Chapter XXI: Conclusion (2)

Necklace-beads (Mycenæ), 228

Necropolis at Marzabotto (Bologna), 195 _sq._

— in Valdichiana, 197

Neo-Latin names for the Sword, 123

— races, the, 270

Neolithic age, 5 _n_

Nephrite meri, 47;
nephrite a cure for kidney disease, 47 _n_

Nero, character of, 252 _n_

Nickeliferous iron, 99

Niello (_nigellum_), 83, 152

Nile-dwellers, 3 _n_

Nilotes, characteristics of the, 144 _n_

Nimrúd, Palaces of, 202 _sq._

Nineveh, 200;
discoveries at, 201

Ninus, date of, 199 _n_, 200

Nippers of copper, 68

Njiga (weapon: Baghirmi), 163, 237

Noah (original of the name), 149

Noah’s ark, 149

Noahitic Deluge, the, 144 _n_, 149 _n_

North beats South, 261

North-European Sword not of Roman origin, 264

Northumberland stone, the, 267

Novacula, Cyprian, 189

Nuggets (copper) as bell-clappers, 67

Nuggets of iron, in Africa, 119

Nuguit (Greenland weapon), 25

Obelisks (method of forming them), 54

Obsidian daggers, 46;
splinters for wooden Swords, 47;
black obsidian spear-head, 50

Ocreæ (greaves or leggings), 247

Odysseus (etymology of the word), 224

‘Odyssey,’ the, wrought iron in, 224

Œnochoe, Etruscan, 196

Offensive weapons (of animals and savages), 6

Old Coptic language, 146

Old Persian Sword, 139

Old Spanish Swords, 265

Oligiste (iron glance, specular iron), 107

Ollaria (pot copper), 88

‘Omphalos of the earth,’ 192 _n_

Onager, 4;
origin of the name, 20 _n_

Ondanique (= ferrum indicum), 107

One-handed Swords (Mexican), 67

Onomatopœia, 4

‘Oran-Banua’ (men of the woods: Malaccan negrito aborigines), 14 _n_

Ὀρειχάλκον, 85

Ore smelting (discovery of), 51

Orichalcum, 85

Orientation of corpses, 234 _n_

Oriflamme, 246 _n_

Original alphabet, the, 146 _sq._

Origin of the Ancient Egyptians, 143 _sq._

— (suggested) of the smelting-process, 118

Orissa Sword (two-bladed), 141

Or molu, 87

Ornamental alloys (applied to Swords), 83

Ornamentation, Greek, 221

Ornaments in sepulchres at Mycenæ, 234

— set in bone, 29

Osier-bucklers (for recruits: Roman), 249

Osiris and Typhon, 180

Osiris’ ark, 149

Ostrich-feather head-gear, 158 _n_

Ostrich throwing stones, 3

Οὐλότριχοι, 144 _n_

Ourshol (= Melkarth), 179

Pacho (club: South Sea Islanders), 48

Pack-fong, 68

Pactyans, 210

Paddle (or original oar), 32, 40;
paddle and spear combined, _ib._;
development into the Sword, 42

Paddle-sword (Peruvian), 66, 68

Pagaya (sharpened paddle), 42

Painting in Ancient Egpyt, 148

— (origin of) 15

Pakká (crude steel), 111

‘Palace of the Atreidæ’ at Mycenæ, 233

Palace of the Forty Columns, 211

Palaces of Nimrúd, finds in, 202 _sq._

‘Palace of Priam’ (Troas), 191 _sq._

Palæolithic flints, 45 _n_

Palæoliths of Kelts of the British Isles, 275

Palæstræ, Hellenic, 239

_Palameda_ (Horned Screamer), 9

Palestine (etymology of the word), 177

Palintonon, 19

Palladium of Troy, 1 _n_

Palm-wood Swords, 43

Palstab, 270

Palstave, 20;
derivation, 30 _n_

Paludamentum (Roman officer’s cloak), 245 _n_

Palus, 250

Πάμφαινον (explanation of the epithet), 223

Panimukta (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Papacha (Quichuan god), 67 _n_

