Chapter III: Part I: , contained in this volume, numbers thirteen chapters, of which

a bird’s-eye view is given by the List of Contents. The first seven are formally and chronologically arranged. Thus we have the Origin of Weapons (Chapter I.) showing that while the arm is common to man and beast, the weapon, as a rule, belongs to our kind. Chapter II. treats of the first weapon proper, the Stone, which gave rise to ballistics as well as to implements of percussion. Follows (Chapter III.) the blade of base materials, wood, stone and bone, materials still used by races which can procure nothing better. From this point a step leads to the metal blade, in its origin evidently a copy of preceding types. The first, (Chapter IV.) is of pure copper, in our translations generally rendered by ‘brass’ or ‘bronze.’ The intermediate substances (Chapter V.) are represented by alloys, a variety of mixed metals; and they naturally end with the so-called ‘age’ of early iron, which prevailed throughout Europe at a time when the valleys of the Nile and the Tigris-Euphrates wrought blades of the finest steel. This division concludes with a formal and technical Chapter (VII.) on the shape of the Sword and a description of its several parts. Here the subject does not readily lend itself to lively description; but, if I have been compelled to be dull, I have done my best to avoid being tedious.

The arrangement then becomes geographical and chronological. My next five chapters are devoted to the Sword in its topical distribution and connection. The first (No. VIII.) begins with the various blade-forms in ancient Egypt, which extended throughout the then civilised world; it ends with showing that the Nile valley gave their present shapes to the ‘white arm’ of the Dark Continent even in its modern day, and applied to the Sword the name which it still bears in Europe. The second (No. IX.) passes to Palestine, Syria, and Asia Minor, lands which manifestly borrowed the weapon from the Egyptians, and handed it on to Assyria, Persia, and India. The arms and armour of the ‘great Interamnian Plain’ afford material for a third (Chapter X.). Thence, retracing our steps and passing further westwards, we find manifest derivation and immense improvement of the Egyptian weapon in Greece (Chapter XI.), from which Mycenæ has lately supplied bronze rapiers perfectly formed as the steels of Bilboa and Toledo. The fifth Chapter (No. XII.) continues the ancient history of the Sword by describing the various blades of progressive Rome, whose wise choice and change of arms enabled her to gain the greatest battles with the least amount of loss. To this I have appended, for geographical and chronological symmetry, in a sixth and last chapter (No. XIII.), a sketch of the Sword among the contemporary Barbarians of the Roman Empire, Dacians, Italians, Iberians, Gauls, Germans, and the British Islands. This portion of the Sword history, however, especially the Scandinavian and the Irish, will be treated at full length in Part II.

Here, then, ends the First Part, which Messrs. Chatto and Windus have kindly consented to publish, whilst my large collection of notes, the labour of years, is being ordered and digested for the other two. I may fairly hope, if all go well, to see both in print before the end of 1884.

In the following pages I have confined myself, as much as was possible, to the Sword; a theme which, indeed, offers an _embarras de richesses_. But weapons cannot be wholly isolated, especially when discussing origins: one naturally derives from and connects with the other; and these relations may hardly be passed over without notice. I have, therefore, indulged in an occasional divagation, especially concerning the axe and the spear; but the main line has never been deserted.

Nor need I offer an excuse for the amount of philological discussion which the nomenclature of the Sword has rendered necessary. If I have opposed the Past Masters of the art, my opposition has been honest, and I am ever open to refutation. Travellers refuse to believe that ‘Aryanism’ was born on the bald, bleak highlands of Central Asia, or that ‘Semitism’ derives from the dreary, fiery deserts of Arabia. We do not believe India to be ‘the country which even more than Greece or Rome was the cradle of grammar and philology.’ I cannot but hold that England has, of late years, been greatly misled by the ‘Aryan heresy’; and I look forward to the study being set upon a sounder base.

The illustrations, numbering 293, have been entrusted to the artistic hands of Mr. Joseph Grego, who has taken a friendly interest in the work. But too much must not be expected from them in a book which intends to be popular, and which is, therefore, limited in the matter of expense. Hence they are fewer than I should have desired. The libraries of Europe contain many catalogues of weapons printed in folio with highly finished and coloured plates which here would be out of place. That such a work upon the subject of the Sword will presently appear I have no doubt; and my only hope is that this volume will prove an efficient introduction.

To conclude. I return grateful thanks to the many _mitwerkers_ who have assisted me in preparing this monograph; no more need be said, as all names will be mentioned in the course of the work. A journey to the Gold Coast and its results, in two volumes, which describe its wealth, must plead my excuse for the delay in bringing out the book. The manuscript was sent home from Lisbon in December 1881, but the ‘tyranny of circumstance’ has withheld it for nearly two years.

RICHARD F. BURTON.

_Postscript._ An afterthought suggests that it is only fair, both for readers and for myself, to own that sundry quotations have been borrowed at second-hand and that the work of verification, so rightly enjoined upon writers, has not always been possible. These blemishes are hardly to be avoided in a first edition. At Trieste, and other places distant from the great seats of civilisation, libraries of reference are unknown; and it is vain to seek for the original source. Indeed, Mr. James Fergusson once wrote to me that it was an overbold thing to undertake a History of the Sword under such circumstances. However, I made the best use of sundry visits to London and Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and other capitals, and did what I could to remedy defects. Lastly, the illustrations have not always, as they ought, been drawn to scale, they were borrowed from a number of volumes which paid scant attention to this requisite.

LIST OF AUTHORITIES.

_Academy (The)_, a Weekly Review of Literature, Science, and Art.

Agricola, _De Re Metallicâ_, First published in 1551.

Akermann (J. Y.), _Remains of Pagan Saxondom_. London: Smith,
MDCCCLV.

Amicis (Edoardo de), _Marocco_. Milan: Treves, 1876.

Ammianus Marcellinus, Historian of the Lower Empire. Fourth century.

Anderson (J. R.), _Saint Mark’s Rest: the Place of Dragons_, edited
by John Ruskin, LL.D. Allen: Sunnyside, Orpington, Kent, 1879.

