Chapter IV: Remedial Measures

Footnote 153:

The Diseases of Children, by Henry Ashby, M.D., and G. A. Wright,
B.A., pp. 14 _et seq._

Footnote 154:

_Idem._

See also the article on The Shameful Misuse of Wealth, by Cleveland
Moffett, in _Success_, March, 1905.

Footnote 155:

See, _e.g._, the letters from several leading physicians on this
subject in _Success_, April, 1905 (Appendix C).

Footnote 156:

Cleveland Moffett, _op. cit._

Footnote 157:

_Idem._

Footnote 158:

Hygiène de la Femme Enceinte. De la Puericulture Intrauterine, par Dr.
A. Pinard. X^e Congrès International d’Hygiène, etc., Paris, 1900, p.
417.

Factory Employment and Childbirth, by Adelaide M. Anderson, in
Dangerous Trades, edited by Professor Thomas Oliver.

Is the High Infantile Death-rate due to the Occupation of Married
Women? by Mrs. F. J. Greenwood, Sanitary Inspector for Sheffield.
Reprinted from the _Englishwoman’s Review_, 1901.

In Germany, it is worth remembering, the working woman who is
compelled to cease work owing to the birth of a child receives a sum
equal to half her weekly wage.—See Infant Mortality and Factory Labor,
by Dr. George Reid, in Dangerous Trades, p. 89.

Footnote 159:

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration.

Footnote 160:

The Social Unrest, by John Graham Brooks, p. 292.

Footnote 161:

_Vide_ leaflet issued by the Child Labor Committee of New York.

Footnote 162:

How to Save the Babies of the Tenements, by Virginia M. Walker, in
_Charities_, August 5, 1905.

Footnote 163:

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration,
vol. ii, pp. 442–450.

The Nutrition of the Infant, by Ralph M. Vincent, M.D.

The Problem of the Milk Supply, by F. Lawson Dodd, M.R.C.S.

Infantile Mortality and Infants’ Milk Depots, by G. F. McCleary, M.D.

Footnote 164:

Projet pour le Contrôle Hygiènique de l’Approvisionnement du Lait
Municipal, by George W. Goler, M.D.

But a Thousand a Year, by George W. Goler, M.D., reprinted from
_Charities_.

Footnote 165:

The School Child, the School Nurse, and the Local School Board, by
Elsie Clews Parsons, _Charities_, September 23, 1905.

Footnote 166:

Report of the Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration,
vol. i, p. 47.

Footnote 167:

_Idem._

Footnote 168:

The figures are quoted from a speech by Mr. Homer Folks, at the first
annual meeting of the Association for the Study and Prevention of
Tuberculosis, held at Washington, D.C., May 18–19, 1905.

Footnote 169:

Virginia M. Walker, _op. cit._

Footnote 170:

_Idem._

Footnote 171:

Ralph M. Vincent, M.D., _op. cit._, also evidence given before the
Interdepartmental Committee on Physical Deterioration.

Virginia M. Walker, _op. cit._

Footnote 172:

This paragraph is taken, with slight changes, from my paper on The
Problem of the Underfed Children in our Public Schools, in the
_Independent_, May 11, 1905.

Footnote 173:

See the Official Report of the National Labor Conference on the State
Maintenance of Children, Held at the Guildhall, London, etc.

Footnote 174:

See, for instance, the evidence given by Mr. John Tweedy, F.R.C.S. and
L.R.C.P., President of the Royal College of Surgeons and of the
Ophthalmological Society of the United Kingdom, before the
Interdepartmental Committee.

Footnote 175:

Physical Efficiency in Children, by Sir James Crichton Browne, in the
Report of the International Congress for the Welfare and Protection of
Children, London, 1902.

See also the Reports of the Interdepartmental Committee and the Royal
Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), for descriptions of the
systems adopted in various European cities.

The Medical Inspection of School Children, by W. L. Mackenzie, M.A.,
M.D.

For a very suggestive, but technical, account of a system of medical
inspection adopted in Dundee, Scotland, see the Report of
Investigation into Social Conditions, published by the Dundee Social
Union,—Part I, The Medical Inspection of School Children.

Footnote 176:

The Heritage of the Hungry, by Robert Hunter.

Footnote 177:

Special Reports on Educational Subjects, issued by the (English) Board
of Education.

Footnote 178:

Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland), Report.

Footnote 179:

_Idem._

Footnote 180:

Poverty, by Robert Hunter, p. 259.

Footnote 181:

The importance of attending to the teeth of school children has been
sadly overlooked in the United States. In some of our cities, notably
Rochester, N.Y., the attention of the medical inspectors of the
schools has been specially directed to the teeth, with important
results. See, for instance, the paper by Dr. Goler on Some General
Tuberculosis Problems, in the _New York State Journal of Medicine_,
August, 1905.