Paphlagonians, 210

Παρὰ μηροῦ (meaning of the expression), 239

Parazonia (weapons), 161

‘Parazonium’ dagger, 239, 246

Parazonium of bronze, 239

Parchment, Assyrian, 201 _n_

Parian (Arundelian) Chronicle, 105

Parma (Roman shield), 246 _sq._

Parmularians, 252

Parrying-shields, 38

Parrying stick (Africa and Australia), 12

Partisan (mediæval weapon), 183 _n_

Pas d’âne, 125 _n_, 166

‘Paternoster’ blade, 136

Pathros (meaning of the word), 145 _n_

Pattisha (two-bladed battle-axe: Hindú), 215

Patrick, St., 180

Pattu-Pattus, 25, 47

Pavoise (in sieges: Ancient Egypt), 154

Pea-shooter, 14 _n_

Pedila, 1

Pelasgo-Hellenic race, the, 186

Πέλεκυς, 89, 90

— ἀμφιστόμος (_bipennis_), 271

Pelusium (etymology of the word), 177

Pennations (in sabres: Eastern and mediæval), 136

_Pennisetum Benthami_ (Mawingo-wingo), 12

Pennons, Assyrian, 203

Pentaur (scribe of Ramses II.), 101, 147

Percussion, centre of, 129

Persea (Egyptian ‘Tree of Life,’) 202 _n_

Perseus, 179 _sq._

Persia, 209

Persian cidaris or tiara, 209

— akinakes, 210

— archer, 209

— cuneiform, 201, 203

— headdress, 209

— helmet, 209

— origin of heraldry, 140 _n_

— sculpture, 209

— shield, 209

— Sword (old), 139

— war-axe, 273

— warrior, 209

Persepolis sculptures, 208

Persians of Herodotus, the, 226

Peruvian army, 66;
nation, 66 _n_;
derivation of ‘Peru,’ _ib._

Peshawar sculptures, 218

Phalangæ, 32

Phalanx of the Hittites, 175

— Ancient Egyptian, 154

— in Livy, 246 _n_

Phalarica (fire-missile: Roman), 248

Phaleræ (military decorations), 248

Phallic theories, 114

Pharaoh (meaning of the word), 145

Pharsalia, Cæsar at, 260

Phásganon (= Sword, in Homer), 222, 230;
etymology of the word, 223

Philistia, plain of, 186

Philistine (modern use of the word), 185 _n_

— weapons, 185

Phœnicia (etymology of the word), 178

Phœnician art in England, 275

Phœnicians, 178

Phosphor-bronze, 53, 80

Phosphorus mixed with copper, 81 _n_

Phrygian tongue (a congener of Greek), 76 _n_

Phrygian-type cap, 175

Picks made of reindeer-antlers, 29 _n_

Picrous Day (a Cornish festival), 79

Picts (origin of the name), 279 _n_

Pierced blade and sheath (Sword), 136

‘Piercing-stone’ (Babylonian Inscriptions), 171 _n_

Piedmontese (modern), 270 _n_

Pigeon-shooting, 253 _n_

Pilani (Roman javelineers), 248

Pile (arrow-head; derivation), 25 _n_

Pile-dwellings of Olmütz, 24;
of Laibach, 29

Pilum (Roman weapon), 248 _n_

Pilus (division of Roman army), 247

Pinna used as arrow-heads and adze-blades, 47

Pirhua (the first Ynka deified to a Creator), 66 _n_

Piromis (meaning of the word), 144 _n_

Pir (sun-heat), 1 _n_

Pisoliths, 102

Pivot-theatres, 250

Plating (or sheeting) on wood or stone, 55

Ploughshare (Roman) of _æs_, 56

Plover of Central Africa (carries weapons in its wings), 9

Plumbiferous scoriæ in Spain, 108

Plumbum argentarium (tin and lead), 88

‘Plummets’ in the Western Mounds, 116

Point of a Sword, 139

Poison daggers, 51

— trees, 6

Poisoned arrows, 26;
bullets, 26 _n_;
weapons, 9, 11

Pokwé or Poucue (weapon: Lunda), 169

Poland (derivation of the name), 92

Pole-axes, 92;
Egyptian, 154

— of silver, copper, gold, 67

Pole, discovery of the, 200 _n_

— (pillar: etymology of the word), 114 _n_

Poles of war-cars armed, 277 _n_

Polished mirrors of copper, 67

Polyænus on Julius Cæsar, 260

Polybius (his character as a writer), 245 _n_

Pommel of a Sword, 123, 140, 159, 165

Poniards of flint, 46

Popular sports, 253

Porcelain in Ancient Egypt, 148

Porcupines ‘shooting their quills,’ 3 _n_

Pork, Jewish hatred of, 150

Portable African bellows, 121

— bridge (for sieges; Ancient Egypt), 154

— shrines of Ancient Egypt, 150

Postín (Slav and Afghan dress), 269

Pot-copper, 88

Pottery, in the Maydúm Pyramid, 61;
of the Quichuans, 67 _n_

Potter’s wheel, invention of the, 119

Poucue (weapon; Lunda), 169

Prachtaxt (ancient German weapon), 273

Prahiunamif (son of Ramses II.), 174

Pramantha, 1 _n_, 202

Prasa (spear: Hindú), 215

Prasine faction, 252

Pre-Adamites (Moslem), 2 _n_

Precious stones on Swords, 258

Predatory fishes, 4, 7

Prehistoric Ilium, 194

Prester John, 163 _n_

Primæval language (Egyptian), 146 _sq._

Primitive man, 3 _sqq._

Primordial shipbuilders (the Cabiri), 75

Principes (Roman soldiers), 247

Prisse Papyrus, the, 147

_Pristis_ (Saw-fish), 13

Processes of making steel, 117 _n_

Processional axe (German), 91

Proci (Roman soldiers), 248

Produce of Ancient Britain, 277

Promachoi (Greek soldiers), 248

Prometheus, 1

‘Promised Land,’ the, 178

Prong-edge (of a Sword), 138

Proportions of alloys, 83

Proportion in length of blade and hilt-blade, 264

— of man to animals, 5 _n_

Proto-chalcitic Age (of weapons), 53

Proto-sideric Age, 5 _n_

— or Early Iron Age of weapons, 97

Provinces of the bronze antiques of Europe, 276

Prydhain (god worshipped in Britain), 77 _n_

Pteropedilos (Mercury), 1

Ptolemies, the, 209

Ψευδάργυρος, 85

Pucuna, 14 _n_

Pugio (Ancient Roman weapon), 210, 256;
derivation of the word, 257 _n_

Pukhtu or Pushtu (Afghan language), 210 _n_

Punctured wounds, danger of, 127

‘Pundonor,’ 267

Punishing prisoners by torture (Assyrian), 203

Πῦρ, 1 _n_

‘Purple copper’ (Chinese), 64

Pygmalion in Cyprus, 187

Pyracmon (the Cyclop), 75

Pyramid of Copan (Yucatan), 67 _n_

— the Great, 147

Pyrites, 1 _n_

Pyropus (copper and gold alloy), 86 _n_

Pyrodes, 1 _n_

Pyrrhic dance, 239

Quadrangular thrusting-blade, 136

Quadriga of bronze, 80

Quagga (its kick), 7

‘Quarrel’ (bolt of a crossbow), 25 _n_

Quarter-staff among the Ancient Hindús, 215

Quartz (and quartzite) splinters for wooden Swords, 47

Quaternary Age in England, 275

Quella (Khellay, iron: Peru), 67 _n_

Quenching (of metal) with water, 165;
with oil, 165 _n_

Quichua language, 67 _n_;
characteristics of the people, _ib._;
mummies, _ib._

Quillons of a Sword, 125, 164

Quincussis (bronze coin), 264

Quiris (= Hasta: Ancient Roman weapon), 246 _n_

Races, changes in the conditions of, 243

Racial names, 194

_Raia trygon_ and _R. histrix_ (sting-rays), 11

Rakes of copper, 67

Rakshasas (demons: Hindú), 213

Ram (in sieges: Ancient Egypt), 154

Ramayana Epic, 190

‘Ramrod-back’ Sword, 133

Ramses II., tablets of (Bayrut), 200 _n_

‘Rank,’ man of (derivation of ‘rank’), 140

Ranseur or Ronçeur, 95

Rapier, 123

Rapier-blades, Etrurian, 195, 278

Rapier in Ancient Britain, 278

Rat-trap, crossbow, 37 _n_

Razors, Assyrian, 202 _sq._

‘Razor-women’ of King Gezo (Dahome), 168

Recruit-drill, Roman, 249

‘Red bronze,’ 72

Reed arrows, 28

Regnum Noricum, 256

‘Regulation’ Sword (infantry), 129, 133

Regulus (of metal), 107 _n_, 111

Reindeer-antlers used as picks, 29 _n_

— period, 27, 29

Relief in gold and silver on Swords, 258

Religion in Ancient Egypt, 148

Repoussée work at Mycenæ, 233

— work on Swords, 258

Respect for the dead, 5 _n_

Retiarii (Roman gladiators), 210 _n_, 251

Rhinoceros-horn used for weapons, 28

Rhinoceros (its armature), 9

Riesenmauer, 271

Riding practised by Ancient Romans, 249

Rig Veda, mention of iron in the, 108

Ring-money, 151 _n_

Ritual of the Dead, Egyptian, 184

Rock-inscriptions at Ibriz, 176

Rock-inscriptions traced with flint-flakes, 49 _n_

— tablets at Wady Magharah, 61

Roman alloys, 84

— fashion of wearing the Sword, 258

— fashions adopted by Gauls, 269

— helmets, 246

— iron, 107

— jurisprudence, 244

— lacquered or varnished brass, 84

— method of hardening and tempering tools, &c., 107

— mining operations, 107

— names for the Sword, 254

— shield bordered with brass, 266

Romans smelted copper in England, 71

Roman soldiers, 259 _sqq._

— Swords in England, 259

Ῥομφαία (Thracian weapon), 237

Ronçeur or Ranseur, 95

Rorarii (Roman soldiers), 245

‘Rosa mystica’ (of Byzantine art), 202

Rosette, the, as an architectural ornament, 201

‘Royal Commentaries of the Ynkas,’ 67

Royal Swords, Assyrian, 205 _sq._

Rubbings of Pharaohnic stone, 102 _n_

Ruby copper, 85

Rudis (rod or wooden Sword: Roman), 250

Rugii (Baltic), 274

Rumpia (weapon mentioned by Gellius), 237

Runes engraved on a Scramasax, 272 _n_

Runic inscriptions on Cimbrian weapons, 274 _n_

‘Sabbatic River’ (Pliny, Josephus), 178 _n_

Sabbation (fabled river), 178 _n_

Sabbaths, Assyrian, 200 _n_

Sabine shields, 253 _n_

Sabre, ancient forms, Greek and barbarian, 12;
its origin, 32

Sabres of eucalyptus-wood, 44

Sabre-toothed tiger (_Machairodus latidens_), 9

Sacæ (Shakas; Nomades: Scythians), 226

Sacrificial blades, 217 _n_

— knives of flint, 46

— knives of iron, 100

Σάγαρις, 90

Sagartian Nomades, 210

Sagina gladiatoria, 250

Sago-tree (_Nibong_; _Caryota urens_), 23

Sagum (Roman soldier’s cloak), 245 _n_

Sahs, Seax, Sax (Saxon), 272

Sailor’s cutlass, 140

Sakkarah pyramids, 144 _n_

Samians, casting and soldering among the, 221

Samnite weapons, 253

Samnites, javelin of the, 266 _n_

Samson’s weapon, 24;
tomb, 186 _n_

Samurai (Japanese two-sworded man), 252 _n_

Sandal of Perseus, 179

Sanskritists and philology, 191 _n_

Sanskrit, terms for iron in, 108

Sappers of Ancient Roman army, 249

Sarbacane, 14 _n_

‘Sardian electrum,’ 87

Sardones (Shardona), 175

‘Sardonian linen,’ 175

Sarissa (spear), 182, 237

Sarpedon’s targe, 192

Satrap (etymology of the word), 226 _n_

Sattára (= Sát-istara, the Pleiades), 8 _n_

Satzuma copper (the best in the world), 64

Saucer, inlaid iron, 106 _n_

Saunion (Samnite javelin), 266 _n_

Sauromatæ (northern Medes and Slavs), 227

Savage worship of weapons, 162 _n_

Saw-bayonet, 51, 137

Saw, double-handed, of iron or steel, in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Saw-fish (its armature), 13;
teeth of, 24

