Chapter L: Appendix: H (1)

GRAMMAR

NOUNS

_Singular--Possessive Case._--1. The inflected genitive or possessive is formed by adding _ys_ or _is_; MS. E, on the whole, shows a preference for the former. Sometimes the final consonant is doubled. _Cf._ _a manis hand_ (VII. 580), to _mannys fude_ (X. 189).

2. Nouns denoting relationship are uninflected, as in Anglo-Saxon: _Mordreyt his sistir son_ (I. 557). _Till his brothiris pes_ (XI. 652) is an exception found in both MSS. For _And sperit of his brotheris fair_ (XVI. 21) in C, E has _brodyr_.

NOTE.--_Wode-syde_ (E _woddis sid_, IX. 139), _sonne-rising_, _hous end_ (VII. 163), all common combinations. Editors, however, usually read the termination of the last as _housis_, though it seems to fall under the same category.

_Plural._--1. The plural also is in _ys_ or _is_, more seldom _es_, representing A.S. _as_. It “formed a distinct syllable in monosyllables and words accented on the final syllable.”[183] The latter part of the statement is not, however, uniformly true. _Cf._ _battalis_ (XI. 122), _bischoppes and prelatis_ (XX. 294), etc., which are dissyllables.

2. Simple _s_ occurs only after _r_ and _y_ (_i_)--_galays_, _werriours_, etc.--but _spurys_, _baneris_, _towris_ also occur. _Feys_ (I. 58) and _fays_ (I. 223) are to be read as two syllables.

3. Final _f_ (_ff_) is generally changed to _v_, as _theif_, _thevis_; but _wif_ preserves the _f_ throughout, as _wifis_, _wiffys_, etc. (E, however, in XII. 246, has _wyvis_); and _lif_ has _lyvis_ (XI. 590), or _livis_ and _lyffis_ (X. 106), or _liffis_ (IV. 137).

4. Words ending in _er_, _ir_, _yr_, _yn_, _ill_ for the most part reject the final vowel before the ending of the plural: _dochtrys_, _lettres_ or _lettrys_, _wapnys_, etc. Where the vowel is retained, it is silent, as in _schulderis_ (IX. 356), _letteris_ (XVII. 31, 39), etc.

NOTE.--_Burges_ in XVI. 80, XVII. 236, is clearly unaltered in the plural, and this would seem to apply also to _marras_ (VIII. 35), _hous_ (VIII. 514, etc.), and _mos_ (VIII. 173), which are usually read as three and two syllables respectively. _Cf._ on _Singular_ (2).

5. Of strong plurals, besides _men_ and its compounds, _ky_ and _brethir_ by change of vowel (_Umlaut_), we have _eyn(e)_ (A.S. _eagan_), with singular _e_ or _ey_ (VI. 523), _oxin_ or _oxyne_ (X. 381, 388), _schoyne_ (II. 510). These (with _hosen_ and _fan_ (_faes_)) are the only plurals in _n_ preserved in Northern English.

6. Some old neuters (A.S.) take no inflection in the plural: _deir_, _hors_, etc.; _hous_ has _hous_ and _housis_ (X. 60, etc.), but _cf._ on (4) (note); _thing_ has _thing_ (XI. 27, etc.) and _thingis_. _Cf._ also _gudis_ and _gude_ (XVII. 517, 521). One form is in _er_ or _ir_, _childer_ (XII. 246) or _childir_ (XVII. 515), A.S. _cildru_.

7. Nouns indicating time, space, quantity, weight, and number are unchanged in the plural: _fifty yheir_ (in I. 522 occurs _ten yheris_, quite an exceptional case), _tuelf moneth_, _six and fourty wyntir_ (A.S. plural also _winter_), _twa myle_, _tuenty thousand pund_, etc. For _paris_ in C (XIII. 463), E reads _payr_. In XII. 234 C has _thre gret avantage_, where E gives _avantagis_, but reads _vasselagis_ (!) to rhyme.

8. Only _men_ suffers inflection in the plural possessive: _the Inglis menis fewte_ (VIII. 19), _of othir mennis landis_ (XI. 148). In _till Scottis men possessioune_ (XVII. 202) we may have, as Henschel suggests,[184] a piece of “scribal carelessness;” but Hampole undoubtedly uses this as a valid form:

“Sal dede _men_ banes be set togyder
Thurgh messes, and rightwis _men_ prayers.”

[183] Murray, _Dialect of the Southern Counties_, p. 153.

[184] _Darstellung der Flexionslehre in John Barbour’s Bruce_, p. 12.

PROPER NOUNS.

In general, these follow the common nouns in their forms, but note:

1. Two names ending in _s_ have no inflection for the genitive: _King Adrastus men_ (II. 529), _Thomas prophecy_ (II. 86). This occurs also in Chaucer.

2. _Douglas_ has both flectionless and inflected forms: _the Douglas men_ (X. 398), _the Lord Douglassis men_ (XX. 481).

3. Possessive or genitive formed by _his_: _Hannyball his mekill mycht_ (III. 232). _Cf._ also VI. 435, 446. Originally, as here, confined to proper names. A special example is in the reading of C (XVII. 940): _Berwyk his toune_; E _Berwykis_.

ADJECTIVES.

1. There is no distinction in the _Bruce_ between strong and weak adjectives, the latter in Chaucer being indicated by a final _e_, and used after the definite article, demonstrative and possessive pronouns, etc., nor is the plural similarly distinguished from the singular. In all these cases the Scots adjective is invariable; the final _e_, which often occurs, is of no grammatical significance. There is no difference between _the gud Erll_ (X. 686) and _the gude Erll_ (XX. 603), while the plural is _gud werriours_ (XX. 416).

2. The only example of inflection is the form _aller_, genitive plural (_er_ = _-ra_, A.S. _eal-ra_). It occurs once: _throuch thar aller hale assent_ (I. 137).

3. The comparative and superlative are formed by adding _ar_ or _er_ (seldom _ir_) and _est_ or _ast_. In words of two and more syllables _mar_ (_mair_) and _mast_ (_maist_) also occur. The same rule applies to adverbs. The final consonant of a monosyllable may be doubled: _thikkest_ (VIII. 81), but also _thikast_ (XVII. 156).

4. Change of vowel (_Umlaut_) appears in two cases--_sterkar_ (E _starkar_) (XV. 491) and _eldest_ (I. 51, IV. 71). _Ill_ or _evill_ is the Northern form for _bad_, compared with _wer_ or _war_, _werst_ (III. 192). _Mor_, for _mar_, occurs twice to rhyme with _befor_ (X. 199, XII. 299). _Er_ gives _erar_.

5. After the comparative comes usually _than_, which is always used by Rolle, but there are four examples of _na_--_wes starkar fer na he_ (VI. 538), also III. 229, II. 519, X. 637.

NUMERALS.

1. _Ane_ before a consonant sometimes becomes _a_: _in a nycht and a day_ (III. 429). _The tane_ and _the ta_ are compounds of this numeral, with the old neuter _thaet_ (_thet_) of the definite article, really _thet-ane_, _thet-a_. The former is a substantive, the latter an adjective: _the tane suld be kyng_ (VI. 186), _the ta part_ (III. 239). Similarly _the tothir_ = _thet othir_ (I. 7, etc.), which is throughout used for the ordinal “the second,” as _formast_ is sometimes used for “the first”: _Fule-hardyment the formast is, And the tothir is cowardis_ (VI. 337, 338).

2. Note _thresum_, _fiffsum_, _sex sum_, where “sum denotes conjunction” (Jamieson’s _Dictionary_), three, etc., together; _half deill_ (A.S. _dæl_, a part); _twa part_ = two parts; _yneuch_, singular (usually adverb), used for quantity, and _ynew_ (_enew_), plural, for number. _Cf._ XX. 337, and I. 558.

N.B.--For demonstrative, etc., adjectives, see also Pronouns, Demonstrative, etc. Note _sam(m)yn_ (same) as adjective and adverb (V. 72, XII. 49, etc.). Distinguish _ilk(e)_ = same (A.S. _ylc_) from the distributive _ilk_ (A.S. _ æle_) = each. Others are _sik_ (_syk_), _swilc_, etc.

PRONOUNS.

_Personal._--1. In MS. E besides _I_ is found the strong form _Ik_ or _Ic_ (A.S. _Ic_). The latter is entirely wanting in C, which has everywhere _I_.

2. The third person feminine is _scho_ (A.S. _sēo_), once spelled _sche_ (XIII. 635), a Southern effect, where, however, E has _scho_.

3. Note the gen. sing. mas. and gen. plur. in _magre his_, in spite of him, and _magre thairis_, in spite of them.

_Possessive._--1. The genitive cases of the personal pronouns are most often adjectives. Before words beginning with a vowel they are _mine_, _thine_; before words beginning with a consonant they become _my_, _thi_; words beginning with _h_ may have either form.

2. The forms used absolutely are _myn_, _his_, _ours_, _yhouris_, _thaires_: _That suld be myn_ (V. 223), etc.

_Reflexive._--1. The personal pronouns serve as reflexives: _I will me spied_ (XI. 638); _And went hyr hame_ (V. 177).

2. There is also the form in _self_, more seldom _selvyn_, _selvin_. When the subject is a personal pronoun this may drop out: _that himself suld wele Kepe the entre_ (XI. 445).

3. _Self_ is both singular and plural: _That thai mycht help thameself_ (X. 619).

_Demonstrative._--1. The Northern plural of _this_ is _thir_, which supplanted _thas_ as _thise_ did in the Midland. Its origin is obscure.[185]

[185] _Murray_, p. 185.