Anderson (Joseph), _Scotland in Early Christian Times_. Rhind
Lectures in Archæology for 1879. Edinburgh: Douglas, 1882.

_Anthropologia_ (London Anthropological Society. Established Jan.
22, 1873; first number, Oct. 1873; died after fifth number,
July 1875.)

_Anthropological Institute (The Journal of)_. London: Trübner.

_Anthropological Review_, Vol. I.-III. London: Trübner, 1863–65.

Antiquaries of London (Society of), from the beginning in 1770 to
1883.

_Antiquities of Orissa_, by Rajendralala Mitra, 2 vols. fol.;
published by Government of India.

Apuleius (A.D. 130).

_Archæologia, or Tracts relating to Antiquity_, published by the
Society of Antiquaries of London, from the commencement in 1749
to 1863.

Archæological Association, vol. iv., _Weapons, &c., of Horn_.

_Archæology (Transactions of the Society of Biblical)_, London:
Longmans; beginning in 1872.

Aristophanes.

Aristotle, _Meteorologica, &c._

Arrian (Flavius), A.D. 90, _Anabasis, &c._

_Athenæum (The)_, Journal of English and Foreign Literature, &c.

Athenæus (A.D. 230), _Deipnosophists_.

Baker (Sir Samuel White), _The Nile Tributaries_. London:
Macmillan, 1866. _The Albert Nyanza._ London, 1868.

_Balthazar Ribello de Aragão; Viagens dos Portuguezes, Collecção de
Documentas_, por Luciano Cordeiro, Lisboa, Imprensa Nacional,
1881. The learned Editor is Secretary to the Royal Geographical
Society of Lisbon.

Barbosa (Duarte), _A Description of the Coasts of East Africa
and Malabar_, translated for the Hakluyt Society, London, by
Honourable Henry E. (now Lord) Stanley, 1866. Written about
A.D. 1512–14, and attributed by some to Magellan.

Barth (Henry), _Travels, &c., in Central Africa_ 1849–1855; 5
vols., 8vo. London: Longmans, 1875.

Barthélemy (Abbé J. J.), _Voyage du Jeune Anacharsis en Grèce,
&c._, 5 vols. 4to. Paris, 1788.

Bataillard (Paul) _On Gypsies and other Matters_, Société
Anthropologique de Paris, 1874.

Beckmann (John), _A History of Inventions, Discoveries, and
Origins_, translated by W. Johnston. London: Bell and Daldy,
1872 (fourth edition, revised). It is a useful book of
reference and wants only a few additions.

Berosus (B.C. 261), _Fragments_, edit. Müller.

Bollaert (William), _Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other
Researches_. London: Trübner, 1860.

Bologna, _Congrès d’Archéologie et d’Anthropologie Préhistoriques,
Session de Bologna_, 1 vol. 8vo. Fava and Garagnani: Bologna,
1871.

Bonnycastle (Captain R. H., of the Royal Engineers), _Spanish
America, &c._ Philadelphia: A. Small, 1817.

Borlase (William), _Observations on the Antiquities, &c., of the
County of Cornwall_. Oxford, 1754.

Boscawen (W. St. Chad), Papers in Society of Biblical Archæology.

Boutell (Charles), _Arms and Armour_. London, 1867.

Brewster (Sir David), _Letters on Natural Magic_, 12mo. London,
1833.

Brugsch (Heinrich), _A History of Egypt under the Pharaohs, &c._,
by Henry Brugsch-Bey (now Pasha). Translated from the German by
the late Henry Danby Seymour; completed and edited by Philip
Smith, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1879. The first part has
been published in French, Leipzig, 1859. The archaistic German
style of _Geschichte Aegypten’s_ is very difficult.

_Bulletin de l’Institut Égyptien._ Cairo: Mourès, 1882.

Bunsen (Baron C. C. J.), _Egypt’s Place in Universal History, &c._,
with additions by Samuel Birch, LL. D., 5 vols. 8vo. London:
Longmans, 1867.

Burnouf (Émile), _Essai sur le Veda, ou Études sur les Religions,
&c., de l’Inde_, 1 vol. 8vo., 1863. ‘L’Age de Bronze,’ _Revue
des deux Mondes_, July 15, 1877.

Burton (R. F.), _A Complete System of Bayonet Exercise_. London:
Clowes, 1853. The _Athenæum_, Nov, 24, 1880. _Camoens, his Life
and his Lusiads_, 2 vols. 12mo., Quaritch, 1881. _To the Gold
Coast for Gold_. London: Chatto and Windus, 1883.

Cæsar (Julius), _Opera Omnia_, Delphin edit., variorum notes, 4
vols. 8vo. Londini, 1819.

Calder (J. E.), _Some Account of the Wars of Extirpation and Habits
of the Native Tribes of Tasmania_, Journ. Anthrop. Instit.,
vol. iii. 1873.

Cameron (Commander Verney Lovett, C.B., D.C.L., &c.), _Across
Africa_. London: Daldy and Isbister, 1877.

Camoens, _Os Lusiadas_.

_Catalogue du Bulak Muséum_, by the late Mariette-Bey (afterwards
Pasha). Cairo: A. Mourès, imprimeur-éditeur.

_Catalog. Die Ethnographisch-Anthropologische Abtheilung des
Museums Godefroy in Hamburg_, vol. i. 8vo. L. Frederichsen u.
Co. 1881.

Caylus (Comte de), _Recueil d’Antiquités Égyptiennes, &c._, 8 vols.
4to. Paris, 1752–70.

Celsus (A. Cornelius), _De Medicinâ_, edit. princeps. Florentiæ, a
Nicolao impressus, A.D. 1478.

Chabas, _Études sur l’Antiquité Historique d’après les sources
Égyptiennes_, 1872.

Chaillu (Paul B. du), _Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial
Africa, &c._ London: Murray, 1861. The _Gorilla-book_.

Chapman (Captain George), _Foil Practice, with a Review of the Art
of Fencing_. London: Clowes, 1861.

Clapperton (Captain H.), _Journal of a Second Expedition into
Africa_, 1 vol. 4to. London, 1829.