Footnote 182:

Bulletin of the U. S. Bureau of Labor, No. 59, p. 309.

Footnote 183:

The Field before the National Child Labor Committee, by Homer Folks,
in _Charities_, October 1, 1904.

Child Labor and the Schools, by Florence Lucas Sanville, in
_Charities_, August 26, 1905.

Illiterate Children in the Great Industrial States, by Florence
Kelley, reprinted from _Charities_.

Footnote 184:

Child Labor.—The Street, by Ernest Poole.

Children in American Street Trades, by Myron E. Adams, in the Annals
of the American Academy, May, 1905.

The Employment of Children, with Special Reference to Street Trading,
by Robert Peacock, Chief Constable of Manchester (England). A Paper
read at the Third International Congress for the Welfare and
Protection of Children, London, 1902.—Report, pp. 191–202.

See also the evidence given by various witnesses before the Royal
Commission on Physical Training (Scotland).

Footnote 185:

Education and the Larger Life, by C. Hanford Henderson, p. 142.

INDEX

A Aberdeen, underfed school children in, 272. Addams, Jane, 148, 196. Adenoids, 107, 296. Adulteration of Food, 85. Aikin, Dr., 130. Airy, Dr., H.M.I., 112, 113. ALABAMA: Child Labor Committee, 142. Child Labor in, 148, 149. _Alcoholzehntel_ (Switzerland), 254. “Alfred,” History of the Factory Movement, 131. Allentown, Pennsylvania, 183, 184. Anæmia, 5, 83, 294. _Annual Register_, 1792, 135. Apprentices, pauper, 131–140. Aristotle, 100, 125, 126, 127. Artificial flower making, 146, 172, 173, 177. Ashby, Dr. Henry, 18. Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor, 233. Asthma, 164. ASYLUMS: New York Foundling, 22. New York Juvenile, 187. Furnishing Child Labor, 198. Atrophy, 21. Augusta, Georgia, 150. AUSTRALIA: Death-rate reduced in, 245, 247. Women nurse inspectors in, 244.

B
Back Bay, Boston, 7.
BACKWARD CHILDREN:
Become child laborers, 103.
Condition traceable to poor nutrition, 108, 278
Experiments in feeding, 115–116.
Improvement of, when properly fed, 276.
Injurious influence of, on other children, 102.
Investigation of, in California, 101–102.
Number of, in United States, estimated, 102.
Poor physique of, 100–101.
Results of feeding in England, 111, 273.
Results of feeding in France, 115.
Results of feeding in Norway, 115, 276.
Special classes for, 101.
Tend to become criminals and paupers, 104, 105.
Baillestre, Dr., 21 _n._
Ballantyne, Dr., 9 _n._
Beach, Dr. Fletcher, 108.
Beading slippers, 172.
BELGIUM:
Meals for school children in, 276.
Medical inspection in schools, 253, 276, 277.
(_See also_ Brussels.)
Belgravia, London, 5.
BERLIN:
Infant death-rate reduced in, 247.
School meals in, 274.
School sanatoria in, 255.
Still-births registered in, 52.
Bethnal Green, London, 5.
Beyer, Professor, 100.
Biddeford, Maine, 153.
BIRMINGHAM, ENGLAND:
Board of Education, 112.
Feeding of school children in, 112, 113, 272, 273.
Infant mortality in, 26.
Blincoe, Robert, quoted, 132.
Blood poisoning, 223.
Board of Charities, New York, 83.
Board of Education, Birmingham, England, 112, 113.
Board of Education, New York, 65, 66, 73.
Board of Education, Sheffield, England, 110.
BOARD OF HEALTH:
As educational agency, 244.
Lawrence, Massachusetts, 39.
New York City, 299.
Rochester, New York, 28.
Board of Regents, 225.
Bootblacks, 184.
BOSTON:
Child-labor legislation in, 259.
Death-rate in, 7.
Physical condition of poor children in, 98.
Underfed school children in, 85, 89.
Bowditch, Dr., 98.
Bowel disorders caused by malnutrition, 82.
Brassey, Thomas, 201.
British Anthropometric Committee, 96.
BRITISH INTERDEPARTMENTAL COMMITTEE:
Continuation classes recommended by, 241.
Dr. Airy’s evidence before, 112–133.
Dr. Vincent’s evidence before, 235.
Heredity considered, 291–294.
Obstetrical statistics, 8–9.
Regulations concerning the employment of married women, 230.
British Medical Association, 108.
BRONCHITIS:
Candy making predisposing to, 179.
Infant mortality from, 21.
Rachitis predisposing to, 15, 17, 298.
Browning, Mrs., 57.
BRUSSELS:
Medical examination of school children, 253, 254, 277.
School dinners in, 276.
BUFFALO, NEW YORK:
Child-labor legislation in, 259.
Underfed school children in, 83, 84, 85.
Bumbledom, British, 131, 134, 150.

