Chapter XXVII: Introduction: Habits–classification–structure–chilognatha–chilopoda (21)

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NOTES

[1] L. Guilding, "_Mollusca caribbaeana_: an Account of a New Genus of
Mollusca," _Zool. Journ._ vol. ii. 1826, p. 443, pl. 14; reprinted in
_Isis_, vol. xxi. 1828, p. 158, pl. ii.

[2] H. N. Moseley, "On the Structure and Development of _Peripatus
capensis_," _Phil. Trans._ clxiv. pls. lxxii.-lxxv. pp. 757-782; and
_Proc. R. S._ xxii. pp. 344-350, 1874.

[3] A. Sedgwick, "A Monograph of the Genus _Peripatus_," _Quart. Journ.
of Mic. Science_, vol. xxviii., and in _Studies from the
Morphological Laboratory of the University of Cambridge_, vol. iv.

[4] A. Sedgwick, "A Monograph of the Development of _Peripatus
capensis_," _Studies from the Morphological Laboratory of the
University of Cambridge_, vol. iv.

[5] F. M. Balfour, "The Anatomy and Development of _Peripatus capensis_,"
edited by Professor H. N. Moseley and A. Sedgwick, _Quart. Journ.
Mic. Sci._ xxiii. pp. 213-259, pls. xiii.-xx. 1883.

[6] See Whitman, _Journal of Morphology_, vol. i.

[7] There are now, I am told by Professor Jeffrey Bell, specimens from
Natal (I believe undescribed) at the British Museum with twenty-three
and twenty-four pairs of legs.

[8] This name was first applied by Blanchard to a species from Cayenne.
The description, however, is very imperfect, and it is by no means
clear that the Cayenne species is identical with the species here
named _Edwardsii_.

[9] The existence of this species is very doubtful. The description of it
was taken from a single specimen. The evidence that this specimen was
actually found in Sumatra is not conclusive.

[10] Not to be confused with the larva of _Elater lineatus_, also known as
"wire-worm."

[11] See L. Jenyns' _Observations in Nat. Hist._ London, 1846, p. 296.

[12] "A Revision of the Lysiopetalidae, a family of the Chilognath
Myriapoda, with a notice of the genus _Cambala_," by A. S. Packard,
junior, _Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xxi. 1884, p. 187.

[13] C. L. Koch, _System der Myriapoden_. Regensburg, 1847.

[14] C. L. Koch, _Die Myriapoden_. Halle, 1863.

[15] Latzel, _Die Myriapoden der Œsterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie_.
Wien, 1880.

[16] Tres muscae consumunt cadaver equi, aeque cito ac leo. _Syst. Nat._,
ed. xii. ref. I. pt. 2, p. 990.

[17] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7) iv. 1887, p. 111.

[18] _Stettin. Ent. Zeit._ l. 1889, p. 165.

[19] The wings, by many morphologists, are not included in the category of
"appendages"; they apparently, however, differ but little in their
nature from legs, both being outgrowths of the integument; the wings
are, however, always post-embryonic in actual appearance, even when
their rudiments can be detected in the larva. No insect is hatched
from the egg in the wing-bearing form.

[20] See on this subject, p. 217.

[21] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ I. 1824, p. 97, etc.

[22] See also Fig. 47 (p. 88).

[23] In entomological language the piece between each two joints of an
appendage is itself called a joint, though segment is doubtless a
better term.

[24] _Arch. f. Naturgeschichte_, lvi. 1890, p. 221.

[25] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liv. 1892, p. 579.

[26] _Mem. Acc. Lincei Rom._ (4) iv. 1888, p. 554.

[27] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xvii. 1867, p. 187.

[28] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 584.

[29] _The Cockroach_, 1886, p. 151.

[30] _Anatomy of the Blowfly_, 1893, p. 362.

[31] Lyonnet, _Traité anatomique de la Chenille qui ronge le bois de
Saule_. La Haye, 1762. On p. 188 he says that he found 1647 muscles,
without counting those of the head and internal organs of the body.
He puts the number found in the human body at 529.

[32] _SB. Ak. Wien_, Abth. 1, lxxxiii. 1881, pp. 289-376.

[33] _Mem. Acc. Torino_ (2), xliii. 1893, p. 229.

[34] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ Paris (7), xi. 1887, p. 119, etc., and _C. R._
civ. 1887, p. 444.

[35] _Zool. Jahrbuch. Anat._ iii. 1888, p. 276.

[36] Kolbe, _Einführung_, 1893, p. 411.

[37] _Arch. de Biol._ i. 1880, p. 381.

[38] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (7) ii. 1887, and iv. 1887.

[39] _Zool. Anz._ iv. 1881, p. 452.

[40] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvi. 1888, pl. xxxi.

[41] _On the Senses, Instincts, and Intelligence of Animals, with special
reference to Insects._ Vol. LXV. International Scientific Series,
1888.

[42] _Bijd. Dierkunde_, 16, 1888, p. 192.

[43] For a review of their number see Wheeler, _Psyche_, vi. 1893, pp.
457, etc.

[44] _Ann. Soc. Ent. France_, lxi. 1892, Bull. p. cclvi.

[45] _Mem. Ac. Belgique_ (2), xli. 1875, and _Bull. Ac. Belgique_ (2),
xliv. 1877, p. 710.