Clermont-Ganneau (Charles), _Horus et Saint George, &c._ Extrait de
la _Revue Archéologique_, Dec. 1877. Paris: Didier et C^{ie}.
The author is a prolific writer and a highly distinguished
Orientalist.

Cochet (Jean Benoît Désiré, Abbé), _Le Tombeau de Childéric I.,
Roi des Francs_. Restitué à l’aide de l’archéologie et des
découvertes récentes, 8vo. Paris: 1859.

Cole (Lieutenant H. H., of the Royal Engineers), _Catalogue of
Indian Art in the South Kensington Museum_.

—— _Illustrations of Ancient Buildings in Kashmir_, prepared
under the authority of the Secretary of State for India
from photographs, plans, and drawings taken by order of the
Government of India. London, 1869. 4to.

—— _The Architecture of Ancient Delhi, especially the buildings
around the Kutb Minar_, fol. London, 1872.

Cooper (Rev. Basil H.), _The Antiquity and the Use of Metals and
especially Iron, among the Egyptians_, Transac. Devonshire
Assoc. for the Advancement of Science, 1868.

Cory (Isaac Preston), _Ancient Fragments of the Phœnician,
Chaldæan, Egyptian, Tyrian, Carthaginian, and other writers_,
8vo. London, 1832. Very rare. New edit. Reeves and Turner:
London, 1876.

Crawfurd (John), _On the Sources of the Supply of Tin for the
Bronze Tools and Weapons of Antiquity_, Trans. Ethnol. Soc.,
N.S., vol. iii. 1865.

Cunningham (General A.), _The Bhilsa Topes, &c._, 8vo. London,
1854. _Ládak, &c._, royal 8vo. London, 1854. _Archæological
Survey of India_, 6 vols. 8vo. Simla, 1871–78.

Czoernig (Baron Carl von), jun. _Ueber die vorhistorischen Funde im
Laibacher Torfmoor_. Alpine Soc. of Trieste, Dec. 8, 1875.

Daniel (Père Gabriel), _Histoire de la Milice Françoise, et des
Changemens qui s’y sont faits, depuis l’établissement de la
Monarchie Françoise dans les Gaules, jusqu’à la fin du Régne
de Louis le Grand_, 7 vols. 8vo. À Amsterdam; au dépens de la
Compagnie (de Jésus), MDCCXXIV. It is a standard work as far as
it goes.

Davis (Sir John F.), _The Chinese: a general Description of the
Empire of China and its Inhabitants_, 2 vols. 8vo. London:
Knight, MDCCCVI.

Day (St. John Vincent), _The Prehistoric Use of Iron and Steel_.
London: Trübner, 1877. When sending me a copy of his learned
and original study, Mr. Day wrote to me that he is bringing out
a second edition, in which his ‘collection of additional matter
will modify and correct certain of his former views.’

Demmin (Auguste), _Illustrated History of Arms and Armour_,
translated by C. C. Black, M.A. London: Bell, 1877. The
illustrations leave much to be desired; the Oriental notices
are deficient, and the translator has made them worse.
Otherwise the book gives a fair general and superficial view.

Denham (Major Dixon), Clapperton and Oudney’s _Travels in Northern
and Central Africa_, in 1822–24, 2 vols. 8vo. London, 1826.

Deschmann und Hochstetter, _Prähistorische Ansiedlungen, &c., in
Krain_. Laybach, 1879.

Desor (Edouard), _Les Palafittes, ou Constructions lacustres du lac
de Neuchâtel_. Paris, 1865. _Die Pfahlbauten des Neuenberger
Sees._ Frankfurt a. M., 1866. Desor et Favre, _Le Bel Age du
Bronze lacustre en Suisse_, 1 vol. fol. Neufchâtel, 1874.

Diodorus Siculus (B.C. 44), _Bibliotheca Historica_, P.
Wesselingius, 2 vols. fol. Amstelod., 1746.

Dion Cassius (nat. A.D. 155).

Dionysius of Halicarnassus (B.C. 29), _Opera Omnia_, J. J. Reiske,
6 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1774.

Dodwell (Edward), _A Classical and Topographical Tour through
Greece_, 1801–6, 2 vols. 4to. London, 1819.

Douglas (Rev. James, F.A.S.), _Nænia Britannica_, 1793, folio.

Dümichen, _Geschichte des alten Aegyptens_. Berlin, 1879.

Ebers (Prof. George), _Aegypten und die Bücher Moses_. Leipzig,
1868. Followed by sundry Germano-Egyptian romances, _An
Egyptian Princess_, _Uarda_, _&c._

Edkins (Rev. Dr.), _China’s Place in Philology: an Attempt to show
that the Languages of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin_.
London, 1 vol. 8vo., 1871.

Ellis (Rev. William), _Polynesian Researches_. London: Murray, 1858.

Elphinstone, _History of India_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1841.

_Encyclopædia Britannica._

—— _Metropolitana._

—— _Penny_ (one of the best).

—— _Knight’s._

Engel (W. H.), _Kypros: eine Monographie_. 2 vols. 8vo. Berlin:
Reimer, 1841.

_Ethnological Society of London (Journal of)_ 7 vols. 8vo.
1848–65.

Eusebius (Bishop of Cæsarea, A.D. 264–340), _Historiæ Ecclesiasticæ
Libri Decem_; denuo edidit F. A. Heinichen, 3 vols. 8vo.
Lipsiæ, 1868.

Evans (Dr. John), _The Ancient Stone Implements of Great Britain_,
1 vol. 8vo. London: Longmans, 1872. _The Ancient Implements
of Great Britain and Ireland_, ibid. 1881. Both works are
admirably well studied and exhaust the subjects as far as they
are now known.

Ewbank (Thomas), _Life in Brazil_, 1 vol. 8vo. New York,
1856; London: Sampson Low and Co., 1856. The Appendix is
anthropologically valuable.

Fairholt (F. W.), _A Dictionary of Terms of Art_, 1 vol. 12mo.
Virtue and Hall, London, 1849.

Farrar (Canon), _Life, &c., of Saint Paul_. Cassell and Co.:
London, Paris, and New York (undated).

Ferguson (Sir James), _Transactions of the Irish Association_.

