Chapter VIII: Hemiptera, or Bugs—anoplura 532 (25)

Fabre, J. H., on _Ammophila_, 111;
on _Anthrax_, 486;
on _Bembex_, 120 f.;
on _Calicurgus_, 101;
on _Chalicodoma_, 37 f.;
on _Eumenes_, 72;
on _Halictus_, 24;
on _Miltogramma_, 509;
on _Osmia_, 48 f.;
on _Scarabaeus_, 196;
on _Scolia_, 97 f.;
on _Sitaris_, 272;
on _Sphex_, 108;
on _Stelis nasuta_, 30
False cones of _Chermes_, 587
Families of moths, key to, 368 f.
Feeding young, 147
_Fertonius luteicollis_, 130
Fever-fly, 477
_Filaria_, and Mosquitos, 468
Filicornia, _200_
Finding nest, 38 f., 126
Finn, on protected butterflies, 345 n.
Flagella, 384, 442
Flatides, 576
Flax-seed cocoon, 460
Fleas, 522 f.
Fly-disease, 513
Food, abstinence from, 254;
of bee-larvae, 19;
small in amount, 277
Food-reservoir, 320
Footmen, 409
Forbes, on ant sounds, 155
Forel, Aug., on tropical American Ants, 138;
on classification of Ants, 144
Forest-fly, 518
_Formica exsectoides_, 149;
_F. fusca_, 137, 150, 151;
_F. rufa_, 148, 154;
_F. sanguinea_, 149;
_F. schavfussi_, 152
Formicidae, 131 f.
_Formicoxenus nitidulus_, 148, 159
_Fornax_, 260
Fossil, Ants, 143;
Beetles, 261;
Diptera, 458;
Hemiptera, 542;
Thrips, 531;
Wasps, 88—see also Palaeozoic
Fossores, 7, _10_, 90 f., 346;
classification, 93
Fossorial solitary wasps—see Fossores
Founding new nests, Ants, 145 f.
Frenulum, 316, 318, 319, 400
Friederich, on Parnid larvae, 244
Friese, on habits and classification of bees, 21;
on hosts and parasites, 30 f.
Fritillaries, _352_, 354
Froghoppers, 577
Frog-spit, 577
Frontal ganglion, 320
_Fulgora candelaria_, 575
Fulgoridae, 543, 574;
larva living on, 404
Fulgorina, 543
_Fumea_, 393, 395
Fungus cultivated by ants, 167
Fungus-gnats, 462
Funnel-twister, 292

Gad-flies, 481
Gahan, J. C., on _Praogena_, 264
Galea, 309
Galerucides, _279_
Galgulidae, 562
_Galleria mettonella_, 306, 331
Galleriidae, 423
Gall-midge-flies, 461
Galls, 262, 430, 424;
of Coccidae, 598;
of Aphids and _Phylloxera_, 587;
of Psyllidae, 580;
of Thrips, 530
Ganglbauer, on Staphylinidae, 224
Garden-whites, 357
Garman, on mouth-parts of Thysanoptera, 528
_Gastropacha quercifolia_, 405
_Gastrophilus equi_, 515
_Gavara_, 401
Gelechiides, 429
Gena, 185
Generations, 306
Geometers, 411 {612}
Geometridae, _368_, 411, _416_, _420_
Geomyzidae, _504_
Georyssidae, 243
_Georyssus pygmaeus_, 243
_Geotrupes_, stridulation of, 195
Gerrides, 552
_Gerris_, 535, 552
_Ghilianella filiventris_, 555
Ghost-moths, 396
_Giraffomyia_, 505
Girdlers, 286
Glands, 321, 323, 331, 363, 399, 538, 553;
accessory, 320;
of Filippi, 324;
mandibular, 216;
salivary, 326;
silk-, 325;
stink-, 257;
wax-, 589
Glaphyrini, _195_ n.