Saw-kerf, 29

Saws, Assyrian, 203

Saxnot Zio (German Sword-god), 273

Saxo (weapon of the Saxon or Sacæ), 90 _n_

Saxon blade, 135

Saxones (ancient German tribe), 271

Scabbard of pearl, 212

Scæan gates (Troas), 191

Scaling-ladder, Ancient Egypt, 154;
Assyrian, 203

Scalping described by Herodotus, 227 _n_

Scandinavian Goths and Vandals, 274

— tactical formation, 273

Scarabæi of diorite (Egyptian), 53 _n_

‘Scatterer’ (Sanskrit Astara), 38

Sceptre-heads of copper, 68

Scheme of battle, Homeric, 241

Σχήνη ἱερὰ (portable tent of the Carthaginians), 150

Scherma (fencing: derivation of the word), 272 _n_

Schläger (German weapon), 135 _n_, 139

Schlegel on the ‘Brazen’ Age, 56

Schleswig, spatha of, 272

Schliemann’s excavations in the Troas, 190

‘Schweinskopf’ (Ancient German tactical formation), 273

Schwertstab (Sword-staff), 273

Science in Egypt, 147 _sq._

Scilly Islands (origin of the name), 78 _n_

Scipio’s fleet, arms supplied to, 198

Scissors (etymology of the word), 272

— of copper, 79

Sclepista (Roman sacrificial knife) of copper (or bronze?), 56

Scoriæ of lead (at Schliemann’s Troy), 82

Scorpion (or onager), 19, 20 _n_

— (whip-goad: Ancient Egypt), 157

Scourge, Assyrian, 206

Scramasax, Scramma Scax, 94, 223, 235;
(derivation of the word), 272 _n_

— from Hallstadt, 263

Scramsahs, Copenhagen, 272 _n_

Sculpture in Egypt, 148

— (origin of), 15

Sculptures of Chehel Munar, 211

Scutum (Roman shield), 247, 253

Scymitar, 123, 130, 139;
etymology of, 126 _n_

— among the Peruvians, 68

— of gold, 212

Scymitar-shaped Sword, 133

Scythe-shaped Swords, 72, 95

Scythes of copper, 72

— used as weapons, 95

Scythe war-car (of Ancient Britons), 276

Scythian weapons, 227

Scythians, 226

Seals, Hittite, 176

Sea-unicorn (Narwhal; _Monodon monoceros_), 11

Seax (weapon = Saxo), 90 _n_

Second chalcitic age of alloys, 74 _sqq._

Sections of Sword-blades, 131

— of thrusting Swords, 135

Securis, 90;
Danica, 274

Semiramis, 207

Semitic (language), 146 _n_

Senonian Gauls, 267

Sentinum, war-cars of Gauls at the battle of, 277 _n_

Sepulchres at Mycenæ, 228 _sqq._

Sequence of metals—copper, bronze, brass, 57

Serpentine (stone), 47

Serrated or saw-edged instruments, 13

Set (Satan, the Evil Spirit of Egyptian religion), 149

Sesostris, weight of the statue of, 54;
derivation of the name, 174 _n_;
date of, 199 _n_

Seven-rayed star (on Turkish flag), 147 _n_

Shairetana (Syrian people), 179

Shah and Shahanshah (derivation of the word), 210 _n_

Shak-ari (‘foe to the Shakas’), 226

Sham-fights, Roman, 249

Shapes of Ancient Egyptian Sword-blades, 161

— of cutting instruments, 132

— of Sword blades, 126

Shardana (Sardones), 175

Sharks’ teeth used to edge Swords, 49

Sharpened stake, 21

‘Shave-grass,’ 12

Shear-steel, 114 _n_

Sheeting (or plating) on wood, 55

Sheet (or plate) iron-work, Assyrian, 105

Shell-lac, 87 _n_

Shell of a Sword, 124

Shells as arrow-heads and adze-blades, 47

Shepherd-kings (Hyksos), 103, 173

‘Shepherd’s plaid’ in Central Africa, 269 _n_

Shield, Australian, 20

Shield-handles, 105

Shield of Achilles, 223

— of Ajax, 222

— of Hercules, 222

— with concentric rings (British), 276

Shield-umbo, 248

Shields as heraldic badges, 40 _n_

— Hittite, 175

Shinar, Plain of, 199

Shotel (Abyssinian Sword), 163

Shoulder-belts of gold (Mycenæ), 228, 231

Shovel-shaped base of spear, 170

Sica (short Sword: Roman), 252

Sicarii, 185

Sicarius (‘assassin’), 252 _n_

Sicily (derivation of the name), 252 _n_

Sickle of chalcos, 55 _n_

Sickle-Sword (Ancient Egypt), 155, 161

Sickle-throwing (in the Roman Campagna), 19

Sickles used as weapons, 95;
of iron, 100

Sicula (= English ‘sickle’), 252 _n_

Sideros indikos, 108

Siderite (loadstone), 101

Σιδηρίτις λίθος (magnet), 101

Σίδηρος (wrought iron), Hellenic, 221;
etymology of the word, 221 _n_

— ἐργασμένος (worked iron of Aristotle), 107

Signa, in Ancient Roman army, 246 _n_

Signet-ring in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Sigurd’s Sword, 95