Fergusson (James), _A History of Architecture_, 4 vols. 8vo.
London, 1874–76.

Festus (Sextus Pompeius), _De Verborum Significatione_, K. O.
Müller. Lipsiæ, 1839. The Grammarian lived between A.D. 100
(Martial’s day) and A.D. 422 (under Theodosius II.).

Ficke, _Wörterbuch der Indo-germanischen Grundsprache, &c._
Göttingen, 1868.

Florus (Annæus: _temp._ Trajan), _Rerum Romanarum libri IV._,
Delphin edit., 2 vols. 8vo. Londini, 1822.

Fox (A. Lane-, now Major-General A. Pitt-Rivers). This
distinguished student of Anthropology, who ranks foremost
in the knowledge of early weapons, happily applied the idea
of evolution, development, and progress to his extensive
collection, the work of some thirty years. To show the
successive steps he grouped his objects according to their
forms and uses, beginning with the simplest; and to each class
he appended an ideal type, towards which the primitive races
were ever advancing, making innumerable mistakes, in some cases
even retrograding, but on the whole attaining a higher plane.
The papers from which I have quoted, often word for word, in
my first chapters, are (1) ‘Primitive Warfare,’ sect. i.,
read on June 28, 1867 (pp. 1–35, with five plates), and Sect.
ii., ‘On the Resemblance of the Weapons of Early Races, their
Variations, Continuity, and Development of Form,’ read on June
5, 1868 (pp. 1–42, with eight diagrams); and (2) ‘Catalogue
of the Anthropological Collection lent for Exhibition in the
Bethnal Green Branch of the South Kensington Museum, with (131)
Illustrations;’ pt. I. and II. (III. and IV. to be published
hereafter), 1874, &c., 8vo., pp. 1–184. The collection, then
containing some 14,000 objects, left Bethnal Green for the
Western Galleries of the Museum in South Kensington. After a
long sojourn there it was offered to the public; but England,
unlike France, Germany, and Italy, has scant appreciation
of anthropological study. At length it was presented to the
University of Oxford, where a special building will be devoted
to its worthy reception. I have taken the liberty of suggesting
to General Pitt-Rivers that he owes the public not only the
last two parts of his work, but also a folio edition with
coloured illustrations of the humble ‘Catalogue.’

Genthe (Dr. Hermann), a paper on ‘Etruscan Commerce with the
North,’ _Archiv für Anthrop._, vol. vi. (from his work _Ueber
den estruskischen Tauschhandel nach Norden_). Frankfurt, 1874.

Gladstone (Right Hon. W. E.), _Juventus Mundi_, 1 vol. 8vo. London,
1869. ‘Metals in Homer,’ _Contemporary Review_, 1874.

Glas (George), ‘The History of the Discovery and Conquest of the
Canary Islands,’ _Pinkerton, Voyages_, vol. xvi.

Goguet (Antoine Yves), _De l’Origine des Lois, des Arts, et des
Sciences, et de leur progrès chez les anciens peuples_ (par
A. Y. G., aidé par Alex. Conr. Fugère), 3 vols., plates, 4to.
Paris, 1758. Numerous editions and translations.

Goguet (M. de), _The Origin of Laws, Arts, and Sciences, and their
progress among the most Ancient Nations_. English translation
by Thompson, 3 vols., plates, 8vo. Edinburgh, 1761.

Gozzadini (Senator Count Giovanni), _Di un antico sepolcro a
Ceretolo nel Bolognese_. Modena: Vincenzi, 1872. The author
has taken a distinguished place in antiquarian anthropology
by his various and valuable studies of Etruscan remains found
in and around Felsina, now Bologna. I have ventured upon
suggesting to him that these detached papers, mostly printed by
Fava, Garagnani, and Co., of Bologna, should be collected and
published in a handy form for the benefit of students.

Graah (Captain W. A.), _Narrative of an Expedition to the
Eastern Coast of Greenland, &c._ Translated from the Danish
(Copenhagen, 1832) by C. Gordon Macdougall, 8vo. London, 1837.

Grant (Captain, now Colonel, James A.), _A Walk across Africa, or
Domestic Scenes from my Nile Journal_. Blackwoods: Edinburgh,
MDCCCLXIV.

Grose (Captain Francis), _Military Antiquities respecting the
History of the British Army. From the Conquest to the Present
Time._ A new edition with material additions and improvements,
2 vols. 8vo. London, printed for T. Egerton, Whitehall; and
G. Kearsley, Fleet Street, 1801. The first edition appeared
in 1786, and the learned author died (æt. 52) of apoplexy at
Dublin, May 12, 1791.

Grote (George), _History of Greece_, 12 vols. 8vo. 1846–56.

Guthrie (Mrs.), _My Year in an An Indian Fort_. Hurst and Blackett:
London, 1877.

Hamilton (Will. J.), _Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus, and
Armenia, &c._, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1842.

Hanbury (Daniel), _Science Papers, &c._, edited with Memoir by
Joseph Ince, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1876.

Heath (Rev. Dunbar Isidore), _Exodus Papyri_, 8vo. London, 1855.
_Phœnician Inscriptions._ London, Quaritch, 1873. ‘Hittite
Inscriptions,’ _Journ. Anthrop. Institute_, May, 1880.

_Herodotus_, Rawlinson’s, 4 vols. Murray, 1858. This valuable work
wants a second edition revised.

Herrera (Antonio, chief chronicler of the Indies), _Historia Geral,
&c._, VIII. Decads, 4 vols. folio. Madrid, 1601.

Hesiod, _Opera et Dies; Scutum, &c._ Poetæ Minores Græci, vol. i.

Holub (Dr. Emil), _Seven Years in South Africa_, 2 vols. 8vo.
Sampson Low and Co. 1881.

Homer, _Opera Omnia_, by J. A. Ernesti. 5 vols. 8vo. Glasgow, 1814.

Horatius, _Opera Om._, ex edit. Zeunii. Delphin edit., 4 vols. 8vo.
Londini, 1825.

Howorth (H. H.), ‘Archæology of Bronze.’ _Trans. Ethno. Soc._, vol.
vi.