_Glaphyroptera picta_, 441
Glaucopides, 339
Glossa, 309
_Glossina morsitans_, 512, 513
Glow-worms, 248;
New Zealand, 363
_Glyptus_, 206
Gnats, 466, 468
_Gnophaela_, 409
Gnostidae, 223
Goat-moths, 395—see also _Cossus_
Godart on trumpeter-bee, 58
Godman and Salvin, on spermathecal bodies, 321
Gold-tail moths, 407
Gonapophyses, 9, 305
Gonin, on development of wing, 328, 329
Goossens, on legs of Lepidoptera larvae, 323
_Gossyparia_, 597
Graber, on mouth of louse, 599
_Grapholitha sebastianiae_, 428
Grapholithidae, _427_
Grass-moths, 425
Grayling, 347
Green, E. E., on classification of Coccidae, 593
Green-bottles, 511
Green-fly, 581 f.
Ground-beetles, 204 f.
Ground-pearls, 592, 598—see also _Margarodes_
Grypocera, _341_
Guest-ant, 159
Gula, 185
Gymnocerata, _544_, 544 f.
Gymnodomes, 82
Gyrinidae, _201_, 215
_Gyrinus_, 215

Haase, on mimicry, 339 n.
_Hadrus lepidotus_, 482
_Haematobia serrata_, 512
_Haematomyzus elephantis_, 600
_Haematopota_, 482;
_H. pluvialis_, 483, 443
Haemoglobin, 468
_Haemonia_, 280;
_H. curtisi_, 280
_Haetera_, 348
Hag-moth, 403
Hairs, plumose or feathered, 11, 12;
of Dermestid larvae, 241—see also Setae
Half-loopers, 415
_Halias_, 410
_Halictus_, _23_;
_H. lineolatus_, 24;
_H. malachurus_, 23;
_H. maculatus_, 25;
_H. morio_, 24;
_H. quadricinctus_, 22, 25;
_H. rubicundus_, 26;
_H. sexcinctus_, 24, 269
Haliplidae, 209
_Halirytus amphibius_, 474
_Halobates_, 552;
_H. sobrinus_, 551
_Halobatodes_, 553
Halteres, 438, 448, 593
Halticides, _278_, _279_
_Hamadryas_, 347
Hammock-moth, 379
Hampson, on classification of moths, 367 f.;
on clicking butterfly, 354;
on frenulum, 316
_Hampsonia pulcherrima_, 391
Handlirsch, on _Bombus_, 58
Harpactorides, 558
Harpalides, _206_
_Harpalus_, 205;
_H. caliginosus_, 185
Harpes, 314
Hart, C. A., on larvae of Diptera, 473
Hart, J. H., on the parasol-ant, 142
Harvesting ants, 164
Hatchett Jackson, on colour of larvae, 325
Haustellata, _366_
Haustellum, 308
Hawk-moths, 380 f.
Head-vesicle, 442
Hearing, organs of, 191, 313
Heath-butterfly, _347_
Hebridae, 551
_Hebrus_, 551
_Hecatesia_, 371
Heerwurm, 464
Heliconiidae, _346_
Heliconiides, 351
_Heliconius_, 346;
_H. erato_, _H. melpomene_, _H. rhea_, 351
_Heliothis armigera_, 416
_Helluodes taprobanae_, 206
_Helochares_, 218
_Helodes_, 255
Helomyzidae, _504_
_Helopeltis_, 561
Helotidae, 235
_Hemaris_, 383
_Hemerodromia_, 493
_Hemidiptera haeckeli_, 553
Hemi-elytra, 539
Hemileucidae, 374
Hemiptera, 532 f.
Henicocephalidae, 554 {613}
Hepialidae, 306, _369_, 396 f.
_Hepialus_, 309, 310, 311, 317, 319, 322;
_H. humuli_ and others, 396 f.;
_H. lupulinus_, 397
Heredity, 454
_Heriades_, _35_
_Hermatobates haddoni_, 553
_Hermetia_, 479
Hesperiidae, _341_, _342_, 363
Hessian fly, 452, 460
_Hestia idea_, 340
Heterocera, _340_, 366, f.
Heteroceridae, _219_, 243
_Heterogenea_, 402
Heterogeneidae, 402
Heterogyna, _10_, 131 f.
Heterogynidae, _369_, 392
_Heterogynis_, 369 n., 392
Heteromera, _190_, 262 f.