C
_Caisse des écoles_, 278–286.
California, backward school children in, 101, 102.
CANNING FACTORIES:
In Maine, 170.
Maryland, 169, 170.
New York, 169.
_Cantines Scolaires_, 115, 249, 277–280, 282–287.
Cartwright’s invention, 126.
_Charities_, 234 _n._
CHARITY:
Dangers arising from, 236.
Failure of, 54.
Important experimental work done by, 234.
CHICAGO:
Child-labor investigation in, 208.
Comparative death-rates, 5.
Physical condition of working children, 175.
School meals in, 273.
Still-births in, non-registration of, 12.
Stock yards, child labor in, 189.
Studies of Smedley and Christopher in, 100.
Underfed school children in, 84, 85, 89, 273–274.
CHILD LABOR:
Backward children and, 103.
Census figures of, inadequate, 144.
Cheap goods and, 261.
Cost to society of, 194.
Dangerous conditions surrounding, 168, 175–181.
Domestic industry and, 127–129.
German legislation on, 257.
Immigration and, 214.
In Alabama, 142, 149.
In canning factories, 168, 169, 170.
In cigar and tobacco factories, 167.
In England and Scotland, 130–140.
In Georgia, 150.
In glass factories, 154–162.
In Illinois, 208.
In Indiana, 154, 155, 161.
In laundries, 168.
In Maine, 153.
In Maryland, 169–170.
In Massachusetts, 153.
In mines and quarries, 163, 167.
In New Hampshire, 153.
In New Jersey, 152, 154, 198.
In New Lanark, 134–135.
In New York, 141, 144.
In Ohio, 154, 159, 160, 162.
In Pennsylvania, 143, 144, 151, 154, 155, 163–164, 165, 166, 167,
168, 183.
In restaurants and hotels, 168.
In South Carolina, 148, 149.
In Southern states, 141, 142, 148, 149, 150, 151, 199.
In stores, 168.
In textile industries, 148–154.
In United States, 142, 143, 145.
In West Virginia, 166.
In wood-working industries, 168.
Industrial revolution and, 130–140.
Introduction of machinery retarded by, 203.
Machine age and, 129.
Machinery and, 202.
Moral ills of, 181–190.
Parental responsibility for, 205, 206.
Reasons for, 195–217, 305–306.
Synonymous with slavery, 127.
Unions opposed to, 193.
Unnecessary, 200.
Wages of adults affected by, 192, 194.
CHILD LABOR COMMITTEE:
Alabama Child Labor Committee, 142.
National Child Labor Committee, 163.
New York Child Labor Committee, 169.
Pennsylvania Child Labor Committee, 144.
Cholera infantum, 21.
Cholera morbus, 21.
Christiania, school meals in, 115, 275.
Christopher, Professor, 100.
Cleveland, Ohio, underfed school children in, 85, 89.
Coe, Dr. Henry C., 300.
_Colonies Scolaires_, 254, 255.
Columbia University, 116.
Committee of House of Commons, 139.
Competition of children with elders, 192.
Consumers’ League of New York, 208.
CONSUMPTION:
Among children, 175.
Infantile mortality from, 21.
Leather work predisposing to, 178.
Miners’, 164. (See _also_ Tuberculosis.)
Continuation classes, 241, 242.
CONVULSIONS:
Infantile mortality from, 19, 21.
Rachitis predisposing to, 17, 298.
Cotton manufacture, see Textile industries.
_Crèches_, 50, 55, 221, 231–233, 242.
Crichton-Browne, Dr., 108.
Cronin, Dr. John, 109, 253.
Croup, infant mortality from, 21.

D Dale, David, 134. Dangerous occupations, 175–181. Daniel, Dr. Annie S., quoted, 34. Danton, quoted, 247. Darlington, Dr. Thomas, quoted, 299. Dawson, Professor, 195. DEATH-RATES: Among English pauper apprentices, 134. Birmingham, England, 26. Comparative general, 6, 7. Comparative infantile, 7. England and Wales, 10, 11, 12, 13. France, infantile, 21 n. In Foundling Asylums, 232. Of infants from specified causes, 21. Of infants in Metropolitan Free Hospital, London, 7. Of United States compared with England and Wales, 11–13. Poverty’s effect upon, 5–7, 14–21. Debility, infant mortality from, 21. Defective children, 101, 111. Defective hearing among school children, 107, 253. Defective vision among school children, 107, 251–253, 281. DEMOCRACY: Education as safeguard of, 58. Of birth and death, 8, 293, 294, 295, 296. Dental examination of school children, 253, 255, 277. Dependence of families on children’s wages, 207–210. DIARRHŒA: Infant mortality from, 21. Infant mortality from, among rachitic children, 17, 298. Dixon, George, 112. Doble, Mr. Roscoe, quoted, 39. Dodd, Dr. F. Lawson, quoted, 303. Dolphus, Jean, 50. Domestic industry, children in, 127, 174. Downe, Jonathan, quoted, 139. Drysdale, Dr. Charles R., 7. Dundee, underfed children in, 272. Durland, Kellogg, 210. Duruy, M., Minister of Public Instruction, Paris, 278. Dyspepsia among glass workers, 60.