Silepe (Basuto weapon), 94

Sih-tárah (Persian lyre), 187 _n_

Silex, 1 _n_;
Silex religiosa, _ib._

Silex arrow-heads, 102 _n_

Silex-flake knives, Hebrew, 184

Silex-flake ‘Swords,’ 45

Silk-spinning in Ancient Egypt, 148

Silver and lead in Spain, 107

— coinage at Ægina, 194 _n_

— dagger, Cyprian, 189

— in Ancient Egypt, 151

— in Midian, 151

— its representation in Egyptian hieroglyphs, 69

— lead, 88

— mines (ancient) of Peru, 67 _n_

_Siluri_ (Welsen), 29

Siljukian monsters, 176

Simiads (use of missiles by), 2

Sindi (Gypsies), 76

Singhauta (horn dagger), 11

Single-grooved claymore, 132

Single-stick among the Ancient Hindús, 215

Sinties (Sinti or Saii), 74, 76

Sion, iron Sword discovered at, 197

Sívají (Prince of Maráthá-land), 8

Skeyne (Irish _scjan_), 27

— (Sword), 123

Skull-cap (namms), Ancient Egyptian, 204

Slav (or German) Sword, 263

Sling-bullet of iron, 191

Slingers, Hittite, 175

— in Ancient Egyptian army, 154

Slings (various kinds), 19, 49

Small handles of bronze Swords, 264 _n_

Small-Sword, 123, 135

Smelting, 65, 88

Smith (derivation of the word), 77

Snake (sacred), 1 _n_

Socketed celt (Yorkshire), 276

Socotrine Aloe, 6

‘Solar myth,’ 191 _n_

Solder (ancient), 85 _n_

Soldered blades at Mycenæ, 233

Soldering among the Ancient Greeks, 221

Soldering in Ancient Egypt, 151

Soldiers’ headdresses, Assyrian, 203

Soldier’s position in Hellas, 241

Soleret (boot; 16th century), 175

Solid scabbard of metal (German), 272

Solomon Islands (nondescript weapon used in), 12 _n_

Solomon’s Temple, 182

— Temple (the ‘brass’ in), 56

Soma (_Asclepias gigantea_), 202 _n_

Somal, 259

Source of bronze in Great Britain, 275

South American lasso, 210 _n_

Southern Italians (modern), 270 _n_

Sow-metal, 107

Spade, 20

Spalling (method of treating ores), 65

Spanish (Ancient) Swords, 265

— bull-fights, 253

— Xiphos, 268

Spartan Sword-blade, 238

Sparth (= battle-axe: Chaucer), 235 _n_

Spata or Spatha, 123, 142, 156

Spatha of Schleswig, 272

— pennata, 267 _n_

— Roman, 258 _n_

Spathæ, Ancient British, 279

— of iron, German, 271

Spathe (= weaver’s lath), 235 _n_

Σπάτι (Romaic sabre: etymology of the word), 235 _n_

Spear, 20;
origin of, 31;
in Homer, 223

— and paddle combined, 40;
spears armed with flints, 48

Spear, favourite weapon of the Dark Continent, 162

Spear-head, Assyrian, 203

Spear: its name in various languages, 274

Spear of the ancient Germans, 270

Spearmen, Roman, 247

— Hittite, 176

Spectacula, Roman, 251

Specular iron (iron glance, oligiste), 107

Σπέρμα πυρός, 1

Spelter (copper and zinc), 84

Spetum (Spieclo or Spit), 95

Sphinxes, 176

Sphyraton (plate work), 221

Spiculum (Roman javelin), 246 _n_

Split-bone implements, 29

Split Swords, 142

Spodium, 86 _n_

Spur-edge (of a Sword), 138

Spud, 20

_Squalus centrina_ or _Spinax_, Linn., 9, 23

Squamata (Roman armour), 248 _n_

Stabbing Swords of copper, 72

Stag-horn axes, 27;
inserted in wooden truncheons, 49

‘Stahl-bronce’ = steel (_i.e._ hardened) bronze, 53 _n_

Stamped-clay literature (Assyrian), 201

Stan (Irish term for tin), 65

Standard-bearer (German), station of, 273

Standard-bearers, Assyrian, 203

Standards in Ancient Roman Army, 246 _n_

‘Standard Inscription,’ 55

Staple of Cyprus, 188

Star (derivation of the word), 221 _n_

Star-shaped weapon of copper, 68

Stasinus or Hegesias: his ‘Kypria,’ 221 _n_

Stater (gold coin) of Crœsus, 194 _n_

Staves of copper inlaid with figures, 68

Steam, motive power of, known to Ancient Egyptians, 148

‘Steel bronze,’ 53

Steel (Chinese) for Swords and knives, 115

— early known, 98

— in China, 113

— its representation in Egyptian hieroglyphs, 69

— processes of making, 117 _n_

— Swords, Roman, 256

— treated of by Aristotle, 106

— wheel (Chakrá; war-quoit), 39

St. George and the Dragon, 180 _sq._

‘Stickleback,’ (_Gasterosteus_), 10

Stick-sling, 19

Stiletto, 11

— Hindú, 215

— Italian (derivation of the word), 215 _n_

Stilettos, two-edged (Ancient Roman), 257

Sting-fish or adder-pike (_Trachinus vipera_), 11

Stoccado, 123

Stómoma (steel), 106, 109, 110

‘Stone Age,’ 22 _n_, 23 _n_

Stone anchors, 119 _n_

Stone-axe, 20 _n_

Stone-hatchets, 14 _n_

Stone spear-heads, 26;
implements, 30

Stone-splinters in wooden Swords, 47

Stone-tipped arrows (Ethiopian), 154 _n_

Stone-throwing, 7

Stone-weapons of the Romans, 21 _n_

Stones as weapons, 16 _sq._

Stork’s-head-shaped weapon, 37

Storm-caps of iron, 102

St. Michael, weapon of, 237

St. Paul and the Sicarii, 185

Stratagems (of Animals and Savages), 6

‘Straw-death’ (Scandinavian), 185

Stream-gold, 54

Stream-tin, 59, 78

String-sling, 19

Strokes or blows of various animals, 7

Stylus or Stilus, 15 _n_

Suardones (ancient German tribe), 271

Subligaculum (gladiatorial apron), 253

Succinum (amber), 87

Suffetes (Carthaginian magistrates), 181

Suit of Cypriote armour, 188

Suits of iron armour, 102

Sumir (= lower Babylonia), 104

Sumpitan (Borneo), 14 _n_

Sun-dial, discovery of the, 200 _n_

Sun, the, in Egyptian religion, 149

Superimposed settlements of Troy, 193

Superiority of the curved blade, 129

Supernumerarii (Roman soldiers), 245 _n_

Surface ironstone of Africa, 117, 119

‘Surgeon’ or lancet-fish (_Acanthurus_), 10

Suvóroff and his soldiers, 260 _n_

Svasti (Hittite symbol), 202 _n_

‘Svinfylking’ (Scandinavian tactical formation), 273

Swallowing Swords (by jugglers of old), 238

Swallow-tailed blades, 141

Swallow-wort (_Calatrapis gigantea_), 218

Swimming (two ways of), 40 _n_

Swamp tea-tree (_Melaleuca_), 40

SWORD—
Abyssinian Sword, 237
acinaces (Persian), 210 _sq._;
with golden ornaments, 212
Afghan Charay, 212
ancient Greek infantry Sword, 237
among the Barbarians, 262 _sqq._
— — Scythians, 226
Arjuna’s Sword, 217
as a weapon for point, 133
Asidevatá (‘Sword-god’: Hindú), 214
Assyrian fashion of carrying the Sword, 239
— Swords, 199, 204 _sq._
as the instrument of punishment in Persia, 211
blades of gold given _honoris causâ_, 212
blades, shapes of, 126
bronze swords of Italy, 264
— — (Scythian) in the Crimea, 227
Burmese Dalwel (fighting-Sword), 219
Carthaginian blades, 181
Celtiberian and Old Spanish Swords, 265
Ceretolo, Etruscan Sword found at, 196
Cilician, 211
cinctorium (Roman general’s Sword), 257
club-Sword (Assyrian), 204
cluden (juggler’s sword: Roman), 258
Cypriote Swords, 188
dagger-Swords, 204
Danish Swords, 236
definition of the weapon, 123
derivation of the word, 123 _n_
description of Roman Sword, 254 _sq._
double-bladed, 141
double Sword (Assyrian), 204
‘Dunner-Saxen’ (thunder-Sword), 272 _n_
edged with sharks’ teeth, 49
elephant-Sword, 216
ensis noricus, 263
ethnological view of Sword-distribution, 128
Etruscan Sword, 195 _sqq._
executioner’s, 139
‘falx supina’ of the Thracians, 253
fancy Sword (Assyrian), 204
‘ferrum,’ ‘gladius,’ ‘ensis,’ 254 _sq._
fist-Sword (stiletto: Hindú), 215
flesh-knife Sword (Egyptian), 212
forged by Hephaistos (in Aristophanes), 223 _n_
forked, 141
from Mithras group, 210
German or Slav Sword, 263
gladiators’ Swords, 252 _sq._
Greek fashion of carrying the Sword, 239
Hercules’ Sword, 222
hereba-blade, 181
Hittite, 175
in Ancient Rome, 247 _sqq._
in Britain, 275 _sqq._
in Greek literature, 242
in Homer, 222
in India, 213 _sqq._
in Moslem Africa, 162
in Persia, 209 _sqq._
in relief (Persepolis sculptures), 210
in the Dark Continent, 162, 166
in Troas, 193
its parts described, 124 _sq._
Khadga, As, or Asi (Hindú Sword), 214, 216
Keltic Sword, 272
length of Ancient Greek Swords, 237
Marzabotto blade, the, 195
Mayence Sword, 255
maushtika (fist-Sword; stiletto: Hindú), 215
Mohammed’s, 141
names for the Sword in Homer, 222
of Alexander the Great, 188
of Ancient Illyria, 262
of bronze, 78 _n_, 82
of copper, 57, 72;
copper and zinc, 84
of copper (Cimbrian), 274
of Goliath, 184
of Greek cavalry, 248
of iron (of the Celtiberians), 107
of iron discovered at Sion, 197
of iron in Ancient Germany, 270
of iron-wood and obsidian, 49
of Isernia, 197
of Jeanne d’Arc, 184 _n_
of justice, 139
of Misanello, 195 _n_
of Perseus (Ἅρπη), 180
of Scandinavian Goths, 274
of scymitar shape, 133
of Sigurd, 95
of the Alanni, 262 _sq._
of the Alemanni (Germani), 270 _sq._
of the Ancient Egyptian army, 155
of the Ancient Hebrews, 182, 184
of the Bosnians, 262
of the Cherubim (Eden), 183
of the Cimbrians, 274
of the Dacians, 262
of the Danes, 274
of the Early Bronze Age, 96
of the Fenni, 274
of the Gold Coast, 167
of the Irish, 276
of the Keltic Gauls, 266
of the King of Dahome, 167
of the Lemovii (Pomerania), 274
of the Ligures, 265
of the Lycians, 182
of the Phœnicians, 179, 181
of the Rebo (Syria), 179
of the Rugii (Baltic), 274
of the Ruthens (Syria), 179
of the Scotti, 279
of the Shairetana (Syria), 179
of the Thracians, 262
of the Tokkari (Syria), 179
of the Welsh, 279
of Tiberius, 258
of Vandals, 274
of Victor Emmanuel, 257 _n_
of Vul-nirari I. (Assyrian), 208
of wood, 31;
palm-wood, 43
of wood and stone combined, 47
of wood with stone edges, 49
on Italian (ancient) coins, 264, 268
ornamented with alloys, 83
Persian Swordlet (περσικὸν ξιφίδιον), 211
royal Swords (Assyrian), 205 _sq._
‘rudis’ (rod or wooden Sword), 250
Samnite Sword, 253
Sa-pa-ra (Assyria), 204
Saul’s Sword, 185
scythe-shaped, 72, 95
sections of Sword-blades, 131
Spanish Xiphos, 268
swallowing Swords (by jugglers of old), 238
swallow-tailed or forked, 141
Sword and the Dove (Assyrian emblem), 184
Swords found at Mycenæ, 228 _sqq._
Swords found in ancient cemetery at Hallstadt, 262
‘Sword of God’ (Jeremiah), 185
Thracian Swords, 222 _sq._
with blades like Aries (astronomical sign), 141
with iron blades (Roman), 258
with saw blade, 51
with wood- and horn-points, 49
women (Hindú) instructed in the use of the Sword, 215
wooden Swords in sham-fights (Roman), 249
zacco-Sword of Emperor Leo, 272 _n_

