Chapter I: Front Matter

THE

BIGLOW PAPERS.

BY
JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.

NEWLY EDITED,
WITH A PREFACE
BY THE
AUTHOR OF "_TOM BROWN'S SCHOOL-DAYS_."

THIRD ENGLISH EDITION.

Reprinted, with the Author's Sanction, from the
Last American Edition.

LONDON:
TRUeBNER & CO. 60, PATERNOSTER ROW.
1861.

Transcriber's Note

Minor typographical errors have been corrected without note. Dialect spellings, contractions and discrepancies have been retained.

Greek words have been transliterated and are shown between {braces}.

The carat symbol [^] has been used to note 'superscript', and three asterisks [***] represent an inverted asterism. The following less common characters have been transcribed as follows:

[)a] a with breve
[=a] a with macron
[oe] oe ligature

PUBLISHERS' PREFACE.

In order to avoid any misconception, the Publishers think it advisable to announce that the present Edition of the "Biglow Papers" is issued with the express sanction of the Author, granted by letter, from which the following is an extract:--

"CAMBRIDGE, MASSACHUSETTS,
_14th September, 1859_.

"I think it would be well for you to announce that you are to
publish an Authorized Edition of the 'BIGLOW PAPERS;' for I have
just received a letter from Mr. ----, who tells me that a Mr. ----
was thinking of an edition, and wished him to edit it. Any such
undertaking will be entirely against my will, and I take it for
granted that Mr. ---- only formed the plan in ignorance of your
intention.

"With many thanks, very truly yours,

"J. R. LOWELL."

ENGLISH EDITOR'S PREFACE.

I can safely say that few things in my life have pleased me more than the request of Messrs. Truebner, backed by the expressed wish of the author, that I would see the first English edition of the "Biglow Papers" through the press. I fell in with the Papers about ten years ago, soon after their publication; and the impression they then made on me has been deepening and becoming more lively ever since. In fact, I do not think that, even in his own New England, Mr. Lowell can have a more constant or more grateful reader, though I cannot say that I go much beyond most of my own intimate friends over here in my love for his works. I may remark, in passing, that the impossibility of keeping a copy of the "Biglow Papers" for more than a few weeks (of which many of us have had repeated and sorrowful proof[1]) shows how much an English Edition is needed.

Perhaps, strictly speaking, I should say a reprint, and not an edition. In fact, I am not clear (in spite of the wishes of author and publishers) that I have any right to call myself editor, for the book is as thoroughly edited already as a book need be. What between dear old Parson Wilbur--with his little vanities and pedantries, his "infinite faculty of sermonizing," his simplicity and humour, and his deep and righteous views of life, and power of hard hitting when he has anything to say which needs driving home--and Father Ezekiel, "the brown parchment-hided old man of the geoponic or bucolic species," "76 year old cum next tater diggin, and thair aint nowheres a kitting" (we readily believe) "spryer 'n he be;" and that judicious and lazy sub-editor, "Columbus Nye, pastor of a church in Bungtown Corner," whose acquaintance we make so thoroughly in the ten lines which he contributes--whatever of setting or framing was needed, or indeed possible, for the nine gems in verse of Mr. Hosea Biglow, has been so well done already in America by the hand best fitted for the task, that he must be a bold man who would meddle with the book now in the editing way. Even the humble satisfaction of adding a glossary and index has been denied to me, as there are already very good ones. I have merely added some half-dozen words to the glossary, at which I thought that English readers might perhaps stumble. When the proposal was first made to me, indeed, I thought of trying my hand at a sketch of American politics of thirteen years ago, the date of the Mexican war and of the first appearance of the "Biglow Papers." But I soon found out, first, that I was not, and had no ready means of making myself, competent for such a task; secondly, that the book did not need it. The very slight knowledge which every educated Englishman has of Transatlantic politics will be quite enough to make him enjoy the racy smack of the American soil, which is one of their great charms; and, as to the particular characters, they are most truly citizens of the world as well as Americans. If an Englishman cannot find 'Bird-o'-freedom Sawins,' 'John P. Robinson's,' 'pious editors,' and candidates "facin' south-by-north" at home--ay, and if he is not conscious of his own individual propensity to the meannesses and duplicities of such, which come under the lash of Hosea--he knows little of the land we live in, or of his own heart, and is not worthy to read the "Biglow Papers."

Instead, therefore, of any attempt of my own, I will give Mr. Lowell's own account of how and why he came to write this book. "All I can say is," he writes, "the book was _thar_. How it came is more than I can tell. I cannot, like the great Goethe, deliberately imagine what would have been a proper 'Entstehungsweise' for my book, and then assume it as fact. I only know that I believed our war with Mexico (though we had as just ground for it as a strong nation ever had against a weak one) to be essentially a war of false pretences, and that it would result in widening the boundaries, and so prolonging the life of slavery. Believing that it is the manifest destiny of the English race to occupy this whole continent, and to display there that practical understanding in matters of government and colonization which no other race has given such proofs of possessing since the Romans, I hated to see a noble hope evaporated into a lying phrase to sweeten the foul breath of demagogues. Leaving the sin of it to God, I believed, and still believe, that slavery is the Achilles-heel of our own polity, that it is a temporary and false supremacy of the white races, sure to destroy that supremacy at last, because an enslaved people always prove themselves of more enduring fibre than their enslavers, as not suffering from the social vices sure to be engendered by oppression in the governing class. Against these and many other things I thought all honest men should protest. I was born and bred in the country, and the dialect was homely to me. I tried my first Biglow paper in a newspaper, and found that it had a great run. So I wrote the others from time to time during the year which followed, always very rapidly, and sometimes (as with 'What Mr. Robinson thinks') at one sitting. When I came to collect them and publish them in a volume, I conceived my parson-editor, with his pedantry and verbosity, his amiable vanity and superiority to the verses he was editing, as a fitting artistic background and foil. He gave me the chance, too, of glancing obliquely at many things which were beyond the horizon of my other characters."