[46] _American Naturalist_, xx. 1886, pp. 438 and 558.

[47] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._, xlix. 1890, p. 565.

[48] See Miall and Denny, _Cockroach_, p. 158.

[49] Eisig, _Mon. Capitelliden_, 1887, p. 781.

[50] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London Zool._ xxiii. 1860, p. 29.

[51] _Blowfly, etc._ p. 376.

[52] _C. R. Ac. Sci._, cxv. 1892, p. 61, and _Bull. Sci. France Belgique_,
xxv. 1893, p. 18.

[53] _Compt. rend. Ac. Paris_, cii. 1886, p. 1339.

[54] See Newport, _Phil. Trans._ 1837, and Lubbock _Linn. Trans._ xxiii.
1860, p. 29, etc.

[55] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvi. 1876, p. 137.

[56] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xliii. 1886, p. 512.

[57] _Zool. Anz._ ix. 1886, p. 13.

[58] _Cockroach_, p. 140.

[59] _Bull. Sci. France Belgique_, xxv. 1893, p. 22.

[60] _Biol. Centralbl._ xi. 1891, p. 212.

[61] _Acta. Ac. German._ xxxiii. 1867, No. 2.

[62] _Linnaea entomologica_, xii. 1858, p. 313.

[63] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ 1886, xliii. p. 539.

[64] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_, 2nd ser.; _Zool._ v. 1890, p. 173.

[65] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ l. 1890, p. 317.

[66] _Abh. Ges. Halle_, xvii. 1892, p. 365.

[67] _Tr. Ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 241.

[68] _Arch. Anat. Phys._ 1855 and 1859.

[69] _Acta. Ac. German._ xxxiii. 1867, No. 2, p. 81.

[70] _Müller's Arch. Anat. Phys._ 1855, p. 90.

[71] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvi. 1876, p. 115.

[72] Scudder, _Butterflies of New England_, i. 1889, p. 99.

[73] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 81; see also Graber's table on p. 149.

[74] _Denk. Ak. Wien_, lv. 1888, p. 109, etc.

[75] _Morph. Jahrb._ xiv. 1888, p. 347.

[76] In Miall and Denny, _Cockroach_, p. 188.

[77] _Morph. Jahrb._ xiv. 1888, p. 345.

[78] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 1.

[79] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, pp. 64, 65, and 81.

[80] _Trans. Linn. Soc._, 2nd Series, "Zool." 1888, iii. p. 12.

[81] _Orthoptera europaea_, 1853, p. 37.

[82] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ Ser. iv. vol. vii. 1857, pl. 17.

[83] Nature Series, 1874.

[84] See _Proctotrupidae_ subsequently.

[85] _Verh. Zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 839.

[86] "Syst. Zool. Stud." _SB. Ak. Wien_, Abth. 1, xci. 1885, p. 291.

[87] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xiv. 1864, p. 187.

[88] Viallanes, _Ann. Sci. Nat._, Series 6, "Zool." xiv. 1882.

[89] Unfortunately in the Russian language.

[90] _Zool. Jahrb._ Abth. Anat. iii. 1888, p. 1.

[91] _Zeitschr. Biol._, xxix. 1892, p. 177.

[92] _Trans. Linn. Soc. London_, "Zoology," 2nd series, v. 1890, p. 174.

[93] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxv. 1866, p. 491.

[94] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xli. 1885, p. 712.

[95] "Fauna und Flora d. Golfes von Neapel," _Die Capitelliden_, 1887, p.
781.

[96] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. 1863, p. 65.

[97] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ "Zool." v. 1892, p. 267.

[98] _Ann. Sci. Nat._, Series 6, "Zool." xiv. 1882, p. 150.

[99] _Zool. Anz._ viii. 1885, p. 125.

[100] _Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ viii. 1893, p. 403.

[101] _Recherches Org. des Volucelles_, 1875, p. 143.

[102] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlv. 1887, p. 587.

[103] _Lehrbuch Entwicklungsgeschichte_, Spec. Theil. 1890, p. 875.

[104] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xiv. 1864, p. 187.

[105] _Arch. f. Naturges._ lix. 1893, 1, p. 168.

[106] Wheeler, in _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 81.

[107] _Syst. Nat. Ed._ 12, ref. i. pars ii. p. 536 (by error, 356).

[108] It must not be supposed that all wingless Insects fall within the
limits of this Order.

[109] _American Naturalist_, xx. 1886, p. 808.

[110] "Syst. Zool. Studien." _S.B. Ak. Wien_, xci. 1885, Abth. I. p. 374.

[111] The term natural is here employed in the empirical sense described by
Brunner von Wattenwyl, _Nouv. Syst. Blattaires_, 1865, p. vii.

[112] Lord Walsingham, _Proc. Ent. Soc. London_, 1889, p. lxxx.

[113] We may mention that fossil Insects are chiefly determined from their
wing-remains, which are often surprisingly perfect. This is one of
the reasons that have induced us to prefer a classification of
Insects in which the nature of the wings is considered of great
value. It would be impossible to refer fossil Insects to groups that
are established on account of the metamorphosis or of the internal
structure of their components, for there is not yet any evidence on
either of these points in the fossil remains preserved for us by the
rocks.

[114] _Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey_, No. 31, 1886, p. 109.