Sword and spear of copper or bronze (Theseus’), 105

Swords and Sword-handles in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Sword-bayonet, Enfield, 134 _n_

Sword-belt and scabbard of Darius, 212

Sword-belts, Assyrian, 206

Sword-blades of copper, 72

Sword-breakers, 138

Sword-cutlers, Hebrew, 185

Sword-dagger, two-edged, 184

Sword-daggers (Ancient Egyptian), 159, 161

Sword-dance, 163, 165

Sword-distribution, ethnological view of, 128

Sword-exercise among the Ancient Greeks, 240

Sword-fish (_Xyphias_), 11;
its horn as a spear-head, 24

‘Sword-grass,’ 12

Sword-knife (Kukkri), 39;
of Ashanti, 167

Sword-like weapon of Borneo, 112

Sword-play of North Africa, 163

Sword-makers, 77

Sword-metal, Hindú trial of, 110 _n_

Sword-pommels at Mycenæ, 231, 233

‘Sword-side’ relationship, 188 _n_

Swordsmen of old, famous, 240 _n_

Syenite (hieroglyphics engraved on), 53

Syllogistic puzzle of Eubulides, 97 _n_

Syphilis, traces of, in prehistoric bones, 150

Syria (etymology of the word), 177

Syrian terebinth, 257

Tabáshir (silicious bark of bamboo), 31

Tabernacle, the Jewish (whence imitated), 150

Table of alloys in common use, 83 _sq._

Table of archaic names of metals, 122

Tacapé (paddle), 42

Tac et taille (cut-and-thrust), 126

Tactical formation of Ancient Germans, 273

Tactics in Ancient Greece, 241

Talaria, 1

Talismans (Chinese) of copper, 64

Talwar (Hindustan sabre), 131 _sq._

Tamarana (paddle), 42

Tamarang (Australian parrying-shield), 38

Tammaraka (sacred rattle; Brazilian Tupis), 151

Tangapé (paddle), 42

Tang (tongue) of a Sword, 124

Tanged dagger, 278

— razor (British), 276

Taper-axe, 91, 94

‘Targe’ or ‘Target’ (derivation of), 12 _n_

Taru (Egyptian war-pike), 158

Tasso’s description of the Irish, 279

Tattooing (its origin), 269 _n_

Tax levied on iron in China, 114

‘Tears of the Heliades’ (= amber), 87

‘Tears of the sun,’ 67

Tectosages (Phrygia), war-cars of the, 277 _n_

Telak (African arm-knife), 162

‘Telamon,’ at Mycenæ, 231 _sq._

Telchines, 74, 76

Telluric iron, 99

Tempering (of iron) by cold immersion, 112, 165;
by oil, &c., 165 _n_

Temple-caves of Elephanta (Bay of Bombay), 217

Temple of Baal at Marseille, 181 _n_

— of Belus (_vulgò_ Tower of Babel), 55

— of Kanaruc, 109

Temples of Babylonia, 199

Τενέδιος πέλεκυς (origin of the proverb), 90

Terebinth, Syrian (‘oak’ of Mamre), 257

Terra cottas in Cyprus, 190;
in Troy, 193

Testudo (in sieges; Ancient Egypt), 154

Teufelsgraben, 271

Thane (derivation of the word), 215 _n_

Thapsus, Cæsar at the battle of, 260 _n_

The ‘First Highlander,’ 217

Thera (Grecian), bronze Sword from, 262

Thermutis (the princess who found Moses), 174 _n_

Thiudiskô (= Teutons), 274

Thong-sling, 19, 68

Thraces, 252

Thracian dance (in arms), 163 _n_

‘Thracian Magic,’ 238 _n_

Thracians, 210

Thracian Swords, 222 _sq._, 262

— weapons, 253

Three-sided blades, 66

Thresher (fox-shark: _Carcharias vulpes_), 7

Throw-spears of the Ancient Romans, 245

Throw-stick, 32, 40 _n_

Throw-Swords, German, 273

Thrusting blades, 134 _sq._

‘Thrusting cut,’ 134

Thrusting weapons (origin of), 12

Thuhi (= Naphtuhim), 102

Tiara of gold, 212

Tiger (its stroke or blow), 7;
the sabre-toothed tiger, 9

Tin, 54;
origin of the word, 77;
mines (ancient), 78

Tinkal (borax: India), 85 _n_

Tin-ore of Peru, 83

‘Tin-stone’ (native peroxide of tin), 71

Tilaniferous ores, 102

Toadstone (= todstein: German), 103 _n_

Tokkari (Syria), 179

Toletum (Spanish tradition of its origin), 256 _n_

Toledo blade, 107, 132;
rapier, 265

Tomahawk, 14 _n_, 36

Tombac (copper and gold alloy), 86, 87 _n_

Tombat (Australian weapon), 36 _n_, 38

Tomb of Alyattes, 194

— of Samson, 186 _n_

Tomb-stones at Mycenæ, 232

Tomeang (Malaccan weapon), 14 _n_

Tools of bronze, Assyrian, 202

Toothed-edge (of a Sword), 138

Topographical lists of Thut-mes III., 178

Tormenta (artillery: Roman), 248

Tormentum, 19, 20 _n_

Torques (Gallic ornament), 268

Tower of Babel, 55

‘Tower of Ilios’ (Troas), 191

Toxotes (Archer fish), 7

Toys in Ancient Egypt, 148

_Trachinus vipera_ (sting-fish or adder-pike), 11

Training for warfare, Roman, 239, 249

Transparent glass, Assyrian, 202

Transplanting full-grown trees (Ancient Egypt), 148

‘Treasury of Priam’ (Troas), 192

Treble-grooved claymore, 132

‘Tree-planting’ (= vivi-interment: Assyrian), 203

Trenchant or cutting weapons (origin of), 12, 13

Τρία κάππα κάκιστα, 97 _n_

Trialamellum, 135

Triangular small-Sword, 135 _n_

Triarii (Roman soldiers), 245 _n_

Tribulus, 15 _n_

Tribute-articles of Yu (Chinese), 112 _sq._

Tribute paid in copper, 68

Tridens (gladiatorial weapon), 253

Trident-like weapon in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Trilingual Behistun Inscription, the, 209 _n_