There are two American books, elder brethren of "The Biglow Papers," which it would be unjust in an Englishman not to mention while introducing their big younger brother to his own countrymen,--I mean, of course, "Major Downing's Letters," and "Sam Slick;" both of which are full of rare humour, and treat of the most exciting political questions of their day in a method and from points of view of which we are often reminded while reading the "Biglow Papers." In fact, Mr. Lowell borrows his name from the Major's Letters;--"Zekel Bigelow, Broker and Banker of Wall Street, New York," is the friend who corrects the spelling, and certifies to the genuineness, of the honest Major's effusions,[2] and is one of the raciest characters in the book. No one, I am sure, would be so ready as Mr. Lowell to acknowledge whatever obligations he may have to other men, and no one can do it more safely. For though he may owe a name or an idea to others, he seems to me to stand quite alone amongst Americans, and to be the only one who is beyond question entitled to take his place in the first rank, by the side of the great political satirists of ancient and modern Europe.

Greece had her Aristophanes; Rome her Juvenal; Spain has had her Cervantes; France her Rabelais, her Moliere, her Voltaire; Germany her Jean Paul, her Heine; England her Swift, her Thackeray; and America has her Lowell. By the side of all those great masters of satire, though kept somewhat in the rear by provincialism of style and subject, the author of the "Biglow Papers" holds his own place distinct from each and all. The man who reads the book for the first time, and is capable of understanding it, has received a new sensation. In Lowell the American mind has for the first time flowered out into thoroughly original genius.

There is an airy grace about the best pieces of Washington Irving, which has no parallel amongst English writers, however closely modelled may be his style upon that of the Addisonian age. There is much original power, which will perhaps be better appreciated at a future day, about Fenimore Cooper's delineations of the physical and spiritual border-land, between white and red, between civilization and savagery. There is dramatic power of a high order about Mr. Hawthorne, though mixed with a certain morbidness and bad taste, which debar him from ever attaining to the first rank. There is an originality of position about Mr. Emerson, in his resolute setting up of King Self against King Mob, which, coupled with a singular metallic glitter of style, and plenty of shrewd New England mother-wit, have made up together one of the best counterfeits of genius that has been seen for many a day; so good, indeed, that most men are taken by it for the first quarter of an hour at the least. But for real unmistakable genius,--for that glorious fulness of power which knocks a man down at a blow for sheer admiration, and then makes him rush into the arms of the knocker-down, and swear eternal friendship with him for sheer delight; the "Biglow Papers" stand alone.

If I sought to describe their characteristics, I should say, the most exuberant and extravagant humour, coupled with strong, noble, Christian purpose,--a thorough scorn for all that is false and base, all the more withering because of the thorough geniality of the writer. Perhaps Jean Paul is of all the satirists I have named the one who at bottom presents most affinity with Lowell, but the differences are marked. The intellectual sphere of the German is vaster, but though with certain aims before him, he rather floats and tumbles about like a porpoise at play than follows any direct perceptible course. With Lowell, on the contrary, every word tells, every laugh is a blow; as if the god Momus had turned out as Mars, and were hard at work fighting every inch of him, grinning his broadest all the while.

Will some English readers be shocked by this combination of broad and keen humour with high Christian purpose--the association of humour and Christianity? I hope not. At any rate, I would remind any such of Luther, and of our own Latimer and Rowland Hill; are they prepared to condemn them and many more like them? Nay (though it is a question which can only be hinted at here), does not the Bible itself sanction the combination by its own example? Is there not humour mixed with the tremendous sarcasm of the old prophets--dread humour no doubt, but humour unmistakably--wherever they speak of the helplessness of idols, as in the forty-fourth and forty-sixth chapters of Isaiah, and in Elijah's mockery of the priests of Baal:--"Cry aloud, for he is a God; either he is talking, or he is pursuing, or he is on a journey, or peradventure he sleepeth, and must be awakened." Is not the book of Proverbs full of grave, dry, pungent humour? Consider only the following passage out of many of the same spirit: "As the door turneth upon his hinges, so doth the slothful upon his bed. The slothful hideth his hand in his bosom, it grieveth him to bring it again to his mouth. The sluggard is wiser in his own conceit than seven men that can render a reason. He that passeth by and meddleth with strife belonging not to him, is like one that taketh a dog by the ears."--Prov. xxvi. 14-17.

Or if it be objected that these things belong to an earlier covenant, that laughter and jesting are "not convenient" under the Gospel of Him who came not to destroy the law but to fulfil it, there is, perhaps, an answer to this also.

For a specimen of subdued humour in narrative, adhering in the most literal manner to facts, and yet contriving to bring them out by that graphic literalness under their most ludicrous aspect, what can equal St. Luke's description of the riot at Ephesus? The picture of the narrow trade selfishness of Demetrius--of polytheism reduced into a matter of business--of the inanity of a mob tumult in an enslaved country--of the mixed coaxing and bullying of its officials, was surely never brought out with a more latter vice, indeed, includes both the others, or rather uses them as its instruments. Thus, the "pious Editor" proclaims, as his creed,--

I du believe in Freedom's cause
Ez fur away ez Paris is;
I love to see her stick her claws
In them infarnal Pharisees;

It's wal enough agin a king
To dror resolves and triggers,
But libbaty's a kind o' thing
Thet don't agree with niggers.

No doubt they go further than this. I am quite aware that Mr. Lowell will be claimed as a champion by the peace party in this country; and certainly no keener things have been said against war in general than are to be found in this book.

With our own peace-at-any-price party, no one has less sympathy than I; and this leads me to urge on all English readers to bear in mind, that the "Biglow Papers" were written for a New England audience, by a New Englander, and must be judged from a New England point of view. The citizen of a huge young mammoth country, divided by a whole ocean from the nearest enemy that it could fear, assailable only on the vivid sense of the absurdity of the whole. "And Gallio cared for none of these things," is another touch of quiet humour, which at once brings out the ludicrous aspect of the punishment of the Jewish agitators by means of the very tumults which they raised.

I take it, therefore, that the exhibition of humour, in the pursuit, and as an aid for the attainment of a noble Christian purpose, is a means of action not only sanctioned by the very constitution of our natures (in which God has implanted so deeply the sense of the ludicrous, surely not that we might root it out) but, by the very example of Holy Writ. The humour exhibited may be different in degree and in quality; the skies of Syria are not those of Germany, or of Spain, of England, whether old or new. But the gift in itself is a pure and precious one, if lawfully and rightfully used.