E
Eastport, Maine, 170.
EDUCATION:
Compulsory, 58, 280.
Improvement in, means of, 59.
Of backward children in special classes, 101, 102.
Of girls in continuation classes, 241, 242.
Of idiots and feeble-minded children, 101.
Of mothers by literature, 243, 245.
Of mothers by literature, cost of, 243.
Of mothers by school nurses, 242.
Of physically defective children, 101, 111.
Poor material for, 59–60, 276, 294.
Eichholz, Dr., 272, 291, 295.
Ellis, Mrs. Havelock, 30.
Elysée, Paris, 5.
ENGLAND:
Alarm caused by infant mortality in, 9–10.
Comparison of physical development of children in, 96–98.
Feeding of children in schools, 109, 117, 272.
Infant mortality in, 9–10.
Laws regulating employment of married women in, 45.
Pasteurization of milk introduced in, 235.
Problem of poverty in, 63–64.
Regulation of midwives in, 224.
Underfeeding in, 297.
Epilepsy, 17.
Erfurt, vital statistics of, 7.
Etzler, J. A., 203.

F
Factory Act, first English, 136.
(_See also_ Legislation.)
Fall River, Massachusetts, child labor in, 153.
Fancy-box making, 172, 174.
Fancy-slipper making, 172.
Felt-hat manufacture, dangers from, 176, 177.
Folks, Homer, 231, 306.
Fourier, Charles, 64.
Fox, Charles H., and Fox Bros., 50, 51.
FRANCE:
_Caisse des écoles_ and their use, 278–285.
_Cantines Scolaires_, 115, 249.
Cost of school meals in, 283–286.
_Crèches_, 50, 55, 221, 231–233, 242.
Fresh-air outings in, 94.
_Gouttes de Lait_, 55, 235.
Infant death-rate in, 21 _n._
Medical inspection in schools, 253, 256, 281.
Pensions to mothers, 229.
School colonies, 280, 281.
School funds, see _Caisse des écoles_.
School meals in, 277–280, 282–286.

G
GERMANY:
Child-labor legislation in, 257.
Death certificates in, 245.
Medical inspection in schools, 253, 255.
Midwives, regulation of, in, 224, 300.
School meals in, 274.
Gillette, Dr., 21 _n._
Gladstone, Herbert, M.P., 271.
Glasgow, Scotland, underfed children in, 272.
Glassborough, New Jersey, 161.
GLASS MANUFACTURE:
Child labor unnecessary in, 200.
Children employed in, 154–162.
In United States, 154.
In Venice and Murano, seventeenth century, 128.
Machinery used in, 204.
Goler, Dr. George W., 22, 235, 304.
Gorst, Sir John, 27.
_Gouttes de Lait_, 55, 235.
Groszmann, Dr., 101.

H Hall, Professor G. Stanley, 101. _Hansard’s Parliamentary Debates_, 138. Henderson, C. Hanford, 229. Heredity, 8, 9, 291–296. History of the Factory Movement, 131. Holiday Colonies (Switzerland), 254. Holt, Dr. L. Emmet, 296–297. Home employment of mothers, 33. Home industries, children employed in, 171–174. Hood, Thomas, 156. Hornbaker, William, principal Chicago school, 84. HOSPITALS: Bellevue, New York City, 300. Death-rate in Foundling, 232. Filled by victims of childhood poverty, 24. General Memorial, New York City, 300. Infants’, Randall’s Island, New York City, 232. Metropolitan Free, London, 7. New York Babies’, inquiry in, 27. New York Lying-in, 224. HOUSING: Among Italians, 78. Among Jews, 25. Infantile death-rate not lowered by improvement in, 26. Relation of, to tuberculosis, 26. Hrdlicka, Dr., 98. Huddersfield, England, campaign of education in, 30. Hungarians in carpet works, 178. Hunter, Robert, 61, 62, 63, 65, 277, 286. Huxley, Professor T. H., 77. Hyndman, H. M., 271.