Trimarkisia (class of cavalry: Gaul), 269 _n_

_Triodon_, 24

Triumphal Arch of Orange, 268 _n_

Troas, site of, 190

Trojan alphabet, 193

— battle-axes of copper and tin, 82 _n_

— Sphinx, 190 _n_

— war, date of, 220

— weapons, 191

Trombash (Abyssinian weapon), 36

Trowel-form blade, 159

Trowels of copper, 68

Troy, the age of, 193

Trumpets of copper, 72, 221

Truncheons (wooden) with stag-horn inserted, 49

Truth-telling races, 209 _n_

Tuba (Etruscan trumpet), 248

Tubal-Cain (etymology of the name), 182

Tubicines, 248

Tuck (rapier), 32, 123, 279

Tuisco or Tyr (regent of Tuesday), 270 _n_

Tumuli, finds in, 271

‘Turanian’ blade, 140

Turanian (Chinese) element in Babylonia, 200

— language, 146

Turkish flag (seven-rayed star on), 147 _n_

— scymitar, 139, 161, 166

Turquoise, 62

‘Tuscan’ border (architectural ornament), 202

Tutenag (zinc from India), 84 _n_

Tutiya (oxide of zinc), 86

Twastu, 1 _n_

Tweezers of copper and stone, 67

Twelve Tables, the, 244

Two-bladed Sword, 141

Two-edged axe (at Schliemann’s Troy), 82

— bronze Swords at Mycenæ, 230 _sq._

— German Sword, 271

— knives (pokwé), 170

— Roman stilettos, 257

— Spanish Swords, 265

— Sword-dagger, 184

Two-handed espadon (mediæval), 161, 166

— Swords, 67, 138

Two-headed eagle (Moslem heraldry), 176 _n_

‘Two-river’-land (Naharayn: Mesopotamia), 172

Two-wheeled war-cars, 277 _n_

Typhon (in Egyptian religion), 149

Tyr or Tuisco (regent of Tuesday), 270 _n_

Πρᾶγμα (? corruption of _onager_), 20 _n_

Ὕδωρ, 1 _n_

Uma or Umha (copper: Keltic), 65

Umbrella, King Koffee’s, 168 _n_

Umbria, coins cast in, 264 _sq._

Unicorn (on the Royal Arms), 11 _n_

Unyoro dagger-Sword, 166

Urim and Thummim (whence derived), 149

_Ursus spelæus_ (remains of), 24

Uruckh (= ‘pater Orchamus’), 199 _n_

‘Usem’-metal, 87

Uses of the Sword, 128

Utensils of bronze, Assyrian, 202

— in sepulchres at Mycenæ, 234

Vagina (Sword-sheath: Roman), 256

‘Valai Tadi’ (Madura throwing-stick), 38

Valley of Caves (Wady Magharah), the most ancient mines in the
world, 60

Vandals, Scandinavian, 274

Various forms of Swords found at Hallstadt, 262 _sq._

— names for Aphrodite, 187 _n_

— names for the Sword, 123

Vases of copper and of stone, 68

Velati (Roman soldiers), 245 _n_

Velites (Roman soldiers), 245

Venetian weapons at Famagosta, 190

Venus (of alchemy: = ♀), 57

Verdigris from a spear (Achilles’), 60

Vericulum (Roman javelin), 246 _n_

Verutum (Roman javelin), 246 _n_

Vexillarii (Roman soldiers), 249

Vexillum (Ancient Roman standard), 246 _n_

Viaticum (provisions for the dead), 234

Virtue of the Ancient Gauls, 269

Visigoths, weapons of the, 272 _n_

Vitriol (blue), 60

‘Vivisection,’ 225

Volcanic mud, 118

Voulge, 95

Waddy clubs (Australian), 38

Wady Magharah (Valley of Caves), the most ancient mines in the
world, 60

Waggons, military, as a ‘lager’ (Gallic), 269

Wágh-nakh (Hindú weapon), 8

Wait-a-bit (_Acacia detinens_), 6

Wall-cramps, in Nimrúd’s palace, 105

Walrus (how killed by polar bears), 3;
its method of attack, 9;
its tooth as a spear-point, 24

Wandering race of metal-workers, 275

Wánshi stone-throwers, 16

War-axes, 66, 154

War-clubs, 24, 32, 154

War-deities of Ancient Egypt, 152

Warfare (primitive), 4 _sq._

War-flails, 20 _n_, 154

War-hatchets (English), 91

Warlike character of Ancient Britons, 279

‘War-lions of the king’ (Ramses II.), 3 _n_

Warmen (Germani), 270

War-prisoners, treatment of, by Greeks and by Romans, 241, 249

War-quoit, 39

War-scythe, 95

Wasa or Wassaw (Sword), 168

Wattle and dab (huts of), 63

Wave-edged dagger, 137

Wave-pattern (architectural ornament), 202

‘Wayland Smith,’ the legend of, 121

WEAPONS—
in the Laws of the Visigoths, 272
in sepulchres at Mycenæ, 234
of Ancient Rome, 245 _sqq._
of Animals and Savages, 6
of bronze, Assyrian, 202
of gold, as royal presents, 212
of the Alemanni (Germani), 270
of the Ancient Egyptian soldiers, 152 _n_
of the Ancient Hindús, 214 _sq._
of the Ancient Irish, 279
of the Ancient Picts, 279
of the Ancient Scots, 279
of the Ancient Welsh, 279
of the Arabians, 185
of the Assyrians, 203
of the Carthaginians, 181
of the Cherusci, 271
of the Cimbri, 273
of the East Indians, 185
of the Fenni (Finns), 274
of the Gauls, 266, 269
of the Goths, 274
of the Lemovii (Pomerania), 274
of the Philistines, 185
of the Phœnicians, 179 _sq._
of the Rugii (Baltic), 274
of the Samnites, 253
of the Saxones, 271
of the Suardones, 271
of the Syrians, 179
of the Thracians, 253
of the Vandals, 274
of the warriors of Mycenæ, 234 _sq._
St. Michael’s weapon, 237

Weapon-making, 1

Weapon-symbol of Merodach, 183

Weapon-throwing in Homer, 222

Wedge-form tactical formation (Ancient German), 273

Welsen (_Siluri_), 29

‘Welsh of the Horn,’ 78

West and East, Egyptian, 191 _n_

Whale (its method of attack), 7

Wheel-drill and emery for alt-reliefs, 81

Wheeled tower, Assyrian, 203

‘White copper’ (South African name for gold), 62

‘White lead’ (of Pliny), 78, 79 _n_

Whorl, combined forms of the, 233

Wigs (of the Nilotes), 158 _n_

Winged bulls, Assyrian, 201 _n_

— Celts (or palstave), 71

— circle, the, as an architectural ornament, 201

— sphinxes in Cyprus, 189 _n_

Wing-wader of Australia (carries weapons in its wings), 9

Women instructed in the use of the Sword, &c. (Hindú), 215

Women’s dress-pins of copper, 67

Wood, Age of, 31

Wooden blades with metal edges, 51

— clubs spiked with iron, 105

— handles to bronze hatchets, 154

— sabres, 44;
chopper, _ib._;
knife, _ib._;
rapier-blade, 45

— Sword of Egypt, 39

— Sword-sheaths (Mycenæ), 228

— weapons with meteoric-iron chips, 51

Wootz or Wutz (‘natural Indian steel’), 110, 111

Word-compounding languages (Iranian), 146

Word-developing languages (Arabian), 146

Worked flints, 45 _n_

— hæmatite, 116

Worship offered to weapons, 162 _n_

Writing on leaden plates, 225 _n_

— on linen cloths, 225 _n_

Wrought iron in the ‘Odyssey,’ 224

Xerxes’ army, Cypriote contingent in, 188

— army of, 210

_Xiphias_ (Sword-fish), 11

Xiphos, Xiphidion (= Sword, in Homer), 222, 230

Xiphos-Gladius, 256

Xiphos, Spanish, 268

Ξυήλαι (Lacedæmonian weapons), 237

Ξυστοφόροι, 237

Yahveh (Jehovah), its etymology and mystic meaning, 149 _n_

Yantramukta (class of weapons: Hindú), 214

Yataghan-bayonet, 134 _n_, 164

Yataghan (weapon), 123, 134, 163, 166, 265

‘Yellow copper’ opposed to ‘native brass’ (English), 56

Yellow frankincense, 85 _n_

Ynka mines of iron, 116

Ynkas, ‘Royal Commentaries of’ the, 67

Yucatan (origin of the word), 65 _n_

Yunan (= Ionia), 209

Zanzibar Swords, 166

Zarabatana, 14 _n_

Zebra (its kick), 7

Zeno, the Stoic, in Cyprus, 187

Zeus-Jovi (= Jupiter), 183

Zeus Kasios, 1 _n_

Zinc, 57;
alloy with copper, 84;
derivation of the word, 84 _n_

Zinciferous ore imported from the East, 84

Zio (Saxnot: German Sword-god), 273

Zodiac, Denderah, 155 _n_

Ζωστήρ (meaning of the word), 239

Zú’l-Fikár (Mohammed’s Sword), 141

FOOTNOTES:

[1] I refer to a vivacious but one-sided article on ‘The Sword,’ in _Blackwood’s Edinburgh Magazine_, May 1881.

[2] _The Past in the Present_, &c. (Edinburgh: Douglas, 1880.)

[3] Frederick the Great declared that an army moves like a serpent, upon its belly. According to Plutarch, the snake was held sacred because it glides without limbs, like the stars. Fire, says Pliny (_Nat. Hist._ vii. 57, and xiii. 42), was first struck out of the stone by Pyrodes, son of Cilix—_silex_, or flint, the match of antiquity; and hence it was called πῦρ; and Vincent de Beauvais explains: ‘Silex est lapis durus, sic dictus eo quod ex eo ignis exiliat.’ It is the Sanskrit शिल (_shila_), a stone, both words evidently deriving from a common root, _shi_ or _si_. The ‘religiosa silex’ of Claudian (_Rapt. Proserp._ i. 201) was probably a block of stone like those representing Zeus Kasios, the Paphian Venus, not to mention the host of stones worshipped in Egyptian and Arab litholatry, and the old Palladium of Troy transported to Rome. ‘Prometheus,’ who taught man to preserve fire in the ferule, or stalk, of the giant fennel, was borrowed by the Hindus and converted into Pramantha. ‘Pramantha,’ however, is the upright fire-stick, first made by Twastu, the Divine Carpenter, who seems to have been a brother of Ἑστία, the Hearth; and hence it has been held to be the male symbol. According to Plato, πῦρ (whence pyrites = sulphuret of iron), ὕδωρ, and κύων are Phrygian words; and evidently they date from the remotest antiquity. _Pir_ (sun-heat) is found even in the Quichua of Peru, and enters into the royal name ‘Pirhua.’ The French and Belgian caverns prove that striking fire by means of pyrites was known to primitive man.