Military braggadocio, political and literary humbug, and slave-holding, are the three great butts at which Hosea Biglow and Parson Wilbur shoot, at point-blank range, and with shafts drawn well to the ear. The fringe of its seaboard (itself consisting chiefly of unapproachable swamp or barren sand wastes), surrounded by weak neighbours or thin wandering hordes, only too easy to bully, to subdue, to eat up; from which bands of pirates, under the name of liberators, swarm forth year after year, almost unchecked, to neighbouring lands, and to which if defeated they only return to be caressed and applauded by their congeners; where the getting up of war-fevers forms part of the stock in trade of too many of the leading politicians; where in particular the grasping at new territories for slave labour, by means however foul, has become the special and avowed policy of the slavery party; the citizen of such a country has a right to tell his countrymen that--

'T'aint your eppyletts an' feathers
Make the thing a grain more right;
'T'aint afollerin' your bell-wethers
Will excuse ye in His sight;

'Ef you take a sword an' dror it,
An' go stick a feller thru,
'Guv'ment aint to answer for it,
God 'll send the bill to you.

And the bravest officer in Her Majesty's service will laugh as heartily as you will, I take it, my dear reader, if you have never heard it before, over a picture and a contrast such as the following:--

Parson Wilbur sez, _he_ never heerd in his life
Thet th' Apostles rigged out in their swaller-tail coats,
An' marched round in front of a drum and a fife
To git, some on 'em office, an some on em votes,
But John P
Robinson he
Sez they didnt know everythin' down in Juddee.

But England is a small and wealthy country, whose best defence against a neighbour, always likely to become a foe, consists in a mere ocean canal; where the question, I will not say of war, but of readiness for war, is one of life or death--in which the temptation, always so strong, to subordinate national honour to what is supposed to be policy, is in our day for most statesmen almost irresistible, because political influence is so evenly balanced, that a peace party of perhaps twenty votes has often the destinies of a ministry in its hands. Had Mr. Lowell been an Englishman, no one who knows his writings can believe for a moment that he would have swelled the cry or strengthened the hands of the vain and mischievous clique, who amongst us have of late years raised the cry of peace when there is no peace.

The same caution will apply to our marked peculiarity of style in the book, which may offend at first many persons otherwise most capable of entering into its spirit. I mean the constant, and so to speak, pervading use of Scripture language and incidents, not only side by side with the most grotesque effusions of humour, but as one main element of the ludicrous effects produced. This undoubtedly would be as really offensive as it would be untrue, from any other point of view perhaps than that of a New Englander bred in the country. The rural population of New England is still, happily for itself, tinctured in all its language, habits, modes of feeling and thought, by a strict Scriptural training--"Out of the fulness of the heart the mouth speaketh." Look below the surface and you will see that there is no irreverence whatever beneath Hosea Biglow's daring use of Scripture; only that "perfect love which casteth out fear;" that the very purpose of the whole book is to set up Christ's Gospel as _the_ standard by which alone all men are to be judged in all their acts. We may disagree from him in the conclusions which he draws from Scripture; of his earnest sincerity in enforcing those conclusions we cannot doubt.

It is satisfactory, indeed, to think that Mr. Lowell's shafts have already, in a great measure, ceased to be required, or would have to be aimed now at other bull's eyes. The servility of the Northern States to the South, which twelve years ago so raised his indignation, has well nigh ceased to be. The vital importance of the slavery question is now thoroughly recognized by the great republican party, which I trust is year by year advancing towards an assured victory.

For that victory Mr. Lowell has done knight's-service by his other works, as well as by the "Biglow Papers." I need not do more than refer to these, however, as they have been published in a cheap form over here, and I believe have circulated largely. In his other poems he is by no means so equal as in the "Biglow Papers;" but I cannot help thinking that (leaving out of sight altogether his satirical works) fifty years hence he will be recognized as the greatest American poet of our day, notwithstanding the contemporary judgment which has in England, and I believe in America, assigned that proud place to his friend and predecessor at Harvard College, H. W. Longfellow. To any reader who has not met with Lowell's Poems, and who may be induced to read them after a perusal of the present volume, I should recommend "The Vision of Sir Launfal," "A Parable," "Stanzas on Freedom," "The Present Crisis," and "Hunger and Cold," as specially fit to be read in connexion with the "Biglow Papers." It is only by looking at all sides of a man of this mould that you can get a notion of his size and power. Readers, therefore, should search out for themselves the exquisite little gems of a lighter kind, which lie about in the other poems comprised in the volume. I am only indicating those which, as it seems to me, when taken with the "Biglow Papers," give the best idea of the man, and what his purpose in life has been, and is.

I will not think so badly of my countrymen as to suppose for a moment that "The Biglow Papers" will not become the intimate friends of all good fellows in England; and when we have really made friends with a book, we like to know something about our friend's father; so I shall add the little I know of the history of James Russell Lowell.

He was born in 1819, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, so that he is some years younger than our own laureate, and we may hope to get out of him many another noble work, though we shall get no more "Biglow Papers"--at least I fear not; for the sort of inspiration which finds voice in this way comes, I take it, only once in a man's life. And moreover, this is his own conviction. In a letter which I received from him as to the present publication, he writes: "Friendly people say to me sometimes, 'Write us more "Biglow Papers;"' and I have even been simple enough to try, only to find that I could not. This has helped to persuade me that the book was a genuine growth, and not a manufacture, and that therefore I had an honest right to be pleased without blushing, if people liked it." He was educated at Harvard College, Cambridge; and, in fact, has never lived away from his native place. He read law, but never practised; and in 1855 was chosen to succeed Longfellow as Professor of Modern Literature in Harvard College. He has visited Europe twice; and I am sure that every one who knows his works must join with me in the hearty wish that he may come among us again as soon as possible.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Should this meet the eye of any persons who may have forgotten to return American copies of the "Biglow Papers" to their respective owners, they are requested to forward them to the publishers. The strictest secrecy will be preserved, and an acknowledgment given in _The Times_ if required.

[2] See the English Edition of "Letters of Major Downing," published by John Murray in 1835, pp. 22, 23; and Letters x. xi. xii. and xv.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

PUBLISHER'S PREFACE v

EDITOR'S PREFACE vii

NOTICES OF AN INDEPENDENT PRESS xxix

No. I.

A LETTER FROM MR. EZEKIEL BIGLOW OF JAALAM TO THE
HON. JOSEPH T. BUCKINGHAM, EDITOR OF THE BOSTON
COURIER, INCLOSING A POEM OF HIS SON, MR. HOSEA
BIGLOW 1

No. II.

A LETTER FROM MR. HOSEA BIGLOW TO THE HON.
J. T. BUCKINGHAM, EDITOR OF THE BOSTON COURIER,
COVERING A LETTER FROM MR. B. SAWIN, PRIVATE IN
THE MASSACHUSETTS REGIMENT 11

No. III.

