Chapter XVI: Conclusion: Sidenote: Later English emigrations to New England (1)

[Sidenote: Lord Maynard to Laud, 17 March, 1638, in Sainsbury.]

[Sidenote: Savage's Winthrop's Journal, i, 319, 320, 322.]

[Sidenote: Rushworth, i, Part II, 409, 718.]

[Sidenote: Josselyn's Rarities, 108.]

The emigration to New England from the mother country was quickened by the troubles that preceded the civil war. In 1638 it reached its greatest height, having been augmented perhaps by agricultural distress. Fourteen ships bound for New England lay in the Thames at one time in the spring of that year. There was alarm at the great quantity of corn required for the emigrants, lest there should not be enough left in London to last till harvest. "Divers clothiers of great trading" resolved to "go suddenly," in which we may see, perhaps, evidence of bad times in the commercial world. Some parishes it was thought would be impoverished. Laud was asked to put a stop to the migration; but the archbishop was busy trying to compel the Scots to use the prayer book. Most of the lords of the Council were favorable to New England; the customs officers purposely neglected to search for contraband goods, and the ships, twenty in all, got away with or without license, and brought three thousand passengers to Boston. But the tide spent itself about this time, and by 1640 emigration to the New England colonies had entirely ceased. About twenty-one thousand two hundred people had been landed in all.

[Sidenote: Cavalier emigration to Virginia.]

[Sidenote: Petition to House of Lords, 15 Aug., 1648. Royal Hist. MS., Com. Rept., vii, 45.]

[Sidenote: Sainsbury, 360.]

The swing of the political pendulum in England that served to check the Puritan exodus gave impetus to a new emigration to Virginia and Maryland. During the ten years and more before 1640 few had gone to that region but bond servants. There were in that year not quite eight thousand people in Virginia. It is the point of time at which the native Virginians began to rear a second generation born on the soil. The waning fortunes of the king sent to the colony in the following years a large cavalier emigration, and the average character of the colonists was raised. Better ministers held the Virginia parishes and better order was observed in the courts. In 1648 four hundred emigrants lay aboard ships bound for Virginia at one time, and in 1651 sixteen hundred royalist prisoners seem to have been sent in one detachment.

[Sidenote: Prospective ascendency of the English colonies.]

By the middle of the seventeenth century the English on the North American continent were in a fair way to predominate all other Europeans. From the rather lawless little fishing villages on the coast of Maine to the rigorous Puritan communes of the New Haven colony that stretched westward to pre-empt, in advance of the Dutch, land on the shores of Long Island Sound, the English held New England. English settlers "seeking larger accommodations" had crossed to Long Island and were even pushing into the Dutch colony. The whole Chesapeake region was securely English. Already there were Virginians about to break into the Carolina country lying wild between Virginia and the Spanish colony in Florida. The French and the Dutch and the Spaniards excelled the English in far-reaching explorations and adventurous fur-trading. But the English had proved their superior aptitude for planting compact agricultural communities. A sedentary and farming population where the supply of land is not limited reaches the highest rate of natural increase. At a later time, Franklin estimated that the population of the colonies doubled every twenty-five years without including immigrants. The compactness of English settlement and the prolific increase of English people decided the fate of North America. The rather thin shell of Dutch occupation was already, by the middle of the seventeenth century, feeling the pressure under stress of which it was soon to give way. A century later collision with the populous and ever-multiplying English settlements brought about the collapse of the expanded bubble of New France.

ELUCIDATIONS.

[Sidenote: Note 1, page 321.]

There is a paper on this debate in the British Record Office indorsed by Archbishop Laud, "Rec: Octob: 7. 1637," "Propositions wch have devided Mr. Hooker & Mr. Cotton in Newe England. 1. That a man may prove his justification by his works of sanctification, as the first, best, and only cheife evidence of his salvation. 2. Whither fayth be active or passive in justification. 3. Whither there be any saving preparation in a Christian soule before his unyon with Christ. This latter is only Hooker's opinion, the rest of the ministers do not concurr with him: Cotton and the rest of the contrary opinion are against him and his party in all." Colonial Papers, ix, 71. In the next paper in the same volume, also indorsed by Laud, the controversy is more fully set forth. Copies of both are in the Bancroft collection of the New York Public Library. Laud indorsed these papers respectively October 7 and 15, 1637. The Cambridge Synod, which met August 30th, had adjourned late in September, and the debates which divided the two divines must have preceded it, and perhaps preceded the migration of Hooker to Connecticut in 1636. When Haynes was Governor of Massachusetts he had pronounced the sentence of banishment against Williams. But some years later, while Governor of Connecticut, he relented a little and wrote to Williams: "I think, Mr. Williams, I must now confesse to you, that the most wise God hath provided and cut out this part of his world for a refuge and receptacle for all sorts of consciences. I am now under a cloud, and my brother Hooker, with the bay, as you have been, we have removed from them thus far, and yet they are not satisfied." Quoted by Williams in a letter to Mason, 1st Massachusetts Historical Collections, i, 280.

[Sidenote: Note 2, page 322.]

The abstract of Hooker's sermon of May 31, 1638, as deciphered and published by Dr. J. Hammond Trumbull, is in the Collections of the Connecticut Historical Society, i, 20, 21, and the Fundamental Laws of 1639 are in Hinman's Antiquities, 20, and ff., and in Trumbull's Blue Laws, 51. Compare also the remarkable letter of Hooker to Winthrop in Connecticut Historical Society Collections, i, 3-15. Hooker objects strongly to the right of arbitrary decisions by the magistrate: "I must confess, I ever looked at it as a way which leads directly to tyranny, and so to confusion, and must plainly profess, if it was in my liberty, I would choose neither to live nor leave my posterity under such government." This letter exhibits Hooker's intellect to great advantage. One is inclined to rank him above most of his New England contemporaries in clearness and breadth of thought.

[Sidenote: Note 3, page 325.]

The selling of half-developed homesteads to newcomers by older settlers was of constant occurrence in all the colonies during the colonial period. It was a notable practice on the frontiers of Pennsylvania down to the Revolution, and perhaps later. Hubbard thus describes what went on in every New England settlement: "Thus the first planters in every township, having the advantage of the first discovery of places, removed themselves into new dwellings, thereby making room for others to succeed them in their old." General History of New England, 155.

[Sidenote: Note 4, page 328.]

The existence in England of a doctrine resembling that of the followers of Cotton and Mrs. Hutchinson is implied in Welde's preface to the Short Story of the Rise, Reign, and Ruine of Antinomianism. "And this is the very reason that this kind of doctrine takes so well here in _London_ and other parts of the kingdome, and that you see so many dance after this pipe, running after such and such, crowding the Churches and filling the doores and windowes."

[Sidenote: Note 5, page 328.]

Giles Firmin's Review of Davis's Vindication, 1693, quotes from a letter of Shepard of Cambridge, Massachusetts: "Preach Humiliation, labor to possess Men with a Sence of Misery and wrath to come. The Gospel Consolations and Grace which some would have only disht out as the Dainties of the times and set upon the Ministry's Table may possibly tickle and ravish some and do some good to some which are Humbled and Converted already. But if Axes and Wedges be not used withal to hew and break this rough unhewn bold but professing age, I am Confident the Work and Fruit ... will be but meer Hypocrisie."

[Sidenote: Note 6, page 330.]