[4] There are still races which are unable to kindle fire. This is asserted of the modern Andamanese by an expert, Mr. H. Man, _Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ Feb. 1882, p. 272. The same was the case with the quondam aborigines of Tasmania.

[5] This Adam Primus was of both sexes, the biune parent of Genesis (v. 3)—‘male and female created He them;’ hence the pre-Adamites of Moslem belief. The capital error of Biblical readers in our day is to assume all these myths and mysteries as mere historical details. Men had a better appreciation of the Hebrew _arcana_ in the days of Philo Judæus.

[6] I have noted his labours in the list of ‘Authorities.’

[7] Chap. iii. p. 43, translated for the Hakluyt Society by Clements R. Markham, C.B. (London, 1869). It is regretable that a senile Committee of exceeding ‘properness’ cut out so much of this highly-interesting volume. The Spaniard travelled in A.D. 1532–50, published the first part of his work in 1553, and died about 1560. Readers who would study the most valuable anthropological parts of the book are driven to the French translation quoted by Vicente Fidel Lopez (_Les Races Aryennes du Pérou_, p. 199. Paris, Franck, 1873).

[8] We need not go to the classics, Greek and Roman, for the idea of metamorphosis. It is common to mankind, doubtless arising from the resemblance of beast to man in appearance, habits, or disposition; and it may date from the days when the lower was all but equal to the higher animal.

[9] _Seven Years in South Africa_, 1872–79, vol. i. p. 245, and vol. ii. p. 199 (Sampson Low and Co., 1881). The Simiads were African baboons, which fear man less than those of other continents.

[10] Wilkinson, I. 1. Unruliness was punished by ‘stick and no supper.’ The old Nile-dwellers, like the Carthaginians and the mediæval Tartars, were famous for taming and training the wildest animals, the cat o’ mountain, leopards, crocodiles, and gazelles. The ‘war-lions of the king’ (Ramses II.) are famed in history. They also taught domestic cats to retrieve waterfowl, and decoy-ducks to cater for the table.

[11] Thus Lucretius (v. 1301) calls the elephant ‘anguimanus.’ As is well known, there is a quasi-specific difference between the Indian and the African animal. The latter is shorter, stouter, and more compactly built than the former; the shape of the frontal bones differ, the tusks are larger and heavier, and the ears are notably longer. The latter trait appears even in old coins. Judging from the illustrated papers, I should not hesitate to pronounce the far-famed Jumbo to be an Asiatic, and not, as usually held, an African.

[12] The word wrongly written ‘Esquimaux,’ which suggests a French origin, is derived from the Ojibwa _Askimeg_, or the Abenakin _Eskimantsic_, meaning ‘eaters of raw flesh.’ Old usage applies it to the races of extreme North America, and of the Asiatic shore immediately opposite. _Innuit_, a more modern term, signifies only ‘the people,’ like _Khoi-khoi_ (‘men of men’), the Hottentots, and like ‘Bantu’ (Folk), applied, or rather misapplied, to the great South African race. _Innuit_, moreover, is by no means universal. The Eskimos supply a valuable study; amongst other primæval peculiarities, they have little reverence for the dead, and scant attachment to place.

[13] ‘Brave Master Shoe-tye, the great traveller’ (_Measure for Measure_, iv. 3). The tale of porcupines ‘shooting their quills at the dogs, which get many a serious wound thereby,’ is in M. Polo (i. 28). Colonel Yule quotes Pliny, Ælian, and the Chinese. The animal drops its loose quills when running, and when at bay attempts, hedgehog-like, to hide and shield its head. It is, as the Gypsies know, excellent eating, equal to the most delicate pork; only somewhat dry without the aid of lard.

[14] Ammianus Marcellinus (xxiii. chap. 4), quoted in chap. 2.

[15] _Odyss._ xviii. 130, 131. ‘Qui multum peregrinatur, rarò sanctificatur,’ said the theologians. Hence the modern:—

Whoso wanders like Ulysses
Soon shall lose his prejudices.

[16] Sir John Lubbock has calculated that among the North American savages the proportion of man to the animals which feed him is 1 to 750; and, as the hunter is at least four times as long-lived as his prey, the ratio might be increased, 1 to 3000. If this were so, and all the bones were preserved, there would be 3,000 bestial skeletons to one human. Without assuming with Mr. Evans (p. 584) that ‘respect for the dead may be regarded as almost instinctive in man,’ and that human remains would be buried, we here find one cause of the present insufficiency of the geologic record.

[17] M. Eduard Pietri distributes Prehistoric Archæology proper into two ages, the Agreutic and the Georgic. Under the former he classifies the Barylithic (glacial Drift age) and the Leptolithic. Under the Georgic are included the Neolithic, the Chalcitic (copper and bronze), and the Proto-sideric.

[18] _Essay on Man_, iii. 172–6.

[19] The sepia (squid, cuttle-fish, _Loligo vulgaris_) defends itself by discharging its ‘ink-bag’ embedded in the liver, and escapes in the blackened water. This is as true a defence as a shield.

[20] From the Greek τὸ τόξον, the bow (and arrow, _Iliad_, viii. 296), which seems to be a congener of the Latin _taxus_, the yew-tree, a favourite material for the weapon. Hence _taxus_, like the Scandinavian _îr_ or _ŷr_, the Keltic _jubar_, and the Slavonian _tisu_, all meaning the yew-tree, denote the bow as well. The Skalds called the bow also _almr_ (elm-tree), and _askr_, or mountain-ash, the μελία, which the Greeks applied to the spear. From τόξον came τοξικὸν, ‘arrow-poison,’ the Latin _toxicum_, whose use survives in our exaggerated term ‘intoxicating liquors.’

[21] This I know to my cost, having offended a Guanaco at Cordova, in the Argentine Republic; it straightway spat in my face with unpleasantly good aim.

[22] Strutt, _Sports and Pastimes_, ii. chap. 2.

[23] Not unlike the name of a certain Australian Wagga-Wagga which has been heard in the English law-courts.

[24] In _Land and Water_ doubts have been thrown upon these single combats of the whale and thresher. See the late Mr. Buckland’s papers (October 2, 1880); Lord Archibald Campbell’s sketch; and the same paper, February 26, 1881. Those on board the wrecked cruiser H.M.S. _Griffon_, myself included, witnessed a fight between whale and shark in the Bay of Biafra (1862?). The Carcharias family takes its name from the sharp and jagged teeth, ἀπὸ τῶν καρχαρῶν ὀδόντων.

[25] _Anthrop. Collection_, p. 180. Demmin, however, is additionally incorrect by making the article ‘two and a half feet in length’ (_Arms and Armour_, p. 413, Bell’s edition, London, 1877). In _Catalogue of Indian Art in the South Kensington Museum_, by Lieut. H. H. Cole, R.E. (p. 313), Sívají is made to murder the Moslem with the ‘bíchwa,’ or scorpion, a ‘curved double blade.’ This probably refers to the dagger which made ‘sicker.’

[26] P. 402, where he calls ‘Sívají’ _Sevaja_.

[27] Elphinstone’s _History_, ii. 468.

[28] It is, they say, adored at the old fortress and Maráthá capital, Sattára (= Sát-istara, the seven stars or Pleiades). Here, too, is Sívají’s Sword ‘Bhawáni,’ a Genoa blade of great length and fine temper. Mrs. Guthrie, who saw the latter, describes it (vol. i. p. 426) as a ‘fine Ferrara (?) blade, four feet in length, with a spike upon the hilt to thrust with.’ She also notices the smallness of the grip. The Indian Museum of South Kensington contains a bracelet of seven tiger’s-claws mounted in gold, with a claw clasp (No. 593, 1868). M. Rousselet, who visited Baroda in 1864, describes in his splendid volume one of the Gaekhwar or Baroda Rajah’s favourite _spectacula_, the ‘naki-ka-kausti’ (kushti). The nude combatants were armed with ‘tiger’s-claws’ of horn; formerly, when these were of steel, the death of one of the athletes was unavoidable. The weapons, fitted into a kind of handle, were fastened by thongs to the closed right hand. The men, drunk with Bhang or Indian hemp, rushed upon each other and tore like tigers at face and body; forehead-skins would hang in shreds; necks and ribs would be laid open, and not unfrequently one or both would bleed to death. The ruler’s excitement on these occasions often grew to such a pitch that he could scarcely restrain himself from imitating the movements of the duellists.

[29] Pliny, xxxii. 6.

[30] Thompson’s _Passions of Animals_, p. 225.

[31] _Comparative Anatomy and Physiology of Vertebrates_, i. 193.

[32] _Prim. Warfare_, i. p. 22.