WHAT MR. ROBINSON THINKS 27

No. IV.

REMARKS OF INCREASE D. O'PHACE, ESQUIRE, AT AN
EX-TRUMPERY CAUCUS IN STATE STREET, REPORTED BY
MR. H. BIGLOW 40

No. V.

THE DEBATE IN THE SENNIT. SOT TO A NUSRY RHYME 55

No. VI.

THE PIOUS EDITOR'S CREED 64

No. VII.

A LETTER FROM A CANDIDATE FOR THE PRESIDENCY IN
ANSWER TO SUTTIN QUESTIONS PROPOSED BY MR. HOSEA
BIGLOW, INCLOSED IN A NOTE FROM MR. BIGLOW TO S.
H. GAY, ESQ., EDITOR OF THE NATIONAL ANTISLAVERY
STANDARD 74

No. VIII.

A SECOND LETTER FROM B. SAWIN, ESQ. 86

No. IX.

A THIRD LETTER FROM B. SAWIN, ESQ. 106

GLOSSARY 127

INDEX 131

NOTICES OF AN INDEPENDENT PRESS.

[I have observed, reader, (bene- or male-volent, as it may happen,) that it is customary to append to the second editions of books, and to the second works of authors, short sentences commendatory of the first, under the title of _Notices of the Press_. These, I have been given to understand, are procurable at certain established rates, payment being made either in money or advertising patronage by the publisher, or by an adequate outlay of servility on the part of the author. Considering these things with myself, and also that such notices are neither intended, nor generally believed, to convey any real opinions, being a purely ceremonial accompaniment of literature, and resembling certificates to the virtues of various morbiferal panaceas, I conceived that it would be not only more economical to prepare a sufficient number of such myself, but also more immediately subservient to the end in view, to prefix them to this our primary edition, rather than await the contingency of a second, when they would seem to be of small utility. To delay attaching the _bobs_ until the second attempt at flying the kite would indicate but a slender experience in that useful art. Neither has it escaped my notice, nor failed to afford me matter of reflection, that, when a circus or a caravan is about to visit Jaalam, the initial step is to send forward large and highly ornamented bills of performance to be hung in the bar-room and the post-office. These having been sufficiently gazed at, and beginning to lose their attractiveness except for the flies, and, truly, the boys also, (in whom I find it impossible to repress, even during school-hours, certain oral and telegraphic correspondences concerning the expected show,) upon some fine morning the band enters in a gaily-painted waggon, or triumphal chariot, and with noisy advertisement, by means of brass, wood, and sheepskin, makes the circuit of our startled village-streets. Then, as the exciting sounds draw nearer and nearer, do I desiderate those eyes of Aristarchus, "whose looks were as a breeching to a boy." Then do I perceive, with vain regret of wasted opportunities, the advantage of a pancratic or pantechnic education, since he is most reverenced by my little subjects who can throw the cleanest summerset, or walk most securely upon the revolving cask. The story of the Pied Piper becomes for the first time credible to me, (albeit confirmed by the Hameliners dating their legal instruments from the period of his exit,) as I behold how those strains, without pretence of magical potency, bewitch the pupillary legs, nor leave to the pedagogic an entire self-control. For these reasons, lest my kingly prerogative should suffer diminution, I prorogue my restless commons, whom I also follow into the street, chiefly lest some mischief may chance befall them. After the manner of such a band, I send forward the following notices of domestic manufacture, to make brazen proclamation, not unconscious of the advantage which will accrue, if our little craft, _cymbula sutilis_, shall seem to leave port with a clipping breeze, and to carry, in nautical phrase, a bone in her mouth. Nevertheless, I have chosen, as being more equitable, to prepare some also sufficiently objurgatory, that readers of every taste may find a dish to their palate. I have modelled them upon actually existing specimens, preserved in my own cabinet of natural curiosities. One, in particular, I had copied with tolerable exactness from a notice of one of my own discourses, which, from its superior tone and appearance of vast experience, I concluded to have been written by a man at least three hundred years of age, though I recollected no existing instance of such antediluvian longevity. Nevertheless, I afterwards discovered the author to be a young gentleman preparing for the ministry under the direction of one of my brethren in a neighbouring town, and whom I had once instinctively corrected in a Latin quantity. But this I have been forced to omit, from its too great length.--H. W.]

* * * * *

_From the Universal Littery Universe._

Full of passages which rivet the attention of the reader.... Under a
rustic garb, sentiments are conveyed which should be committed to
the memory and engraven on the heart of every moral and social
being.... We consider this a _unique_ performance.... We hope to see
it soon introduced into our common schools.... Mr. Wilbur has
performed his duties as editor with excellent taste and judgment....
This is a vein which we hope to see successfully prosecuted.... We
hail the appearance of this work as a long stride toward the
formation of a purely aboriginal, indigenous, native, and American
literature. We rejoice to meet with an author national enough to
break away from the slavish deference, too common among us, to
English grammar and orthography.... Where all is so good, we are at
a loss how to make extracts.... On the whole, we may call it a
volume which no library, pretending to entire completeness, should
fail to place upon its shelves.

* * * * *

_From the Higginbottomopolis Snapping-turtle._

A collection of the merest balderdash and doggerel that it was ever
our bad fortune to lay eyes on. The author is a vulgar buffoon, and
the editor a talkative, tedious old fool. We use strong language,
but should any of our readers peruse the book, (from which calamity
Heaven preserve them,) they will find reasons for it thick as the
leaves of Vallumbrozer, or, to use a still more expressive
comparison, as the combined heads of author and editor. The work is
wretchedly got up.... We should like to know how much _British gold_
was pocketed by this libeller of our country and her purest
patriots.

* * * * *

_From the Oldfogrumville Mentor._

We have not had time to do more than glance through this handsomely
printed volume, but the name of its respectable editor, the Rev. Mr.
Wilbur, of Jaalam, will afford a sufficient guaranty for the worth
of its contents.... The paper is white, the type clear, and the
volume of a convenient and attractive size.... In reading this
elegantly executed work, it has seemed to us that a passage or two
might have been retrenched with advantage, and that the general
style of diction was susceptible of a higher polish.... On the
whole, we may safely leave the ungrateful task of criticism to the
reader. We will barely suggest, that in volumes intended, as this
is, for the illustration of a provincial dialect and turns of
expression, a dash of humour or satire might be thrown in with
advantage.... The work is admirably got up.... This work will form
an appropriate ornament to the centre-table. It is beautifully
printed, on paper of an excellent quality.

