Chapter II

=Staple.=--A U-shaped piece of metal, with two sharp points which are driven into wood in the same way as a nail.

=Stock.=--Material; supplies.

The brace which holds the bit for boring; the block which holds the blade of a plane (see Fig. 24, Chapter II); the portion of a gun which contains the barrel and trigger.

=Stops.= See Door-stops and Window-stops.

=Strap-hinge.=--A hinge with long arms, or flaps, which extend over a larger area than those of an ordinary hinge, and give it the power of withstanding greater strains.

=Studs.=--The smaller pieces of timber used in the framework of a building, to which the siding is attached, or to which the laths are nailed. Known also as Studding.

=Stuff.=--In carpenter work this term is applied to the different sizes of lumber. E. G. Seven-eighths-inch stuff means boards seven-eighths of an inch thick; two-inch-stuff is lumber two inches thick.

=Stunt.=--Originally a slang word used to denote a trick or feat of some sort. It is now generally recognized as a legitimate word.

=Swivel.=--A fastening with a pivot which allows the object attached to it to revolve without twisting the cord, wire, or chain, by which that object is suspended. E. G. See Fig. 258, Chapter XVIII; and page 249.

=Taper.=--To make gradually smaller in diameter toward one end; to gradually diminish toward a point.

=Temper.=--Steel and iron tools are given their necessary degree of hardness by a process of heating and cooling, known as Tempering. Too much friction obtained while grinding a tool will destroy this temper, making it necessary to re-temper it.

=Toe-nailing.= See page 33.

=Tongue.=--The projecting edge of a tongued-and-grooved board. A projecting pin cut on a piece of wood to fit a mortise of the same shape cut in another piece of wood. Used in making Dovetail-joints. E. G. See Figs. 208 and 209, Chapter XV.

=Tongued-and-grooved Boards.=--Boards with a groove along one edge and a tongue along the opposite edge, so that the tongue of one board will fit in the groove of another, thus forming a fairly tight joint. These boards are known also as Matched Boards.

=Trench.=--A ditch; a long channel.

=Tried-edge of Work.= See Testing Work, page 28.

=Trim.=--The wooden Casings placed around door and window openings (see Figs. 85, 88, and 89, Chapter V).

To dress a piece of work; to cut; to make smooth.

=Turnstile.=--A post upon the top of which four horizontal arms are pivoted to revolve, so as to allow but one person to pass at a time (see Fig. 266, Chapter XIX, and description of construction on page 259).

=Two-by-four.=--A piece two inches thick by four inches wide used for supports and the construction of frameworks. Pieces of other dimensions are also known and spoken of by their sizes in inches. E. G. Two-by-sixes, two-by-eights, and two-by-tens.

=Typographical.=--Relating or pertaining to typography.

=Typography.=--The art of setting type.

=Undercutting.=--As the term implies, the wood is undercut, or cut under, thus making it wedge-or V-shaped. E. G. See Fig. 209, Chapter XV; also text on page 211.

=Upright.=--An upright is a piece of timber which is perpendicular when in place.

=Valance.=--A drapery for a couch or bed. E. G. See Couch in illustration of a Boy's Room, Chapter V.

=Vertical.=--Perpendicular to the horizon; upright; plumb; straight up and down.

=Wainscot.=--A lining placed upon the inside walls of a building. It was originally made of oak timbers, known as wainscot, but the term is now applied to any kind of wood, burlap, tapestry, or other material applied in the same manner. As a rule, it extends but part way up a wall, starting at the floor line.

=Warped.=--Twisted out of shape.

=Washer.=--A ring placed beneath the head of a bolt to give it a broader bearing surface, and thus prevent it from cutting into the surface of the piece of work. It is also placed under a nut to prevent it from working loose.

=Wedge-shaped.=--V-shaped.

=Window Frame.=--The wooden frame built in the window opening for the sash to fit into. The Jambs are the sides of this frame, the Sill the bottom piece upon which the Jambs rest, and the Head the top piece of the frame. E. G. See Figs. 187 and 188, Chapter XIII, and Fig. 193,