2. The plural of _that_ is _tha(i)_. Distinguish from _thai_ (they), 3rd pers. plur.

3. _Yhon(e)_, more often an adjective, has also a substantive use in three cases only (IV. 502, 506; XIV. 280).

_Relative and Interrogative._--1. The relative pronoun is _that_ or _at_, never _quha_. _At_ is a purely Northern form. _Quhais_ and _quham_ occur occasionally as oblique cases. In _quhom_, as in words like _so_, _mor_, etc., there is evidence of Southern influence. _Quha_ is used as an interrogative. The simple _quhilk_ occurs but once (XVIII. 225, see note), where E has a different reading; otherwise it is in the form _the quilk that_.

2. The relative in the oblique cases is often omitted: _the small folk thai had thar_ (IX. 261). This is a marked feature of the _Wallace_.

_Indefinite._--1. _None_ for _nane_ occurs only once (IX. 485); and so, too, _ilkone_ for _ilkane_, rhyming with a proper name (XI. 303). _Nane_ is used both as substantive and as adjective. As adjective it comes before a word beginning with a vowel. Before consonants and _h_, _na_ or _no_ is used. In two cases _no_ precedes a vowel: XIII. 145; XVI. 249.

2. _Othir_, often = “each other,” as _Thai dang on othir_ (X. 680).

3. The plural of _man_ has a pronominal use = _one_, German “man”: _as men in the Bibill seys_ (I. 466); _men mycht se_ (X. 678), etc.

VERBS.

1. Note the periphrastic form with _gan_ in E (_can_ in a few cases), _can_ always in C: _all the land gan occupy_ (I. 184); _all can thai cry_ (XII. 200). The past tense of _can_ is _couth_: _thar vittale all fast couth fale_ (VIII. 460): whence, by analogy, the false form _begouth_ for past of _gan_, itself the past of _ginnen_, to begin.

2. Weak verbs form their past tense and past participle in _it_ or _yt_, the latter being more common in E. In certain cases the vowel drops out, as in _dwelt_. After _r_, _l_ (_ll_), _n_, the ending is often in _d_, as _herd_, _ansuerd_, etc.

NOTE.--_Felt_ for the ordinary _feld_ occurs once, in III. 119. _Cald_, too, for _callit_, is forced to a rhyme (XIII. 61). The proper past of _send_ is _send_.

3. The present tense indicative is, _I spek_, _thou spekis_, _he spekis_, _we spek_, etc. But when the personal pronoun is separated from the verb, or when the subject is a noun or relative pronoun or other form, the ending is in _is_ or _ys_ throughout. _Cf._ _yhow that takis_ (XVI. 592); _yhe that this redis_ (VI. 269); _all men fleis the did_ (IX. 90), etc.

4. The imperative plural is in _is_ (_ys_): _departis us_ (VI. 543). It is more rare without the ending (XI 309; XII. 227, etc). This, however, is the rule when the imperative is followed by its pronoun: _luk yhe_ (XII. 217).

5. The present participle ends in _and_. Doubling of the consonant may occur after a short vowel--_e.g._, _wonnand_ (X. 160).

6. The verbal noun (so-called) ends in _yng_ or _ing_. In many examples the _g_ is dropped, as the tendency was and is in Scots, and we have a form in _yn(e)_. _Cf._ _fechting_ (XII. 119) and _fechtyn_ (III. 241). And these may rhyme, which shows that in sound the difference was not apparent (_cf._ IX. 120). Sometimes the particular form depends on the MS.--_e.g._, VI. 520, C _supposing_: E _supposyn_. The same thing is found in proper names with a similar termination.

7. The past participle of strong verbs has ending _yn_ or _in_, seldom _en_. _Clymen_ in X. 648, where the correct form, _clummyn_, is given in 606, is either really a surviving or intruded infinitive, or has been assimilated to it.

N.B.--VII. 524, C _cum_: E _cummyn_; X. 506, C _won_: E _wonnyn_.

8. The infinitive has dropped all trace of an ending. The _e_ which sometimes appears is silent. It is formed by prefixing _to_ or _till_, in certain cases with _for_ in addition. For one case we have a reduced infinitive with _at_: _a-do_ (X. 348).

ADVERBS.

1. _him allane_ is a strengthened form of _him ane_ (VI. 272, 320), and is the more frequent of the two; equivalent to German “allein” and analogous in construction to the pronoun with _self_. In Early Scots _alane_ is attached to the dative, in later and modern Scots to the possessive, _his ane_, etc.: the fuller form, from a confusion with _lone_, is now _his lane_, etc.

2. The surviving phrase, _the morn_ (XIV. 478) occurs once for the older _to-morn_. Mr. Gregory Smith says that the former “begins to appear in M. Sc.” (Middle Scots, 1450-1600),[186] and MS. E indeed reads _to-morn_ in the passage above.

3. Note the compounds with _gat_ (a way), _thusgat_, _swagat_, etc.: in XIX. 253; C _swagatis_; E _swagat_: also _howgatis_, etc., preserving Genitive ending.

4. The forms _on liff_ (XVIII. 154), _on slepe_ (VII. 192), _on stray_ (XIII. 195), etc., are peculiarly Northern forms for “alive,” “asleep,” etc. _Cf._ also _on fer_, _on flot_.

PREPOSITIONS.

1. _Till_ = _to_, the former being a Northern fashion. C frequently extends to _on-to_, _on-till_, as in VI. 622, XVII. 29, etc.

2. Note the verbal preposition _that I of tell_, etc.

3. _Be_ and _by_ are common to both MSS., C more frequently the latter, probably a Southern influence. Strictly in Scots _be_ alone denotes agency; _by_ usually = beyond, as in _by ordinar_, etc.

CONJUNCTIONS.

1. The verb _suppos_ is several times used as a conjunction.

2. _the-quhethir_ = _thohquhether_ = _thohquether_, “nevertheless,” unknown to the Southern dialects.[187]

[186] _Specimens of Middle Scots_, p. xxxviii.

[187] _Specimens of Early English_, Morris and Skeat, vol. ii.

GLOSSARY

1. Familiar words slightly disguised by spelling are not included.

2. C = Cambridge MS. of _The Bruce_; E = Edinburgh MS.; H = Hart’s
printed edition; S = Skeat’s edition for Scottish Text Society
(S.T.S.); N.E.D. = New English Dictionary; A.S. = Anglo-Saxon;
A.F. = Anglo-French; O.F. = Old French; O.N. = Old Norse; N.E.
= Northern English; v. = verb; p.t. = past tense; p.p. = past
participle; s. = substantive.

3. _i_ and _y_ are completely interchangeable. In such cases as
_ar_, _air_, _ayr_ (_ere_), consult under first or earlier form.

4. Only the more significant or interesting references have been
given, or those of single occurrence.

A, one, a single: _A gatis_, in one way, uniformly, IV. 702

Abaid, _s._, delay: _v._, waited = abode

Abais, _v._, to abash, dismay, discourage;
_p.p._ Abaysit, dismayed

Abasing, Abaysyng, etc., _s._, dismay, discouragement

Abandoune, Abaundoune, give up;
make subject, IV. 655, etc.;
behave boldly: _at abandoune_, recklessly;
_in abandoune_, loosely

Abovin, _prep._ and _adv._, above (A.S. _ábúfan_);
also Abuf

Acquyt, _v._, free

Ado, to do = _at do_ (N.E. infin.), X. 348

Afald, “one fold,” single, XX. 618

Affeir, Affer, _s._, bearing, pomp

Afferis, belongs to, becomes (Anglo-Fr. _afferir_, to belong). See Effeir

Affermit, confirmed

Affy, trust

Agane, Aganis, against

Air, Ayr, _s._, heir

Air, Ayr, _adv._, ere, formerly (A.S. _ǣr_). See Eir

Air, _v._, are, IV. 704

Alabast, alabaster

Alkyn, _adj._, every kind

Aller, _gen. pl._ of all: _thar aller_, of them all, I. 137. See _Grammar_

All-gat, Allgait, always;
every way, XVIII. 451

All-weldand, “all-wielding,” omnipotent

Alsone, Alsoyn(e), as soon, very soon

Als-tit, very soon

Alsua, also

Alswith, very quickly

Ameyssyt, appeased, XVI. 134 (O.F. _amesir_)

Amonist, _v._, to admonish, exhort, VIII. 348

Amonestyng, Amonystyng, _s._, advice, exhortation

Amorus, _adj._, amorous

Amouris, _s._, love

Amovis, _v._, moves;
_p.p._, Amovyt

Anamalyt, _p.p._, enamelled, XX. 305

Anciente, antiquity, VI. 252 (A.F. _ancienté_)

Anent, _prep._, near;
towards;
opposite to, XIX. 512

Anerly, only, merely, alone

Angyr, anger, affliction, suffering, I. 235, II. 519;
also _adj._, Angry, difficult, unfavourable, V. 70;
pained, III. 530;
annoying, XVIII. 515

Anis, Anys, once: _at anys_, at once

A-pane, for all that, nevertheless;
really a mere expletive: “at a pinch” (Skeat)

Apert, _adj._, open: _in apert_, openly, XIX. 217

Appurvait, provided

Aquynt, acquainted

Ar, Air, Ayr, _adv._, before, formerly (A.S. _ǣr_)

Ar, an oar;
_pl._ aris

Arbytre, judgment, decision, I. 75 (O.F. _arbitre_ or _arbitrie_)

Arest, _s._ and _v._, arrest, stop

Arettit, _v._, _p.p._, accused, XIX., 20 (O.F. _aretter_, to accuse)

Arsoune, saddle-bow, XVI. 131

Assay, _v._, “essay,” try, attempt, attack;
also _p.t._, underwent, I. 448

Assege, _s._, siege;
also _v._, Assegit, besieged

Assenyhe, war-cry;
also, ensenyhe

Assentit, “assented,” agreed

Assignit, _p.p._, assigned

Assis, assize, court of law, XIX. 55

Assolyheit, _v._, _p.t._, absolved, set free

Assonyheit, _p.p._, excused (O.F. _essoigner_)

Assouerans, _s._, assurance

Assouerit, _v._, “assured,” give confidence to, encourage, VI. 225;
also _intrans._, to have confidence in, rely upon, XI. 309

Ath, Ayth, oath

Atour, _prep._, over, above

Atour, _s._, gear, equipment (O.F. _atour_, _ator_, furniture, gear)

Aucht, _v._, ought;
_p.p._, possessed, I. 45

Auchty, eighty

Aulde, old

Availyhe, Availl, to be of use

Avalyhe, in phrase IX. 147, “avail what may avail,” come what will.