* * * * *

_From the Dekay Bulwark._

We should be wanting in our duty as the conductor of that tremendous
engine, a public press, as an American, and as a man, did we allow
such an opportunity as is presented to us by "The Biglow Papers" to
pass by without entering our earnest protest against such attempts
(now, alas! too common) at demoralizing the public sentiment. Under
a wretched mask of stupid drollery, slavery, war, the social glass,
and, in short, all the valuable and time-honoured institutions
justly dear to our common humanity and especially to republicans,
are made the butt of coarse and senseless ribaldry by this
low-minded scribbler. It is time that the respectable and religious
portion of our community should be aroused to the alarming inroads
of foreign Jacobinism, sansculottism, and infidelity. It is a
fearful proof of the wide-spread nature of this contagion, that
these secret stabs at religion and virtue are given from under the
cloak (_credite, posteri!_) of a clergyman. It is a mournful
spectacle indeed to the patriot and Christian to see liberality and
new ideas (falsely so called,--they are as old as Eden) invading
the sacred precincts of the pulpit.... On the whole, we consider
this volume as one of the first shocking results which we predicted
would spring out of the late French "Revolution"(!).

* * * * *

_From the Bungtown Copper and Comprehensive Tocsin (a tryweakly
family journal)._

Altogether an admirable work.... Full of humour, boisterous, but
delicate,--of wit withering and scorching, yet combined with a
pathos cool as morning dew,--of satire ponderous as the mace of
Richard, yet keen as the scymitar of Saladin.... A work full of
"mountain-mirth," mischievous as Puck and lightsome as Ariel.... We
know not whether to admire most the genial, fresh, and discursive
concinnity of the author, or his playful fancy, weird imagination,
and compass of style, at once both objective and subjective.... We
might indulge in some criticisms, but, were the author other than he
is, he would be a different being. As it is, he has a wonderful
_pose_, which flits from flower to flower, and bears the reader
irresistibly along on its eagle pinions (like Ganymede) to the
"highest heaven of invention." ... We love a book so purely
objective.... Many of his pictures of natural scenery have an
extraordinary subjective clearness and fidelity.... In fine, we
consider this as one of the most extraordinary volumes of this or
any age. We know of no English author who could have written it. It
is a work to which the proud genius of our country, standing with
one foot on the Aroostook and the other on the Rio Grande, and
holding up the star-spangled banner amid the wreck of matter and the
crush of worlds, may point with bewildering scorn of the punier
efforts of enslaved Europe.... We hope soon to encounter our author
among those higher walks of literature in which he is evidently
capable of achieving enduring fame. Already we should be inclined to
assign him a high position in the bright galaxy of our American
bards.

* * * * *

_From the Saltriver Pilot and Flag of Freedom._

A volume in bad grammar and worse taste.... While the pieces here
collected were confined to their appropriate sphere in the corners
of obscure newspapers, we considered them wholly beneath contempt,
but, as the author has chosen to come forward in this public manner,
he must expect the lash he so richly merits.... Contemptible
slanders.... Vilest Billingsgate.... Has raked all the gutters of
our language.... The most pure, upright, and consistent politicians
not safe from his malignant venom.... General Cushing comes in for a
share of his vile calumnies.... The _Reverend_ Homer Wilbur is a
disgrace to his cloth....

* * * * *

_From the World-Harmonic-AEolian-Attachment._

Speech is silver: silence is golden. No utterance more Orphic than
this. While, therefore, as highest author, we reverence him whose
works continue heroically unwritten, we have also our hopeful word
for those who with pen (from wing of goose loud-cackling, or seraph
God-commissioned) record the thing that is revealed.... Under mask
of quaintest irony, we detect here the deep, storm-tost (nigh
shipwracked) soul, thunder-scarred, semiarticulate, but ever
climbing hopefully toward the peaceful summits of an Infinite
Sorrow.... Yes, thou poor, forlorn Hosea, with Hebrew fire-flaming
soul in thee, for thee also this life of ours has not been without
its aspect of heavenliest pity and laughingest mirth. Conceivable
enough! Through coarse Thersites-cloak, we have revelation of the
heart, wild-glowing, world-clasping, that is in him. Bravely he
grapples with the life-problem as it presents itself to him,
uncombed, shaggy, careless of the "nicer proprieties," inexpert of
"elegant diction," yet with voice audible enough to whoso hath ears,
up there on the gravelly side-hills, or down on the splashy,
Indiarubber-like salt-marshes of native Jaalam. To this soul also
the _Necessity of Creating_ somewhat has unveiled its awful front.
If not [OE]dipuses and Electras and Alcestises, then in God's name
Birdofredum Sawins! These also shall get born into the world, and
filch (if so need) a Zingali subsistence therein, these lank,
omnivorous Yankees of his. He shall paint the Seen, since the Unseen
will not sit to him. Yet in him also are Nibelungen-lays, and
Iliads, and Ulysses-wanderings, and Divine Comedies,--if only once
he could come at them! Therein lies much, nay all; for what truly is
this which we name _All_, but that which we do _not_ possess?...
Glimpses also are given us of an old father Ezekiel, not without
paternal pride, as is the wont of such. A brown, parchment-hided old
man of the geoponic or bucolic species, gray-eyed, we fancy,
_queued_ perhaps, with much weather-cunning and plentiful
September-gale memories, bidding fair in good time to become the
Oldest Inhabitant. After such hasty apparition, he vanishes and is
seen no more.... Of "Rev. Homer Wilbur, A. M., Pastor of the First
Church in Jaalam," we have small care to speak here. Spare touch in
him of his Melesigenes namesake, save, haply, the--blindness! A
tolerably caliginose, nephelegeretous elderly gentleman, with
infinite faculty of sermonizing, muscularized by long practice, and
excellent digestive apparatus, and, for the rest, well-meaning
enough, and with small private illuminations (somewhat tallowy, it
is to be feared) of his own. To him, there, "Pastor of the First
Church in Jaalam," our Hosea presents himself as a quiet
inexplicable Sphinx-riddle. A rich, poverty of Latin and Greek,--so
far is clear enough, even to eyes peering myopic through horn-lensed
editorial spectacles,--but naught farther? O purblind, well-meaning,
altogether fuscous Melesigenes-Wilbur, there are things in him
incommunicable by stroke of birch! Did it ever enter that old
bewildered head of thine that there was the _Possibility of the
Infinite_ in him? To thee, quite wingless (and even featherless)
biped, has not so much even as a dream of wings ever come? "Talented
young parishioner"? Among the Arts whereof thou art _Magister_, does
that of _seeing_ happen to be one? Unhappy _Artium Magister_!
Somehow a Nemean lion, fulvous, torrid-eyed, dry-nursed in
broad-howling sand-wildernesses of a sufficiently rare spirit-Libya
(it may be supposed) has got whelped among the sheep. Already he
stands wild-glaring, with feet clutching the ground as with
oak-roots, gathering for a Remus-spring over the walls of thy little
fold. In Heaven's name, go not near him with that flybite crook of
thine! In good time, thou painful preacher, thou wilt go to the
appointed place of departed Artillery-Election Sermons, Right-Hands
of Fellowship, and Results of Councils, gathered to thy spiritual
fathers with much Latin of the Epitaphial sort; thou, too, shalt
have thy reward; but on him the Eumenides have looked, not Xantippes
of the pit, snake-tressed, finger-threatening, but radiantly calm as
on antique gems; for him paws impatient the winged courser of the
gods, champing unwelcome bit: him the starry deeps, the empyrean
glooms, and far-flashing splendors await.