Notwithstanding his early imprudence during the partisan excitement in Boston, Whelewright was a man of sound judgment, and his testimony regarding his sister-in-law is the most important we have. "She was a woman of good wit and not onely so, ... but naturally of a good judgment too, as appeared in her civill occasions; In spirituals indeed she gave her understanding over into the power of suggestion and immediate dictates, by reason of which she had many strange fancies, and erroneous tenents possest her, especially during her confinement ... attended by melancholy." Mercurius Americanus, p. 7.

[Sidenote: Note 7, page 338.]

Hugh Peter, after his return to England, adopted the views in favor of toleration beginning to prevail there. Nine years after he had obtruded himself so eagerly to testify against Mrs. Hutchinson, he was writing to New England earnest remonstrances against persecution. 4 Massachusetts Historical Collections, vi, where the letters are given.

[Sidenote: Note 8, page 338.]

There were those who wished to give time for a second admonition before excommunication, but they were overruled, probably by Wilson. Winthrop, i, 310. It would, perhaps, have been in better form to take the other and less eager course. There is a Latin paper in the British Public Record Office, dated 3 March, 1635, which professes to give a brief and orderly digest of the canons of government constituted and observed in the reformed New England churches. I am unable to trace its authority. From this I quote; "Qui pertinacitur consistorii admonitiones rejecerit a coena domini suspendatur. Si suspensus, post iteratus admonitiones nulla poenitentiæ signum dederit ad excomunicationem procedat Ecclesia."

[Sidenote: Note 9, page 341.]

It would be a waste of time to controvert the ingenious apologies which have been written to prove that an inexorable necessity compelled the banishment of the Antinomians. The Massachusetts government was in its very nature and theory opposed to religious toleration, as we may see by the reference of the case of Gorton and his companions to the elders, and their verdict that these men, not residents of the jurisdiction, ought to be put to death for constructive blasphemy, a decision that the magistrates by a majority vote would have put in execution if the "deputies" or representative members of the assembly had not dissented. Savage's Winthrop's Journal, ii, 177. The doctrine of intolerance is ingeniously set forth in Cotton's "The Powring Ovt of the Seven Vials, ... very fit and necessary for this Present Age," published in 1642. Cotton compares Jesuits and heretics to wolves, and says, "Is it not an acceptable service to the whole Country to cut off the ravening Wolves?" The Puritans of New England from their very circumstances were slower to accept the doctrine of religious liberty than their coreligionists in England.

INDEX

Abbot, Abp., on Calvert's resignation, 259, n. 6.

Abercromby's Examination, 258, n. 4; 262, n. 11; 263, n. 12.

Aberdeen Burgh Records, no Sabbatarian legislation in, 140, n. 12;
quaint ordinance from, 140, n. 12.

Accidents, New England hung on a chain of slender, 176.

Act, for Church Liberties, 1639, 251; 265, n. 22;
for discovering popish recusants, 237, m.;
of Toleration, 1649, 255, 256;
act to prevent, etc., 237, m.

Activity, intellectual, men excited to unwonted, 1.

Adam's needle and thread, garments woven of fiber of, 79;
efforts to cultivate, 80.

Admonition to the People of England, 115, m.

Advertisements for Planters of New England, 27, m.

Age of romance and adventure, an, 1, 20;
of colony beginnings, 92;
dramatic and poetic to its core, 100.

Agrarian and industrial disturbance aids the Puritan movement, 111.

Ainsworth wrote tractate on the Jewish ephod, 108.

Alexander, William, Encouragement to Colonies, 258, n. 3.

Alleghanies deemed almost impassable, 11.

Almond, an, for a Parrat, 116.

America excited the most lively curiosity, 2;
notion that it was an Asiatic peninsula, 3;
search for a route through, lasted one hundred and fourteen years, 8;
a Mediterranean Sea sought in the heart of, 11;
fact and fable about, 14;
excepted from the Deluge, 20;
treasure from flowing into Spanish coffers, 74;
Hakluyt spreading sails for, in every breeze, 76;
all one to European eyes, 169.

Amer. Antiqu. Soc. Trans., 22, n. 4.

Amsterdam, Separatists migrated to, 148;
called a common harbor of all opinions, 164.

Anabaptism, divergencies in direction of, in Mass., 267.

Anarchy and despotism the inevitable alternatives of communism, 26.

Anderson's Church of England in the Colonies, 258, n. 3.

Anderson's Commerce, 22, n. 5; 75, m.; 76, m.; 95, n. 3.

Anglican and Puritan party lines not sharply drawn at first, 110.

Anglican Church party, leaders at Zurich and Strasburg, 104;
held to the antique ritual, 106;
content with moderate reforms, 109;
must have a stately liturgy and holy days, 110;
becomes dogmatic, 113;
aided by Hooker's Ecclesiastical Polity, 122.

Anglican zeal founded a nation of dissenters, 91.

Animals, notions about American, 18;
too many kinds for Noah's ark, 20.

Animals for breeding, stock of, 48;
sold by Argall, 50.

Antinomianism, divergencies in direction of, in Mass., 287;
found by Winthrop in Mrs. Hutchinson's teachings, 332.

Antinomians sheltered by Vane and Cotton, 267;
Davenport took part against, in the synod, 343;
banishment of the, 349, n. 9.
See also HUTCHINSON, MRS. ANNE, and HUTCHINSONIAN CONTROVERSY.

Antwerp, a place of refuge for the persecuted, 312, n. 18.

Apocalypse of John, the, received hearty consideration from the New
England Puritans, 301.

Apostolic primitivism, aim of the Puritan, 303;
goal of the Separatist, 303.

Apostolic succession asserted as essential, 113.

Archdale's Carolina, 171, m.

Archer, Gabriel, wounded by the Indians, 28;
hostile to Smith, 37;
character of, 64, n. 3;
a ringleader in disorders, 63, n. 3;
a paper on Virginia by, 96, n. 7.

Archery on Sunday prohibited, 127.

Arctic continent, an, 2.

Argall, Captain, the first Englishman to see the bison, 24, n. 10, 50;
sent to the Bermudas, went to the fishing-banks for food, 42;
to Mt. Desert for plunder, 47;
bad record and government, 50;
robbed Company and colonists, 50, 52;
fitted out a ship for piracy, 51;
charter procured for a new plantation to protect, 51, 68, n. 13;
escaped in nick of time, 52.

Argonauts of the New World set sail, 25.

Arianism, divergencies in direction of, in Massachusetts, 267.

Ark, The, and The Dove, efforts to prevent departure of, 241;
no Protestant minister or worship on board, 242.

Armada, the Spanish, patriotism aroused by the danger from, 121.

Armenian silk-raisers brought to Virginia, 78.

Arminian Nunnery, 93, m.

Arminianism spreads among the High-Church clergy, 133, 192.

Arminians and Calvinists, Laud attempts to suppress debate between, 194.

Arminians excluded from toleration in the Netherlands, 298, 312, n. 18.

Arnold's History of Rhode Island, 311, n. 17.

Articles of Union, the, provided for freedom of private belief, 312,
n. 18.

Arundel, Lord, a friend of Sir George Calvert, 226;
territory assigned to, 259, n. 5.

Asher's History of West India Company, 177, m.

Asia, efforts to reach, 3.

Aspinwall Papers, 56, m.; 70, n. 15; 264, n. 20.

Aubrey's Survey of Wiltshire, 136, n. 5.