[33] _Prim. Warfare_, i. p. 21.

[34] _Ibid._ ii. p. 22.

[35] The spiral horn is shown by Colonel Yule (_Marco Polo_, ii. 273, second edition) in an illustration as ‘Monoceros and the Maiden.’ The animal, however, appears from the short tail to be a tapir, not a rhinoceros. That learned and exact writer remarks that the unicorn supporter of the Royal Arms retains the narwhal horn. The main use of the latter in commerce is to serve as a core for the huge wax-candles lighted during the ceremonies of the Roman Catholic Church.

[36] So it is called in the Catalogue of the India Museum at South Kensington; the derivation is evidently from the Hindostani _singh_, a horn.

[37] Boutell (_Arms and Armour_, fig. 61, p. 269) engraves a parrying weapon with a blade at right angles to the handle. He calls it a ‘Moorish Adargue’ (fifteenth century). The latter word (with the _r_) is simply the Arabic word _el-darakah_, a shield, the origin of our ‘targe’ and ‘target.’ The adaga (not _adarga_, cantos i. 87, viii. 29) with which Camoens in _The Lusiads_ (ii. 95, &c.) arms the East Africans is a weapon of the Mádu kind. I have translated it ‘dag-targe,’ because in that part of the world it combines poniard and buckler. The savage and treacherous natives of the Solomon Islands (San Christoval, &c.) still use a nondescript weapon, half Sword and half shield, some six feet long.

[38] Captain Speke’s _Dictionary of the Source of the Nile_, p. 652 (Edinburgh: Blackwoods, 1863).

[39] In the form called _Manchette_, or cutting at hand, wrist, and forearm with the inner edge. It is copiously described in iv. 45–54 of my _New System of Sword Exercise_, &c. (London: Clowes, 1876).

[40] _Primitive Warfare_, p. 24.

[41] Sir Charles Lyell, _Geological Evidences of Antiquity of Man_, p. 13 (London: Murray, 1863). Dr. W. Lauder Lindsay (_Proc. Soc. Ant. Scot._ vol. v. p. 327) says of the Maori _tokis_ or stone-hatchets, they were used chiefly for cutting down timber and for scooping canoes out of the trunks of forest trees; for driving posts for huts; for grubbing up roots, and killing animals for food; for preparing firewood; for scraping the flesh from the bones when eating, and for various other purposes in the domestic arts. But they were also employed in times of war as weapons of offence and defence, as a supplementary kind of tomahawk.

[42] The French _sarbacane_, the Italian and Spanish _cerbotana_, the Portuguese _gravatana_, and the German _Blasrohr_ (blow-tube) is, according to Demmin (p. 468), _arbotana_, or rather _carpicanna_, derived from ‘Carpi,’ the place of manufacture, and the Assyrian (_Kane_), Greek and Latin κάννα (_canna_), whence ‘cannon.’ This tube, spread over three distinct racial areas in Southern Asia, Africa, and America, is used either for propelling clay balls or arrowlets, poisoned and unpoisoned. It is the sumpitan of Borneo, where Pigafetta (1520) mentions reeds of this kind in Cayayan and Palavan Islands. The hollow bamboo is still used by the Laos of Siam, and is preserved among the Malagasy as a boyish way of killing birds. Père Bourieu notes it among the Malaccan negrito aborigines, whom the Moslem Malays call ‘Oran-Banua’ (men of the woods); the weapon they term _tomeang_. It is known in Ceylon, in Silhet, and on both sides of the Bay of Bengal. Condamine describes it among the Yameos (South American Indians); Waterlow and Klemm, in New Guinea, and Markham among the Uapes and other tribes on the Amazonas head-waters. In the New World it is of two varieties: the long heavy zarabatana, and the thinner, slighter pucuna. Finally, it has degraded to the ‘pea-shooter’ of modern Europe. The principal feature of the weapon is the poisoned dart; it is therefore unknown amongst tribes who, like the Andamanese, have not studied toxics (_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ p. 270, February 1882).

[43] See the _hamus ferreus_ pointed at both ends in Demmin (p. 124); and the German _Fussängel_ (p. 465). The larger caltrop was called _tribulus_, _stylus_ or _stilus_ (Veget. _De Re Mil._ iii. 24). The knights of mediæval Europe planted their spurs rowels upwards to serve the same purpose.

[44] ‘Make your hand perfect by a third attempt,’ said Timocrates in Athenæus, i. cap. 4.

[45] ‘Hitherto,’ remarks Colonel A. Lane Fox, ‘Providence operates directly on the work to be performed by means of the living animated tool; henceforth it operates indirectly on the progress and development of creation, first through the agency of the instinctively tool-using savage, and, by degrees, of the intelligent and reasoning man.’

[46] J. F. Rowbotham: ‘Certain reasons for believing that the Art of Music, in prehistoric times, passed through three distinct stages of development, each characterised by the invention of a new form of instrument; and that these stages succeeded one another in the same order in various parts of the world’ (_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._ May 1881). The author states that the Veddahs (properly Vædiminissu, or ‘sportsmen’) of Ceylon, the Mincopis (Andamans), and the people of Tierra del Fuego ‘have no musical instruments at all.’

[47] _Opuscula fidicularum_, &c. (London: Mitchell and Hughes).

[48] _Specus erant pro domibus._ Caverns appear to be divisible into three classes: dwelling-places—including refuges, where, as Prometheus says (i. 452), ‘Men lived like little ants beneath the ground in the gloomy recesses of grots’—storehouses, and sepulchres. All were in Lyell’s third phase. The first was when the rock began to form the channel by dissolution; the second, when a regular river flowed; and the third, when earth and air, instead of water, filled the bed.

[49] Aristotle Darwin holds (sorrow! that we should say ‘held’): ‘Our male semi-human progenitors possessed great canine teeth,’ as is still shown by a few exceptional individuals. Hence we derived the trick of uncovering the eye-tooth when sneering or snarling at ‘Brother Man.’

[50] Quoted from Mr. Edward T. Stevens in _Flint Chips_; Col. A. Lane Fox (_Catal._ p. 158).

[51] _History of the Discovery and Conquest of the Canary Islands_, which dates from 1792. The unfortunate ‘master-mariner’ (see my _Wanderings in West Africa_, i. 116) borrows from the Spanish of Abreu-Galindo. Mr. F. W. Newman (_Libyan Vocabulary_: Trübner, 1882) has illustrated the four Libyan languages—the Algerian Kabáil (ancient Numidian), the Moroccan Shilhá (Mauritanian), the Ghadamsi (of which we know little), and the Tuárik (guides), or Tarkiya (Gætulian). ‘Guanche’ is a corruption of _guan_ (Berber _wan_), ‘one person,’ and _Chinet_, or Tenerife Island; _guan-chinet_, meaning ‘a man of Tenerife.’ I have returned to this subject in my last book on the Gold Coast (i. chap. 5).

[52] The word, also written ‘Hüttentüt,’ and originally Dutch, is supposed to be an uncomplimentary imitation of the cluck-like or smack-like ‘sonant,’ which characterises their complicated and difficult language, and which has infected the neighbouring sections of the great South African family of speech. The Hottentots had already reached the pastoral stage when first visited by Europeans; whereas the Bushmans then, as now, were huntsmen. Some derive the Hottentot-Bushman ‘click’ from the Egyptian article T (á). But Klaproth found it in Circassia, Whitmee amongst the Melanesian Negritos, and Haldeman amongst certain North American tribes. Professor Mahaffy notices that ‘old women among us express pity by a regular palatal click.’ On the continent of Europe it expresses a kind of ‘Don’t-you-wish-you-may-get-it?’ Dr. Hahn, who has lately published a scientific work upon the Khoi-Khoi, favourably reviewed by Professor Max Müller in the _Nineteenth Century_, has treated the subject exhaustively.

[53] I can bear personal witness to the prowess of the ruffians of Nazareth, who call themselves, most falsely, Greeks. In 1871, when encamped near the village, three of my servants were so severely wounded with hand-stones that one was nearly killed.

[54] Prof. Maspero, of Bulak, told me that he had some doubts about the correctness of Wilkinson’s illustration showing ‘ancient Egyptians throwing knives.’

[55] The _facon_ (faulchion) is about two feet long. Both weapons are thrown in two ways. The more common is to lay the blade flat on the palm, which is narrowed by contracting the thumb and the _musculus guinearum_ at the root of the little finger. The other is by holding the handle and causing the dart to reverse, so as to strike point foremost. The best guard is a revolver.

[56] _Critical Enquiry into Antient Armour_, &c., by Sir Samuel Rush Meyrick, Kt., preface, p. viii. (4to, 1842).