* * * * *

_From the Onion Grove Ph[oe]nix._

A talented young townsman of ours, recently returned from a
Continental tour, and who is already favourably known to our readers
by his sprightly letters from abroad which have graced our columns,
called at our office yesterday. We learn from him, that, having
enjoyed the distinguished privilege, while in Germany, of an
introduction to the celebrated Von Humbug, he took the opportunity
to present that eminent man with a copy of the "Biglow Papers." The
next morning he received the following note, which he has kindly
furnished us for publication. We prefer to print _verbatim_, knowing
that our readers will readily forgive the few errors into which the
illustrious writer has fallen, through ignorance of our language.

"HIGH-WORTHY MISTER!

"I shall also now especially happy starve, because I have more or
less a work of one those aboriginal Red-Men seen in which have I so
deaf an interest ever taken fullworthy on the self shelf with our
Gottsched to be upset.

"Pardon my in the English-speech unpractice!

"VON HUMBUG."

He also sent with the above note a copy of his famous work on
"Cosmetics," to be presented to Mr. Biglow; but this was taken from
our friend by the English custom-house officers, probably through a
petty national spite. No doubt, it has by this time found its way
into the British Museum. We trust this outrage will be exposed in
all our American papers. We shall do our best to bring it to the
notice of the State Department. Our numerous readers will share in
the pleasure we experience at seeing our young and vigorous national
literature thus encouragingly patted on the head by this venerable
and world-renowned German. We love to see these reciprocations of
good-feeling between the different branches of the great Anglo-Saxon
race.

* * * * *

_From the Jaalam Independent Blunderbuss._

... But, while we lament to see our young townsman thus mingling in
the heated contests of party politics, we think we detect in him the
presence of talents which, if properly directed, might give an
innocent pleasure to many. As a proof that he is competent to the
production of other kinds of poetry, we copy for our readers a short
fragment of a pastoral by him, the manuscript of which was loaned us
by a friend. The title of it is "The Courtin'."

Zekle crep' up, quite unbeknown,
An' peeked in thru the winder,
An' there sot Huldy all alone,
'ith no one nigh to hender.

Agin' the chimbly crooknecks hung,
An' in amongst 'em rusted
The ole queen's arm thet gran'ther Young
Fetched back frum Concord busted.

The wannut logs shot sparkles out
Towards the pootiest, bless her!
An' leetle fires danced all about
The chiny on the dresser.

The very room, coz she wuz in,
Looked warm frum floor to ceilin',
An' she looked full ez rosy agin
Ez th' apples she wuz peelin'.

She heerd a foot an' knowed it, tu,
Araspin' on the scraper,--
All ways to once her feelins flew
Like sparks in burnt-up paper.

He kin' o' l'itered on the mat,
Some doubtfle o' the seekle;
His heart kep' goin' pitypat,
But hern went pity Zekle.

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

* * * * *

Satis multis sese emptores futuros libri professis, Georgius Nichols, Cantabrigiensis, opus emittet de parte gravi sed adhuc neglecta historiae naturalis, cum titulo sequenti, videlicet:--

_Conatus ad Delineationem naturalem nonnihil perfectiorem Scarabaei Bombilatoris, vulgo dicti_ HUMBUG, ab HOMERO WILBUR, Artium Magistro, Societatis historico-naturalis Jaallamensis Praeside, (Secretario, Socioque (eheu!) singulo,) multarumque aliarum Societatum eruditarum (sive ineruditarum) tam domesticarum quam transmarinarum Socio--forsitan futuro.

PROEMIUM.

LECTORI BENEVOLO S.