Heteroneuridae, _504_
_Heteronotus trinodosus_, 576
Heteroptera, 532, 534, 535, 539, 543
Heterotarsini, _264_
_Hexatoma pellucens_, 441
Heylaerts, on Psychidae, 392
Hibernation, of _Vanessa_, 352
_Hilara_, 493
_Hilbrides_, 405
Hill-ant, see _Formica rufa_
Hill-grub, 417
Himantopteridae, 392
_Himera pennaria_, 411
_Hippobosca equina_, 518
Hippoboscidae, 518
Hippopsini, 288
_Hirmoneura obscura_, 485
_Hispa_,282
Hispides, _279_, 282
Histeridae, 230
_Histia_, 391
Histoblasts, 453
Histolysis, 452, 595
Hockings, on stingless bees, 63
Hoffer, on _Bombus_, 54
Hollandiidae, 396
_Hololepta_, 230
Holometopa, _504_
Holoptic, 440
Holoptilides, 557
_Holymenia_, 547
Homoeochromatism, 337, 351
_Homoeoderus mellyi_, 193
Homomorpha, 542
Homophysinae, 421
Homoptera, 532, 534, 535, 543, 544;
parasite of, 303, 497
Honey, 18, 80
Honey-ant, 152
Honey-bee—see _Apis mellifica_
Honey-dew, 580, 589, 597
Hook-tips, 400
_Hoplopus_, 74
Horn, G. H., on classification of Carabidae, 206;
of Silphidae, 223
Horn, W., on classification of Cicindelidae, 202 n.
Hornet, 81, 87
Hornet's-nest beetle, 227
Horns as food, 430
Horse bot-fly, 515
Horse-flies, 481, 518
Hot springs, Insects in, 479
House-fly, 511
Hover-flies, 498
Hubbard, on ambrosia-beetles, 295;
on _Phobetron_, 403;
on _Xenos_, 303
Huxley, on Aphids, 585, 589;
on sclerites of oesophagus, 15
_Hybocampa milhauseri_, 385
Hybotinae, 492
_Hydnophytum_, 139;
_H. montanum_, 138
_Hydrocampa nymphaeata_, 421
Hydrocampidae, _42l_
Hydrocampinae, 421
Hydrocores, 562
Hydrocorisae, 562
_Hydrocyphon deflexicollis_, 255
_Hydrometra_, _552_;
_H. stagnorum_, 551
Hydrometridae, 551
Hydrophilidae, 216 f.
Hydrophilides, _219_
_Hydrophilus piceus_, 217
Hydroporides, 201
_Hydroporus_, 211, 212
Hydroscaphidae, 228
_Hydrous caraboides_, 218
_Hygrobia_, 208
_Hylecoetus dermestoides_, 255
_Hylemyia strigosa_, 506
_Hymenitis_, 346
Hymenoptera Aculeate, 4 f.;
H. Tubulifera, 1 f.
Hyper-metamorphosis, 270, 488
Hypertely, in _Kallima_, 354
_Hyphydrus_, 212
Hypnody, 489
_Hypocephalus armatus_, 288
Hypochlorite of potash, 368 n.
_Hypoderma bovis_, _H. lineata_, 515
_Hyponomeuta_, parasite of, 70 n.
Hypopharyngeal sclerites, 14, 17
Hypopharynx, 15 n., 324, 443, 524, 600
Hypopygium, 446
Hypsidae, _370_, 408
_Hypsoides radama_, 376
_Hystrichopsylla talpae_, 523

_Idia fasciata_, 513
_Idolothrips spectrum_, 527
Imaginal discs or folds, 596
Imbauba ant, 158
Individual, 585
Inedible associations, 338, 339
Infericornia, 548 {614}
Infra-oesophageal ganglion, 541
Inquilines, 30, 81
Insects as food, 417, 504, 568
Instars, of _Aspidiotus_, 596;
of Coccidae, 595;
of _Epicauta_, 271
Instinct, 235, 274, 373, 403, 424, 487, 546;
of Ants, 590;
of _Bembex_, 121;
of _Chalicodoma_, 37;
of _Dasypoda_, 28;
of _Melipona_, 64;
of _Miltogramma_ and _Bembex_, 509;
of _Odynerus_, 76;
of _Osmia_, 48 f.;
of _Pompilus_, 102;
of _Rhynchites_, 292;
of _Trigona_, 64
Internal anatomy, of Diptera, 449;
of _Hepialus_, 400;
of Hemiptera, 540;
of Lepidoptera, 319 f.;
of larva of Lepidoptera, 324;
of Lice, 600
Internal nervures, 318
Iodine, 213
Ipides, 232
Ischium, 523
_Ischnogaster_, 82, 88;
_I. mellyi_, 87
Isoderminae, 550
Isomera, _190_
Issides, _576_
_Ithomia_, 346;
_I. pusio_, 346
Ithomiides, 346, 351
_Ituna_, _346_
_Ityraea nigrocincta_, 576

Jassidae, 578
Jiga, or "mimic me," 92
Johnston's organ, 442
Jordan, on antennae of butterflies, 341 n.;
on Thysanoptera, 529 f.
