Chapter I: Preface

The plan of this volume is almost identically that of "The Boy Travellers in the Far East." Frank Bassett and Fred Bronson, with their accomplished mentor, Doctor Bronson, have traversed the length and breadth of the South American Continent from the Isthmus of Panama to the Strait of Magellan. Twice have they crossed the Andes; they have descended the Madeira and the Amazon rivers; navigated the La Plata and the Paraguay; visited the principal cities of the continent, and studied the manners and customs of the many people whom they encountered on their way. For the information of their friends and schoolmates at home they recorded the results of their travels and observations, and it is the author's pleasure to tell the story of their journey.

The characters of the story are fictitious, but the descriptions of everything coming under the observation of the Boy Travellers, or learned in their wanderings, are intended to be as nearly exact as possible. The author has not relied alone upon his personal knowledge of South America, but has drawn from the narratives of others who preceded or have followed him. It has been his earnest endeavor to present a realistic picture of South America; its lofty mountains, magnificent rivers, luxuriant forests, and fertile pampas, together with the many varieties of people that form its populations; their governments as we find them to-day, and an epitome of their history from ancient times. He earnestly hopes for the same kindly reception by press and public that was accorded to his volumes of a similar nature concerning Asia and Africa.

Many works of travel have been examined in the preparation of this book. Some of these are mentioned in the narrative, but it has not been practicable to refer to all. The author acknowledges his great indebtedness to that prince of travellers, Alexander Von Humboldt, whose graphic description was the first adequate picture of the South American continent ever presented to the world. He is specially indebted to the admirable work of the Hon. E. George Squier, upon "Peru and the Land of the Incas," not alone for information about the country and people, but for several illustrations which have been kindly loaned for this volume. He is also under obligations to the following books: "The Andes and the Amazon," by Professor James Orton; "Brazil and the Brazilians," by J. C. Fletcher and D. P. Kidder; "Life in Brazil," by Thomas Ewbank; "Fifteen Thousand Miles on the Amazon," by Brown and Lidstone; "Brazil, Amazons, and Coast," by H. H. Smith; "Wanderings in Patagonia," by J. Beerbohm; "Across Patagonia," by Lady Florence Dixie; and, "The War between Peru and Chili," by Clements R. Markham. The reports of the surveys and explorations of the various proposed routes for an inter-oceanic canal have supplied important data, and the officers of the company engaged in cutting the Panama Canal have cheerfully answered the author's interrogatories concerning that enterprise.

The publishers have kindly allowed the use of illustrations from their previous publications on South America, in addition to those specially prepared for this work, or obtained from Mr. Squier's "Peru." As a consequence of their courtesy the author has been able to present a "copiously illustrated" book, which is always a delight to the youthful eye.

T. W. K.
NEW YORK, _July_, 1885.

CONTENTS

CHAPTER I. PAGE

FROM NEW YORK TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA.--INCIDENTS OF THE
VOYAGE.--OLD TIMES AND THE PRESENT.--ASPINWALL.--A TROPICAL
CITY.--THE TEREDO.--ENTRANCE OF THE PANAMA CANAL. 13

CHAPTER II.

FIRST DAY ON THE ISTHMUS.--THE PANAMA CANAL.--HISTORY OF THE
CANAL ENTERPRISE.--PLANS OF BALBOA AND OTHERS.--THE VARIOUS
ROUTES PROPOSED.--STRAIN'S SURVEY OF DARIEN.--VISITING THE
WORKS AT PANAMA. 27

CHAPTER III.

OVER THE ISTHMUS.--A PROFITABLE RAILWAY.--ISTHMUS FEVER.--
TROPICAL TREES, FLOWERS, AND ANIMALS.--SIGHTS IN PANAMA.--THE
CATHEDRAL.--A STROLL ON THE BEACH.--THE PARADISE OF
CONCHOLOGISTS. 43

CHAPTER IV.

"THE PLACE OF FISH."--AN EXCURSION TO OLD PANAMA.--VISITING A
HERMIT.--DRINKING CHICHI.--RUINS OF THE CITY.--MORGAN THE
BUCCANEER.--HIS HISTORY AND EXPLOITS.--HOW HE CAPTURED PANAMA. 65

CHAPTER V.

FROM PANAMA TO GUAYAQUIL.--VASCO NUNEZ DE BALBOA.--HIS
ADVENTURES AND DEATH.--SCENES IN GUAYAQUIL.--FIRST EXPERIENCE
WITH SOUTH AMERICAN EARTHQUAKES. 85

CHAPTER VI.

THE PARADISE OF EARTHQUAKES.--FROM GUAYAQUIL TO QUITO.--A RIDE
OVER THE MOUNTAINS.--ALL CLIMATES UNITED IN ONE.--THE PLAINS
OF ECUADOR.--CHIMBORAZO AND COTOPAXI. 105

CHAPTER VII.

DESCRIPTION OF QUITO.--VISIT TO THE VOLCANO OF PICHINCHA.--THE
DEEPEST CRATER IN THE WORLD.--ROUTE OVER THE ANDES TO THE
AMAZON.--RETURN TO THE COAST. 122

CHAPTER VIII.

FROM GUAYAQUIL TO CALLAO.--LANDING AT PAITA.--THE SITE OF OLD
CALLAO.--ARRIVAL AT LIMA.--SIGHTS OF THE PERUVIAN CAPITAL.--
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE CITY AND ITS INHABITANTS. 141

CHAPTER IX.

EQUESTRIANS AND THEIR COSTUMES.--LADIES OF LIMA.--EXCURSIONS
AMONG RUINS.--PACHACAMAC, A HOLY CITY.--THE ANCIENT PERUVIANS.--
ORIGIN OF THE INCA GOVERNMENT. 160

CHAPTER X.