Toga scholastica nondum deposita, quum systemata varia entomologica, a viris ejus scientiae cultoribus studiosissimis summa diligentia aedificata, penitus indagassem, non fuit quin luctuose omnibus in iis, quamvis aliter laude dignissimis, hiatum magni momenti perciperem. Tunc, nescio quo motu superiore impulsus, aut qua captus dulcedine operis, ad eum implendum (Curtius alter) me solemniter devovi. Nec ab isto labore, {daimonios} imposito, abstinui antequam tractatulum sufficienter inconcinnum lingua vernacula perfeceram. Inde, juveniliter tumefactus, et barathro ineptiae {ton bibliopolon} (necnon "Publici Legentis") nusquam explorato, me composuisse quod quasi placentas praefervidas (ut sic dicam) homines ingurgitarent credidi. Sed, quum huic et alii bibliopolae MSS. mea submisissem et nihil solidius responsione valde negativa in Musaeum meum retulissem, horror ingens atque misericordia, ob crassitudinem Lambertianam in cerebris homunculorum istius muneris c[oe]lesti quadam ira infixam, me invasere. Extemplo mei solius impensis librum edere decrevi, nihil omnino dubitans quin "Mundus Scientificus" (ut aiunt) crumenam meam ampliter repleret. Nullam, attamen, ex agro illo meo parvulo segetem demessui, praeter gaudium vacuum bene de Republica merendi. Iste panis meus pretiosus super aquas literarias faeculentas praefidenter jactus, quasi Harpyiarum quarundam (scilicet bibliopolarum istorum facinorosorum supradictorum) tactu rancidus, intra perpaucos dies mihi domum rediit. Et, quum ipse tali victu ali non tolerarem, primum in mentem venit pistori (typographo nempe) nihilominus solvendum esse. Animum non idcirco demisi, imo aeque ac pueri naviculas suas penes se lino retinent (eo ut e recto cursu delapsas ad ripam retrahant), sic ego Argo meam chartaceam fluctibus laborantem a quaesitu velleris aurei, ipse potius tonsus pelleque exutus, mente solida revocavi. Metaphoram ut mutem, _boomarangam_ meam a scopo aberrantem retraxi, dum majore vi, occasione ministrante, adversus Fortunam intorquerem. Ast mihi, talia volventi, et, sicut Saturnus ille {paidoboros}, liberos intellectus mei depascere fidenti, casus miserandus, nec antea inauditus, supervenit. Nam, ut ferunt Scythas pietatis causa et parsimoniae, parentes suos mortuos devorasse, sic filius hic meus primogenitus, Scythis ipsis minus mansuetus, patrem vivum totum et calcitrantem exsorbere enixus est. Nec tamen hac de causa sobolem meam esurientem exheredavi. Sed famem istam pro valido testimonio virilitatis roborisque potius habui, cibumque ad eam satiandam salva paterna mea carne, petii. Et quia bilem illam scaturientem ad aes etiam concoquendum idoneam esse estimabam, unde aes alienum, ut minoris pretii, haberem, circumspexi. Rebus ita se habentibus, ab avunculo meo Johanne Doolittle, Armigero, impetravi ut pecunias necessarias suppeditaret, ne opus esset mihi universitatem relinquendi antequam ad gradum primum in artibus pervenissem. Tunc ego, salvum facere patronum meum munificum maxime cupiens, omnes libros primae editionis operis mei non venditos una cum privilegio in omne aevum ejusdem imprimendi et edendi avunculo meo dicto pigneravi. Ex illo die, atro lapide notando, curae vociferantes familiae singulis annis crescentis eo usque insultabant ut nunquam tam carum pignus e vinculis istis aheneis solvere possem.

Avunculo vero nuper mortuo, quum inter alios consanguineos testamenti ejus lectionem audiendi causa advenissem, erectis auribus verba talia sequentia accepi:--"Quoniam persuasum habeo meum dilectum nepotem Homerum, longa et intima rerum angustarum domi experientia, aptissimum esse qui divitias tueatur, beneficenterque ac prudenter iis divinis creditis utatur,--ergo, motus hisce cogitationibus, exque amore meo in illum magno, do, legoque nepoti caro meo supranominato omnes singularesque istas possessiones nec ponderabiles nec computabiles meas quae sequuntur, scilicet: quingentos libros quos mihi pigneravit dictus Homerus, anno lucis 1792, cum privilegio edendi et repetendi opus istud 'scientificum' (quod dicunt) suum, si sic elegerit. Tamen D. O. M. precor oculos Homeri nepotis mei ita aperiat eumque moveat, ut libros istos in bibliotheca unius e plurimis castellis suis Hispaniensibus tuto abscondat."

His verbis (vix credibilibus) auditis, cor meum in pectore exsultavit. Deinde, quoniam tractatus Anglice scriptus spem auctoris fefellerat, quippe quum studium Historiae Naturalis in Republica nostra inter factionis strepitum languescat, Latine versum edere statui, et eo potius quia nescio quomodo disciplina academica et duo diplomata proficiant, nisi quod peritos linguarum omnino mortuarum (et damnandarum, ut dicebat iste {panourgos} Gulielmus Cobbett) nos faciant.

Et mihi adhuc superstes est tota illa editio prima, quam quasi crepitaculum per quod dentes caninos dentibam retineo.

* * * * *

OPERIS SPECIMEN.

(_Ad exemplum Johannis Physiophili speciminis Monachologiae._)

12. S. B. _Militaris_, WILBUR. _Carnifex_, JABLONSK. _Profanus_,
DESFONT.

[Male hancce speciem _Cyclopem_, Fabricius vocat, ut qui singulo
oculo ad quod sui interest distinguitur. Melius vero Isaacus Outis
nullum inter S. milit. S. que Belzebul (Fabric. 152) discrimen esse
defendit.]

Habitat civitat. Americ. austral.

Aureis lineis splendidus; plerumque tamen sordidus, utpote lanienas
valde frequentans, f[oe]tore sanguinis allectus. Amat quoque insuper
septa apricari, neque inde, nisi maxima conatione, detruditur.
_Candidatus_ ergo populariter vocatus. Caput cristam quasi pennarum
ostendit. Pro cibo vaccam publicam callide mulget; abdomen enorme;
facultas suctus haud facile estimanda. Otiosus, fatuus; ferox
nihilominus, semperque dimicare paratus. Tortuose repit.

Capite saepe maxima cum cura dissecto, ne illud rudimentum etiam
cerebri commune omnibus prope insectis detegere poteram.

Unam de hoc S. milit. rem singularem notavi; nam S. Guineeus.
(Fabric. 143) servos facit, et idcirco a multis summa in reverentia
habitus, quasi scintillas rationis paene humanae demonstrans.

24. S. B. _Criticus_, WILBUR. _Zoilus_, FABRIC. _Pygmaeus_, CARLSEN.

[Stultissime Johannes Stryx cum S. punctato (Fabric. 64-109)
confundit. Specimina quam plurima scrutationi microscopicae subjeci,
nunquam tamen unum ulla indicia puncti cujusvis prorsus ostendentem
inveni.]

Praecipue formidolosus, insectatusque, in proxima rima anonyma sese
abscondit, _we, we_, creberrime stridens. Ineptus, segnipes.

Habitat ubique gentium; in sicco; nidum suum terebratione indefessa
aedificans. Cibus. Libros depascit; siccos praecipue seligens, et
forte succidum

THE BIGLOW PAPERS.

_MELIB[OE]US-HIPPONAX._

THE

BIGLOW PAPERS,

EDITED,

WITH AN INTRODUCTION, NOTES, GLOSSARY,
AND COPIOUS INDEX,

BY HOMER WILBUR, A.M.

PASTOR OF THE FIRST CHURCH IN JAALAM, AND (PROSPECTIVE) MEMBER OF
MANY LITERARY, LEARNED, AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES,
(_for which see page_ xlvii.)

The ploughman's whistle, or the trivial flute,
Finds more respect than great Apollo's lute.
_Quarles's Emblems_, B. II. E. 8.