Jugatae, _366_
Jugum, 316, 400
_Jugurthia_, _89_
_Julodis_, 262
Jumping-beans, 428

_Kallima_, 353
Karbi, 63
Kellogg, on Lepidopterous structure, 307 f.
Kentish glory, 406
_Kermes_, 597
Knot-horns, 424
_Komarovia victoriosa_, 99
Koo-chah-bee, 504
Kootchar, 63
_Koptorthosoma_, 70 n.
Korschelt, on formation of eggs of _Nepa_, 564
Künckel d'Herculais, on _Volucella_, 501
Kungu cake, 467

Laap Insects, 581
Labella, 443
_Labidus_, _175_, 176, 180
Labium of Lepidoptera, 310
Laboulbène, on sound-production by Arctiidae, 410
Lac, 597
Lacinia, 309
Laciniata, _366_, 434
_Lacon murinus_, 257
_Lacosoma chiridota_, 378
Lady-birds, 237
_Lagoa opercularis_, 404
Lagoidae, 404
_Lagria hirta_, 264
Lagriidae, 264
Lake, colour, 597
Lamellicornia, _190_ f.;
enemies of, 97
Lamiides, _287_, 288
Lamprosomides, _279_
Lampyrides, 248
_Lampyris noctiluca_, 250
_Langelandia anophthalma_, 233
Languriides, 237
Lantern-flies, 575
Laparosticti, _195_ n.
_Laphria_, 492
Lapidicolous beetles, 205
Lappet-moth, 405
_Laricobius_, 253
_Larra anathema_, 117;
_L. pompiliformis_, 117
_Larrada_, 117;
_L. modesta_, 118
Larrides, 116 f.
Larvae, of beetles, 188 f., 188;
of _Chrysis_, 3;
of _Dasypoda_, 28;
of Hymenoptera, 7;
of Lepidoptera, 323;
of _Sphex_, 109
Lasiocampidae, _369_, 375, 405
_Lasiorhynchus barbicornis_, 297
_Lasius alienus_, 140;
founding nest, 146;
_L. fuliginosus_, 138, 153;
_L. niger_, 153
Latridiidae, 240
_Latridius minutus_, 240
Latter, O., on Puss-moth, 384
Leaf-cutting ants, 165 f.
Leaf-nests (ants), 155
_Lecanium hesperidum_, 594;
_L. oleae_, 417;
_L. persicae_, 597
_Ledra_, 545, _578_
Legs, abdominal, 9
_Leistus spinibarbis_, 204
_Lema melanopa_, 281
Lemoniidae, 354
Léon, on _Hemidiptera_, 553
Lepidoptera, 304 f.;
L. Haustellata, L. Laciniata, _366_
_Leptalis_, 346, 357
Leptidae, 479
Leptinidae, 220
_Leptinillus_, 221
_Leptinus testaceus_, 220
_Leptis scolopacea_, 441, 481
_Leptocircus_, 362
Leptoderini, 221
_Leptogenys_, 171;
_L. falcigera_, 171
_Leptomastax_, 223
_Leptothorax acervorum_, 161
Lerp Insects, 581
_Leto_, 397; {615}
_L. venus_, 396
_Leucania unipunctata_, 416
Leuckart, on _Melophagus_, 519
_Leucospis_, 46;
_L. gigas_, 44
Leuthner, on _Odontolabis_, 193
_Libythea_, _342_
Libytheides, 355
Lice, 599 f.