Availl, _v._, lower

Avaward, vanguard

Avenand, handsome, graceful (O.F. _avenant_, well-proportioned)

Avent, _v._, to give air to, cool, XII. 145

Aventurous, “adventurous,” dangerous, risky

Averty, shrewd, prudent

Avisè, skilful, II. 271, prudent

Avisment, Avisement, advice, consideration

Avis, advice, opinion;
sound judgment, X. 269

Awayward, in their going away, XVI. 584

Awblasteris, arbalisters, crossbow-men, XVII. 236 (E). See Oblesteris

Awmener, a purse (O.F. _aumosniere_, a bag for alms)

Awter, altar, II. 33, 34

Aynd, _s._, breath (O.N. _andi_)

Aynding, _s._, breathing

Ay-quhar, everywhere

Ayr, oar;
_pl._ Ayris

Ayth, oath

Bacheler, Bachiller, a young knight, not displaying his own banner but following that of another

Baid. See Abaid

Baill, burning mass (A.S. _bǣl_, great fire)

Bailyheys, bailiffs

Bair, _v._, _p.t._, bore

Bait, Bate, a boat (A.S. _bāt_)

Baitit, _v._, _p.t._, baited, fed. See Bayt

Baneour, a banner-bearer

Banys, bones

Banyst, _v._, _p.p._, banished

Banrentis, bannerets, XI. 259: knights bringing vassals under their own banner. _Cf._ Bacheler

Bar, _v._, _p.t._, bore: _bar on hand_, maintained against, hence condemned, excluded, I. 62. See note

Barblyt, barbed

Barell-ferraris, vessels for carrying liquid, XV. 39. See note

Bargane, _s._ and _v._, fight, encounter

Barganyng, _s._, fighting, combat

Barnage, baronage (O.F. _barnaige_, gathering of barons)

Barnè = barnage (word of two syllables)

Barras, barriers, outwork (O.F. _barres_; _pl._ of _barre_, a stake)

Barrit, _p.t._, barred

Basnet, a helmet of conical shape (O.F. _bacin_, a basin, giving dimin. _bacinet_)

Bat(e), boat. See Bait

Bath, both

Battaillyt, Battalit, furnished with battlements

Battale, battell, a battalion, division of the army

Battel-sted, a battlefield, XV. 74

Bauld, _adj._, bold;
also _adv._, Bauldly

Bayt, to feed

Bawlmyt, embalmed

Be, _prep._, by

Bedene, Bedeyn, straightway, quickly;
in XV. 108 as an expletive, or with no particular force

Beforn, _prep._ and _adv._, before

Begouth, _v._, _p.t._ of began. See _Grammar_.

Begunnyn, Begonnyn, _v._, _p.p._, begun

Behaldand, _v._, _pr. p._, beholding

Behufis, _v. impers._, it behoves: _behufit away_, had to go, VI. 210

Bekand, warming, XIX. 552

Belif(f), speedily, soon

Bemys, beams

Benk, bench

Berdlass, beardless

Berfrois, a tower, modern _belfry_. See note X. 708

Berne, a barn

Berynes, _s._, burial, variant of “buriness” (A.S. _byrignes_, a burial)

Bet, _v._, beat, XIII. 158

Bet, _v._, _p.t._, improved, mended, XIX. 497 (A.S. _betan_, to better, repair)

Betane, pursued, _p.p._ (Northern) of _betake_, III. 159

Betaucht. See Beteche

Betraiss, to betray;
_p.p._ Betrasyt, Betresyt

Beteche, to commit, hand over;
_part._, betaucht

Betyd, _v._;
_pr. sub._, happen

Biggit, built and so, inhabited, XIV. 383

Bikkyr, Bykkir, to skirmish;
_pr. part._, Bikkyrring;
_p.t._, Bykkerit

Blenknyt, _v._;
_p.t._, blinked, glanced;
variant of next form

Blenkyt, looked to the side, glanced, shone (A.S. _blīcan_, to shine)

Bodword, a message, XV. 423 (N.E. only)

Bodyn, _p.p._ (obs.), of Bid, bidden, challenged to fight;
armed, VII. 103

Bollis, bushels

Boruch, pledge (A.S. _borh_, a pledge)

Bot, but

Boune, Bown, Bowne, prepared, ready;
_adj._ and _p.p._;
_v._, bown, to make ready

Bow-draucht, bow-shot

Bourdand, jesting, humorous, VIII. 383 (O.F. _bourder_, to jest)

Boyis, fetters, X. 763 (O.F. _boie_, _buie_)

Brad, Braid, broad

Bra-syd, brae--_i.e._, hill-side

Brast, _v._, to break, “burst,” XV. 479;
_p.t._, Brest, Brist.
See _Language_, “r”

Bredis, _v._, expand, spread out, XVI. 68 (A.S. _brædan_, to spread)

Breid, breadth: _on breid_, in breadth (A.S. _brædu_, breadth)

Brig, Bryg, _s._, bridge: as _v._, Briggit, bridged

Brocht, broucht, brought

Browdyn, _p.p._, embroidered

Bruk(e), _v._, enjoy

Brulyheit, broiled, burned

Brym, shore;
originally “the line which separates the land from the sea”
(Max Müller)

Bryn, to burn. See _Language_, “r”

Brynstane, brimstone

Bundin, Bundyn, _p.p._, bound

Burchis, _s. pl._, burghs, towns

Burd, board: Burdys, Burdis (II. 96, V. 388), the boards of a temporary table

Burgeonys, leaves, fresh shoots, V. 10

Buschement, an ambush

Busk, to prepare oneself, get ready;
_past_, buskit

But, _prep._, without: _but persaving_, without being seen, XVII. 92

Bynk. See Benk

Byrd, it behoved;
_past of reflexive verb_: VI. 316

Byrkis, birches

Byrnys, “birnies,” shirts of mail

Cald, Cauld, cold

Call, to drive. See note on X. 227;
labour, XIX. 174

Can, did (_auxiliary_). _Cf._ Gan

Cant, active, brisk

Car, “care” in sense of grief, regret

Cariage, Caryage, _s._, baggage

Carle, Carll, churl, peasant

Carpand, _v._, _pr. p._, talking

Carpi(y)ng, _s._, speaking, narrative

Cataill, Catell, property, III. 735, V. 275. See Fe. Chaucer has it in this sense

Cause, Cawse (two syllables), causeway, highroad (O.Nor.F. _caucie_ = _chaussée_)

Certis, certainly, I. 21, XVII. 812

Chak-wachis, _s._, “check-watches,” inspectors of the guard

Challans, _s._, challenge

Challans, _v._, accuse, XIX. 60 (O.F. _chalonger_)

Chalmer, Chamur, Chamyr, Chawmer, chamber. See on _Language_, “m”

Chapyt, _p.p._, escaped

Charge, business on hand, I. 141

Chargeand, _pr. p._ of charge, load, XVI. 458;
_p.p._, chargit, IV. 401, etc.

Charre (two syllables), _s._, a collection of chariots or waggons

Chasty, _v._, to chasten;
check, I. 122;
reprove, IX. 742, 743, 751

Cheis, Cheys, choose. See Ches

Chekys, gate-posts, X. 229

Chemyr, “Chimer,” a loose gown, specially that of a bishop, to which the lawn sleeves are attached, XVI. 580

Ches, _v._, to choose;
_p.t._, Chesi(y)t;
_p.p._, Chosyn

Chevisance, provision, III. 402 (O.F. _chevir_, to furnish)

Cheyff, in: directly from the Lord Paramount

Childer, _s. pl._, children. See _Grammar_

Childyne, _s._--_i.e._, childing, travail with a child

Chos, _s._, choice, III. 264

Claif, Clafe, Claff, _v._, _p.t._, clove, cleft

Clap, knock, noise, X. 401

Cled, _v._, _p.t._, clad

Cleket, catch, trigger (F. _cliquet_, a catch), X. 401;
XVII. 674

Clengit, cleared, emptied

Clergy, learning, IV. 689

Clerkis, men of learning, I. 249

Clething, clothing

Cleuch, a gorge, hollow

Clummyn, _p.p._ of Clym, climb

Cole (two syllables), a buffet. See note on VII. 623

Com, _s._, coming

Compering, _s._, comparison, I. 261

Compositur, arbiter, I. 883

Conabill, _adj._, proper, fitting, III. 290, V. 266 (O.F. _covenable_, suitable)