Margaritas, munde porcine, calcasti: en, siliquas accipe.
_Jaa. Car. Fil. ad Pub. Leg._ Sec. 1.

NOTE TO TITLE-PAGE

It will not have escaped the attentive eye, that I have, on the title-page, omitted those honorary appendages to the editorial name which not only add greatly to the value of every book, but whet and exacerbate the appetite of the reader. For not only does he surmise that an honorary membership of literary and scientific societies implies a certain amount of necessary distinction on the part of the recipient of such decorations, but he is willing to trust himself more entirely to an author who writes under the fearful responsibility of involving the reputation of such bodies as the _S. Archaeol. Dahom._, or the _Acad. Lit. et Scient. Kamtschat._ I cannot but think that the early editions of Shakspeare and Milton would have met with more rapid and general acceptance, but for the barrenness of their respective title-pages; and I believe that, even now, a publisher of the works of either of those justly distinguished men would find his account in procuring their admission to the membership of learned bodies on the Continent,--a proceeding no whit more incongruous than the reversal of the judgment against Socrates, when he was already more than twenty centuries beyond the reach of antidotes, and when his memory had acquired a deserved respectability. I conceive that it was a feeling of the importance of this precaution which induced Mr. Locke to style himself "Gent." on the title-page of his Essay, as who should say to his readers that they could receive his metaphysics on the honor of a gentleman.

Nevertheless, finding, that, without descending to a smaller size of type than would have been compatible with the dignity of the several societies to be named, I could not compress my intended list within the limits of a single page, and thinking, moreover, that the act would carry with it an air of decorous modesty, I have chosen to take the reader aside, as it were, into my private closet, and there not only exhibit to him the diplomas which I already possess, but also to furnish him with a prophetic vision of those which I may, without undue presumption, hope for, as not beyond the reach of human ambition and attainment. And I am the rather induced to this from the fact, that my name has been unaccountably dropped from the last triennial catalogue of our beloved _Alma Mater_. Whether this is to be attributed to the difficulty of Latinizing any of those honorary adjuncts (with a complete list of which I took care to furnish the proper persons nearly a year beforehand), or whether it had its origin in any more culpable motives, I forbear to consider in this place, the matter being in course of painful investigation. But, however this may be, I felt the omission the more keenly, as I had, in expectation of the new catalogue, enriched the library of the Jaalam Athenaeum with the old one then in my possession, by which means it has come about that my children will be deprived of a never-wearying winter-evening's amusement in looking out the name of their parent in that distinguished roll. Those harmless innocents had at least committed no----but I forbear, having intrusted my reflections and animadversions on this painful topic to the safe-keeping of my private diary, intended for posthumous publication. I state this fact here, in order that certain nameless individuals, who are, perhaps, overmuch congratulating themselves upon my silence, may know that a rod is in pickle which the vigorous hand of a justly incensed posterity will apply to their memories.

The careful reader will note, that, in the list which I have prepared, I have included the names of several Cisatlantic societies to which a place is not commonly assigned in processions of this nature. I have ventured to do this, not only to encourage native ambition and genius, but also because I have never been able to perceive in what way distance (unless we suppose them at the end of a lever) could increase the weight of learned bodies. As far as I have been able to extend my researches among such stuffed specimens as occasionally reach America, I have discovered no generic difference between the antipodal _Fogrum Japonicum_ and the _F. Americanum_ sufficiently common in our own immediate neighbourhood. Yet, with a becoming deference to the popular belief, that distinctions of this sort are enhanced in value by every additional mile they travel, I have intermixed the names of some tolerably distant literary and other associations with the rest.

I add here, also, an advertisement, which, that it may be the more readily understood by those persons especially interested therein, I have written in that curtailed and otherwise maltreated canine Latin, to the writing and reading of which they are accustomed.

OMNIB. PER TOT. ORB. TERRAR. CATALOG. ACADEM. EDD.

Minim. gent. diplom. ab inclytiss. acad. vest. orans, vir. honorand. operosiss., at sol. ut sciat. quant. glor. nom. meum (dipl. fort. concess.) catal. vest. temp. futur. affer., ill. subjec., addit. omnib. titul. honorar. qu. adh. non tant. opt. quam probab. put.

*** _Litt. Uncial. distinx. ut Praes. S. Hist. Nat. Jaal._

_HOMERUS WILBUR_, Mr., Episc. Jaalam. S. T. D. 1850, et Yal. 1849, et Neo-Caes. et Brun. et Gulielm. 1852, et Gul. et Mar. et Bowd. et Georgiop. et Viridimont. et Columb. Nov. Ebor. 1853, et Amherst. et Watervill. et S. Jarlath. Hib. et S. Mar. et S. Joseph. et S. And. Scot. 1854, et Nashvill et Dart. et Dickins. et Concord. et Wash. et Columbian. et Charlest. et Jeff. et Dubl. et Oxon. et Cantab. et caet. 1855, P. U. N. C. H. et J. U. D. Gott. et Osnab. et Heidelb. 1860, et Acad. BORE US. Berolin. Soc. et SS. RR. Lugd. Bat. et Patav. et Lond. et Edinb. et Ins. Feejee. et Null. Terr. et Pekin. Soc. Hon. et S. H. S. et S. P. A. et A. A. S. et S. Humb. Univ. et S. Omn. Rer. Quarund. q. Aliar. Promov. Passamaquod. et H. P. C. et I. O. H. et {A. D. Ph.} et {P. K. R.} et {Ph. B. K.} et Peucin. et Erosoph. et Philadelph. et Frat. in Unit. et {S. T.} et S. Archaeolog. Athen. et Acad. Scient. et Lit. Panorm. et SS. R. H. Matrit. et Beeloochist. et Caffrar. et Caribb. et M. S. Reg. Paris. et S. Am. Antiserv. Soc. Hon. et P. D. Gott. et LL.D. 1852, et D.C.L. et Mus. Doc. Oxon. 1860, et M. M. S. S. et M.D. 1854, et Med. Fac. Univ. Harv. Soc. et S. pro Convers. Pollywog. Soc. Hon. et Higgl. Piggl. et LL.B. 1853, et S. pro Christianiz. Moschet. Soc., et SS. Ante-Diluv. ubiq. Gent. Soc. Hon. et Civit. Cleric. Jaalam. et S. pro Diffus. General. Tenebr. Secret. Corr.