132, U.S.N.M. Head, showing teeth in natural position.

Fig. 1. _Mesoplodon europæus._ Atlantic City, New Jersey. Male, young. Cat. No. 23346, U.S.N.M. Length 12½ feet.

2. The same. Dorsal aspect.

3. _Ziphius cavirostris_ (?). Kiska Harbor, Alaska, 1904.

4. _Ziphius cavirostris._ Newport, Rhode Island. Male, adult. Length 20 feet 1 inch. Cat. No. 49599, U.S.N.M.

Fig. 1. _Berardius bairdii._ St. George Island, Alaska. Female, adult. Length 40 feet 2 inches. Cat. No. 49726, U.S.N.M.

Ventral aspect.

2, 3. _Berardius bairdii._ Centerville, California. Male (?), adult. Cat. No. 49725, U.S.N.M. Length about 41 feet. Head from in front and from below.

4. The same. Skeleton. About ⅙ nat. size.

The pectoral fin is modeled from another specimen. It is on the wrong side in this figure.

Transcriber’s Notes

--Retained publisher information from the printed copy (the electronic
edition is in the public domain in the country of publication).

--Corrected some palpable typos.

--Reformatted column headings of tables for readable display on smaller
windows (even so, some tables are up to 80 characters wide, and one
takes 100 characters).

--Resized images from original 8½×11 plates (thus, scale indications in
captions are relative).

--Created an original cover image for free, unrestricted use with this
eBook.

--In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
_underscores_.