[115] _Mem. Acc. Lincei Roma_ (4), iv. 1888, p. 543, etc., and other
preceding memoirs mentioned therein.

[116] _Bijdr. Dierkunde_, xvi. 1888, pp. 147-227.

[117] _Natural. Sicil._, ix. 1889, pp. 25, etc.

[118] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1892, p. 34.

[119] _Morph. Jahrb._ xv. 1889, p. 363.

[120] _SB. Ak. Wien_, c. 1891, Abth. I. p. 216.

[121] _Ent. Tidskr._ i. 1880, p. 159.

[122] _Morphol. Jahrb._ xv. 1888, p. 361.

[123] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, viii. 1858, p. 564.

[124] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 4th ser. iv. 1864, p. 705.

[125] _Rev. biol. Nord France_, ii. 1890, p. 347.

[126] _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893, p. 64.

[127] _Ent. Mo. Mag._ xxv. 1889, and xxvi. 1890.

[128] _Ann. Mus. Genova_, xxxiii. (1892).

[129] _Orthoptera Europaea_, 1853, pl. vi. f. 4, p. 434.

[130] _Morph. Bedeut. Seg. Orthopt._ 1876, p. 14; and _Prod. Orthopt.
Europ._ 1882, p. 3.

[131] _Proc. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 586.

[132] _Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift_, 3rd ser. ii. 1863, p. 475.

[133] _Arch. mikr. Anat._ xxxvi. 1890, p. 565.

[134] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ xiii. 1828, p. 337.

[135] _Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift_, 3rd ser. ii. 1863, p. 475.

[136] Some writers are of opinion that there are only two thoracic
spiracles in Insects, considering the third as belonging really to
the abdomen. Looking on the point as at present chiefly one of
nomenclature, we make use of the more usual mode of expression.

[137] As on last page, and also _op. cit._ v. 1868, p. 278.

[138] _Bull. Ent. Ital._ xii. 1880, p. 46.

[139] It may be worth while to repeat that "joint" means a piece, and is
the equivalent of "link" in a chain.

[140] _Materials for the Study of Variation_, 1894, p. 413.

[141] _Naturhist. Tidsskrift_, 3rd ser. ii. 1863, p. 474.

[142] _Mt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ vii. 1887, p. 310.

[143] _Mem. hist. Insectes_, iii. 1773, p. 548.

[144] _SB. Ges. naturf. Fr. Berlin_, 1893, p. 127.

[145] _Ent. Tidskr._ 1894, p. 65.

[146] This enigmatic structure is similar in position to the aural orifice
of Locustidae (see Fig. 101); but it is closed by a transparent
membrane, whereas the ear orifice of Locustidae is, as we shall
subsequently see, quite open.

[147] _Rev. biol. Nord France_, vii. 1894, p. 111.

[148] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ Decr. 6th, ser. x. 1892, p. 433.

[149] _Prod. Orth. europ._ 1882, p. 27, and _Rev. Syst. Orthopt._ 1892, p.
15. Unfortunately de Saussure adopts a different nomenclature; we
have preferred Brunner's as being more simple.

[150] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ ser. 5, x. 1868, p. 161.

[151] _Nouv. Syst. Blattaires_, 1865, p. 265.

[152] _The Cockroach_, p. 170.

[153] Cf. Duchamp, _Rev. Sci. Nat. Montpellier_, vii. [?1879], p. 423.

[154] Huxley, _Manual Anat. Invert. Animals_, 1877, p. 416.

[155] Riley, _Insect Life_, iii. 1891, p. 443, and iv. 1891, p. 119.

[156] _Essais entomologiques_, St. Petersburg, 1821.

[157] _Beiträge zur näheren Kenntniss von Periplaneta orientalis_,
Elberfeld, 1853.

[158] _Nouv. Syst. Blattares_, 1865, p. 16, etc.

[159] _Naturalist in Nicaragua_, 1874, p. 110.

[160] See Bolivar, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1892, p. 29.

[161] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 1.

[162] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Orthopt._ 1893, p. 57.

[163] Schäff, _Zool. Anz._ xvi. 1893, p. 17.

[164] Westwood, _Modern Class. Insects_, i. 1839, p. 418.

[165] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlviii. 1889, p. 89; and _Mem. Ac. St.
Petersb._ xxxviii. No. 5, 1891.

[166] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien._, i. 1886, p. 104.

[167] Zittel, _Handb. Palaeont._ I Abth. ii. 1885, p. 753.

[168] _Biol. Centr.-Amer. Orthoptera_, 1893.

[169] Although the genus _Chorisoneura_ has unarmed femora, it must be
placed in this division.

[170] The "black beetle," _Stilopyga orientalis_, belongs to this tribe, as
does also _Periplaneta americana_.

[171] _Tr. R. Soc. S. Austral._ xvii. 1893, p. 68.

[172] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxx. 1878, p. 609, pl. xxxviii. fig. 7.

[173] _Arch. f. Naturgesch._ xxx. Band 1, 1864, p. 7.

[174] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Orthopt._ 1894, p. 160.

[175] Our figures do not exhibit this attitude; if portrayed in their
natural position in a drawing the front legs would be to a large
extent obscured.