Augustine on the Sunday-Sabbath, 137, n. 8; 140, n. 13.

Austerfeld, a cradle of the Pilgrims, 149;
the stolid rustics of, 150;
the font at which Bradford was baptized, 151;
inhabitants at Bradford's birth a most ignorant people, 152.

Austerity in morals a Puritan characteristic, 119.

Auxiliary societies formed, 53.

Avalon, Calvert's province in Newfoundland called, 224, 258, n. 3;
charter of, 225, 234;
primary design of the colony, 225; 259, n. 5;
troubles of Baltimores and Puritans in, 228;
abandoned by Calvert, 230;
Catholic emigrants to, 239.

Bacon, Lord, objects to heretics settling a colony, 171.

Bacon's Lord, An Advertisement touching Controversies, 117, m.;
Advice to Villiers, 171, m.;
Certain Considerations, 162, m.;
Essay on Plantations, 27, m.;
Observation on a Libel, 163, m.;
Speech in reply to the Speaker, 25, m.

Bacon's Laws of Maryland, 264, n. 19; 265, n. 22.

Bacon, Nathaniel, 60, n. 1.

Bacon, Roger, on the Sunday question, 138, n. 8.

Baillie, Robert, on John Robinson, 156.

Baltimore, first Baron. See CALVERT, GEORGE.

Baltimore, Letters to Wentworth, 241, m.

Baltimore, second Baron. See CALVERT, CECILIUS.

Bancroft, Richard, Bishop of London, theatrical adulation of King
James, 161;
as primate persecutes the Puritans, 162;
stops emigration to Virginia, 168, 183, n. 2.

Baptist Church, the General, on earthly and spiritual
authority, 312, n. 19.

Baptists, Williams and his followers become, 303.

Barclay's Inner Life, 146, m.; 186, n. 6; 312, n. 19; 314, n. 24.

Barlow's Svmme and Svbstance, 143, m.; 160, m.; 162, m.; 182, n. 1.

Barrow hanged at Tyburn, 148.

Barrowism a mean between Presbyterianism and Brownism, 148;
the model for the church at Scrooby, 154.

Bawtry, the station near Scrooby, 149, 150, 151.

Baylie, Robert, condemns the toleration of the Dutch, 164, 311, n. 18.

Baylie's Errours and Induration, 164, m.; 311, n. 18.

Bell, ringing of only one, to call people to church, 129;
of more than one a sin, 130.

Bentley's Description of Salem, 200, m.;
Historical Account of Salem, 311, n. 17.

Berkeley, Sir William, persecution of Puritans in Virginia by, 252.

Bermudas, Gates and Somers shipwrecked on the, 40;
birds and wild hogs at the, 41, 65, n. 6;
marvelous escape from the, 41, 65, n. 6.

Beste, George, 2, m.; 4;
on the New World, 21, n. 2.

Biard on Dale's severity to French prisoners, 66, n. 9.

Bible, reading the, as part of the service, reprehended by the
extremists, 117.

Birch's Court of James I, 68, n. 10; 69, n. 14; 72, n. 19; 258, n. 1.

Bishoprics filled by Elizabeth, 143.

Bishops, effect of the hostility of the, to the Puritans, 112;
attacked by the Mar-Prelate tracts, 115;
reaction in favor of, 121;
had become Protestant to most people, 123.

Bison found near the Potomac, 50.

Blackstone, William, first settler at Boston, 190.

Blake's Annals of Dorchester, 219, n. 9.

Boston chosen as fittest place for public meetings, 319;
secured Cotton to balance Newton's Hooker, 319.

Boston church, Roger Williams refused to become a minister of, 270.

Boston Town Records, 329, m.

Boulton, a Separatist, recanted and hung himself, 157, n. 2.

Bowling in the streets the daily work at Jamestown, 44.

Bowls, Calvin playing at, on Sunday, 124;
Mar-Prelate berates the Bishop of London for playing, 128.

Bownd's, Dr., Sabbath of the Old and the New Testament, 124, 128;
views rapidly accepted, 129;
ultra-propositions exceeded, 130;
captivated the religious public, 130;
opposition to, 131;
new edition published, 132, 139, n. 10.

Bozman, 265, n. 22.

Bradford, William, a silk-weaver in Leyden, 169;
chosen governor at Plymouth, 179;
abolishes communism, 180;
of high aspiration restrained by practical wisdom, 306.

Bradford's Dialogue of 1593, 146, m.;
Plimoth Plantation, 145, m.; 153, m.; 154, m.; 155, m.; 158, n. 3;
165, m.; 166, m.; 175, m.; 184, n. 4; 186, n. 9; 274, m.

Brewster, William, at court, 152;
master of the post at Scrooby, 153;
secured ministers for neighboring parishes who were silenced, 153;
the host and ruling elder of the Scrooby church, 154;
useful career of, 155;
project of forming a new state, 167;
books owned by, 168.

Briefe Declaration, MS., 27, m.; 40, m.; 43, m.; 44, m.; 45, m.;
46, m.; 47, m.; 66, n. 9.

Brieff Discourse of the Troubles begun at Frankfort, 135, n. 3.

Briggs, Henry, on the nearness of the Pacific, 10, 22, n. 6.

Bristol colony in Newfoundland, 258, n. 3.

British Museum, MS., 42, m.; 44, m.

Broughton wrote a tractate on the Jewish ephod, 108.

Brown, Richard, submitted to remonstrance, 290.

Browne, John and Samuel, sent back to England by Endecott, 200.

Browne, Robert, leader of the Separatists, 145;
despised for recanting, died in prison, 146;
career lasted only four or five years, 147;
John Robinson's justification of, 157, n. 1;
authorities on, 157, n. 1; 158, n. 2.

Brownists. See SEPARATISTS.

Brown's Genesis of the United States, 94, n. 1; 183, n. 3.

Bruce's Economic History of Virginia, 95, n. 3.

Buckingham dominant at court, 193;
consents to sale of Calvert's secretaryship, 227.

Bull and bear baiting on Sunday, 129.

Bullein's Dialogue against the Fever Pestilence, 23, n. 8; 126.

Burgesses, House of, in Virginia, 55.

Burk's History of Virginia, 69, n. 13.

Burleigh, Lord Treasurer, treatise on Execution of Justice in England
published by, 238.

Burns's Prel. Diss. to Woodrow, 159, m.; 160, m.

Busher, Leonard, petitioned James I for liberty of
conscience, 312, n. 19.

Cabins at Jamestown, 29.

Cabot, John, discovers America, 3;
his ships retarded by codfish, 18;
Deane's voyages of, 21, n. 1;
Harrisse on, 21, n. 1.

Cabot, Sebastian, not a discoverer, 21, n. 1;
a doubtful authority, 24, n. 9.

Calendar of Colonial Documents, 70, n. 15; 96, n. 5; 259, n. 5.

Calendar of Domestic Papers, 259, n. 6.

Calendar of Domestic State Papers James I, 77, m.

Calendar of State Papers America, 224, m.

Caliban suggested by popular interest in savages, 17.

Calvert, Cecilius, second Lord Baltimore, son of George Calvert, 234;
expected large Catholic migration, 240;
religious aim of, 240;
partners in financial risks, 240, 263, n. 13;
policy of toleration, 242;
orders the Catholic service to be conducted privately on
shipboard, 242;
a conservative opportunist, 243;
supported at court by Strafford, 249;
schemes against Virginia, 249, 264, n. 21;
seeks to be governor, 250;
offer to New England people, 252;
had Maryland oath of fidelity modified for Puritans, 253;
yielded office of governor to Protestant, 254;
again master of Maryland, 257.