I
Iceland, loom used in, 126.
IGNORANCE:
A cause of malnutrition, 82.
Among factory girls, 31, 32.
Babies victims of, 27, 28, 29–32, 37, 39, 239.
Campaign against maternal, 30, 31, 240.
Often only one of poverty’s disguises, 37.
Remedial measures for, 30, 239–245.
Social need of protection against, 214.
Illegitimate children, death-rate among, 7.
ILLINOIS:
Child-labor investigation in, 208, 209, 210.
Child-labor law, 208.
(_See also_ Chicago.)
Illiteracy in the United States, 143.
Imbeciles in English cotton mills, 134.
Inanition, infant mortality from, 12.
INDIANA:
Child labor in, 154, 155, 161.
Children working by night in, 161.
Glass manufacture in, 154, 155, 159, 161.
Industrial revolution in England, 130, 149.
Industrial Schools, England, 96.
Industrial Schools, New York City, 83.
INFANTILE MORTALITY:
Among Irish and Italians, 25, 26.
Among Jews, 25, 26.
Effect of improved milk supply on, 22, 23, 247.
Employment of mothers a cause of, 37, 38–44, 50.
From eleven given causes, 21.
Ignorance of mothers a cause of, 27, 28, 29–32, 37, 39, 239.
In England and Wales, 9–12.
In United States, 11–13.
Lowered in siege of Paris and Lancashire cotton famine, 43, 44.
Malnutrition principal cause of, 26, 27.
Not affected by sanitary improvements, 26.
Proportion of, due to poverty, 20.
Proportion of, due to socially preventable causes, 13, 21.
Reduced in Australia, Berlin, and Rochester, 247.
Relative, among rich and poor, 7.
Still-births and, 52.
INTEMPERANCE:
As a cause of child labor, 210, 211.
Employment of married women due to, 34.
Malnutrition as a cause of, 90.
Inter-Departmental Committee, see British Interdepartmental Committee.
IRISH:
Infantile mortality among, 26.
Underfed school children among, 26.
ITALIANS:
Child labor among, 199.
Housing among, 78.
Infant mortality among, 26.
Underfed children among, 71, 78.
ITALY:
Feeding of school children in, 248, 249, 274, 287–290.
Medical attendance free in, 275.
Medical inspection in schools, 253.

J Jenner, Sir William, 16. Jevons, Professor W. S., 38. JEWS: Bad housing among, 25. Mortality of infants among, 25. Juvenile delinquents, 187–189.

K Keen, Dr. W. W., 98. Kelley, Mrs. Florence, 160, 162. Kensington Labor Lyceum, Philadelphia, 151. Kilham, Dr. Eleanor B., 301, 302. Kline, Professor, 105. Knopf, Dr. S. A., 26.

L
_Laissez faire_, 136, 141.
Lancashire, England, cotton famine, 44, 51.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania, 184.
_La Revolté_, 147.
Laryngismus Stridulus, 298.
Lawrence, Massachusetts, child labor in, 153.
Lead poisoning, 179.
Lechstrecker, Dr. H. M., 83.
LEGISLATION:
Alabama Child Labor Committee and, 142.
Artificial infant foods should be subject to, 245–246.
Child labor, suggested, 256–260. (_See also_ Child Labor.)
Factory acts, first British, 136.
Feeding of school children matter for, 271, 272, 279, 280.
German child labor, 257.
Interest of society to protect children by, 191, 305–306.
_Manufacturers’ Record_ on child labor, 142.
Midwifery, regulation of, by, 222, 225, 299, 300, 301.
Relating to employment of mothers near childbirth, 44, 45, 49, 227,
230.
Relating to street trades, 258, 259.
Ten Hours’ Bill in England, 137, 139.
United States in need of further, 257–260.
Leipzic, physique of school children in, 96.
LITTLE MOTHERS:
Among Italians, 78.
A social menace, 38.
Responsible for much infant mortality, 38, 39, 44.
Litton Mill, 133.
LONDON:
Death-rate of infants in, 7.
Death-rates of Belgravia and Bethnal Green, 5.
Obstetrical Society of, 294, 295.
Physical degeneration among school children in, 291–293.
Special school for defective children, 111.
Underfeeding of children in, 272.
Los Angeles, California, underfed school children in, 85.
Lovejoy, Owen R., 158, 161.
Lowe, David, 218.
Lubec, Maine, 170.