Humboldt (Baron Alexander von), _Personal Narrative of Travels
to the Equinoctial Regions of America_, 3 vols. 8vo. Bohn’s
Scientific Library, London, 1852.

_Iron, an Illustrated Weekly Journal of Science, Metals, and
Manufactures in iron and Steel_, edited by Perry E. Nursey,
C.E., to whom I have to express my thanks.

Isidorus Hispalensis (Bishop of Seville, A.D. 600–636), _Opera
Omnia_ (including the ‘Origines’ and ‘Etymologies’), published
by J. du Breul, fol. Parisiis, 1601.

Jacquemin (Raphael), _Histoire Générale du Costume, &c._ Du IV^{me}
au XIX^{me} Siècle (A.D. 315–1815). Paris.

Jähns (Major Max), _Handbuch einer Geschichte des Kriegswesens von
der Urzeit an zur Renaissance_. Technischer Theil: Bewaffnung,
Kampfweise, Befestigung, Belagerung, Seewesen. Leipzig: Grunow,
1880. Major Jähns, an officer upon the General Staff of the
German army, has produced in 1 vol. imp. 8vo. (pp. 640) a most
laborious and useful work, accompanied by an atlas of one
hundred carefully drawn plates. He quotes authorities literally
by the hundred. The work amply deserves to be translated into
English, but its public would, I fear, be very limited.

Josephus (Flavius).

Justinus (Frontinus). _History, Fourth and Fifth Century_, abridged
from Trogus Pompeius.

_Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana_, part i., with a preface and
introduction. Printed for the Hindu Kama Shastra Society of
London, 1883; for private circulation only. The poet whose name
was Mallinaga or Mrillana (of the Vatsyayana family) lived
between the first and sixth century of the Christian Æra. This,
too, is only known by his poetry. Hindu-land is rich in Kama
literature.

Keller (Dr. Ferdinand), _Die Kältischen Pfahlbauten in den
Schweizer Seen_. Zürich, 1854–66. There is an English
translation _The Lake Dwellings of Switzerland_.

King (late Dr. Richard), _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, vols. i. and ii.

Klemm (Dr. Gustav Friedrich), _Werkzeuge und Waffen_. Leipzig,
1854. An edition of Klemm’s (G. F.), _Die Werkzeuge und
Waffen, ihre Entstehung und Ausbildung_, with 342 woodcuts in
the text, 8vo. Published at Sondershausen, 1858. _Allgemeine
Culturwissenschaft_, 2 vols. with woodcuts, 8vo. Leipzig,
1854–5.

Kolben (Peter), _Present State of the Cape of Good Hope, &c._, 2
vols. 8vo., 1738.

Kremer (Ritter Adolf von), _Ibn Chaldun und seine
Culturgeschichte_. Wien, 1879.

Lacombe, _Les Armes et les Armures_. Paris, 1868.

_Land and Water_, weekly paper published by William Bates; it
contains many articles by the late lamented Mr. Frank Buckland,
F.Z.S.

Latham (John): this ‘Assistant-Commissioner for Exhibitions’ (1862,
1867, and 1873), who succeeded in business Messrs. Wilkinson
and Son of Pall Mall, and who lately died, gave me copies of
his two excellent papers, (1) ‘The Shape of Sword-blades,’ and
(2) ‘A Few Notes on Swords in the International Exhibition
of 1862’ (_Journal of the R.U.S. Institution_, vols. vi. and
vii.). With the author’s permission I have freely used these
two valuable professional studies, especially in Chapter
VII. The late Mr. Latham was a practical Swordsman, and his
long experience as a maker of the ‘white arm’ renders his
information thoroughly trustworthy. I wish every success to his
son, who now fills his place in an establishment famous for
turning out good work.

Latham (Robert Gordon), _Ethnology of the British Islands_, 1 vol.
12mo. London, 1852. _Descriptive Ethnology_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1859.

Layard (Sir Henry Austen), _Nineveh and its Remains_, 2 vols. 8vo.,
1849. _Monuments of Nineveh_, 1st and 2nd Series, 1849–53. _A
Popular Account of Discoveries at Nineveh._ London: Murray,
1851. _Fresh Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon_,
1 vol. 8vo. London: Murray, 1853.

Legge (Dr. James), _The Chinese Classics_, 3 vols. 8vo. London,
1861–76; vol. i., ‘Confucius’; ii., ‘Mencius’; iii., ‘She-King
or Book of Poetry.’

Lenormant (François), _Manuel d’Histoire Ancienne de l’Orient_,
2 vols., 12mo. Paris, 1868. _Les Premières Civilisations_, 3
vols. 12mo. Paris, 1874. Germ. Trans., Jena, 1875.

Lepsius (Dr. Richard), _Denkmäler aus Aegypten und Aethiopien
nach den Zeichnungen der Preussischen Expedition. Denkmäler
aus Aegypten und Aethiopien_ (1842–45). Berlin, 1849–59.
_Discoveries in Egypt, &c._, translated by Kenneth R. H.
Mackenzie, 8vo. London, 1852. _Die Metalle in den Aegyptischen
Inschriften_ (Akad. der Wiss., A.D. 1871), the latter
translated into French 1877.

Lindsey (Dr. W. Lauder), _Proceedings of Society of Arts of
Scotland_, vol. v. 327.

Livy.

Lopez (Vicente Fidel), _Les Races Aryennes du Pérou, &c._ Paris:
A. Franck, 1871. A copy was sent to me by my old friend John
Coghlan, C.E., of Buenos Ayres.

Lubbock (Sir John W.), _Pre-historic Times_, 1 vol. 8vo., 1865.
_Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia_ (Nillson’s), 3rd edit.
London, 1868. _Origin of Civilisation, &c._, 8vo. London, 1870.

Lucan.

Lucretius.

Luynes (Duc de), _Numismatique et Inscriptions Cypriotes_. Paris,
1852.

Lyell (Sir Charles), _Principles of Geology_. London: Murray,
1830–3. _The Antiquity of Man from Geological Evidences._
London: Murray, 1863.

Major (R. H.), _The Select Letters of Columbus, &c._ London:
Hakluyt Soc., MDCCCLX.