Ligula, 16
_Limacodes_, 489
Limacodidae _370_, 401;
parasite of, 4
_Limnas chrysippus_, 345
Limnichides, 242
_Limnobia intermedia_, 472
Limnobiinae, 472
_Limochores taumas_, 340
_Limothrips denticornis_, 530
Lindeman, on injuries from Thrips, 530
Lingua, 16
Lingula, 15
_Liometopum microcephalum_, 158
_Lipara lucens_, 128, 451
Liparidae, 406
_Liponeura brevirostris_, 465
Liponeuridae, 464
_Lipoptena cervi_, 518
_Liptena_, 356
Lipteninae, 356
_Lita solanella_, 430
_Lithophilus_, 239
Lithosiidae, 408
Lithosiinae, 409
_Llaveia axinus_, 598
Lobster, 383;
Lobster-moth, 385
_Loepa newara_, 374
_Lohita grandis_, 549
_Lomaptera_, 200
_Lomechusa_, 142, 225
Lonchaeidae, _504_
Lonchopteridae, 490
Longevity, 33, 135, 286, 306;
of _Cicada_, 569;
of _Melolontha_, 198;
of _Scarabaeus_, 197
Longicorns, 285
Loopers, 411, 415
Lorum, 14, 14, 16
Lowne, on blow-fly, 449;
on foot of _Dytiscus_, 211
Lucanidae, 193
_Lucanus cervus_, 194;
antenna of, 191
Luciferase, Luciferine, 259
_Lucilia_, 511, 512;
_L. caesar_, _L. macellaria_, _L. sericata_, 512
_Luciola_, 249;
_L. italica_, 249
_Ludia delegorguei_, 373
Luminescence, 250, 258 f., 463, 469
Lunula, 442
Lutz, on exudation of Coccinellidae, 238
_Lycaena baetica_, 356
Lycaenidae, _341_, _355_, 356
Lycides, _248_
_Lycorea_, 346
Lyctides, _246_
Lygaeidae, 548
Lymantriidae, _370_, 406
_Lymexylon navale_, 254
Lymexylonidae, 254
Lyonnet, on anatomy of caterpillar, 324 n.

_Machaerota guttigera_, 578
M‘Cook, on honey-tub ants, 152
_Macrocneme_, 389
Macroglossini, 380
Macrolepidoptera, 340
_Macronychus quadrituberculatus_, 244
_Macrotoma heros_, 287
Maggot, 449
Malachiidae, 252
_Malachius aeneus_, 252
Malacodermidae, 248, _252_, 266
Malaxation, 110, 126
Malpighian tubes, 320, 334, 429, 449, 460, 466, 473, 529, 540, 588
_Mamillo curtisea_, 378
Man—see Manna
Mandibles, of Lepidoptera, 308;
of pupa, 436, 437
Mandibulata, 434, 536
Manna, 597
Manson, on Mosquitoes, 468
_Manticora maxillosa_, 203;
_M. tuberculata_, 202
_Marane_, 377
Marbled-white, _347_
Marchal, on embryonic dissociation, 70 n.;
on _Ammophila_, 111;
on pigments, 334
_Margarodes_, 595, 597, 598;
_M. vitis_, 598
Marimbouda da casa, 118
_Maruina_, 471
Masaridae, 88 f.
_Masaris_, 89;
_M. vespiformis_, 88, 89
Mason-bee, 35 f.—see _Chalicodoma_;
of New Zealand, 107
_Mastigus_, 223
Matthews, on Hydroscaphidae and Corylophidae, 228;
on Sphaeriidae, 227
Maxillae, of Lepidoptera, 309
Mayer, Paul, on Hemiptera, 536
Meadow-brown, _347_
Meal-worm, 263, 264
Mealy-bugs, 592
Mechanitidae, _346_
_Medeterus ambiguus_, 493
Median nervure, 318
_Megacephala_, 201
_Megachile_, _35_, 51;
_M. albocincta_, 52, 53;
_M. anthracina_, 52;
_M. fasciculata_, 52;
_M. lanata_, 53;
_M. proxima_, 53
Megalopides, _279_, 282
Megalopygidae, 404
_Megalybus gracilis_, 490
_Meganostoma_, 543
_Megarrhina_, 445, 467
Megascelides, _279
Megasoma_, 199 {616}
_Megathymus_, 371
_Megistorhynchus longirostris_, 485
Meijere, on stigmata, 450
Meinert, on Anoplura, 600;
on mouth of Diptera, 444;
on paedogenesis, 461;
on _Stylops_, 302
Melandryidae, 265
Melanism, 414
_Melanitis_, 351
_Melanophila decostigma_, 261
_Melecta_, 31, 33;
_M. luctuosa_, 31
_Meliboeus_, larva, 355
_Meligethes_, 232
_Melinaea_, 351
_Melipona_, _53_, 62;
_M. scutellaris_, 64
_Melitaea_, larvae, 354
Mellifera, 10
_Mellinus_, 123;
_M. arvenis_, 123, 124;
_M. sabulosus_, 124
_Meloe_, 33, 274
Meloidae, 269
Meloides, _270_
_Melolontha vulgaris_, 194, 198
Melolonthides, _195_, 198
_Melophagus ovinus_, 518, 519
_Melophorus inflatus_, 153
Melyridae, 252
Membracidae, 576, _578_
_Membracis foliata_, 577 n.