M
McKelway, Dr., 148, 199.
Maine, canning factories, 170.
Malins, Dr. Edward, 294.
Manchester, England, epidemic in, 135.
Manchester, New Hampshire, 153.
_Manufacturers’ Record_ on child-labor legislation, 142.
Marasmus, 297.
MARRIED WOMEN, EMPLOYMENT OF:
Away from homes, 33, 34, 37–44.
Census returns of, inadequate, 32, 33.
Daniel, Dr. Annie S., on, 34.
Evil results of, 32, 35–51.
Infantile mortality caused by, 37, 38–44, 50.
In home industries, 33, 34–37.
Jevons, Professor W. S., on, 38.
Legislation relating to, 44, 45, 49, 227, 230.
Wages of married women workers, 31, 32, 34.
Maryland, 169.
Maxwell, Dr. W. H., 64.
Measles, 17–21, 298.
MEDICAL INSPECTION IN SCHOOLS:
In Belgium, 253, 276, 277.
In England, 253.
In France, 109, 253, 280, 281.
In Germany, 253, 255.
In Italy, 109, 253, 275.
In London, 198.
In Minnesota, 281.
In New York City, 107, 109, 253, 281.
In Norway, 109, 253, 254.
In Switzerland, 253.
In United States, need of, 251–253, 255–256, 281, 282.
Ménilmontant, Paris, death-rate in, 5.
Messengers, 184, 185, 186, 187, 188, 189.
MIDWIVES:
Inefficiency of, 53, 300.
Maternal deaths due to, 300.
Still-births due to ignorance of, 53.
Supervision of, needed, 222–226, 299, 300, 301.
MILK:
Adulteration of, 28, 29.
High death-rate due to impure, 22.
Sterilization of, 235, 304–305.
Straus system of Pasteurization of, 22, 29, 234–236.
(_See also_ Municipal Milk Depots.)
Minnesota, investigation of school children in, 281.
Minnesota State Public School, at Owatonna, 120, 121.
Minotola, New Jersey, strike of glass-blowers in, 198.
Monroe, Professor W. S., 101, 102.
Montgomery, Alabama, 149.
Montmartre, Paris, 279, 280, 282.
Morris, William, 126.
Moscow, 96.
“Mother” Mary Jones, 151.
Mt. Carbon, West Virginia, 166.
Mundella, Mr., M.P., 108, 109.
MUNICIPAL MILK DEPOTS:
Advantages of, 234–238, 302–305.
Dodd, Lawson, on, 303.
French, see _Gouttes de Lait_.
In England, 234, 235.
In Europe, 238.
Powell, Sir Richard Douglas, on, 303.
Rochester, New York, 22, 23, 235, 236, 238, 304–305.
St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, 235.
Murphy, Edward Gardner, 148.

N
Nathan, Mrs. Frederick, 208.
National Child Labor Committee, 163.
NEW JERSEY:
Child-labor investigation in, 210.
Child-labor law, 1904, 210.
Glass manufacture, 154.
Glass manufacture, children employed in, 154, 159, 161, 162.
Orphan Asylum children employed in, 198.
New Lanark, Scotland, 134.
Newsboys, 184, 185, 187, 188, 258.
NEW YORK CITY:
Child-labor legislation in, 258.
Estimated number of children in, 61.
Foundling Asylum in, 22.
Home factories in, 33–37, 173.
Medical inspection in schools of, 107, 109, 253, 281.
School nurses in, 242.
Still-births in, 52.
Underfed school children in, 61, 64–83, 90–95.
New York Child Labor Committee, 169.
New York County Medical Association, 224.
New York Foundling Asylum, 22.
NEW YORK STATE:
Canning factories in, 169.
Carpet factories in, 178.
Child labor in, 141.
Child-labor investigation in, 210.
Child-labor legislation in, 258.
Midwives, regulation of, 223, 299.
Number of children of school age not attending school in, 144.
Nibecker, Mr., Supt. House of Refuge, Pennsylvania, 187.
Nichols, Mr. Francis H., 210.
NORWAY:
Backward children in, 115, 276.
Excursions for school children, 275.
Meals for school children, 114, 115, 275, 276.
Medical inspection of school children in, 109, 253, 254.
School sanatoria, 254.
Special dietary for weak children, 115, 254.
Notes and authorities, 307–323.
Nottingham, England, 132.

O Oastler, Richard, M.P., 137. Obstetrical Society of London, 294, 295. Ohio, child labor in, 154, 159, 160, 162. Glass manufacture in, 154. Oneida, New York, 169. Orphan children compelled to work, 162, 198. Owatonna, Minnesota, 120, 121. Owen, Robert, 134, 135, 153, 165. Oxford, Maryland, 169.