_Manava-Dharma-Shástra_ (Laws of Menu), translated by Houghton.
London, 1825.

Manetho (B.C. 285).

Marchionni (Alberto), _Trattato di Scherma, &c._ Firenze: Bencini,
1847.

Markham (Clements R.), _Pedro de Cieza_ (_Cieça_) _de Leon_, 1869.
_Commentaries of the Yncas_, 1871. _Reports on the Discovery of
Peru_, 1872. All printed by the Hakluyt Society.

Massart (Alfred), _Gisements Métallifères du district de
Carthagène_ (_Espagne_). Liège, 1875.

Massey (Gerald), _A Book of the Beginnings_. London: Williams and
Norgate, 1881. Two volumes were first published, and the two
concluding are lately issued. A learned friend writes to him:
‘I find little to remark upon or criticise. You seem to have
got down far below Tylor, and to be making good your ground
in many matters. If people will only read your book, it will
make them cry out in some way or other. But you require a
populariser, and may have to wait a long time for one.’

Mela (Pomponius), _De Situ Orbis_ (A.D. 41–54). This little work
deserves a modern English translation; but what can be said
of geographers whose Royal Geographical Society has not yet
translated Ptolemy?

Meyrick (Sir Samuel Rush), _Critical Inquiry into Ancient Armour
as it existed in Europe, particularly in Great Britain, from
the Norman Conquest to Charles the Second, with a Glossary of
Military Terms of the Middle Ages_. I quote from the Second
Edition. 3 vols. atlas 4to. London: Bohn, 1844. The first
edition was published in 1824 without the supervision of the
author, who found fault with it, especially with the colouring.
The next edition, in 1844, was enlarged by the author with
the assistance of friends, Mr. Albert Way and others. It
was followed by _Engraved Illustrations of Ancient Arms and
Armour_, the artistic work of Mr. Joseph Skelton.

Milne (John), ‘On the Stone Age of Japan,’ _Journ. Anthrop.
Instit._, May 1881.

Mitchell (Dr. Arthur), ‘The Past in the Present,’ &c., _Rhind
Lectures_, 1876–78, 1 vol. 8vo. Edinburgh: Douglas, 1880.

Montaigne (Michel de), _Essais_, translated by William Hazlitt.
London: C. Templeman, MDCCCLIII. (3rd edition).

Monteiro and Gamitto, _O Muata Cazembe_, 1 vol. 8vo. Imprensa
Nacional, Lisboa, 1854.

Moore, _Ancient Mineralogy_.

Moorcroft (William) and Trebeck (George), _Travels in the Himalayan
Provinces of Hindustan and Punjab, &c., from 1819 to 1825_,
8vo. London: Murray, 1841.

Morgan (Lewis), _The League of the Iroquois_.

Mortot, ‘On the Swiss Lakes,’ _Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise_,
vol. vi., _&c._ ‘Les Métaux dans l’Age du Bronze’ (_Mém. Soc.
Ant. du Nord_, 1866–71).

Mortillet (Gabriel de), ‘Les Gaulois de Marzabotto dans l’Apennin,’
_Revue Archéologique_, 1870–71. This anthropologist has
published largely, and did good work at the Congress of Bologna.

Movers, _Die Phönizier_. Berlin, 1840–56. The book is somewhat
antiquated, but still valuable.

Much (Dr. M.), ‘Ueber die Priorität des Eisens oder der Bronze
in Ostasien,’ _Trans. Anthrop. Soc. of Vienna_, vol. ix.
Separat-Abdruck.

Müller (Prof. F. Max), _Chips from a German Workshop_, 2 vols. 8vo.
London, 1867. _Lectures on the Science of Language_, 2 vols.
12mo. London, 1873 (7th edit.). _Introduction to the Science of
Religion_, 12mo. London, 1873.

Neuhoff, _Travels in Brazil_. Pinkerton, vol. xiv.

Nillson (Prof. Sven), _The Primitive Inhabitants of Scandinavia_,
translated by Sir John Lubbock. He is illustrated by Colonel
A. Lane-Fox (_Prim. Warf._, p. 135) and by Wilde (_Catalogue,
&c._).

Oldfield, ‘Aborigines of Australia,’ _Trans. Ethnol. Soc._, new
series, vol. iii.

Oppert (Professor), _On the Weapons, &c., of the Ancient Hindus_.
London: Trübner, 1880.

_Opusculum Fidicularum, the Ancestry of the Violin_, by Ed. Heron
Allen. London: Mitchell and Hughes, 1882. The author kindly
sent me a copy of his work.

Orosius (Presbyter Paulus, A.D. 413), _Historiarum Libri Septem_.
The Anglo-Saxon version of Aelfred the Great; translated,
&c., by Daines Barrington, 1 vol. 8vo. London, 1773, and by
Bosworth, 1859.

Osburn (William), _Monumental History of Egypt_, 2 vols. 8vo.
London, 1854.

Owen (Prof. Richard), _On the Anatomy of Vertebrates_, 3 vols. 8vo.
London, 1866–68.

Palestine Exploration Fund, founded 1865; publishes Quarterly
Statement. The Society’s office, 1 Adam Street, Adelphi, W.C.

Palma (General Luigi di Cesnola), _Cyprus, its Ancient Cities,
Tombs, and Temples_, 8vo. London: Murray, 1877. _Cypern._ Gena:
Leipzig, 1879.

Palma (Major di Cesnola), ‘On Phœnician Art in Cyprus,’ _Brit.
Archæol. Assoc._, Dec. 6, 1882.

Paterculus (C. Velleius, B.C. 19).

Pausanias (_temp._ Antonin. Pius), _Periegesis_ (_or Itinerary_)
_of Greece_. The work of a good traveller, translated by Thomas
Taylor, 3 vols. 8vo. London, 1824.

Percy (Dr. John), _Fuel, Fireclays, Copper, Zinc, Brass, &c._
London: Murray, 1861. _Metallurgy: Iron and Steel_, ibid.,
1864. _Lead_, 1870. _Silver and Gold_, part i., 1880. These
works are too well known and too highly appreciated to be
noticed except by name.