Membrane, of Hemiptera, 539
Menorhynchous, 542
_Merodon equestris_, 501
Merrifield, temperature experiments, 337
Mesodont, 193
Mesophragma, 312, 445
Mesoscutellum, 312
Mesoscutum, 311
Mesosternum, 307
_Mesovelia_, 551
Mesozoic beetles, 261
_Messor_, 164
_Metamorpha_, _351_
Metamorphosis, 529;
of Aleurodidae, 591;
of _Cicada_, 571;
of Coccidae, 594 f.;
of Diptera, 452;
of Hemiptera, 542
Metapneustic, 450
Metascutellum, 313
_Methoca ichneumonides_, 96
Metochy, 183
_Metoecus paradoxus_, 268
Meyrick, classification of Lepidoptera, 367
_Miastor_, 461
Mice, insects in nests of, 221
_Microdon_, 501, 502
Microlepidoptera, _340_, 427;
trophi, 309
Micropezidae, 504
Microphysides, 560
Microptera, _224_
Micropterism, 549
Micropterygidae, _369_, 435
_Micropteryx_, 307 f., 317, 319, 327, _433_, 435, 436
Midge, 461, 470
Migration, Aphis-, 585
Mik, on _Hilara_, 493
Milichiidae, _504_
_Miltogramma_, 121, 508
_Mimacraea_, 356
_Mimesa bicolor_, 128
Mimesides, 127
Mimicry, 337 f.—see also Resemblance
Mines, Dipteron in, 474
_Miscophus_, 116
Models, 346
Moesa-blight, 561, 562
Mollusca, eaten by beetle-larvae, 252;
larvae mistaken for, 501—see also Snails
_Molossus_, parasite of, 560
Monarch-butterfly, 345
_Monda rhabdophora_, 393
_Monema flavescens_, 4
Moniez, on fertilisation of Coccidae, 594
_Monodontomerus nitidus_, 44
_Monohammus confusus_, 286
Monomera, _544_
Monommidae, 265
_Monomorium_, 560;
_M. pharaonis_, 163
Monotomides, 240
_Montezumia dimidiata_, nest of, 83
_Mordella_, 268
Mordellidae, 267
_Mordellistena floridensis_, 268
_Mormolyce_, 205
Mormolycides, _206_
Morphides, 348
_Morpho_, 315, 331, 349;
_M. menelaus_, 318;
_M. achilles_, _M. epistrophis_, larvae of, 349
Mosquito, 466 f.
Mosquito-bees, 61
Mosquito-blight, 562
Moth-flies, 470
Moths, 366 f.
Motuca fly, 122, 482
Mouth, absence of, 310, 443, 489, 514, 515, 585, 596
Mouth-parts, of Diptera, 442 f.;
of fleas, 523;
of Hemiptera, 534, 535;
of Hymenoptera Aculeata, 13;
of Lepidoptera, 307 f.;
of Lice, 599, 600
Mud-dauber, 113
Müggenburg, on _Melophagus_, 518
Müller, Fritz, on Imbauba-ant, 158;
on _Trigona_, 64
Müller, H., on _Dasypoda hirtipes_, 27
Müller, W., on South American larvae, 344 n.