P
Paralysis, 178.
PARIS:
_Caisse des écoles_, 278–282, 283, 284.
_Cantines Scolaires_, 115, 249, 277–287.
Death-rates in Elysée and Ménilmontant, 5.
Infant mortality during siege of, 43, 44, 51.
Medical inspection in schools of, 109.
Underfeeding and dulness, 109.
Parsons, Mrs. Elsie Clews, 239.
PASTEURIZATION OF MILK:
In New York City, 29, 234, 236.
In New York Foundling Asylum, 22.
In Rochester, New York, 22, 23, 235, 236, 238.
In St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, 235.
Renders digestion difficult, 305.
Scorbutus caused by, 304.
Unnecessary, 235.
PATENT INFANT FOODS:
Dangers arising from, 28.
Federal supervision of manufacture and sale of, 245.
Paterson, New Jersey, 152.
Paton, Dr. Noel, 9 _n._
Pauper apprentices in England, 131–136, 150, 162.
Peek, Sir Henry, 109.
Peel, Sir Robert, 136.
PENNSYLVANIA:
Cigarmakers’ Union and child labor in, 193.
Employment of children in cigar factories in, 167, 168.
Employment of children in glass factories, 154, 155, 159.
Employment of children in mines, 163.
Investigation by Child Labor Commissioner of, 144.
Investigation of reasons for employment of children, 210.
Orphan children employed in, 198.
Pertussis, 298.
PHILADELPHIA:
Employment of children in, 144, 151.
Still-births formerly not registered, 12.
Underfed children in, 85.
Phosphor poisoning, 179.
PHYSICAL CONDITION OF POOR CHILDREN:
Accountable for educational failures, 100.
Inferior to richer children, 96–98.
Investigations in Chicago of, 175.
Investigations in England of, 10, 108, 291.
Malnutrition responsible for, 106.
Report of Royal Commission on Physical Training (Scotland) on, 98,
99.
Responsible for criminality, 105–108.
(_See also_ Underfeeding and Poverty.)
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 168.
Pittston, Pennsylvania, 143, 163.
Playfair, Dr., 7.
PNEUMONIA:
Infant mortality from, 21.
Porter, Dr., 98, 100.
Rachitis predisposing to, 17.
_Poverty_, 277.
POVERTY:
Children in United States victims of, 61, 63, 117–124.
Cost to society of, 23, 24.
Educational failures largely due to, 60, 100–105, 279.
Effect upon infantile mortality of, 13, 19, 20, 21, 23.
Estimated number of persons in United States in, 61, 63.
Mortality from convulsions, measles, and rickets increased by, 17–19.
Most heavily felt by children, 1–3, 61.
Proportion of still-births due to, 52.
Reason for child labor, 206–213.
Relation to death and disease, 14–24.
PRISONS:
And child labor, 194.
Filled by victims of poverty, 24.

Q Quarries, child labor in, 163. Quinlin, Dr. Francis, 301.

R Rachitis, 5, 15–18, 78, 175, 294, 297, 298. Reclus, Élie, 44. Reformatories and child labor, 162, 194. Reformatories filled by victims of poverty, 24. Reggia Emilia, Italy, 274. Report on Physical Training (Scotland), 98, 99. Rickets, _see_ Rachitis. Roberts, Dr. Charles W., 96, 98. Roberts, Rev. Peter, 183. ROCHESTER, NEW YORK: Death-rate reduced in, 23, 247. Employment of children in, 192. Milk supply in, 22, 23, 235, 236, 238, 304–305. Rousden, England, 109. Rowntree, B. S., 98. Ruskin, John, 191. Ryan, Charles L., School Principal, Buffalo, New York, 83.

S Sadler, Michael, M.P., 137, 138. Salvation Army, 68, 73, 94. San Remo, Italy, 274. SCHOOL CHILDREN: Defective hearing among, 107. Defective vision among, 107, 251–253, 281. Meals furnished to, in Belgium, 254, 276. Meals furnished to, in Chicago, 84, 85, 273. Meals furnished to, in England, 109–115, 272–273. Meals furnished to, in France, 115, 249, 277–280, 282–286. Meals furnished to, in Germany, 274. Meals furnished to, in Italy, 248, 274, 287–290. Meals furnished to, in New York, 116, 117. Meals furnished to, in Norway, 114, 115, 254, 275. Meals furnished to, in Switzerland, 254, 277, 278. Medical inspection of, 107–110, 198, 253–254, 275–277, 280–281. Physical condition of, investigated, 96–101, 107–110. Physical deterioration of, in England, 292–296. Underfeeding of, _see_ Underfeeding. Venereal diseases among industrial, 184, 185. School colonies, 254, 255, 281. School funds, see _Caisse des écoles_. School Sanatoria, 254. Schools, _see_ School Children. Scorbutus, 304. Scotland, Report on Physical Training in, 98, 99. Sheffield School Board, 110. Shuttleworth, Dr. D. E., 108. Slavs in carpet factories, 178. Slavs in child labor, 212. Sloan, Mr., Supt. John Worthy School, Chicago, 184. Smedley, Professor, 100. Smith, Mrs. Watt, 304. Soap manufacture, dangers of, 176. Social Democratic Federation, 110. Socialism, 220, 221. Socialist control of French municipalities, 233. Socialist programmes, 221, 271, 276. Sophocles, quoted, 123. South Carolina, child labor in, 148, 149, 199. SOUTHERN STATES: Child labor in, 141, 148–151. Industrial revival in, 149. Speyer School, Columbia University, 116. State Charities Aid Association, 233. Steubenville, Ohio, 162. Still-births, 12, 51, 52, 53, 233. St. Helen’s, Lancashire, England, 235. ST. LOUIS, MISSOURI: Studies by Dr. Porter in, 98, 100. Underfed school children in, 89. Stockholm, physique of school children in, 96. Straus milk depots, see Milk. Straus, Nathan, 29, 234, 236. STREET TRADES: Legislation for, 258–259. Perils to children in, 184–188. Venereal diseases among children in, 184, 185. Sweat shops, 171. SWITZERLAND: _Alcoholzehntel_, 254. Country homes for school children in, 280. Holiday colonies for school children in, 254. Legislation upon employment of married women in, 45. Meals for school children in, 277. Medical inspection of school children in, 253–254. School Sanatoria in, 254.