Petherick (John), _Egypt, the Soudan, and Central Africa_, 8vo.
Blackwoods, Edinburgh, MDCCCLXI. The late author was a Cornish
miner who had the honesty not to find coal for Mohammed Ali
Pasha of Egypt.

Petronius Arbiter.

Phillips (Prof. John A.), _A Guide to Geology_, 12mo. London,
1864. ‘A Manual of Metallurgy, or a Practical Treatise on
the Chemistry of the Metals,’ illustrated. London, 1864:
_Archæological Journal_, vol. xvi.

Philo Judæus (A.D. 40).

Pigafetta (Antonio, of Vicenza, who accompanied Magalhaens, the
first circumnavigator, 1519–1522), _Primo Viaggio intorno al
Globo_, 4to. Milan, 1800; published by Amoretti. He was best
known before that date by Ramusio’s work.

Polyænus the Macedonian dedicated his 8 books of 900 Στρατηγήματα
to M. Aurelius and L. Verus (A.D. 163).

Polybius (nat. circ. B.C. 204), Πραγματεία, not _Historia_.
_Historiarum quæ supersunt._ Lips.: Holtze, 1866; 5 books and
fragments out of 40. The writer was a captain in the field
besides being an authority on military art, a politician, and a
philosopher, who composed for instruction, not for amusement.

Pollux (Julius, A.D. 183), _Onomasticon_.

Porter (Rev. J. L.), author of _A Handbook for Travellers in Syria
and Palestine_. London: Murray, 1868 (1st edition).

Porter (Sir Robert Ker), _Travels in Georgia, Persia, Armenia,
Ancient Babylonia, &c._ (1817–20), 2 vols. 4to. London:
Longmans, 1821–22.

Procopius (nat. circ. A.D. 500), _Histories, &c._

Ptolmey, _Geographia_.

Ramusio (Giambattista, of Treviso, nat. 1485), _Raccolta di
Navigazioni e Viaggi_, 3 vols. fol., 1550–59; the first
collection of the kind, which gave rise to many others.

Rawlinson (Canon George), _The Five Great Monarchies of the Ancient
Eastern World, &c._, 4 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1862–66.

_Records of the Past_, being English translations of the Assyrian
and Egyptian monuments, published under the sanction of the
Society of Biblical Archæology, vol. i. (of 12), 12mo. London,
1874.

_Revue Archéologique_ (under the direction of J. Gailhabaud), année
1–16. Paris, 1844–59, 8vo. Nouvelle Série, année 1, vol. i.
&c., 1860, 8vo. _Table Décennale_, nouvelle série, 1860–1869,
dressée par M. F. Delaunay. Paris, 1874, 8vo. In progress.

Rhind (A. Henry), _Thebes, its Tombs and their Tenants, &c._ 1862.

Richtofen (Baron Ferdinand von), _China, Ergebnisse eigener Reisen
und darauf gegründeter Studien_. Vol. i. published in 1877;
vol. ii. (4to.), Remier: Berlin, 1882. It has not yet found a
translator.

Rivero (Mariano y Eduardo de) y Tschudi (Juan Diego de),
_Antiguedades Peruanas_, 1 vol. 4to., with Atlas. Vienna, 1851.
_Travels in Peru_, by J. J. von Tschudi, in 1838–42; was
translated from the German by T. Ross, 8vo. London, 1847.

Rossellini (Prof.), _I Monumenti dell’ Egitto e della Nubia_. Pisa,
1832–41.

Rossignol (J. P.), _Les Métaux dans l’Antiquité_. Paris: Durand,
1863.

Roteiro (Ruttier) _da Viagem de Vasco da Gama_, corrected by the
late Professor Herculano and Baron do Castello de Pavia.
Imprensa Nacional, Lisboa, MDCCCLI. (2nd edition).

Rougé (Vicomte E. de), _Rituel Funéraire des Anciens Egyptiens,
&c._, imp. folio. Paris, 1861–66.

Rougemont, _L’Age de Bronze_, 1866.

Rowbotham (J. F.), ‘On the Art of Music in Prehistoric Times,’
_Journ. Anthrop. Inst._, May, 1881.

Sacken (Baron E. von Osten-), _Das Grabfeld von Hallstadt und
dessen Alterthümer_. Vienna, 1868.

Sainte-Croix (Baron de), _Recherches Historiques et Critiques sur
les Mystères du Paganisme_, revues et corrigées par Silvestre
de Sacy, 2 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1817.

Sallust.

Sayce (Rev. A. H.), ‘On the Hamathite Inscriptions,’ _Trans. Soc.
Bibl. Archæol._, vol. iv. part 1. Mr. Sayce has read other
papers containing notices of more modern ‘Hittite’ finds; but I
have failed to procure copies.

Schliemann (Dr. Henry), _Troy and its Remains_, translated and
edited by Philip Smith. London: Murray, 1875. _Mycenæ and
Tiryns_, ibid. 1878. _Ilios_, ibid. 1880.

Scott (Sir Sibbald David), _The British Army, its Origin, Progress,
and Development_, 2 vols. London and New York: Cassell, Petter,
& Galpin, 1868.

Sévez, notice of Japanese Iron-works in _Les Mondes_, tome xxvi.,
Dec. 1871.

Silius Italicus (nat. A.D. 25).

Smith (Captain John), _General Historie of Virginia, New England,
and the Summer Isles, &c._, fol. London: Pinkerton, xiii.
He made his first voyage in 1606, and his second in 1614,
when he changed ‘North Virginia’ into ‘New England.’ On his
third (1615), he was captured by a Frenchman and landed at La
Rochelle.

Smith (George), _Assyrian Discoveries_. London: Sampson Low & Co.,
6th edit., 1876. The learned author wore himself out by travel,
and died young.

Smith (Rev. W. Robertson), _The Old Testament in the Jewish
Church_. Edinburgh: Blacks, 1881.

Smith (Dr. William), _Dictionaries_. London: Taylor & Walton—

1. _Greek and Roman Geography_, 2 vols. 8vo. 1856–57.

2. _Greek and Roman Antiquities_, 1 vol. 8vo. 1859.