[176] The name of the species is not given (_Tr. N. Z. Inst._ xvi. 1883, p.
114), but it is probably _Orthodera ministralis_ Fab., an Australian
Insect perhaps taken to New Zealand by miners. Cf. Wood-Mason, _Cat.
Mantodea_, i. 1889, p. 20.

[177] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ viii. 1864, p. 234.

[178] _Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon_, xi. 1893, p. 205.

[179] _Proc. ent. Soc. London_, 1867, p. cv.

[180] _Cat. Mantodea_, i. 1889, p. 4.

[181] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1835, p. 457.

[182] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1877, p. xxix.

[183] _Afbeeldingen der Spoken en wandelende Bladen_, etc., Amsterdam,
1813.

[184] _P. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, 1877, p. 193.

[185] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1878, p. 263.

[186] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ 3rd ser. xix. 1867, p. 144.

[187] _Bull. Soc. Philomat._ (8) ii. 1890, p. 154.

[188] _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, 1894, p. 353.

[189] _Acta Ac. German._ xii. 1825, pp. 555-672, pls. l.-liv.

[190] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Toulouse_, series 7, iii. pp. 1-30.

[191] _Edinburgh Philosoph. Journ._ January 1856.

[192] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ i. 1886, p. 724.

[193] _P. Boston Soc._ xii. 1869, p. 99.

[194] _Prod. Zool. Victoria_, Decade vii. 1882, p. 34.

[195] See de Borre, _CR. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxvii. 1883, p. cxliii.

[196] See Murray, _Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal_, January 1856.

[197] _CR. Ac. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, No. 24, p. 1299.

[198] _SB. Ak. Wien_, xci. 1885, p. 361. The nomenclature applied to the
nervures by these authors is not the same as that of Brunner;
according to their view the wing of _Phyllium_, female, differs more
from the wing of _Blatta_ than it does according to a comparison made
with the nomenclature we adopt.

[199] _Bull. Soc. Philomathique_ (8), ii. p. 18.

[200] Laboulbène, _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1857, p. cxxxvi., and Henneguy
as above.

[201] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) i. 1878, p. 101.

[202] The antennae in the specimen represented were no doubt mutilated,
though Westwood did not say so.

[203] _CR. Ac. Paris_, xcviii. 1884, p. 832.

[204] In his recent _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, pp. 373 and
396, M. Brongniart has himself removed this Insect to Protodonates.
We shall again mention it when discussing that group.

[205] _Bactridium_, though placed in this tribe, has only short antennae,
of 20 joints.

[206] _Bostra_ and _Clonistria_, belonging to Bacunculides, have the median
segment almost as long as the metanotum.

[207] The American genera _Pterinoxylus_, _Haplopus_, and _Candaules_, as
well as the African _Palophus_, possess winged females.

[208] The African and Australian genera _Orobia_ and _Paraorobia_, although
they have a short median segment, are placed in the tribe Phasmides
of this division.

[209] This character is evidently erroneous as regards the males of the
genus Phyllium.—D. S.

[210] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, i. 1886, p. 175.

[211] Newport, _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, p. 419.

[212] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Étrang._ vii. 1834, p. 274.

[213] _First Ann. Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm._ 1878, p. 271.

[214] _Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm._ ii. 1880, p. 223.

[215] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7) iv. _Zool._ 1887.

[216] _Verh. zool-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxi. 1871, p. 1097.

[217] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxiv. 1874, p. 286.

[218] _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xxxvi. 1875; _Arch. mikr. Anat._ xx. and xxi.,
1882.

[219] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Étrang._ vii. 1834, p. 306.

[220] _Bull. Soc. Philomath._ (8) v. 1893, p. 5.

[221] _First Ann. Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm._ 1878, p. 279.

[222] _Rep. Ins. Missouri_, ix. 1877, p. 86.

[223] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_ (6), x. 1890, p. xxxvii., and _CR. Ac.
Paris_, ex. 1890, p. 657.

[224] Carruthers in _Nature_, xli. 1889, p. 153.

[225] _Blue-book, C_, 4960, 1887; and _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p.
xxxviii.

[226] _Rep. Entomologist_, 1885, p. 229.

[227] _Tr. S. Afr. Phil. Soc._ i. 1880, p. 193. The species is thought to
be _Pachytylus sulcicollis_ Stål.

[228] _CR. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxi. 1878, p. 5.

[229] _Addit. ad Prodromum Oedipodiorum_, 1888, p. 12.

[230] See Redtenbacher, _Über Wanderheuschrecken_, in _Jahresber.
Realschule Budweis_, 1893.

[231] _J. Bombay N. H. Soc._ viii. 1893, p. 120.

[232] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. xxi.

[233] _Rep. injurious Insects_, xvii. 1893, p. 47.

[234] _Ent. Nachricht._ viii. 1882, p. 160.

[235] Monograph by Bolivar, _Ann. Soc. Esp._ xiii. 1884, p. 1, etc.

[236] Monograph, de Saussure, _Spicilegia entomologica Genavensia_, pt. 2,
Geneva, 1887.

[237] Monograph, de Saussure, _Mem. Soc. Phys. Genève_, xxviii. 1884, No.
9; and xxx. 1888, No. 1.

[238] _Prod. Eur. Orthopt._ 1882, p. 160.

[239] _Science_, xxi. p. 133.

[240] _An. Soc. Espan._ xv. 1886, p. 273.

[241] _Nature_, iv. 1871, p. 333.