Confort, comfort

Conand. See Cunnand

Consaf, _v._, conceive;
_p.p._, consavit, XX. 186

Conteyning, Contynyng = containing, _s._, demeanour, behaviour

Conteyn, _v._, demean or carry oneself;
_past_, Contenyt

Contrar, _adj._, contrary;
also Contrar, _s._, oppression, I. 461

Contraryit, _v._, _p.t._, countered, opposed

Convyn, Convyne. See Covyne

Cosynage, relationship, V. 135

Cosyne, cousin, near relative

Coupillyt, “coupled,” united

Couth, (1) could, (2) did _auxiliary_, III. 460, XX. 250;
past of _can_.
See _Grammar_ (_Verb_)

Covatis, covetousness

Cover, _v._, to recover;
_p.t._, Coverit

Coveryng, recovery, IX. 113

Covyne, _s._, counsel, XIII. 122;
agreement, mental power, IX. 77;
secret design or contrivance;
condition, XIII. 219 (O.F. _covine_, _couvine_, _convine_, manner of
being, contrivance)

Crakkis (“cracks”), explosions;
_gynis for crakkis_, engines for explosions, guns, XVII. 250;
so also _crakkis of wer_, XIX. 399

Croice, _s._, cross, III. 461

Cruk, _s._, a “crook,” a large hook, X. 363

Crykis, crevices, X. 602, 605 (O.F. _crique_)

Cuke, a cook

Culter, a coulter, IV. 113

Cummyrsum, “cumbersome,” difficult to cross

Cun, _v._, to know, XIX. 182 (A.S. _cunnan_, to know)

Cunnand, _s._, covenant, agreement

Cunnannes, _s._, cunning, III. 712

Cuntyrnans = Countynans, Contenance, face, manner, IX. 273

Cunyhe, a coign, corner

Custumabilly, customarily, XV. 236

Dang. See Dyng

Dantè, Daynte, _s._, pleasure, eagerness, honour, affection

Daw, of, “of day”--_i.e._, out of life: _doyn out of dawis_, killed, VI. 650

Dawing, Dawyng, _s._, dawning

Dawit, _p.t._, dawned;
_p.pt._, Dawyn

De, _v._, to die;
_p.t._, Deit

Debowalit, Debowellit, _v._, _p.p._, disembowelled. XX. 285, 570

Ded, Deid, _s._, death;
_pl._, Dedis, XVII. 115: _done to ded_, slain

Dedeynyheit, him, _v._, _p.t. impers._, he deigned

Defawtyt, “defaulted,” put in fault, I. 182

Defoull, defile

Degyse (three syllables), feigned, XIX. 459 (F. _déguisé_, disguised)

Deill, _s._, part, bit: _nocht a deill_, not a bit

Delitabill, pleasant

Deli(y)ver, _adj._, nimble, quick;
also _adv._, Deliverly, Delyverly

Demanyne, to waste, spoil, ill-treat;
to rule, manage;
to be behaved, to conduct oneself, V. 229: _p.t._, Demane(y)t
(O.F. _demener_, to treat, exercise, etc.)

Dempt, doomed

Demyng, judgment, doom

Demys, judges, decides (A.S. _dēman_, to judge)

Den, _v._, to dam, XIV. 354

Depart, to part, depart, VI. 552

Der, _v._, dare, risk. III. 382

Deray, disorder, injury (O.F. _desrai_, disorder, harm)

Derenyhe, _v._, prove, vindicate (O.F. _desraisnier_, to render
a reason, defend);
_s._, single combat or duel, XIII. 324, 325

Derff, strong, daring

Deris, _v._, harms (A.S. _derian_, to harm)

Det, _s._, debt

Devis, _v._, narrate;
determine, propose, plan (F. _deviser_, speak, decide, etc.);
also _noun_, _at all devis_, in every way, IV. 264, etc.;
_at thair devis_, to their liking, according to their plan, X. 363

Devour, duty (O.F. _deveir_)

Dey, _v._, to die;
_p.t._, Deyt.
See De

Dicht, _v._, dress, prepare (A.S. _dihtan_, to prepare);
_p.p._, Dycht

Digne, worthy

Dik, ditch, entrenchment;
as _v._, _Dik thame_, entrench themselves, XVII. 271

Disclar, _v._, declare, I. 75

Discrif, Discryre, _v._, describe;
_p.p._, Discrivit

Discure, _v._, discover

Discurrouris, “discoverers,” scouts, spies

Disese, _s._, discomfort

Disherys, Dysherysys, _v._, disinherit

Dispari(y)t, _v._, _p.p._, in despair

Dispend, _v._, to spend

Dispending, _s._, what they might spend--_i.e._, money--VIII. 509

Dispitous, _adj._, spiteful, cruel;
also _adv._, spitefully, severely, angrily

Disponis, _v._, disposes

Dispulyheit, _p.p._, despoiled

Dissaf, _v._, deceive

Dissat, _s._, deceit

Distrenyhit, compelled

Distrowbilling, _s._, disturbance, annoyance, V. 216

Dittit, closed up (A.S., _dyttan_, to close up)

Do, thrive, succeed, II. 128

Dochtrys, daughters, I. 200

Dongen, Dungin. See Dyng

Dosnyt, Doysnyt, stunned, dazed

Dour, determined, stubborn, severe

Dowtyne, _s._, doubting, XIV. 230

Doyne, _p.p._ of do, done

Dre, Drey, _v._, endure (A.S. _drëogan_, to suffer)

Dreid, _s._, dread, fear: _but drede_, doubtless, IV. 277;
_withouten dreid_, without doubt, V. 579

Dreuch, Drewch, drew, dragged

Drif, Dryf, Dryve, _v._, to drive;
continue, X. 699;
pull, X. 255;
Drafe, Drivin

Drouery, Drowry, love. See note on VIII. 492

Dule, sadness, grief (O.F. _duel_, _dueil_, sorrow, suffering)

Dulfull, “doleful,” sad

Dusche, a heavy blow

Duschit, fell heavily, XVII. 693

Dyng, _v._, strike;
_past_, Dang;
_p.p._, Dungin, Doungyn

Dynnyt, made a sound, XVI. 131

Dyspitit, _v._, _p.t._, treated spitefully, hated, IV. 596

E, Ey, _s._, eye. See Eyn

Effer, Effeir(e), Effere (also Affeir), _s._, bearing, demeanour,
I. 361, V. 608, VII. 126, etc.;
stature, XX. 515;
equipment, belongings, XI. 196;
business, X. 305 (O.F. _afaire_, thing, business, etc.)

Efferis. See Afferis

Effray, fear;
also Effraying

Effrait, Effrayit, _p.p._, terrified;
also _adv._, Effrayitly

Eft, again, VI. 378

Eftir, _adv._, afterwards;
_prep._, after;
also Eftirward, Efterwartis

Eftsonis, soon after

Egging, _s._, urging, pressing

Eild, Elde, _s._, age

Eir, Er(e), _adv._, “ere,” before

Eisfull, easy, V. 70

Ek, _v._, add to

Ek, _adv._, also (A.S. _ēac_)

Eld-fadir, grandfather

Eldris, Eldrys, elders, forefathers

Elys, eels, II. 577

Emang, among

Embandownyt, _v._, _p.p._, subjected. See Abandoune

Enchawfyt, _v._, _p.p._, heated, incensed

Enchesoun(e), Enchesone, occasion, reason, cause (O.F. _enchaison_; Lat. _occasionem_)

Enclynit, _v._, _p.t._, inclined

Endentur, _s._, indenture

Endlang, _prep._ and _adv._, along;
forward, XIX. 356: _endlang furth_, right along forward, XVI. 548

Eneuch, enough

Enew, _adj. pl._, enough

Enfors, _s._, force, XVII. 448

Enforsaly, Enforcely, forcibly

Enforsit, “enforced,” strengthened

Engreif, Engreiff, grieve, annoy

Engynour, engineer, XVII. 434, 663

Enkrely, Encrely, especially;
really, III. 529;
earnestly, heartily

Enpres, Enpris, Empris, enterprise;
price, value, X. 507

Ensample, Ensampill, etc., _s._, example

Enselyt, _v._, _p.t._, sealed

Ens(s)enyhe, war-cry (O.F. _enseigne_, banner, war-cry)

Entencioune, intention, X. 527

Ententif, attentive;
also _adv._, Ententily

Entremas, or Entremess, something served between the courses of a banquet (O.F. _entremès_ = _entremets_)

Enveronyt, environed, surrounded

Erar, _adv._, sooner, rather

Erd, earth: _at erd_, on the ground

Erding, Erdyng, _s._, burial

Erdit, _v._, _p.p._, buried

Ernystfully, earnestly, seriously, VIII. 144

Erynes, fear, II. 295

Es, Eys, ease, I. 228: _male es_, _mail eis_, disease, XX. 73, 74. See Male-ess

Escheiff, XIX. 778. See Escheve

Eschele, Eschell, a squadron, company (O.F. _eschele_)

Escheve, _v._, to achieve;
_past_, Eschevyt;
_p.p._, Eschevit

Eschewe, _v._, to eschew, avoid

Espyne, a long boat, XVII. 719 (O.N. _espingr_)

Et(e), _v._, to eat;
Ete, Eyt, Etyn, VII. 169, 170

Etlyng, Etling, aim, endeavour, intention

Everilk, every

Exorcisaciones, exorcisings, IV. 750

Eym(e), uncle (A.S. _ēam_);
Emy’s, uncle’s

Eyn(e), eyes;
_pl._ of E, Ey

Eyth, easy, XVII. 454 (A.S. _īethe_)