3. _Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology_, 3 vols. 8vo.
1858–61.

4. _Of the Bible_, 3 vols. 8vo. 1863.

Solinus (Ca. Jul. Polyhistor, _alias_ ‘Pliny’s Ape’), _Geographical
Compendium_.

Speke (Captain James Hanning), _Journal of the Discovery of the
Source of the Nile_. Edinburgh: Blackwoods, 1863.

Spensley (Howard), _Cenni sugli Aborigeni di Australasia, &c._
Venezia: G. Fischer, 1881.

Stade (Hans), _The Captivity of Hans Stade_, translated for the
Hakluyt Society by Mr. Albert Tootal of Rio de Janeiro. London,
1874.

Stanley (Henry M.), _Through the Dark Continent, &c._ London:
Sampson Low, & Co., 1874.

Stephens (J. Lloyd), _Incidents of Travel in Central America,
Chiapas, and Yucatan_, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1842. Germ.
trans., Leipzig, 1843.

Stevens (the late Edward T.), _Flint Chips, a Guide to Prehistoric
Archæology, as illustrated in the Blackmore Museum, Salisbury_,
8vo. London: Bell and Daldy, 1870.

Strabo (B.C. 54?).

Suetonius (C. Tranquillus).

Tacitus (Cornelius).

Taylor (Rev. Isaac), _Etruscan Researches_. London: Macmillan, 1874.

Texier, _Description de l’Asie Mineure_. Paris, 1849–52.

Theophrastus (B.C. 305), _Opera Græca et Latina_, J. G. Schneider,
5 vols. 8vo. Lipsiæ, 1818–21.

Tylor (E. B.), _Anahuac_. London, 1861. _Primitive Culture._
London: Murray, 1871 (Germ. trans., 1873). _Researches into the
Early History of Mankind and the Development of Civilisation_,
plates. London: Murray, 1870.

Ure (Andrew), _Dictionary of Arts, Manufactures, and Mines_.
London, 1863.

Vallancey (General), _Collectanea de Rebus Hibernicis_, 6 vols.
Dublin, 1770–1804.

Varnhagen (the late F. Adolpho de): _Historia Geral do Brazil_, 2
vols. 8vo. Laemmert: Rio de Janeiro, 1854, Useful as ‘documents
pour servir.’

Varro (Terentius, nat. B.C. 116), _De Lingua Latina_.

Vegetius (Fl. Renatus, A.D. 375–92), _De Re Militari_.

Virgil.

Vitruvius (M. Pollio, B.C. 46), _Architecture_, 5 vols. 4to. Utini,
1829.

Volney (Const. F.), _Œuvres_, 8 vols. 8vo. Paris, 1826.

Waitz (Professor, Dr. Theodor), _Anthropologie der Naturvölker_.
Leipzig, 1859–72. The first volume, _Introduction to
Anthropology_, was translated by J. F. Collingwood and
published by the Anthropological Society of London, 8vo.,
Longmans, 1863. The manuscript of the second volume of this
valuable work, also by Mr. Collingwood, was long in my charge;
but the low state of anthropological study in England (and
other pursuits unprofessional, and consequently non-paying)
prevents its being printed.

Wilde (Sir William R.), _Descriptive Catalogue of the Antiquities
in the Royal Irish Academy_. Dublin: Academy House, 1863. _A
Descriptive Catalogue of Materials in the Royal Irish Academy_,
8vo., 1857–61. It is regretable that part 1, vol. ii., of this
admirable work, which has become a standard upon the subject,
has not been printed; nor has the public been informed of
any arrangements for publishing. For permission to make use
of the cuts, which were obligingly furnished to Mr. Grego, I
am indebted to the courtesy of the Council, Royal Society of
Antiquaries of Ireland.

Wilkinson (Sir J. Gardner), _The Manners and Customs of the
Ancient Egyptians, their Private Life, Government, Laws,
Arts, Religion, and History_ (originally written in 1836), 6
vols. 8vo. London: Murray, 1837–41. The author abridged his
life-labour with the usual unsuccess, and called it _A Popular
Account of the Ancient Egyptians_, 2 vols. post 8vo. London:
Murray, 1874.

Wilkinson (the late Henry, the eminent Sword-cutler in Pall Mall),
_Observations on Swords; to which is added Information for
Officers going to join their Regiments in India_. Pall Mall,
London. No date.

Willemin, _Choix des Costumes Civiles et Militaires_. Paris, 1798.

Wilson (Daniel), _Archæology and Prehistoric Annals of Scotland_.
Edinburgh: Sutherland and Knox, 8vo., MDCCCLI. _Prehistoric
Man_, 2 vols. 8vo. London: Macmillan, 1862.

Wright (the late Thomas), ‘On the True Assignation of the Bronze
Weapons,’ &c., _Trans. Ethno. Soc._, new series, vol. iv.

Woldrich (Prof. A.), _Mittheilungen der Wien. Anthrop. Gesell._
Wien, 1874.

Wood (John George), _Natural History of Man, being an Account of
the Manners and Customs of the Uncivilised Ways of Men_, 2
vols., 1868–70, 8vo.

Worsäae (J. J. A.), _Afbildninger fra det Kon. Mus. for Nordiske
Oldsager i Kjöbnhavn_, Ordnede og forklarede af J. J. A. W.
(aided by Magnus Petersen and Aagaard). Kjöbnhavn: Kittendorf,
and Aagaard, 1859. The order is in careful accordance with
the _Three Ages_. Worsäae’s _Prehistoric Annals of Denmark_
were translated by W. J. Knox, 8vo., London, 1849, and there
is a _Leitfaden der Nordischen Alterthumerskunde_ by Worsäae,
Kopenhagen, 1837.

Wurmbrand (Count Gutaker), _Ergebnisse der Pfahlbauuntersuchungen_.
Wien, 1875.

Yule (Colonel Henry), _The Book of Marco Polo the Venetian_, 2nd
edit. London: Murray, 1875. The learned and exact writer
favoured me with a copy of his admirable work, without which it
is vain to read of ‘The Kingdoms and the Marvels of the East.’

CONTENTS.

CHAPTER PAGE