[242] _Bull. Soc. Rouen_, 1885, and _Insectes fossiles_, etc. 1894, p. 439.

[243] A few species of Proscopiides and Oedipodides, though placed in the
next division, are destitute of any claw-pad.

[244] This applies specially to the males.—D. S.

[245] _Ann. Rep. Insects Missouri_, vi. 1874, p. 155.

[246] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv. 1875, pp. 174-200, pl. xii.

[247] _Arch. f. mikr. Anat._ xx. 1882, and xxi. See also von Adelung,
_Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liv. 1892, p. 316.

[248] The small space above _lm_ left free from dots is, we presume, due to
an omission on the part of Graber's artist, but we have not thought
it right to interfere with his diagram.

[249] _Ann. Rep. Insects Missouri_, vi. 1874, p. 159.

[250] Wheeler, _J. Morphol._ viii. 1893.

[251] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxxiii. 1883, p. 248.

[252] Bonnet and Finot, _Rev. Sci. Nat._ (3) iv. p. 345. The word we have
translated as humming is "bruissement."

[253] De Saussure, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1888, p. 151, pl. v. fig. 1.

[254] _Indian Mus. Notes_, ii. 1893, p. 172.

[255] _Zoologist_, 1867, p. 489.

[256] This diagnosis is an attempt to express in something approaching an
exact manner the distinction of the flattened from the arched or
convex head.

[257] Scrobes are the depressions in which the antennae are inserted.

[258] There are unfortunately a few exceptions in the case of this
character.

[259] See Pungur, _Termes. Füzetek_, 1877, p. 223.

[260] Brunner, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxiv. 1874, p. 288.

[261] _Natural History of Selborne_, Letter xc.

[262] Müller's _Arch._ 1859, p. 159.

[263] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1893, p. cccxli.

[264] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxiii. 1876, p. 122.

[265] _Ibid._ xli. 1885, p. 570.

[266] _Morph. Jahrb._ xv. 1889, p. 400.

[267] _Mem. Soc. phys. Genève_, xxv. 1877, and _Biol. Centr. Amer.
Orthoptera_, 1894, p. 198.

[268] The genus _Myrmecophila_, being exceptional in several respects, is
treated separately.

[269] _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, 1893, vol. i. and atlas.

[270] Giebel and Nitzsch, _Insecta epizoica_, folio, 1874.

[271] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, p. 537.

[272] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, pl. xviii. f. 15.

[273] _Arch. f. Naturg._ xxxv. i. 1869, p. 154, pls. x. xi.

[274] _Op. cit._ pp. vii.-xiv. For classification, etc., see also Piaget,
_Les Pédiculines_. Leyden, 1880.

[275] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, p. 532.

[276] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1890, p. xxx.

[277] _Bull. Soc. Philom._ (7) ix. p. 33.

[278] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 628.

[279] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, i. 1886, p. 171.

[280] _Atti Acc. Gioenia_, vii. 1893.

[281] _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xiii. 1878, pl. xxi. f. 2.

[282] _Canadian Entomologist_, xvii. 1885, throughout.

[283] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ ix. 1875, pl. xii. See also Stokes in
_Science_, xxii. 1893, p. 273.

[284] _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, i. 1886, p. 183.

[285] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ ix. 1875, p. 257.

[286] Bidie, in _Nature_, xxvi. 1882, p. 549.

[287] _Linnaea Entomologica_, xii. 1858, p. 305.

[288] _P. Boston Soc._ xx. 1878, p. 118.

[289] _Atti Acc. Gioen._ vi. and vii. 1893 and 1894.

[290] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (4) v. 1856, p. 227.

[291] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5), vi. 1876, p. 201.

[292] _Phil. Trans._ lxxi. 1781, pp. 139-192.

[293] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (2) v. 1850, p. 92.

[294] Dr. G. D. Haviland informs the writer that he thinks it probable this
so-called peristaltic movement is merely the result of alarm; he has
not, however, had any opportunity of observing _T. bellicosus_.

[295] _Tr. N. York Ac._ viii. 1889, pp. 85-114; and ix. 1890, pp. 157-180.

[296] Camerano, _Bull. Soc. ent. Ital._ xvii. 1885, p. 89; and Kollmann,
_Verh. Ges. Basel_, vii. 1883, p. 391.

[297] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ vii. 1873, p. 458.

[298] _CR. Ac. Paris_, cxix. 1894, p. 804.

[299] _Congr. internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 249.

[300] _P. Boston Soc._ xi. 1868, p. 399.

[301] Kolbe, _Ent. Nachr._ xiii. 1887, p. 70.

[302] _Trans. N. York Ac._ viii. 1889, p. 91.

[303] _Congr. internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, p. 249.

[304] _P. Boston Soc._ xix. 1878, p. 267; and xx. 1881, p. 121.

[305] According to Melliss, it is thought that the Insect may have been
carried to the island in a captured slave-ship. Melliss, _St.
Helena_, 1875, p. 171.

[306] In some exotic species there is a dense network on a part of the
anterior wing.

[307] _P. Boston Soc._ xix. 1878, p. 292.

[308] Germar, _Mag. Entomol._ iv. 1821, p. 276, pl. ii.

[309] _Psyche_, iii. 1881, p. 196.

[310] Kolbe, _Stettin, ent. Zeit._ xli. 1880, p. 179.