Calvert, George, character of, 221;
his rise in power, 223;
denied being bribed by Spain, 223, 258, n. 1;
member of Virginia Company, 1609, 224, 229;
councilor for New England, 224;
establishes colony in Newfoundland, 224, 239;
his conversion to Catholicism, 226;
intractable, 225;
resigned secretaryship and made Baron Baltimore, 228, 259, n. 6;
in Newfoundland, 228, 229;
sails to Virginia, 229;
not received hospitably, 230;
refuses to take oath of supremacy, and leaves Virginia, 232;
religious enthusiasm, 233, 258, n. 3;
passion for planting colonies, 233;
death of, 233.

Calvert Papers, 250, m.; 264, n. 17.

Calvin, John, the dominant influence at Geneva, 104;
on the Sabbath, 124;
Cotton a follower of, 329.

Calvinism, materials for subjective joys provided by, 327.

Calvinistic churches, efforts to assimilate the Church of England
to the, 112;
controversy adds another issue, 133;
doctrines popular, 328, 329, 347, n. 4.

Calvinists and Arminians, Laud's attempt to suppress debates
between, 194.

Cambridge settled under the name of Newtown, 317.

Cambridge pledge, the, of Winthrop and others, 209.

Camden's Elements of New England, 177, m.

Canada, Brownists ask leave to settle in, 167.

Cannibalism at Jamestown, 39;
denied by Gates, 65, n. 5.

Cape Anne, failure of Dorchester Company's colony on, 189, 199.

Cape Cod shoals turn back the Mayflower, 177, 186, n. 7.

Carlisle's treatise, 75, m.

Cartwright, leader of the Presbyterians, 112, 136, n. 6.

Cartwright's Admonition to Parliament, 129, m.

Carver, John, chosen governor, 173, 184, n. 4.

Castle Island, platform constructed on, 284.

Catholic conscience, oath made offensive to the, 237.

Catholic migration, the, 220;
revival in England, 226;
settlers in Newfoundland, 228, 239;
Baltimore family openly, 228, 235;
migration to Maryland small, 240;
pilgrims very religious, 243, 244, 245;
tax on Catholic servants in Maryland, 248;
colony in Maryland until after 1640, 247;
at peace with Puritans in Maryland, 254;
element protected in Maryland, 257;
party in minority in Maryland, 266.

Catholicism condoned, to conciliate Spain, 238;
tide toward, in England, 240.

Catholics, Irish, not allowed to settle in Virginia, 231;
Baltimore's party of, repelled from Virginia, 231;
harsh laws in England against, 236, 237, 238;
enforcement of penal statutes against, 239;
co-religionists of queen, 239;
toleration and protection to English Catholics in Maryland, 242;
no perfect security for, in Maryland, 248;
rich and influential families of, in Maryland, 264, n. 18;
conciliation to Protestants at expense of fairness toward, 251;
papist religion forbidden, 257;
excluded from toleration in the Netherlands, 298, 312, n. 18.

Catlet, Colonel, reaches the Alleghanies, 11.

Cattle, scarce in Massachusetts colony, 320;
perished in Connecticut, 324.

Cavalier emigration to Virginia, 345.

Cedar timber exported, 45.

Ceremonies, observance of pompous, 101;
bitter debates about, 108;
ceased to be abhorrent, 123.

Certayne Qvestions concerning the high priest's ephod, 108, m.

Chapman, Jonson and Marston's Eastward, Ho! 23, n. 8.

Charles I, coronation robe of silk for, from Virginia, 78;
obliterated by Puritanism, 133.

Charles II wore silk raised in Virginia, 78.

Charter, the Great, granted by the Virginia Company, 55, 173, 206;
only information concerning, 70, n. 15.

Charter for a private plantation obtained by Warwick, 51, 68, n. 13.

Charter of New England, 1620, 173;
of the Massachusetts Company, 210, 218, n. 7;
of Avalon, April 7, 1623, 225;
for precinct in Virginia granted to Leyden pilgrims, 229;
for new palatinate on north side of the Potomac granted to
Baltimore, 233;
of Maryland passed, 234;
terms of the, 234, 235, 236;
compared with those of Avalon, 234;
ambiguous, 251.

Charter-House School founded by legacy as Sutton's Hospital, 268;
attended by Roger Williams, 268.

Chesapeake Bay mapped by Captain John Smith, 36.

Chesapeake region securely English, 345.

Chimes not in accord with a severe Sabbath, 129.

Church, a "particular," Puritans desire to found, 197;
the unit of New England migration, 325.

Church at Jamestown enlarged, 42, 65, n. 7.

Church economy, each system of, claimed divine authority, 113.

Church, English, Laud sought to make Catholic, 193.

Church government, three periods of, 112, 136, n. 6;
questions of, fell into abeyance, 137, n. 6;
Barrowism, the form of, brought to New England, 148;
Puritans desire to make real their ideal of, 198;
Puritan passion for, 212.

Church of England repudiated as antichristian, 147;
divergencies in direction of, in Massachusetts, 267.

Church of the exiles at Frankfort, the factions in developed into two
great parties, 105.

Church quarrels at Strasburg and Frankfort, 105;
reform, no hope of securing, 196, 197.

Churches of Massachusetts formed on model of Robinson's
Independency, 213;
lack of uniformity in the early, 215;
borrowed discipline and form of government from Plymouth, 215.

Churchill's Voyages, 265, n. 23.

Churchmen, High, aggressive, 113.

Cities of refuge on the Continent, 104;
English churches organized in, 104.

Civet cat, Hariot thought, would prove profitable, 19.

Claiborne, claim of, to Kent Island, 253.

Clap's, Roger, Memoirs, 213, m.

Clarendon Papers, 67, n. 9.

Clarke's Gladstone and Maryland Toleration, 245, m.

Clergymen most active writers in favor of colonization, 91;
some preach sermons but stay away from public prayer, 143;
supported by magistrates in Massachusetts if church order
was disturbed, 266;
men of unusual prudence in ranks of, 266.

Climate of Great Britain not favorable to raising products
of the Mediterranean, 75.

Coddington's Letter, 308, n. 9.

Code of Lawes, Divine, Morall, and Martiall, by Sir Thomas
Smyth, 70, n. 16; 132.

Codfish, multitude of, on coast of Newfoundland, 18.

Coxe, Sir Edward, defended legacy which founded Charter-House
School, 268;
appointed Roger Williams to a scholarship, 268;
schism detested by, 270.

College proposed and endowed, 91.

Collier's Ecclesiastical History of Great Britain, 263, n. 12.

Colonial Constitution of Virginia modified for the worse, 249.

Colonial Papers, 68, n. 11; 71, n. 18; 262, n. 11; 264, n. 21;
265, n. 25; 346, n. 1.

Colonial proprietors, 70, n. 15.

Colonial Records of Virginia, 70, n. 15.

Colonies, secondary, 220.

Colonists, efforts of friends to succor, thwarted, 47;
loss of life among, in Virginia, 58.

Colonization, English, the fate of, settled by the experiments
on the James River, 58;
promoted, to get rid of excess of population, 136, n. 5;
unwise management ruined many projects for, 178.