Fa, Fay, a foe (A.S. _fāh_);
_pl._, Fais, Fayis;
also Famen, foemen

Failyhe, _v._, to fail, give way, faint, lose

Fair, _s._, manner, XI. 256;
condition, success, XVI. 21;
journey

Falding, _s._, falling, change

Faldyn, fallen, XI. 547. See note

Fall-brig, “fall-bridge,” drawbridge, XVII. 419

Fallow, _s._, fellow, companion

Fallow, _v._, to follow

Falset, Falsat, Falsade, falsehood

Fand, _v._, _p.t._, found

Fanding. See Faynd

Fantiss, Fayntice, faintness of heart;
Fantyss, deceit, XVII. 51

Far, _v._, to fare, go;
_p.p._, Farn, Faryne;
_s._, ‘fare,’ circumstance, pomp;
effort, XVII. 400;
good cheer, XIX. 730;
_adv._, fairly, becomingly

Farand, Farrand, handsome, fit, II. 514, XI. 95

Fardele, a bundle

Farlyit, _v._, _p.t._, wondered. See Ferly

Farsis, _v._, stuffs (F. _farcir_, to stuff)

Fassoun, Fassownys (_pl._), fashion, way

Fast, _adv._, earnestly, zealously, I. 42;
strongly, vigorously, XIII. 129

Faucht, Fawcht, fought

Fawt, Faute, fault

Fay, faith, fealty: _at a fay_, “at one faith”--_i.e._, subject to the same lord

Faynd, _v._ (Scots form of Fand, obsolete verb), try, tempt;
_past_, Fayndit;
_p.p._, Fayndit (A.S. _fandian_, to try, prove);
also _s._, Faynding, “tempting of Providence” (Skeat), III. 268.
_Cf._ XII. 364

Fe, Fee, cattle;
property, XIII. 725 (A.S. _feoh_, cattle, goods);
Chaucer has “catel” (cattle) in this sense of wealth;
_of fee_, by fief, in feudal ownership, XI. 456;
_pl._, here Feys, I. 58

Feble, _v._, to become feeble, II. 384

Feblis, _v._, to enfeeble;
_p.p._, Feblist

Fechand, fetching, III. 428. See _Language_, etc.

Fecht, to fight

Fechting, Fechtyne, _s._, fighting

Fechting-sted, _s._, place of fighting

Feill, Fele, Feyll, _adj._, many (A.S. _fele_)

Feir, Fer, _adj._, unhurt: _haill and feir_, safe and sound

Feir, Fere, _s._, companion (A.S. _gēfera_, a travelling companion)

Fell, _v._, pertained, XVII. 176;
befell, happened

Felloun(e), Feloune, “terrible,” cruel, wicked;
also _adv._, Fellounly, etc.

Felly, _adv._, cruelly, severely, exceedingly;
also Fellely

Felouny, _s._, cruelly, fierceness, harm

Fendis, fiends, IV. 224

Fens, defence, XX. 384

Fenyhe, _v._, to feign;
also _s._, Fenyheyng, feigning, I. 74

Fer, _adv._, far: _fer out the mair_, very much the more, VI. 666;
_on fer_, afar;
_Fer-furth_, far forward, XIX. 376

Ferd, fourth

Ferd, _v._, _p.t._, fared. See Far

Ferlifull, wonderful

Ferly, _s._, a wonder

Ferly, _adj._, wonderful (A.S. _fǣrlīc_, “fear-like,” strange);
also _adv._

Ferm, _adj._, firm;
_adv._, Fermly

Ferrer, Ferrest, _adj._, farther, farthest, XIX. 537, 530

Ferryit, farrowed

Fersly, fiercely

Fesnyng, Festnyng, _s._, fastening, compact, XX. 57;
confinement, XV. 309

Fetrys, fetters

Fewte, fealty, service

Fey, dying, doomed, XV. 45 (Icel. _feigr_, doomed to die)

Feys, fiefs, I. 58

Ficht. See Fecht. Fichtyne = Fechting

Flaggatis, faggots

Flaikes, hurdles, XIX. 742*. See footnote

Flang, _v._, _p.t._, flung

Flatlyngis, flat, XII. 59

Flaw, flew;
_p.t._ of Fle

Flawmand, “flaming,” fluttering brightly, XI. 192

Flechand, cajoling

Fletand, Fleting, floating

Fleying, _s._, “fleeing,” flight, XIX. 459

Fleyit, _p.p._, frightened, scared

Flicht, Flycht, flight

Flote, a fleet (_cf._ A.S. _flota_, a ship);
_on flot_, afloat, XIV. 359

Flure, floor, V. 400

Fluss, pool, XIII. 20

Flyt, float, III. 420

For, _prep._, against, XIV. 115

Forbeft, quite beaten, XVII. 793;
Beft (N.E.) means “to strike, to beat”;
“For” is intensive

Forby, by

Fordid, “did for,” spoiled

Forfalt, forfeited, XIII. 499

Forfayr, go to ruin;
_past subj._, Forfure, go wrong, fail, X. 529 (A.S. _forfaran_)

Forgane, “fore-gainst,” opposite to, XVI. 555

Forlorn, quite lost, X. 246

Forly, _v._, violate, I. 199

Formast, _adv._, foremost

Forouch, For(r)outh, For(r)ow, _prep._, “for with,” before

Forout, Forowt, without

Forouten, Foroutyn, Forowtyn, _prep._, without, besides (A.S. _forūtan_)

Forouth. See Forouch

Forow, Forrow, before

Forsicht, Forsycht, _s._, foresight

Forsuk, avoided, turned from, XIV. 315

Forspokyn, _v._, _p.p._, agreed upon

Forswat, _v._, _p.p._, covered with sweat, VII. 2

Forsy(e), strong

Forthi, therefore (A.S. _forthī_)

Forthirmar, _adv._, farther

Fortravalit, _v._, _p.p._, exhausted by labour

Forwounderit, _v._, _p.p._, greatly surprised, VI. 10

Foundyn, _v._, _p.p._, found

Foysoun(e), Fusioune, abundance, great number (O.F. _foison_, plenty)

Fra, from

Frakly, eagerly, VII. 166 (A.S. _frac_, bold)

Franchis, liberty, XI. 268 (O.F. _franchise_, freedom)

Fra-thine, from that time forward

Fray, _s._, fear, XV. 255

Fraying, clanking, clashing, X. 653 (O.F. _freiier_, to rub)

Frely, noble, III. 578. See note (A.S. _frēolic_, free-handed, noble)

Frer, a friar, XVIII. 300

Frest, delay (Icel. _frest_, delay)

Freyast, freest

Freyndsome, friendly

Froggis, frocks, X. 375

Froytis, fruits, X. 191

Frusch(e), _s._, rush, crash, charge;
_v._, to crush in or break violently (O.F. _fruissier_, _froissier_,
to break)

Fudyr, “fodder,” a load, specially a waggon-load, as here, X. 198 (A.S. _fōther_, a load)

Fule-hardyment, _s._, fool-hardiness, VI. 337, 340

Fundyng, benumbment with cold (O.F. _emfondre_).

Fundyn, Fundin, _v._, _p.p._, found, provided for

Funyheit, “foined,” fenced

Fur(e), _p.t._ of Fare, fared, went on his way;
behaved, II. 503

Furrit, furred

Fusioune. See Foysoun

Fut-breid, _s._, foot’s-breadth, XI. 365

Fute, person. III. 578. See note

Fut(e)-hate, “foot-hot,” with all speed

Fyschit, _v._, _p.p._, fixed, resolved, XX. 178

Ga, go;
_p.p._, Gane, gayn

Gabbing, _s._, lie, deceit (A.S. _gabban_, to lie, jest);
_p.p._, Gabbit, IV. 290

Gaddering, Gaderyng, _s._, gathering;
as _v._, _p.t._, Gad(d)eret

Gadwand, goad or whip, X. 232. (A.S. _gād_)

Gaf(f), Gaiff, gave

Galay, _v._, reel, II. 422

Gam(m)yn, game, play (A.S. _gamen_, sport)

Gan, _v._ = _p.t._ of _ginnen_, used as an auxiliary, did. _Cf._ Can

Gang, go;
walk, in phrase _gang no ryd_, IV. 193;
_pr.p._, Gangand

Garris. See Ger

Gast, ghost, XIX. 214

Gat, way: _a gatis_, in one way, IV. 702

Gayne-cumming, “against-coming,” attack, II. 450

Gayne-geving, “again-giving,” restoration, I. 115

Geddis, pikes (the fish) (O.N. _gedda_)

Ger, _v._, to cause;
_p.t._, Gert

Gestis, joists, beams, XVII. 597. See note

Ghyle, guile, I. 172

Gif(f), Gyff, _conj._, if: _bot gif_, unless

Gladschip, gladness (A.S. _glaedscipe_)

Gle, Glew, glee;
also game or business, affair in _yheid the gle_, I. 90, etc

Glemand, gleaming

Gliffnyt, _v._, _p.t._, looked quickly up

Glowand, glowing

Gottyn, Gottin, _p.p._, got

Governale, government, skill in governing

Graith, ready;
also _adv._, Graithly, Grathly, directly, speedily (O.N. _greithr_,
ready)

Granting, confession, XIX. 45

Granys, groans

Grathit, _v._, _p.t._ and _p.p._, made ready

Gravyn, _v._, _p.p._, buried, IV. 309

Gret(e), to weep (A.S. _grētan_);
also _s._, Greting, weeping

Gretumly, greatly, extremely

Grevis, _s._, groves, V. 13

Grewit thame, _v._, _p.t._, _impers._, it made them shudder. See Grow

Grow, to quake with terror, to shake;
_p.t._, Growit, Grewit

Gruching, grudging, XVI. 19;
Gruchys, _v._, objects, II. 123

Grund, “ground,” land, XX. 325. See note

Grundyn, _p.p._, ground

Gude, _s._, property, XVII. 105;
_pl._, Gudis

Gyit, _p.p._, guided;
still _Sc._ in “guy-rope,” guiding-rope (O.F. _guier_, to guide)