Müllerian mimicry, 339
Mundstachel, 527, 528
Murray, A., on Lice, 601
_Musca domestica_, 511
Muscidae, 511 f., 517;
M. Acalyptratae, 503 f.;
M. Calyptratae, 448, 504
Musotimidae, 423 {617}
Mustiliidae, _376_
_Mutilla_, 94, 95;
_M. europaea_, 94
Mutillides, 94 f.
_Mycetaea hirta_, _239_, 240
Mycetaeidae, 239
_Mycetobia pallipes_, 462, 463
Mycetophagidae, 237
Mycetophilidae, 462
Mydaidae, 491
_Mygnimia_, 105
Myiasis, 512
_Myiatropa florea_, 499
_Myiodocha tipulina_, 557
Myoditini, 267
Myopinae, 497, 498
_Myrapetra_, 82
_Myrmecia_, _171_, 172, 173
_Myrmecocystus hortideorum_, 152;
_M. melliger_, 152;
_M. mexicanus_, 152
_Myrmecodia_, 139
Myrmecophilous Insects, 181 f.
_Myrmedonia_, 226
_Myrmica laevinodis_, 148;
_M. rubra_, 133;
_M. rubra_, races _ruginodis_, _scabrinodis_, 163
_Myrmicides_, 158
Myrmicini, 159

Nabides, 556
_Nabis lativentris_, 556
_Nacerdes melanura_, 266
_Naclia ancilla_, 390
Nagana, 513
Nagel, on digestion by injection, 212
_Nagoda nigricans_, 401
_Nanosella fungi_, 228
Nassonoff, on Strepsiptera, 301 n., 302
Naucoridae, 565
_Necrobia ruficollis_, 253
_Necrophorus_, 221
Nectar, 18
_Neleus interruptus_, antenna, 191
_Nematobola orthotricha_, 431
Nematodes, in Thysanoptera, 530
_Nematois metallicus_, 321
Nemeobiides, 355
_Nemeobius lucina_, 335, 355
_Nemestrina_, 455 n.
Nemestrinidae, 484
Nemocera, 440;
N. Anomala, N. Vera, 456
_Nemognatha_, 304
Nemosomides, _233_
Neocastniidae, 372
Neolepidoptera, 366
Neotropidae, _346_
_Nepa_, 541;
_N. cinerea_, 563
Nepidae, _544_, 563
_Nepticula_, 431
Nervous system, Coleoptera, 191
Nervules, 319, 429
Nervuration, of Diptera, 447;
of Lepidoptera, 317 f.
Nervures, 318, 319;
development of, 329 f.;
swollen, 347, 348;
of _Eumenes_, 73
Nests, of ants, 136 f., 155;
of _Formica fusca_ and _Solenopsis fugax_, 137;
of _Porphyraspis_, 284;
of wasps, 79 f., 79, 81, 83, 87
Netrocera, _341_ n.
Neuroblasts, 453
Newbigin, Miss, on pigments, 334
Newport, on _Meloe_, 270
Nicagini, _195_
Nicolas, on _Halictus_, 24
Nilionidae, 265
_Nitidula_, 232
Nitidulidae, 231, _235_
Noctuidae, 311, _370_, _410_, 411, 414 f.
Node, 131, 134
Nolidae, 410
Nolinae, 409
_Nomada_, 30;
_N. lathburiana_, 30;
_N. sexfasciata_, 30
Nonne, 407
Nopal cactus, 598
Nosodendrides, _242_
_Notocyrtus_, 558
Notodontidae, 305, _368_, 383
Notodontina, _411_
Notonectidae, 567
Number of species: of Apidae, 10;
of Butterflies, 343;
of Coccidae, 593;
of Coleoptera, 184;
of Diptera, 438;
of Fleas, 525;
of Hemiptera, 543;
of Lepidoptera, 306;
of Lice, 600;
of Thrips, 527
Nun, 407
Nurses, 66, 134
_Nyctalemon_, 419
Nyctemeridae, 409
Nycteolinae, 410
_Nycteribia_, 521, 522
Nycteribiidae, 521
Nymph, of _Cicada_, 569;
of Thrips, 529
Nympha inclusa, 452
Nymphalidae, 341, 343 f.