RAILWAYS OVER THE ANDES.--FROM LIMA TO MOLLENDO, AREQUIPA, AND
LAKE TITICACA.--THE CHINCHA ISLANDS AND THE SODA DESERTS.--UP
THE ANDES BY STEAM.--IN A RAILWAY CARRIAGE FOURTEEN THOUSAND
FEET ABOVE THE SEA. 177

CHAPTER XI.

PUNO AND LAKE TITICACA.--COCA AND ITS PROPERTIES.--THE LLAMA
AND HIS KINDRED.--EXCURSION TO THE SACRED ISLAND OF THE INCAS. 193

CHAPTER XII.

COATI ISLAND AND THE RUINS OF TIAHUANACO.--RETURN TO PUNO.--
CUZCO, AND THE TEMPLES, PALACES, AND FORTRESSES OF THE INCAS.--
PLANS FOR DEPARTURE. 212

CHAPTER XIII.

LEAVING PUNO.--CROSSING LAKE TITICACA.--RESOURCES OF BOLIVIA.--
SILVER MINING.--PRIMITIVE LODGINGS.--BEGINNING THE JOURNEY TO
THE EASTWARD. 229

CHAPTER XIV.

OVER THE EASTERN ANDES INTO THE AMAZON VALLEY.--AN EXCITING
JOURNEY.--ADVENTURES BY THE WAY.--TROUBLES OF TRAVELLING WITH
A TIGER. 243

CHAPTER XV.

DOWN THE RIVER.--ARRIVAL ON THE BENI.--BIRDS OF THE AMAZON
VALLEY.--BUILDING A HUT.--HUNTING WITH POISONED ARROWS.--
TURTLES, AND TURTLE-HUNTING. 258

CHAPTER XVI.

DOWN THE BENI.--PRODUCTS OF THE VALLEY.--PLANS FOR DEVELOPING
COMMERCE.--OBSTRUCTIONS TO NAVIGATION.--VOYAGE ON THE MAMORE. 275

CHAPTER XVII.

HUNTING THE TAPIR.--AMONG THE CARIPUNA INDIANS.--ARRIVAL AT
THE FALLS OF THE MADEIRA.--MAKING INDIA-RUBBER. 290

CHAPTER XVIII.

SLOW TRANSIT.--PASSING AROUND THE FALLS.--ANCIENT
INSCRIPTIONS.--THE MADEIRA TO THE AMAZON.--THE JANUARY
RIVER.--THE AMAZON FOREST. 306

CHAPTER XIX.

FROM THE MADEIRA TO THE RIO NEGRO.--OTHER TRIBUTARIES OF THE
AMAZON.--NOTES ON THE GREAT RIVER.--MANAOS.--DOWN THE AMAZON
TO PARA. 322

CHAPTER XX.

PARA.--ITS BUSINESS AND CHARACTERISTICS.--THE ISLAND OF
MARAJO.--DOWN THE COAST.--PERNAMBUCO.--THE SUGAR INDUSTRY. 337

CHAPTER XXI.

BAHIA AND ITS INDUSTRIES.--RIO JANEIRO.--THE BAY AND THE
CITY.--SIGHTS OF THE CAPITAL.--EMPEROR DOM PEDRO II. 354

CHAPTER XXII.

THE SIGHTS OF RIO.--PUBLIC BUILDINGS, AQUEDUCT, CHURCHES,
MIRACLES, AND FUNERALS.--VISIT TO TIJUCA AND PETROPOLIS.--THE
SERRA. 373

CHAPTER XXIII.

RAILWAYS IN BRAZIL.--COFFEE PLANTATIONS.--MANDIOCA AND ITS
CULTURE.--TERRIBLE FAMINES.--SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION. 390

CHAPTER XXIV.

RETURN TO THE CAPITAL.--INTRUDO SPORTS.--MUSEUM AT RIO.--
MONTEVIDEO AND BUENOS AYRES.--THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.--
ASCENDING THE RIVER PLATE. 404

CHAPTER XXV.

VISITING A CATTLE ESTATE.--THE LASSO AND BOLAS.--ASCENDING
THE PARAGUAY AND PARANA RIVERS.--ROSARIO AND ASUNCION.--
PARAGUAYAN WAR.--INDUSTRIES OF THE COUNTRY.--MATE. 420

CHAPTER XXVI.

RETURN TO BUENOS AYRES.--DIVIDING THE PARTY.--TWO ROUTES TO
VALPARAISO.--FRANK'S JOURNEY OVER THE PAMPAS.--MENDOZA.--AT
THE FOOT OF THE ANDES. 437

CHAPTER XXVII.

INCIDENTS OF A RIDE OVER THE ANDES.--CONTRACT WITH THE
ARRIERO.--PASSES BETWEEN CHILI AND THE ARGENTINE REPUBLIC.--
NIGHT SCENES.--DANGERS OF THE ROAD.--A PERILOUS POSITION.--
USPALLATA.--AT THE CREST OF THE ANDES. 453

CHAPTER XXVIII.

DOWN THE WESTERN SLOPE OF THE ANDES.--A LONG IMPRISONMENT IN
THE SNOW.--"THE SOLDIER'S LEAP."--SANTA ROSA.--SANTIAGO.--
ARRIVAL AT VALPARAISO. 469

CHAPTER XXIX.

STRAIT OF MAGELLAN.--FALKLAND ISLANDS.--A PENGUIN CITY.--SANDY
POINT.--HUNTING THE OSTRICH AND GUANACO.--PATAGONIAN GIANTS. 485