[311] _Op. cit._ p. 209, etc.

[312] _Arch. f. Naturg._ xlix. i. 1883, p. 99.

[313] _Verh. Ver. Rheinland_, xxxix. 1882, Corr.-bl. p. 128.

[314] _Berlin ent. Zeit._ xxviii. 1884, p. 36.

[315] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xliv. 1883, pp. 299, 305.

[316] For the British species, see M‘Lachlan, _Ent. Month. Mag._ iii. 1867,
p. 177.

[317] The genera _Atropos_ and _Clothilla_ were named after the two fates
Atropos and Clotho. Westwood attempted some years ago to complete the
trio by establishing a genus _Lachesilla_. This proved a failure, the
genus being a misconception. As the name Lachesis is in use in
various branches of zoology, the desired circle of Psocid fates is
likely to remain always incomplete.

[318] _Phil. Trans._ xxii. 1701, pp. 832-834; and xxiv. 1704, pp.
1586-1594, Plate 291, Figs. 4, 5 (pp. 1565 to 1604 occur twice in
this volume).

[319] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xliii. 1882, p. 265.

[320] _P. Boston Soc._ xiii. 1871, p. 407.

[321] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, p. 433.

[322] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_ (4), viii. 1868, p. xxxvii.

[323] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 304.

[324] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xxxviii. 1877, p. 487.

[325] _Morphologie des Tracheensystems_, Helsingfors, 1877, p. 21.

[326] _Beitr. Anat. Perla maxima._ Inaug.-Diss. Aarau, 1881.

[327] _Entom. Month. Mag._ xxix. 1893, p. 249.

[328] No satisfactory systematic work of a general character on British
Perlidae exists. References to the scattered descriptions and notes
will be found in the Catalogue of British Neuroptera published by
Entom. Soc. London, 1870.

[329] _Mem. Ac. Pétersb._ (7) xxxvi. No. 15, 1889.

[330] _Insectes fossiles_, etc., p. 407, 1893.

[331] _Festschrift Ges. naturf. Freunde Berlin_, 1873.

[332] Reference may be made to Calvert's recent paper introductory to the
study of Odonata, in _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ xx. 1893, pp. 159-161.

[333] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xvi. 1881, p. 3.

[334] _Physiol. facett._ _Aug._ 1891, p. 115.

[335] _Bull. Ac. Belgique_ (3), xvi. 1888, No. 11, p. 31.

[336] _SB. Ak. Wien_, lxxxiii. 1881, pp. 289-376, pls. i.-vii.

[337] _Rev. Sci. Nat. Montpellier_ (3), ii. p. 470.

[338] _Abh. Senckenb. Ges._ x. 1875, p. 13, pl. iii.

[339] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 160.

[340] _CR. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxiii. 1880, p. lxvii.

[341] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (5) xi. Zool. 1869, p. 377.

[342] _Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems_, Helsingfors, 1877, p. 38.

[343] _Zool. Anz._ xiii. 1890, p. 500.

[344] The following works convey the best information: Evans's _British
Libellulinae or Dragon-flies_, illustrated in a series of
lithographic drawings, 1845. Hagen, "A Synopsis of the British
Dragon-flies," in _Entomologists' Annual_, 1857. M‘Lachlan,
_Catalogue of the British Neuroptera_, published by the Entomological
Society of London in 1870; and "The British Dragon-flies annotated,"
_Entom. Month. Mag._ xx. 1884, pp. 251-256.

[345] _Rev. d'Entomol._ v. 1886, p. 232.

[346] Riveau, _Feuille Nat._ xii. 1882, p. 123.

[347] _Bull. Mus. Harvard_, viii. 1880-81, p. 276.

[348] _Insectes fossiles_, p. 394.

[349] _Insectes fossiles_, p. 396.

[350] _Mem. Ac. Sci. Toulouse_ (7), iii. 1871, p. 379.

[351] In reference to a doubt as to the name of this nymph cf. Eaton, _Tr.
Linn. Soc. Zool._ (2) iii. p. 20.

[352] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. 1863, p. 62, and xxv. 1866, p. 477.

[353] _Hist. Nat. Neuropt. Ephémérines_, 1843, p. 24.

[354] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (6) xiii. 1882, pp. 1-137, pls. 2-11.

[355] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (7) ix. 1890, pp. 19-87, pls. 2-5.

[356] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (3) xviii. 1866, p. 145.

[357] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxiv. 1880, p. 404.

[358] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xv. 1885, p. 494.

[359] _Mem. Cour. Ac. Belg._ 4to, xix. 1847, p. 1.

[360] _Zur Morphologie des Tracheensystems_, Helsingfors, 1877, pp. 1-20.

[361] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxv. 1866, p. 483.

[362] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (3) xviii. 1866, p. 145.

[363] _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (6) xiii. 1882, p. 113.

[364] Réaumur, _Mem._ vi. 1742, p. 457.

[365] _Über vaarige Ausführsgänge_, etc., Helsingfors, 1884, p. 53.

[366] _Ber. Ges. Freiburg_, iv. p. 5; cf. _J. R. Micr. Soc._ 1889, p. 206.

[367] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ 2nd ser. _Zool._ iii. 1883, p. 11.

[368] _Fly-Fisher's Entomology_, 4th ed. 1849, p. 49.