Colony, English, rise of the first, 1;
motives for founding, 73.

Colony government, primary and secondary forms of, 218, n. 7.

Colony of St. Maries, 245.

Colony-planters drawn from the ranks of the uneasy, 171, 220.

Colony-planting, Hakluyt's tireless advocacy of, 5;
John Smith on, 37;
spurred by three motives, 74;
kept alive by delusions, 74;
first principles of, not understood, 76;
an economic problem, 84;
the religious motive most successful in, 189, 220;
centrifugal forces in, 220, 266.

Commandment, the fourth, held to be partly moral, partly ceremonial,
138, n. 8; 140, n. 13;
Shepard holds it to be wholly moral, 140, n. 13.

Commerce with the Orient, the hope of, retarded settlement, 4.

Commissions, forged, to "press" maidens, 72, n. 19.

Commodities, sixteen staple, exhibited from Virginia, 49;
production of, the main hope of wealth for Virginia, 75, 97, n. 9.

Commons inclosed, 111, 135, n. 5.

Commons Journal, 71, n. 18.

Communion, withdrawal of, a fundamental principle of Separatism, 271.

Communism at Jamestown, 26, 42;
abolished, 56;
attempted at Plymouth, 169, 185, n. 4;
abolished by Bradford, 180;
evils of, 186, n. 9.

Compact, the, of the Pilgrims, 173, 183, n. 4; 185, n. 5.

Company's Chief Root of Differences, the, 52, m.;
authors of, 69, n. 13.

Congregationalism, rise of, in New England, 214.

Connecticut, a secondary colony, 220;
the migration to, has an epic interest, 316;
independent constitution adopted by, 325;
accounts adverse to, circulated in England, 326.

Connecticut Historical Society Collections, 326, m.; 347, n. 2.

Connecticut River, stories of the fertility of the intervale land
on the, 322;
dangerous Pequots on the, 323;
soil did not need to be "fished," 324.

Consciences, oppressed, places of refuge for, in the Low Countries, 163.

Conservative and radical, difference between constitutional, 109;
churchman limited his Protestantism, 109.

Constitutional government, starting point of, in the New World, 55.

Continent, an arctic and antarctic, 2;
crossed by Ingram in a year, 14.

Controversie concerning Liberty of Conscience, 300, m.

Conversion of the Indians, desired for the sake of trade, 16, 90,
216, n. 4;
orders for the, 42;
interest in, becomes secondary, 204, 209;
authorities on the, 216, n. 4;
by the Catholics, 247.

Convicts asked for by Dale, 47.

Cook's Historical View of Christianity, 138, n. 8.

Cooper, Dr., Bishop of Winchester, answered first Mar-Prelate tract, 116.

Copley, business administrator of Jesuits, 251, 264, n. 17.

Corn not planted at proper season, 44, 60, n. 2;
ground for, cleared, 48;
more raised by private than by public labor, 49.

Cotton, John, apparent sanction of Antinomianism by, 267;
one of the greatest luminaries of the Puritans and one of the lights
of New England, 269;
apostle of theocracy, shaped ecclesiastical affairs in New
England, 279, 308, n. 8;
his rivals left Massachusetts, 280;
virtually attained a bishop's authority, 280;
on Williams's book, 282;
complete system of church-state organization, 287;
verbal legerdemain on Williams's banishment, 297;
casuistry of, 299, 313, n. 20; 321;
attitude toward Williams's banishment, 299, 300, 313, n. 21;
source of his intolerance, 300;
belongs among the diplomatic builders of churches, 306;
uncandid and halting accounts of Williams's trial, 309, 310, n. 12;
311, n. 17;
curious sinuosity of conscience, 313, n. 21;
secured by Boston to balance Newtown's Hooker, 319;
rivalry with Hooker, 320;
Puritanism of, grew in a garden of spices, 321;
of a sanguine temperament, 328;
his advent followed by widespread religious excitement, 329;
theological differences between his teachings and those of Hooker,
346, n. 1;
Model of Moses his Judicials, 326;
opinions recanted and modified by, 336;
defends Mrs. Hutchinson, 337;
persuades her to recant, 339;
disfranchises her sons, 339;
belated zeal of, against the sectaries, 341;
wallows in superstition, 341.

Cotton planted, 29.

Cotton's Answer to Williams's Examination, 308, n. 10, 11; 310, n. 16;
313, n. 20, 21;
Fountain of Life, 328, m.;
Sermon on the Church's Resurrection, 331, m.; 334, m.;
Way of Congregational Churches, 157, n. 2; 219, n. 10; 330, m.; 336, m.

Council for New England grants a patent to the Massachusetts projectors,
199, 207.

Councilors of estate in Virginia, 55.

Counter-Blaste to Tobacco, 84, m.

Country, a barren, a great whet to industry, 177.

Courtier, the honor of a, possessed by Calvert, 223;
the happiest has least to do at court, 258, n. 1.

Courts of High Commission, penalties of, 270.

Covenant of grace _vs._ covenant of works, 331, 334, 335.

Cox, Richard, followers of, dispute with those of John Knox, 105.

Cox's Literature of the Sabbath Question, 127, m.; 138, n. 8;
139, n. 10.

Cradock, Mathew, Governor of the Massachusetts Company, proposes
transfer of the government, 206, 208, 209;
resigned his governorship, 210;
denounced by Laud, 211;
letter to Endecott, 216, n. 4.

Credulity about America, 2, 20;
abyss of seventeenth century, 341.

Customs, low, advocated by Captain John Smith, 37.

Cyuile and Vncyuile Life, 134, n. 1.

Dainties, preachers who spread a table of, complained of, 328, 348, n. 5.

Dainty, Argall's voyage in the, 50.

Dale, Sir Thomas, sent to Virginia, 43;
tyranny of, 45-47;
horrible cruelties of, 46;
services, 47;
theatrical return, 48, 68, n. 10;
glowing reports of the country, 49, 168;
cruelties of, proved, 66, n. 9;
his severity, 67, n. 9;
various authorities on, 67, n. 9.

Danvers, Sir John, interested in the Virginia Company, 54;
in power, 71, n. 17;
one of the fathers of representative government in America, 173.

Darien, Isthmus of, 6.

Davenport, John, took part in the synod, 343;
with his followers planted the New Haven colony, 343.

Days of the week, scruples about the heathen names of the, 302,
314, n. 23.

Days of fasting and prayer appointed, 324.

De Costa, in Mag. of Amer. Hist., 23, n. 8.

De la Warr, Lady, plundered by Argall, 50.

De la Warr, Lord, sends expedition for gold, 13;
arrival of, regretted by the old settlers, 41;
governor at Jamestown, 41;
resides at the falls of the James, 43;
flight of, from the colony, 43;
nominally governor, 44;
ceremonious landing at Jamestown, 101;
escorted to church by gentlemen and guards, 102.

Deane, Charles, Voyages of Cabot, 21, n. 1;
misunderstood a statement by Bradford, 184, n. 4.

Debate, the Puritan, 108;
bitterness of the, 114;
new issues, 123;
advantage of new ground of, to the Puritan, 131.

Debates, theological, concerned with speculative dogmas, 108.

Declaration of Virginia, 95, n. 3.

Delft Haven, the parting at, 175.

Delusions in colony-planting, 74.

Deptford, gold-refining works at, 13.

De Rasieres's letter, 103, m.