Gyn, _s._, device, stratagem;
Gyne, engine, XVII. 682, 691;
Gynnys, _pl._, contrivance, some sort of net or trap, II. 576
(O.F. _engin_, from Lat. _ingenium_)

Gynour, _s._, engineer. See above

Gyrd, _s._, a sharp stroke, blow;
also _pr. p._, Gyrdand, rushing forward, II. 417

Gyrnand, growling, speaking angrily, IV. 322;
Skeat says “grinning,” of which it is a variant by metathesis of _r_,
but also with a different shade of meaning; it is an ordinary
Scots word in sense given

Gyrs, _s._, grass (A.S. _gers_)

Gyrth, sanctuary

Hachit, _s._, hatchet

Haill, Hale, Halle, _adj._, whole, sound: _all haill_, wholly;
also = _adv._, Halely, Halyly, Haly

Hailsyt, Halsit, saluted, II. 153

Haldaris, _s._, holders

Half-deill, half-part, half, XIV. 188, 497

Hals, neck

Halsing, salutation, VII. 117

Haltand, _pr. p._, “halting,” lame

Haly, holy (A.S. _hālig_)

Hamly, _adj._ and _adv._, homely, kindly, in a friendly way

Hansell, _s._, a present at the commencement, V. 120

Hardis, _s._, “hards,” or bundles of flax-fibres

Hardnyt, _v._, _p.t._, emboldened, urged on, XII. 500

Harnas, armour (O.F. _harnois_, with dialectal form _harnas_)

Harnys, brains

Hat, _v._, _p.t._, was named;
_p.p._, Hattyn (A.S., _hātan_, to be called);
_p.p._, _haten_, N.E.

Hat, Hate, Het, _adj._, hot;
also _adv._, Hat, hotly

Hawbrekis, hauberks

Hawbryschownys, habergeons

Hawch, _s._, haugh, low-land, XVI. 336

Hawtane, proud, I. 196 (O.F. _haltain_, high)

Haym(e), home

He, Hee, Hey, _adj._, high;
also _adv._, loud (A.S. _hēh_)

Hecht, to promise;
to be named (A.S. _heht_, _pret._ of _hātan_;
used as present, N.E. See Hat)

Hede-soyme, the rope attaching the yoke to the waggon, X. 180

Heill, _v._, cover;
_p.t._ and _p.p._, Helit, Helyt, covered, hid (A.S. _helan_, to cover)

Heirschip, harrying, wasting (A.S. _hergian_, to ravage with an army, _here_)

Helde, _v._, to incline;
_pr. p._, Heldand, inclining, V. 153

Heling, _s._, covering

Helmys, helmets

Hely, _adv._, highly, loudly

Hendir, behind, past. _Cf._ Hendirmar, Henmast

Her, master (Skeat, reading doubtful), IX. 640

Herbery, Herbry, _s._, lodging (A.S. _herebeorga_, shelter for an army)

Herbery _v. reflex_, to “harbour” themselves, take lodging;
_p.t._ Herberyd, Herbryit

Herbreouris, men sent on to secure lodgings

Herd, _adj._ and _adv._, hard

Herrodis, heraulds (O.F. _heraut_)

Hertit, heartened, encouraged, XVI. 662

Hevede, _s._, head, V. 11 (A.S. _hēafod_)

Heych, _adj._, high;
_s._, Heycht, Hicht, a height: _into the hicht_, openly, V. 487

Heyt, _p.p._, raised “high,” exalted

Hicht, _s._, a promise

Hicht, _v._ See Hecht or Heych

Hiddillis, Hyddillis, a hiding-place (_sing._), VI. 382 (A.S. _hydels_, a den)

Hidwys, _adj._, hideous;
_adv._, Hydwisly

Hing, Hyng, to hang

Hint, Hynt, seized, took (A.S. _hentan_, to seize)

Ho, _s._, delay, XX. *429. See note

Hobland, tossing about, IV. 447

Hobleris, light horsemen--_i.e._, riders on unarmoured horses--(Anglo-Fr. _hobeleor--our_, derivative of _hobin_. See next)

Hobynis, light horses not strong enough to wear armour (O.F. _hobin_, _hobi_, apparently of English origin)

Holl, _adj._, hollow, deep, VIII. 176

Holl, _adj._, whole, VI. 78

How-gatis, how. See Gat

Howis, holes, XI. 153

Howis, “hoes,” picks on long poles for warlike purposes, XVII. 344 (F. _houe_, a hoe)

Hoyn, _s._, delay

Hude, a hood; _pl._ Hudis, XIX. 332

Hufe, remain, lie in wait;
_pr. p._, Hufand, Huvande

Humely, Humylly, humbly

Huntand, _pr. p._, hunting

Husband, a small farmer

Huvande. See Hufe

Hy, _s._, haste;
_v. reflex_, to hasten (A.S. _higian_, to hie)

Hyde, skin, III. 584. II. 511

Hye, _adj._, high;
_adv._, loudly;
_v._, to heighten

Hyne, _s._, a hind, lad, XII. 460

Hyrcheoune, hedgehog (O.F. _heriçon_, a hedgehog)

Ic, I

Ik, _adv._, eke;
also III. 326. See Ek

Ilk, Ilka, same, each. See _Grammar_ for distinction

Ilkan(e), Ilkone, everyone, each one

Inew, _adj._, enough. See Enew

Inewch, enough

Infair, a house-warming, XVI. 340

Inforcely, _adv._, with great force

Inforsit, _v._, _p.t._, “enforced,” strengthened, IV. 65

Ingrevand, _pr. p._, “engrieving,” annoying

In-myd, _prep._, amid

Innouth, _prep._, within

In-sundir, _adv._, asunder

Intermelle, mixed up, confusedly, XIV. 215

In-till, _prep._, in, into

Intwyn, asunder, VIII. 175

Isch, _v._, to issue;
_p.t._, Ischyt

Iwiss, _adv._, certainly, truly, XVI. 154 (A.S. _gewis_, certain)

Jolely, handsomely, well

Joly, handsome, good; gay, high-spirited, VIII. 446 (F. _joli_)

Journee, a day’s work, a battle or feat of arms (_Fr._)

Jowele, jewel, XVIII. 360

Juntly, close up, XVII. 689

Justing, _s._, jousting, XIX. 520

Karlis, “churls,” fellows (O.N. _karl_, a man)

Ken, _v._, to know, recognize, perceive;
instruct, direct, show;
_pres._, Kennys, IV. 748;
_p.t._, Kend;
_p.p._, Kend

Kendlyt, _v._, _p.p._, kindled

Kep, Keip, _s._, heed: _takand na kep_, taking no heed, I. 212

Kers, Carse, low land bordering a river

Kest, _v._, _p.t._, cast

Kinrik, Kynrik, kingdom

Knaf, Knave, a boy: _knaiff child_, a male child

Knawyng, _s._, knowledge

Ky, _pl._ of cow (A.S. _cū_, _cȳ_)

Kyndly, _adj._, of nature, IV. 721, etc.

Kyne, _s._, kind: _na kyn(e)_, of no kind

Kynrik, kingdom, royal power

Kyrnaill, _s._, a battlement (O.F. _crenelle_)

Kyt, a wooden vessel or pail

Ladis, _s._, loads

Lafe, Laif(f), Layff, Lave, the rest, the remainder (A.S. _lāf_)

Landar (E., Lavender), Layndar, a laundress

Land-brist, surf

Lang, long. _Cf._ Langar

Lansit, Lansyt, bounded, dashed forward (O.F. _lancier_, throw forward;
the O.Nor.F. form _lancher_ has been adopted as “Launch”)

Lans, _s._, rush, leap, X. 414

Lap, _v._, _p.t._, leapt

Lardener, a larder. V. 410

Larg(e), liberal (O.F. _large_)

Larges, bounty, liberty: _at his larges_, to the full, VII. 378

Lasair, Lasare, Laser, Laseir, leisure

Lat, _s._, let, hindrance, XII. 516

Lat, _v._, let

Lat, Layt, _adj._, late

Late, _s._, manner, behaviour, VII. 127 (O.N. _læte_, manners)

Lauchand, laughing

Laute, Lawte, Leawte, loyalty, truth (O.F. _leaute_)

Law, Lawch, low: _compar._, Lawer

Lawchtane, dull coloured, dark (Gaelic _lachdunn_ = Irish _lachtna_, N.E.D.), XIX. 672

Lawit, _v._, lowered

Layd-men, _s._, “load-men,” the men in charge of the pack-horses, VIII. 466

Lechis, doctors

Lechyng, _s._, healing

Leddir, a ladder

Lege, full, free: _in lege poustè_, “in health and full possession of one’s faculties” (N.E.D.), V. 165

Leif, _v._ and _s._, leave: _but leif_, without leave, XVII. 863

Leis, _v._, lose;
_p.t._ and _p.p._, Lesit (A.S. _lēosan_, to lose)

Leit, think, consider (A.S. _lǣtan_)

Leit, _v._, let, XVII. 850. See Lat

Lele, Leile, Leyle, _adj._, leal, faithful;
also _adv._, Lely, Lelely, Lelyly

Lendit. See Leynd

Lenteryne, Lent, the spring

Lenye, “lean”

Lesing. _s._, lying (A.S. _lēasung_, falsehood)