[369] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1882, p. xiii.

[370] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ series 3, ix. _Zool._ 1848, p. 91, pl. 1.

[371] Newport, _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, pl. 21, fig. 13. Loew, however,
who also describes and figures the anatomy of _S. lutaria_, states
that there is no paunch. _Linnaea entomologica_, iii. 1848, p. 354.

[372] M‘Lachlan, _Ent. Month. Mag._ vii. 1870, p. 145.

[373] _Rep. Ins. Missouri_, ix. 1877, p. 125.

[374] _Tijdschr. Ent._ vol. xxxiv. 1891.

[375] _Arch. f. Naturg._ iv. i. 1838, p. 315.

[376] _Linnaea entomologica_, iii. p. 1848, 346, pl. i.

[377] _Mem. Ac. Sci. étrang._ vii. 1841, p. 582.

[378] _Linnaea entom._ iii. 1848, p. 363.

[379] _Ent. Month. Mag._ 1894, p. 39.

[380] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xxvii. 1866, p. 369; this author has also
sketched a classification of the larvae in _P. Boston Soc._ xv. 1873,
p. 243.

[381] _Ov. Danske Selsk._ 1889, p. 43.

[382] _Ann. Sci. étrang._ vii. 1834, pl. 12.

[383] M‘Lachlan, _Ent. Month. Mag._ ii. 1865, p. 73.

[384] Redtenbacher, _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlviii. 1884, p. 335.

[385] _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xi. 1873, p. 227.

[386] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, iv. 1854, p. 471.

[387] Westwood, _l.c._ p. 12.

[388] _P. Boston Soc._ xv. 1873, p. 244.

[389] _Tr. Entom. Soc. London_, 1888, p. 1, pls. 1, 2.

[390] Cf. M‘Lachlan, _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ ii. 1873, p. 219.

[391] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xiv. 1825, p. 140, and xv. 1827, p. 509.

[392] _P. Boston Soc._ xv. 1873, p. 245.

[393] M‘Lachlan, _Tr. Ent. Soc. London_, 1885, p. 375.

[394] _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 831.

[395] Brauer, _Zool. Anz._ x. 1887, pp. 212 and 218.

[396] _Linnaea entomologica_, vii. 1852, p. 368, with plates.

[397] See Albarda in _Tijdschr. Ent._ xvii. 1874, p. xvi.

[398] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1868, p. 189.

[399] _Biol. Centralbl._ iv. 1885, p. 722.

[400] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_ (6), i. 1881, pp. xxi. and xxxi.

[401] _Arch. Naturges._ lix. 1893, Band I. p 285.

[402] _Ent. Nachr._ xiv. 1888, p. 274.

[403] _Trichoptera europ._ 1878, p. 356, note.

[404] _Berl. ent. Zeitschr._ xxv. 1881, p. 54.

[405] Monograph of the British Trichoptera in _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, third
series, vol. v. 1865; and Monographic Revision of the European
Trichoptera, 1874-1880.

[406] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxv. 1881, Pl. IV. fig. 6.

[407] _Rep. of the Entomologist_, 1886, p. 510, Washington.

[408] _Insectes fossiles des temps primaires_, 1893, p. 38.

[409] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1866, p. lxv.

[410] For a history of this complex question, see Gosch, _Naturhist.
Tidskr._ (Rk. 3) vol. xiii. 1881; and also Brauer, _Sitzb. Ak. Wien_,
lxxxv. 1882.

[411] _Introd. hist. Insects_, 1841, p. 143. The names proposed by Newman
may be adopted when it is specially requisite to use terms that are
morphologically correct. According to his nomenclature the true whole
abdomen of petiolate Hymenoptera consists of three anatomical parts:
1, the petiole or podeon; 2, the propodeon or part in front of the
petiole; 3, the metapodeon or part behind the petiole.

[412] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv. 1874, p. 184.

[413] _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._ (6) x. 1892, p. 442.

[414] _CR. Ac. Paris_, lxxxiii. 1876, p. 613, and _Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist._
(4) xviii. 1876, p. 504; also _Horae Soc. Ross._ xv. 1880, pp. 20 and
31.

[415] _P. Boston Soc._ x. 1866, p. 279.

[416] Adler, _Deutsche ent. Zeitschr._ xxi. 1877, p. 209.

[417] Cameron, _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ Ray Society, i. 1882, p. 29, and ii.
1885, p. 218.

[418] Cameron, _op. cit._ iv. 1893, p. 9.

[419] _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ i. p. 27. Fletcher's record, referred to by
Cameron, mentions _N. miliaris_, but this name was probably
erroneous.

[420] See Perez and Cameron, _Tr. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasgow_, n.s. ii. 1889,
p. 194.

[421] Fabre, Marchal, Nicolas.

[422] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxx. Supp. 1878, p. 103.

[423] Rejoinder to Professor Weismann, p. 11. Reprint from _Contemporary
Review_, December 1893.

[424] _Mon. Brit. Phyt. Hym._ 4 vols. 1882 to 1893.

[425] _Insect Life_, i. 1888, p. 8.

[426] _Souvenirs entomologiques_: quatrième série, 1891, p. 308.

[427] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, i. 1836, p. 232.

[428] _Ichneumonen der Forstinsecten_, i. 1844, p. 86.