T Tavistock Place School, London, 111. Taylor, Jonathan, 110. Teachers College, Columbia University, 116. Teeth of school children, inspection of, 253, 255, 277. Ten Hours’ Bill, England, 137, 139. Tennyson, Alfred, quoted, 28. TEXTILE INDUSTRIES: Child labor in, 148–154. Dangers to health in, 177. Trachoma, 251. Trondhjem, Norway, 115, 275, 276. TUBERCULOSIS: Among bottle makers, 160. And poverty, 15. Campaign against, 30. Germany, treatment of children predisposed to, 255. Rachitis predisposing to, 17. Relation of child labor to, 146. Tuke, Dr. Hack, 108. Turin, Italy, 96, 109.

U
UNDERFEEDING:
Among Italians, 78–81.
Defective vision due to, 107.
Due to ignorance, 27, 28, 29.
Effects of, not hereditary, 294.
Employment of mothers and, 35, 37.
In Aberdeen, 272.
In Birmingham, 113, 114, 272.
In Boston, 85, 89.
In Buffalo, 83–84.
In Chicago, 84–85, 89, 273–274.
In Cleveland, 85.
In Dundee, 272.
In Glasgow, 272.
In London, 109, 272.
In Los Angeles, 85.
In New York, 61, 64, 83, 85, 109.
In Philadelphia, 85.
In United States, 61, 64, 85, 86, 117, 118.
Mental effects of, 108–112, 276.
Physical effects of, 95–105.
Predisposing to disease, 26, 42, 296.
Prime cause of infant mortality, 25.
Proportion of hospital cases due to, 26, 27.
Proportion of infant deaths due to, 14.
Source of crime, 105–108.
Worst effect of poverty upon children, 2–5, 27, 61–65.
UNEMPLOYMENT:
Among Irish laborers, 91.
Among male wage-earners, 62.
UNITED STATES:
Child labor in, 140, 141, 167, 168.
Infantile death-rate in, 11, 12, 13.
Legislation regulating employment of married women needed, 45–49,
227–233.
Legislation regulating street trades required, 258–259.
Number of children employed in, 142, 145.
Still-births in, 52.
Underfed children in, 61, 64, 85, 86, 117, 118.
Value of glass manufactures, 154.
Victims of poverty in, 61, 62.
Utopia, 65, 239.

V Van der Vaart, Mrs., 161. Varnishers, 178. Venereal diseases, 184. Vercelli (Italy), 248, 249, 274, 275, 287, 288–290. Vincent, Dr. Ralph M., 25, 235, 298, 304.

W Wales, death-rate of, 10. Walling, William English, 169. Ward, Mrs. Humphry, quoted, 111. Warner, Dr. Francis, 108. Webster, Dr. J. Clarence, 300. Wellington, England, 50. West Virginia, 166. Wheeler, Miss M. (Supt. New York Babies’ Hospital), quoted, 27. Whooping-cough, 17. Wilcox, Ella Wheeler, 125. Wilkesbarre, Pennsylvania, 163. Wolf, Dr., 7. Wood-working, industries connected with, 168, 176. Workhouses, 131.

Y Yonkers, New York, 178, 226. York, England, 98.

Z Zanesville, Ohio, 160. Zark, N. V., 96.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected typographical errors. 2. Retained anachronistic and non-standard spellings as printed. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_. 4. Superscripts are denoted by a caret before a single superscript character, e.g. M^r.

End of Project Gutenberg's The Bitter Cry of the Children, by John Spargo