Lesit, Lessit, Lesyt, _v._, lost

Lest, List, _imper. v._, it pleases, VII. 314 (A.S. _lystan_, to please)

Let, Letting, _s._, hindrance;
_adv._ Letless, without hindrance XVI. 568

Let, _v._, to hinder, allay, prevent;
_p.t._, Letit, Lettyt

Leve, to leave, to remain

Levir, rather

Levit, Levit: _war levit of_, had taken their leave of, XX. 577

Leyme, flame, XI. 191 (A.S. _lēoma_, a ray of light)

Leynd, to remain, wait

Leysch, leash

Libbard, leopard

Licht, Lycht, light

Lichtit, _v._, _p.t._, alighted

Lift, _s._, sky, XVI. 692 (A.S. _lyft_, air)

Lik, _v._, to please

Lisnyt, _v._, _p.t._, listened

Losengeour, a traitor, IV. 108 (O.F., _losengier_, a flatterer, a traitor)

Lovit, _v._, _p.t._ and _p.p._, praised;
and _s._, Loving, praise

Low, flame

Lownyt, sheltered, XV. 276;
_v._, Lown, to become calm, to shelter (N.E. and Scots)

Lowp, _v._, to leap

Lows, _v._, to loose;
_p.p._, Lowsyt

Lowtit, Lowtyt, bowed before or to

Luff, _s._ and _v._, love

Lufre, “livery,” gift (O.F. _livrée_; Anglo-Fr. _liveré_)

Lurdane, _s._, rascal (O.F. _lourdin_, a heavy [_lourd_], _i.e._, stupid fellow)

Lusumly, “lovesomely,” pleasantly

Lychtyt, _v._, _p.t._ and _p.p._, lightened

Lyknyt, _v._, _p.p._, likened, compared

Lyng, a line

Lynyng, linen, XIII. 422

Lypnyng, _s._, trust

Ma, _v._, to make;
_pres._, Mais, Mays

Ma, May, _adj._, more. _Comp._ Ma(i)r, Ma([i.])st

Magre, _s._, ill-will, XVII. 60 (O.F. _mal grè_, ill-will);
also as _prep._, in spite of: _magre his_, in spite of him;
_magre thairis_, in spite of them

Maill-eiss, Male-ess, disease (F. _mal aise_)

Maistri, _s._, “mastery,” strength

Maistris, arts, XIX. 182

Man, _v._, must, VII. 137;
also Mon

Manauce, Mannasyng, _s._, “menace,” threatening

Manausyt, Mannausit, _v._, _p.t._, menaced

Mandment, commandment

Manhede, Manheid, “manhood,” valour

Mankynd, _s._, manliness, IV. 530

Manrent, homage

Manteme, Ma(y)nteym, maintain

Marcheand, _pr. p._, “marching with,” bordering. See next

Marchis, marches, borders (A.S. _mearc_, a boundary)

Marras, morass

Martirdome, slaughter

Martymes, Martinmas (Nov. 11)

Mas, _s._, _plur._ maces

Mastrice, mastery, superiority;
“masterly” skill, VI. 566 (O.F. _maistrise_)

Mastry, “mastery,” skill;
force, VII. 354 (O.F. _maistrie_, skill)

Mate, dull, dispirited (O.F. _mat_, dull)

Maturite, _s._, deliberation XI, 583

Maucht, might

Mavite, wickedness, guile (O.F. _mauvitie_ for _malvaistié_)

Mawch, kinsman, especially, as here, by marriage, XV. 274 (A.S. _maeg_)

Mayn(e), _s._, “moan,” lamentation

Mekill, much, large (A.S. _micel_)

Melland, _v._, _pr. p._, mixing (O.F. _meller_, to mix);
_p.p._, Mellit

Melle (two syllables), a mixture, whence, a battle, etc.

Mellyng, Mellyne, _s._, encounter;
mixture, V. 406

Menand, _v._, moaning (A.S. _mǣnan_);
_p.t._ Menit, Menyt

Mengit, _v._, _p.t._, mixed (A.S. _mengian_)

Menyhe, Mengne, host, company

Menounys, “minnows,” small fish

Mensk, honour, dignity (O.N. _mennska_, humanity)

Menskfully, honourably

Menyng, _s._, lamentation

Menyng, _s._, remembrance, IV. 326. See Meyn

Menys, think, XII. 269 (A.S. _mǣnan_, to think on). See Meyn

Merdale, camp-followers, IX. 249

Merk-schot, XII. 33. See note

Mesour, Mesur, _s._, “measure,” moderation: _our mesur_, beyond measure;
_at all mesure_, in every proportion, X. 281

Mesurabill, _adj._, moderate

Meyn, _v._, to think of, be mindful of;
mention, X. 736

Meyne, _v._, to moan, lament, XV. 237

Misteir, Mister, trade, craft (O.F. _mestier_; F. _métier_)

Mister, Myster, need (as above);
also _v._, Mysteir, be necessary, XVII. 215;
_adj._, needful

Mocht, Moucht, _v._, might

Mody, _adj._ See Mude, Mudy

Mon, _v._, must

Mone, to remember, bear in mind (O.N. _muna_, to remember)

Mony, many

Monyst, admonished, XII. 379

Mot, _v._, may be, IV. 26

Mow, a heap of corn, IV. 117

Mowence, mutation, change, I. 134 (O.F. _muance_)

Mubill, “movable” property, V. 275 (F. _meuble_, furniture)

Mude, mood, XX. 203;
courage, XIX. 622 (A.S. _mōd_);
_adj._, Mudy

Murnyn(g), _s._, mourning

Muryt, blocked up, IV. 164 (F. _mur_, a wall)

Mut, make mention, XIII. 60

Mycht, _s._, might: _at thar mychtis_, as much as they could, III. 190;
_that all mychtis may_, that is able to do all things, III. 366

Mydlike, _adv._, moderately, III. 71

Mydwart, _s._, midway, III. 682

Myrk, Merk, dark;
_s._, Myrknes, darkness

Myschieff, misfortune, danger, loss;
evil fate, XIX. 71 (O.F. _meschief_)

Mystrowing, suspicion;
_v._, Mystrowit, suspected, X. 327

Myt, _s._, “mite,” a bit

Na, _adj._, no;
_conj._, nor: _na thay war_, but they were, V. 372;
_na (ne) war_, were it not

Nakit, _adj._, naked, bare, XIII. 459;
generally, however = without armour on

Nakyn, of no kind: _nakyn wis_, in no wise

Namly, especially

Nanys, For the, for the nonce, X. 58

Nave, fist;
_pl._, Nevis, Nevys

Navyn, _s._, shipping, III. 393

Nedlyngis, _adj._, necessarily

Neid-way, _adv._, of necessity

Neist, Neyst, nearest, next

Neuth, _prep._, beneath

Nevo, nephew

Newlyngis, _adv._, newly

Nigramansy, _s._, necromancy, IV. 747

Noblay, nobility

Nocht, not

Nocht-for-the, _adv._, nevertheless

Nouthir, _conj._, neither;
_adv._, not, VI. 522

Novelreis, novelties, XIX. 394

Noy, annoy, hurt (O.F. _nuire_, to injure)

Noyn(e), noon

Noyus, disagreeable, XIX. 742

Nynt, ninth

Nysste, “nicety,” folly

Nychtbur, Nychtbour, _s._, neighbour

Nygramansour, necromancer, IV. 242

Nyt, _v._, _p.t._, denied, I. 52 (O.F. _noier_, _neier_, to deny)

Obeiss, to obey;
_pr. p._ as _adj._, Obeysand

Oblesteris, “arblasteris,” crossbow-men, XVII. 236

Occisioune, slaughter, XIV. 220

Ocht, aught, III. 282

Off lyve, alive, I. 293

Of-new, anew

Oftsis, often (“oftsithes,” oft-times, A.S. _sīth_, a time)

Oftymis, _adv._, oft-times

On-ane, anon, immediately

Ony, _adj._, any

Oost, Ost, host, army

Otow, _prep._, beyond

Oucht, Owcht, _adv._, at all;
very, XV. 428

Ouirmair, Owyr-mar, farther away

Our, _prep._, over

Our, Owyr, _adv._, too, very;
over, across;
also in compounds: _e.g._, _Our-drawyn_, etc.

Ourdriff, “drive over,” survive

Our-ga, “go over,” overcome

Our-hy, _v._, “hie or hasten over,” overtake

Ourta(k), overtake;
manage, VIII. 190;
cover, XI. 125;
_p.p._ _Ourtane_, “done for,” condemned, XIX. 55

Ourthwort, _adv._, “overthwart,” beyond on each side

Ourtummyllit, “over-tumbled,” upset

Outane, Outtak, Outaken, Outakin, besides, except

Out-our, _prep._, across, beyond, over

Outraying, _s._, harm, injury, XVIII. 182

Owk, week (still an Aberdeenshire word)

Owth, _prep._ and _adv._, above, outside;
beyond, XIV. 352.