Dermer, seeking the Pacific, is driven into Long Island Sound, 9.

Description of the Now-discovered river and Country of Virginia,
96, n. 7.

Desertion, Dale's punishment for, 46.

Devil worship, Indian, belief in, 16.

De Vries's Voyages, m., 231.

Dexter, F. B., in Winsor's Narrative and Critical History, 155, m.

Dexter's H. M., Congregationalism, 147, m.; 157, n. 1; 185, n. 6;
"As to Roger Williams," as erudite as it is one-sided, 311, n. 17.

Discontent, numerous causes for, 111, 135, n. 5.

Discourse of the Old Virginia Company, 54, m.; 66, n. 9; 68, n. 11;
70, n. 16.

Discovery, the pinnace, 25.

Dispersions from the mother colony, 315.

Display, love of, in Elizabeth's time, 98;
greatness declared itself by, 100, 134, n. 2.

Dissension, outbreak of, among the English Protestant exiles, 104.

Dividends, Dale's aim to make the colony pay, 45.

D'Ogeron supplied buccaneers with wives, 71, n. 18.

Dogs as food, 8.

Domestic Correspondence, James I, 134, n. 1.

Dorchester Company, failure of colony of, on Cape Ann, 189, 199.

Dorchester, Mass., church covenant, 219, n. 9;
ready to follow the lead of Hooker, 323;
settlers remove from to Connecticut, 324;
church emigrated bodily, 325.

Drama, the age of the, 99.

Dress, inordinate display in, 134, n. 2;
laws to repress, 100;
excesses in, denounced, 120;
regulations against, in Massachusetts, 285.

Drunkenness, punishment for, 342.

Dudley, a zealous advocate of religious intolerance, 287;
impatient to snuff out Williams, 288;
verse by, 288;
rude and overbearing, 338.

Dudley to the Countess of Lincoln, 174, 317, m.

Durham, legal power of Bishops of, given to proprietor of Maryland,
236, 263, n. 12.

Dutch Government declined to assure the Pilgrims of protection
against England, 173;
made tempting offers to the Independents, 176;
despised for showing toleration, 298, 311, n. 18;
laid claim to the Connecticut, 323;
occupation giving way, 346.

Duties, heavy, on tobacco, 85, 96, n. 8.

Dyer, Mary, misfortune of, 340.

East India Company's agents, cruelty of, 67, n. 9.

East Indies, desire for a short passage to the, 3, 4, 5, 12, 22, n. 5.

Eastward, Ho! the play of, 23.

Ecclesiastical Commission, the inquisitorial, 114.

Ecclesiastical extension desired by the English Church, 90;
organization of the Brownists dominant, 141;
politics explosive in Massachusetts, 326;
system of government, petty tyranny that inheres in, 342.

Economic success of the Virginia colony assured, 49;
adverse conditions more deadly than an ungenial climate, 78;
problems solved by homely means, 84.

Edwards, T., Antapologia, 217, n. 4.

Eliot, Sir John, confined in the Tower, 203.

Eliot, John, convinced of error, 290, 291;
usher and disciple of Hooker, 317.

Eliot's Biography, 201, m.; 288, m.

Elizabeth, Queen, jeweled dresses of, 98;
gorgeous progresses of, 99;
could not compel uniformity, 109;
threatens to unfrock a bishop, 110;
molded the church to her will, 112;
her policy of repression resulted in the civil war, 114;
greatest popularity in last years of her reign, 121.

Elizabethan age, the, 1;
prodigal of daring adventure, 20.

Ellis Letters, The, 182, n. 1.

Ellis collection, first series, 238, m.

Elton's brief biography of Roger Williams, 311, n. 17.

Emigrants sail for Virginia, 25;
bad character of the, 27, 59.

Emigration to New England quickened by troubles that preceded the
civil war, 344;
reached greatest height in 1638, 344;
ceased entirely in 1640, 344;
to Virginia and Maryland, received impetus from check of Puritan
exodus, 344, 345.

Emmanuel College, Cambridge, the cradle of Puritan divines, 316.

Endecott, John, leadership and character of, 200;
cut arm of cross from English colors, 201;
put Quakers to death, 202;
impetuous radicalism of, 271;
protested against the double injustice to Salem, 291;
arrested, apologized, and submitted, 291;
witnesses for Mrs. Hutchinson browbeaten by, 338.

England, danger from, feared in Massachusetts, 284, 285.

English, character of the, at the period of Elizabeth and James, 20;
sober living of, 342;
superior aptitude of, for planting agricultural communities, 346;
compactness of settlement and increase of, decided the fate of
North America, 346.

English knowledge and notions of America, 1;
first protest against oppression, 56;
jealousy of Spain, 74, 94, n. 1;
ecclesiastics reproached by Roman Catholics, 90, 97, n. 11;
Church leaders not content while Spanish priests converted
infidels, 90;
eminent clergy among the exiled, 104;
churches organized in cities of refuge, 104;
beginning of two parties in the Church, 107;
heads of the Church attacked by Mar-Prelate, 115;
laws against Catholics embarrass the foreign policy, 238;
rise of the first of the colonies, 1;
prospective ascendency of the colonies, 345.

English Protestantism. See PROTESTANTISM, ENGLISH.

Ephod of Jewish high priest, discussion of material of, 108.

Epworth, the nest of Methodism, 150.

Esquimaux kidnapped by Frobisher, 17.

Eustachius and his document dropped from heaven, 138, n. 8.

Evans, Owen, accused of "pressing" maidens, 72, n. 19.

Evelyn's Diary, 18, m.; 134, n. 1.

Excerpta de Diversis Literis, 246, m.

Excommunication dreaded by the Puritans, 339.

Exiles, the English, 104;
return of, 107;
results of their squabbles, 107.

Exploration, American, the history of, a story of delusion and
mistake, 3;
retarded settlement, 4.

Extravagance of Indian tales, 8.

Factions at Jamestown, 36, 64, n. 4.

Fairs and markets on Sundays, 138, n. 8.

Faith, devotion to, 245.

Families, the colony a camp of men without, 42;
a plantation can never flourish without, 57;
some, sent to Virginia with De la Warr, 65, n. 8.

Family of Love, Anne Hutchinson accused of accepting the doctrines
of the, 335.

Famine at Jamestown, 38, 65, n. 5.

Fast day, a, appointed in Massachusetts, 286.

Ferrar, John, election of, 71, n. 17;
deputy governor, 91.

Ferrar, Nicholas, Jr., deputy governor of Virginia Company, 91;
established a religious community at Little Gidding, 92;
austere discipline of, 93;
mediæval enthusiasm of, 194.

Ferrar, Nicholas, Sr., courts of Virginia Company held at house of, 91;
gave money for educating infidels in Virginia, 91.

Ferrars, the, among the founders of liberal institutions in America, 173.

Firearms, sale of, to the savages, 191, 216, n. 1.

Firmin's, Giles, Review of Davis's Vindication, 348, n. 5.

Fisheries, American, importance of, foreseen, by Capt. John Smith, 37;
of Newfoundland, 261, n. 7.

Fishing on Sunday, ordinances against, 127.

Fishing seasons in the James River learned, 49.

Fleet, Henry, only survivor of Spelman's party, 22, n. 7.

Fleet's Journal, 23, n. 7.

Flemish Protestants favored independency, 158, n. 2.