[429] See Cameron, _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ iii. Ray Soc. 1890, p. 152.

[430] The term inquiline is applied in entomology to a great variety of
conditions covered by the Latin word "inquilinus" (incolinus),
signifying a tenant or dweller in another's property. The term
parasite is used in a still wider and vaguer sense, being in fact
applied to a large number of cases, in many of which we do not at
present understand the exact relations between the two parties
concerned. This subject is no doubt destined to become a most
interesting department of entomology. See Riley, _P. ent. Soc.
Washington_, ii. 1893, p. 397; and Wasmann, _Zusammengesetzten
Nester_, etc., 1891.

[431] _P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_ (2), vii. 1892, p. 357.

[432] _Science_ (n.s.), i. 1895, p. 457.

[433] _Ray Soc._ vol. iv. 1893, p. 24.

[434] _Term. Füzetek_, v. 1882, p. 198, and _Biol. Centralbl._ ii. 1882, p.
617.

[435] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), vi. 1866, p. 198.

[436] Adler and Straton, _Alternating Generations_, 1894, p. 119.

[437] _P. entom. Soc. Philadelphia_, ii. 1864, pp. 447, etc.

[438] _P. ent. Soc. Philad._ ii. 1863, p. 34.

[439] _Brit. Phyt. Hym._ vols. iii. and iv. Ray Soc. 1891 and 1893.

[440] _Entom. Mag._ ii. 1835, p. 219.

[441] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 109.

[442] _Bull. U. S. Museum_, No. 45, 1893, p. 28.

[443] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 117.

[444] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, pt. vi. f. 3; pp. 120, 126.

[445] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xix. 1869; Ganin's observations are described
by Lubbock, _Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects_, 1874, p. 34.

[446] See also Kulagin, _Zool. Anz._ xiii. 1890, p. 418; xv. 1892, p. 85;
and _Congr. internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 258.

[447] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ (2) _Zool._ i. 1878, p. 587.

[448] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxiv. 1863, p. 135.

[449] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xix. 1869, p. 417.

[450] _Souvenirs entomologiques._ Troisième série, 1886, p. 155.

[451] _Souvenirs entomologiques._ Troisième série, 1886, p. 179.

[452] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxi. 1855, p. 67.

[453] According to Ashmead, _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1893, p. 228,
this genus should take the name of _Melittobia_.

[454] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) x. 1892, p. 271.

[455] _Rec. Zool. Suisse_, v. 1891, pp. 435-534. Cf. Koulaguine, _Congr.
internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. i. p. 265.

[456] _Bull. Soc. Ent. France_ (5) vii. 1877, p. lxix.; also André,
_Feuille Natural._ vii. 1877, p. 136, and Riley and Howard, _Insect
Life_, iv. 1892, p. 242.

[457] _Insect Life_, i. 1888, p. 121.

[458] _Report of the Entomologist, Dep. Agriculture, Washington_, 1886, p.
542.

[459] Wachtl, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ xii. 1893, p. 24, and Howard, _P.U.S. Nat.
Mus._ xiv. 1892, p. 586.

[460] _Abh. Ges. Göttingen_, xxviii. 1882.

[461] _Mitt. Stat. Neapel_, iii. 1882, p. 55.

[462] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1883. p. 389.

[463] _P. biol. Soc. Washington_, vii. 1892, p. 99.

[464] _Ann. Botan. Garden, Calcutta_, i. 1889, Appendix L.

[465] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. x.

[466] For a systematic memoir refer to Mayr, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_,
xxxv. 1885, p. 147, etc.

[467] _Insect Life_, iv. 1891, p. 193.

[468] Tosquinet, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxviii. 1894, p. 694.

[469] _Ichneum. Forst. Ins._ 1844, p. 81.

[470] _Mitt. schweizer. ent. Ges._ iv. 1876, p. 518.

[471] _Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm._ 1890, p. 15.

[472] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xxi. 1852, p. 71.

[473] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. 162, and 1887, p. 303.

[474] _Ent. Month. Mag._ xiii. 1877, p. 200.

[475] A catalogue, with references, of the British Ichneumonidae was
published by the Entomological Society of London in 1872. Since then
many additional species have been detected and recorded, by Mr.
Bridgman and others, in the _Transactions_ of the same Society.

[476] Klapálek, _Ent. Month. Mag._ xxv. 1889, p. 339, and _Arch.
Landesdurchforschung Böhmen_, viii. No. 6, 1893, p. 53.

[477] _Ichneum. Forst. Ins._ 1844.

[478] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2), iii. 1845, p. 355.

[479] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1885, pp. 224, 219.

[480] A monograph of the British Braconidae was commenced by the Rev. T. A.
Marshall in 1885, and is still in progress, in the _Transactions of
the Entomological Society of London_; cf. _op. cit._ 1885, 1887,
1889, 1891, 1894.

[481] _Berlin entom. Zeitschr._ xxxiii. 1889, p. 197.

[482] _Ibid._

[483] Monograph, Schletterer, _Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien_, xxxv. 1885, p.
267, etc.; xxxvi. 1886, p. 1, etc.; and _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, iv. pp.
107, etc.

[484] _Berlin. entom. Zeitschr._ xxxiii. 1889, p. 197.

[485] _Amer. Nat._ xxviii. 1894, p. 895.