Oysis, _v._, uses, are used;
_p.t._ and _p.p._, Oysit (O.F. _user_, to be in the habit);
Oys, _s._, use

Pailyhownys, Palyheonis, etc., pavilions, tents

Panch, _s._, paunch

Par, for (O.F. _par_): _e.g._, _par cheryte_, for charity

Parage, rank, lineage, I. 102, 276

Paramouris, _adv._, as a mistress

Paske (in comps), Pasche, Easter

Pautener, _adj._, low, rascally (O.F. _pautonier_, vagabond)

Peill, a fort with stockade and ditch. O.F. _pel_; Late Lat. _pelum_ (acc.), a stake, X. 137

Peir, _v._, to equal, match

Pennystane, a flat stone used as a quoit, XIII. 581 (E and H, see note)

Percas, _adv._, by chance (O.F. _per cas_)

Perde = _par dieu_ (F.), an expletive, truly, etc. See next

Perfay, “by my faith,” truly (O.F. _per fei_, by my faith)

Perfornyst, performed, XII. 61 (O.F. _parformir_)

Perquer, by heart, thoroughly (O.F. _per quer_ (cuer), by heart)

Peth, path, pass

Petwisly, Pitwysly, piteously

Pik, _s._, pitch, XVII. 611

Planer, full, I. 624

Play, _s._, pleasure, V. 73;
tricks, XIX. 364

Plenyhe, _v._, to complain

Plewch, plough

Pollis, pools, XII. 395, 404

Portrait, _v._, _p.p._, painted, X. 743;
formed, shaped, X. 281

Pouerale, “poor-folk,” camp-followers (O.F. _pouraille_, poor folk)

Poustè, Powstè, power;
for _lege poustè_, see Lege

Poynt, _s._, moment, opportunity;
feat of arms, in _poynt of weir_, XVI. 492, and alone, XVI. 499;
_at poynt_, in good condition, favourable, III. 702;
_in sic poynt_, in such array, XII. 93;
_into sic point_, at such a “point” or crisis, IV. 331

Pray, _v._, to prey;
also _s._, with _plur._ Prayis

Preif, _v._, to prove;
_p.t._, Previt

Presand, _s._, present: _in_ or _intill_ presand, as a present

Prek, Prik, _v._, prick, wound, spur; Prikand, riding

Prevate, _s._, “privity,” privacy, secrecy; secret design, X. 161

Pris, Prys, _v._, to prize, esteem, praise

Proplexite, _s._, perplexity

Pryme, prime (six o’clock), the first of the “canonical hours”

Pundelan, hero, warrior

Punsoune, a dagger

Punyhe, a skirmish

Pupill, people

Purchas, _v._, to get, procure (O.F. _porchacier_, _pourchacier_, to follow, to procure)

Purchas, _s._, effort;
contrivance, plot, XIX. 12

Purvians, “purveyance,” provisions, IV. 397

Pusoune, _s._, poison

Put againe, push back, repulse

Pyne, pain, suffering, distress (A.S. _pin_, pining, suffering)

Queyr, choir, XX. 293

Quhar, where;
also in compounds, _Quharfor_, _Quhar-throuch_, etc.

Quhedirand, whizzing or roaring. XVII. 684

Quheill, _s._, wheel

Quhestling, Quhistlyng, _s._, “whistling,” baying (of a dog), VI. 94, 87

Quhet, _s._, wheat, V. 398

Quheyn(e), _adj._, “wheen,” few;
also Quhoyn;
_comp._ Quhenar

Quhilum, “whilom,” once

Quhyne, whence, VII. 240

Quod, _v._, “quoth,” said, XVIII. 57

Quyntis, _s._, “quaint” devices or decorations on the armour or on flags, XI. 194; XIII. 183

Quytly, securely, X. 548;
freely, completely

Quyrbolle, leather hardened by heating, etc., XII. 22.
See note

Rad, _adj._, frightened, afraid

Radness, fear

Raid, _v._, _p.t._, rode

Rair, Rar, _v._, to roar

Rais, Rase, _s._, “race,” strong current

Rais, _v._, _p.t._, rose

Raith, Rath, soon

Rakit, _v._, _p.t._, moved with speed (A.S. _racian_)

Randoun, _s._, onrush, force (O.F. _randon_, force)

Rangale, Rangald, Rangall, rabble

Range: _on range_ “in rank,” in “Indian file,” X. 379

Rangit, _v._, _p.p._, ranged, ranked, XI. 431

Ranyt, _v._, _p.t._, rained

Rath, _adv._, soon

Ratret, Retret, retreat

Raucht, _v._, _p.t._, reached, dealt.
See Reik

Raw, _s._, row

Realtè, Reawtè, royalty, kingdom

Rebaldaill, Rybbaldaill, rabble;
also Rebaldis, rogues

Rebelland, _pr. p._, as _adj._, “rebelling,” rebellious

Rebours, at, in great dislike

Reboytit, Rebutyt, repulsed;
also Reboyting, _s._, repulse (A.F. _reboter_: O.F. _rebouter_)

Reconsalit, _v._, _pp._, reconciled

Recour, recovery, II. 543

Recryand, recreant, cowardly

Red(e), Reid, _s._, counsel; _tane to red_, come to the conclusion, taken the advice, XII. 389, XVII. 267 (A.S. _rǣd_, counsel)

Red(e), _v._, to advise

Red, _v._, save, IV. 132, XIX. 677

Redyit, _v._, _p.t._, got ready, IX. 171

Refe, Reve, _v._, to take away;
_p.t._, Reft;
_p.p._, Revede, reft, V. 12

Refrenyhe, _v._, to refrain

Regnyt, reigned, XIII. 698

Reif, _s._, plunder (A.S. _rēaf_)

Reik, _v._, reach, XVII. 419;
_p.t._, Raucht

Reik, Reyk, _s._, smoke

Releif, _s._, payment on taking possession of a property, XII. 320

Releyit, _p.p._, provided with a fresh supply, IV. 456

Relit, Relyt, _v._, _p.t._ reeled

Rely, _v._, to rally;
_p.t._, Releyt;
_p.p._, Releit

Renconfort, _v._, to encourage

Rengye, Renyhe, Reynye, rein

Renk, “rink,” space, II. 365. See note

Renyit, _v._, _p.p._, denied (O.F. _renier_, to deny)

Renyhe, Reynye, _s._, rein

Repair, _s._, dwelling, haunt, place of meeting or retreat

Repreif, _s._, reproof

Reprief, _v._, to reprove

Rerit, _v._, _p.t._, reared

Rescours, rescue (O.F. _rescos_, _rescousse_, succour)

Reset, refuge (O.F. _recet_, place of refuge);
also _v._, _p.p._, Resettit, received

Revede. See Reve

Rewis, streets (F. _rue_)

Riall, Ryoll, _adj._, royal;
_s._, Rialtè, royalty, royal power

Richtwisness, righteousness, _adj._, Rychtwis;
_adv._, Rychtiously

Rif, _v._, rive

Rik, kingdom (A.S. _rīce_, a kingdom, sovereignty)

Rocht, Roucht, _v._, _p.t._ See Raucht

Rod, _s._, road, path

Roucht, _v._, _p.t._, I should not reck or care, VII. 24 (A.S. _rēcan_, _rōhte_)

Routit, snored, V. 632

Rownand, Rowning, _pr. p._, whispering, XII. 360;
as _s._, Rownyng, XII. 368

Rowt, Rout, _s._, a blow;
also Rowt, _s._, a company, troop

Roydly, Ruydly, rudely, fiercely

Rude-evyn, _s._, Eve of the Exaltation of the Rood or Cross, XVII. 634

Rusche, to rush, drive back, overthrow, repulse;
also Rus, XII. 527;
_p.t._, Ruschit, Rouschit

Rybbaldy, _s._, dissipation, I. 341

Ryde, _adj._, severe, XII. 557

Ryg, ridge

Rymmyll, _s._, blow

Ryng, _v._, to reign. See on _Language_

Ryoll, _adj._, royal, XIII. 30

Ryot, _v._, in _ryot to_, made “riot” in, ravaged

Ryth, _adv._, “right,” utterly, I. 194

Sa, so

Sa yhe, say ye, VII. 258

Sad, steadfast, XII. 134. See next

Sadly, firmly, compactly, steadfastly, XIII. 374, 494, XVII. 576 (Mid. E. sad = firm, etc., as in Chaucer)

Sair, Sayr, sorely: _by sair_, pay for dearly, XVIII. 514

Sakless, innocent

Salit, _v._, _p.t._, sailed;
_pr. p._, Saland

Sall, shall

Sals, sauce, III. 540

Salt, _s._, assault;
also Sawt

Salusit, saluted, IV. 509

Sam(m)yn, _adv._, together

Sam(m)yn, _adj._, same

Sanct, _s._, saint;
_v._, _p.p._, sainted

Sanyt. See Sayn

Sar, Sayr, sorely

Sarraly, close together;
also _adj._ and _adv._, Sarray, close, closely

Sary, sorry

Saucht, _v._, _p.p._, reconciled, X. 300 (_cf._ A.S. _saht_, peace)

Sauf, Sawff, _v._, to save

Saufly, safely

Sauftè, Savitè, safety

Savourit, scented, XVI. 70

Sawin, _v._, _p.p._, sown, IV. 685

Sawt, _s._, assault: also Salt

Sayn, _v._, _s._, bless; _p.t._, Sanyt (O.F. _seignier_, to bless with the sign of the cross; Lat. _signare_)

Saynd, a message, V. 196 (A.S. _sand_, a sending)

Scaffatis, scaffolds

Scaill, _s._, a scattered company, men in loose order

Scale, Scaill, _v._, to scatter, separate;
_p.t._ Scalit;
_p.p._ Scalit;
also Skalyt

Scarsly, scarcely

Scath, _s._, harm: also _v._, to harm

Scathfull, Scathless, harmfull, unharmed

Schar, Schair, Schare, cut, carved;
_p.t._ of Scher

Schavalduris, vagrants, V. 205. See note

Schaw, _v._, show;
_p.t._ Schew, X. 161, or Schawit

Schaw, _s._, thicket, grove

Schawdest, _adj._, _super._, shallowest, IX. 354

Sched, clove, divided

Schent, _v._, _p.p._, shamed

Scher, _v._, to shear, cut up