Font, the stone, at which Bradford was baptized, 151.

Food, bad and insufficient, 45, 46.

Force, men not to be converted by, 312, n. 19.

Formalities, proper, never omitted, 41, 101;
at Plymouth, 102.

Founding of a state a secondary end, 73.

Fox, Luke, sails to the northwest, 10.

Franck's, Sebastian, Chronica, 314, n. 24.

Frankfort, disputes in the church at, produced great results, 105;
character of debates at, 105;
rapid changes produced by the, 106, 135, n. 3.

Freemen's oath extended to residents, 289, 308, n. 11;
opposed by Williams, 289, 309, n. 12.

Fresh River of the Dutch, the Connecticut, 324.

Frobisher's, Sir Martin, voyages, 2, 4, n. 1;
brilliant failure, 5;
attempt to plant a colony, 7;
finds "gold eure," 13;
Voyages, 21, n. 1.

Fuller, Thomas, judgment of Captain John Smith, 63, n. 3.

Fuller's Church History, 103, m.; 131, m.; 157, n. 1; 160, m.;
Worthies, 259, n. 6.

Gainsborough, the hamlet of, 150.

Gammell's Life of Roger Williams, 311, n. 17.

Gardens, private, apportioned in Virginia, 48, 49, 68, n. 12.

Gates, Sir Thomas, wrecked on the Bermudas, 40;
abandoned the wreck of Jamestown, 41, 101;
sent to England for cattle, 41;
denied that human flesh was eaten, 65, n. 5;
installed governor in proper form, 101.

General Court of Massachusetts protested against selection of Williams
as a minister of the Salem church, 271;
prevented his ordination, 272, 307, n. 5;
makes regulations for dress, 285;
appointed a fast day, 286;
promulgated a new resident's oath, 289;
"convented" Williams several times, 289;
forced Salem into submission, 291, 293;
tried and banished Williams, 292;
fearing his settlement at Narragansett Bay, agreed to send him
to England, 294;
banished scores for their opinions, 297;
the real extenuation for the conduct of the, 297;
character of the age forbids condemnation of, 300.

Geneva, the city of refuge for the Puritans, 104;
differences between exiles at, and those at Zurich, 107.

Gibbons, Captain, of Boston, commission sent to, 252.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, on a northwest passage, 5;
attempt to plant a colony, 7.

Glass-blowers ran away to the Indians, 83.

Glass, window, not used in the colony, 65, n. 7.

Glass-works established near Jamestown, 83, 95, n. 5.

Glastonbury, also called Avalon, 258, n. 3.

Glover in Phil. Trans., 11, m.

Godspeed, The, 25.

Gold and silver, exportation of, restrained by law, 75.

Gold, belief in finding, in North America, 12, 14, 22, n. 7; 75.

Gold-hunting, 7, 12;
in Virginia, 13, 23, 42.

Gold mines of the Hudson River, 23.

Gondomar's spies in the Virginia Company, 87;
influence over Calvert, 226, 258, n. 2.

Goodman's Court of King James, 258, n. 2.

Goodwin, Thomas, and others, Apologetical Narrative, 185, n. 6.

Gorges's Briefe Narration, 196, m.

Gowns and litanies, squabbles about, 107.

Gosnold, agitating for a new colony, 33;
failure of colony in Buzzard's Bay established by, 178.

Government, democratic, established by the Pilgrims before sailing,
185, n. 5;
three primary steps for, in America, due to Englishmen who did
not cross the sea, 205.

Government, representative form of, established, 55, 89;
faint promise of, in Maryland charter, 234.

Governmental functions exercised by commercial corporations, 218, n. 8.

Grace after meat opposed by Williams, 289, 290, 292, 309, n. 12.

Greenham's, Richard, MS. on the Sabbath, 128.

Greenwood, leader of the Separatists, hanged at Tyburn, 148.

Grenville, Sir Richard, sent to Virginia by Ralegh, 21, n. 3.

Guiana or North America, Pilgrims choose between, 169.

Guicciardini on use of spices, 22, n. 5.

Guilds, dissolution of the, 111.

Haies in Hakluyt's Voyages, 5, m.

Hakluyt, Richard, a forerunner of colonization, 5;
belief of, in a passage to the Pacific, 6;
stories of gold, 12;
of mulberry trees, 76.

Hakluyt's Discourse on Western Planting, 6, m.; 94, n. 1; 97, n. 11;
Voyages, 2, 5, m.; 8, m.; 12, m.; 23, n. 8.

Hamor, Raphe, secretary under Dale, a signer of the Tragicall
Relation, 66, n. 9;
True Discourse, 66, n. 9; 68, n. 12; 70, n. 16; 95, n. 3.

Hampton Court conference, 159;
authorities on the, 182, n. 1.

Hanbury's Memorials, 157, n. 1, n. 2; 158, n. 3.

Hancock, Thomas, the Luther of England, 125.

Hanging clemency, 46;
preferred to transportation to Virginia, 54;
and to the old tyranny, 56.

Hardwicke Papers, 238, m.

Hariot's Briefe and True Report, 80, m.

Harleian Miscellany, 240, m.

Harrington's Nugæ Antiquæ, 116, m.; 161, m.; 162, m.; 182, n. 1.

Harrisse's, Henry, John Cabot, the Discoverer of America, 21, n. 1.

Hartlib's Reformed Virginia Silkworm, 79.

Harvey, Sir John, sends expedition for gold, 13;
Governor of Virginia, 249;
quarreled with Virginians, 249;
counter-revolution, 249.

Hawkins, Jane, Mrs. Hutchinson an associate of, 340.

Hawkins, Sir John, lands luckless seamen in Mexico, 14.

Haynes, Governor of Massachusetts, 332;
pronounced sentence against Williams, 347, n. 1;
letter to Williams while Governor of Connecticut quoted, 347, n. 1.

Health to the Gentlemanly Profession of Servingmen, 134, n. 1.

Hearne's Langtoft's Chronicle, 93, m.

Hening's Statutes, 78, m.; 79, m.; 97, n. 9.

Henrietta Maria, Maryland named for, 245;
godmother to Maryland, jealous of Calvert, 249.

Henry, Prince, interested in Virginia colony, 43.

Henry, William Wirt, Address, 63, n. 3.

Hessey's Bampton Lectures, 139, n. 10.

Hind's Making of the England of Elizabeth, 135, n. 3.

Hinman's Antiquities, 347, n. 2.

Hogs, brood, of the colony eaten, 38;
wild, in the Bermudas, 41, 65, n. 6.

Holinshed's Chronicles, 22, n. 5.

Holland, the "mingle mangle of religions" in, 164.

Holmes's History of Cambridge, 318, m.; 320, m.

Home, Virginia for the first time a, 58.

Home-makers sent to Virginia, 57, 58.

Homesteads at Newtown sold to newcomers, 325, 347, n. 3.

Hooft, Nederlandsche Historie, 312, n. 18.

Hooker, Thomas, one of the greatest luminaries of the Puritans, 269;
desire of his party to move to Connecticut, 285, 315;
set to dispute with Williams, 292;
early life of, 316;
driven from his pulpit by Laud, 317;
fled to Holland, 317;
a company of his people settled at Newtown, 317;
arrival at Newtown, 319;
rivalry with Cotton, 320;
somber theology of, 320;
difference between his teachings and those of Cotton, 321, 346, n. 1;
theories of civil government more liberal than Cotton's, 322;
limited the power of the magistrate, 322, 347, n. 2;
the real founder of Connecticut, 325.

Hornbeck on John Robinson, 158, n. 3.

Horses eaten, 38.

Houses burned for firewood, 40.

Hubbard's History of Massachusetts, 308, n. 8;
History of New England, 207, m.; 215, m.; 347, n. 3;
testimony of, unreliable, 311, n. 17.

Hudson, Henry, influenced by Captain John Smith, seeks the South Sea, 9.

Hudson River gold, 23, n. 7.

Huguenots of La Rochelle, England allied with, 239.

Humming birds exported, 18.

Hundreds or plantations, 54, 55.

Hunt, Robert, first minister in Virginia, 90.

Hunter, Rev. Joseph, on Shakespeare's Tempest, 65, n. 6.

Hunter's Founders of New Plymouth, 150, m.; 152, m.; 155, m.; 170, m.

Hutchinson, Mrs. Anne, an ardent disciple of Cotton in old Boston, 329;
character of, 329, 330;
"masterpiece of womens wit," 330;
meetings for women opened by, 330;
doctrines of, 331;
the very apostle of Cotton's doctrine, 333;
brought to trial by her opponents, 337;
adroit defense, 338;
condemned by the General Court, 338;
sentenced to banishment, 339;
recanted, but was excommunicated, 339, 348, n. 8;
her sons disfranchised, 339;
settled in Rhode Island with her party, 340;
accused of witchcraft by Winthrop, 340;
wild reports about, 340, 341;
massacred by Indians at New Netherland, 341.

Hutchinson on the Virginia Colony, 186, n. 8.

Hutchinson Papers, 215, m.; 299, m.; 307, m.; 329, n. 1.

Hutchinson party partisans of Vane, 332;
arrogance of the, 333;
Pastor Wilson condemned by, 333.

Hutchinson's History of Massachusetts Bay, 211, m.; 337, m.

Hutchinsonian controversy, the, 326, 327;
the debate waxed hot, 334.

Hypocrites better than profane persons, 299.

Idolatry, Puritanism a crusade against, 118.

Illusions of discoverers, 3, 75.

Inclosures, effects of, 135, n. 5;
for private not the publick good, 136, n. 5.

Independency, tendency toward, 112, 136, n. 6;
foreshadowed at Frankfort, 137, n. 6;
dated back to reign of Mary, 146;
favored by Flemish Protestants, 158, n. 2;
Robinsonian, the established religion in New England, 215.

Independents in early years of Elizabeth's reign, 158, n. 2.

Indian children, rewards to colonists for educating, 91.

Indian conjurers laid spell on the coast, 178.

Indian exhumed and eaten at Jamestown, 39.

Indians plot destruction of the colonists, 8;
curiosity regarding the, 15;
desire to convert, 16, 90;
kidnapped and exhibited, 17;
attack those first landing in Virginia, 28;
constant fear of attack from, 30;
supply food to Jamestown, 31,
Smith trades with, 34, 36;
devilish ingenuity in torturing, 38;
outrage the dead, 38, 64, n. 4;
slay gold hunters, 43;
no danger from, while Dale was in charge, 47;
taken to England by Dale, 49, 68, n. 10;
unnecessary cruelty to, 64, n. 4;
reverence for their sacred house, 64, n. 4;
endowed school established for, 83, 91;
schemes for educating obliterated, 92;
treachery of, emulated by the settlers, 92;
destruction of, in Maryland and in Massachusetts divinely ordered, 247;
right of the king to give away lands of, questioned, 274, 282, 283;
land secured from, by purchase, 283.

Industrial disturbance aids the Puritan movement, 111.

Infallibility of "godly" elders, 301.

Ingram, Davy, crosses the continent, 14;
statement, 14, 23, n. 8.

Injunctions by King Edward VI, 138, n. 9.

Interludes sometimes played in churches, 129.

Intolerance sanctioned by logic, 299.

Iron works established at Falling Creek, 83;
failure of, 96, n. 6.

Isthmus in latitude 40°, belief in an, 10.

James I framed code of laws and orders for the Virginia colony, 26;
Covnter-Blaste to Tobacco, 84;
obstinacy of, 87;
his accession raised the hopes of the Puritans, 159;
paradoxical qualities of, 160;
dialectic skill at Hampton Court conference, 160;
refutes the hapless Puritans, 161;
boasts that he had peppered the Puritans, 162, 182, n. 1;
results of his folly, 162;
would wink at but not publicly tolerate the Pilgrims, 170;
refused guarantee of toleration, 173;
friendship with George Calvert, 223;
revenue from fines of lay Catholics, 238;
Apologie for the Oath of Allegiance, 238.

James, Puritan minister in Maryland, 253.

James River discovered by the accident of a storm, 27;
settlement near the falls of the, 37.

James River experiments, the, 25;
their story the overture to the history of life in the United
States, 58.

Jamestown, causes of suffering at, 13;
founded, 29;
at first a peninsula, 29;
abandoned, 41;
population in 1616, 49;
in 1889, 59, n. 1;
some drawings of, 60, n. 1.

Jamestown Company, the. See VIRGINIA COMPANY, THE.

Jamestown emigrants instructed to explore rivers to the northwest, 9.

Jesuits flock to England, 226;
set free, 239;
interested in migration to Maryland, 240;
the provincial of the Society of Jesus favored toleration, 242;
religious observances of, at sea, 243;
conversion of non-Catholics in Maryland by, 246;
fled to Virginia, 257.

Jesus, the humane pity of, unknown to the laws and sermons of the
time, 301, 313, n. 22.

Johnson, Bradley T., Foundation of Maryland, 263, n. 15.

Johnson, Edward, the bloodthirsty Massachusetts Puritan, 164;
his Wonder-working Providence, 318, m.; 320, m.; 330, m.

Johnson, Francis, voyage of, to America, 167;
pastor at Amsterdam, 168.

Johnston, Isaac, of Winthrop's company, death of, 212.

Jones, captain of The Mayflower, conduct of, 177;
identified with Jones of The Discovery, 186, n. 7.

Jones's, Rev. Hugh, Present State of Virginia, 183, n. 3.

Josselyn's Rarities, 344, m.

Judgment, present, not a binding law, 185, n. 6.

Judgments, divine, fear of, 198.

Kent Island, Claiborne's claim to, 254.

Knowles's Life of Williams, 274, m.; 308, n. 9;
the best of the older biographies, 311, n. 17.

Knox, John, followers of, dispute with the Coxans at Frankfort, 105;
not more a sabbatarian than Calvin, 124.

Labor, common-stock system of, at Jamestown, 26;
abolished by distribution of land, 56;
failure of, at Plymouth, 179;
evils of, 186, n. 9.

Labor, private, more productive than common-stock system, 49;
prohibited on Sundays, 127.

Laborers, twelve so-called, in the Virginia colony, 27.

Land, division of, in Virginia, 48, 49, 56, 68, n. 12.

Land grants, various, in Virginia, based on the Grand Charter,
56, 70, n. 15.

Lane, Ralph, governor of Ralegh's first colony, 7, 21, n. 3;
seeks gold and the South Sea, 8;
account in Hakluyt, iii, 8, m.;
hopes for his Roanoke colony, 74;
to Sydney and Walsingham, 74, m.

Latitude of 40°, belief of a westward passage in, 9, 10.