Nymphalides, 351
Nymphipara, 518
_Nymphula stagnata_, _N. stratiotata_, 423
_Nyssonides_, 123

Oak-Pruner, 286
Obtusilingues, _20_
Oceanic bugs, 552
Ocelli, 325;
O. compositi, 325
Ochthiphilidae, _504_
_Ocneria_, 407 n.;
_O. dispar_, 408
_Ocnerodes_, 489
_Ocnogyna_, 409
_Ocypus olens_, 225
_Odontolabis sinensis_, 193
Odontomachi, _171_, 173
Odour, of bugs, 541
_Odynerus_, 74 f., 269; {618}
_O. antilope_, 75;
_O. callosus_, 76;
_O. parietum_, 3;
_O. punctum_, 77;
_O. reniformis_, 73, 75;
_O. spinipes_, 3, 76
_Oecocecis guyonella_, 430
_Oecodoma_, 137, 164, 165;
_Oe. cephalotes_, 133
_Oecophylla smaragdina_, 147
Oecophoridae, 429
Oedeagus, 314 [recte aedeagus]
_Oedematopoda princeps_, 387
Oedemeridae, 266
Oestridae, 514
_Oestrus ovis_, 517
_Ogcodes_, 489, 490
Oil-beetles, 269
_Oinophila v-flavum_, 430
Olethreutidae, _427_
_Olibrus bicolor_, 231
_Oligarces_, 461
Oligonephrous, 542
Oligoneura, 461
Ommatophorinae, 414
_Oncideres_, 286
_Opetia_, 496
_Ophideres fullonica_, 311
Opomyzidae, _504_
_Opostega_, 429
Orange-tip, 357—see also _Euchloe_
_Orectochilus_, 216
_Oreta hyalodisca_, 400
Origin of parasitic bees, 32
Orneodidae, _340_, _371_, 426
_Ornithoptera_, 360;
_O. brookiana_, 362;
_O. paradisea_, 360, 361, 362
Orphnephilidae, 470
Ortalidae, _504_, _506_
_Ortalis_, 447
_Orthezia_, 541, 598
Orthogenya, _494_
_Orthogonius_, 206
_Orthoperus atomarius_, _O. brunnipes_, 228
Orthoptera, _533_;
parasite of, 497
Orthorrhapha, 454;
O. Brachycera, 478 f.;
O. Nemocera, 455, 458 f.
_Oryctes nasicornis_, 199
Oscinidae, _504_
Osmeterium, 363
_Osmia_, 47, 48 f;
enemy of, 100;
hair of, 11;
_O. cyanoxantha_, 32;
_O. leucomelana_, 29;
_O. tricornis_, 48;
_O. tridentata_, 48 f.
Osten Sacken on Bugonia, 499;
on Chaetotaxy, 446;
on classification of Diptera, 456;
summary of Portschinsky, 512
Othniidae, 265
Otiorhynchides, 437
_Ourocnemis_, 355, _356_
Ovaries, 541, 602;
in larva, 325
Oviduct, 320, 321
Oviposition, of _Cicada_, 571;
of _Notonecta_, 567;
of _Tachina_, 507
Ovipositor, 436, 506, 531, 539
Owlet-moths, 414
Ox-warbles, 517
_Oxybelus_, 129
Oxychirotinae, 425
Ozaenides, 214

_Pachypus_, 187
Packard, on Hymenopterous metamorphosis, 7
Pad, of Lepidoptera, 314
Paedogenesis, 303, 461
Pagiopoda, _544_
Palaeolepidoptera, _366_
_Palaeomicra_, 435
Palaeotropinae, _347_
Palaeozoic Insects, 311, 542
Palmer-worm, 323
Palpicornia, _219_
_Paltostoma_, 465
_Palustra_, 377
_Pangonia longirostris_, 482
_Panomoea_, 237
Panurgides, _20_
_Papilio_, 359;
_P. ajax_, forms of, 335;
_P. antimachus_, 362;
_P. zalmoxis_, 362
Papilionidae, _342_, _357_, 359
_Paracelyphus_, 505
_Paragia_, _89_
Parallel series in Aphidae, 585
_Parandra_, 288
_Parapompilus gravesii_, 105
_Paraponera clavata_, 172
_Paraponyx_, 423
Paraptera, 312
Parasites, among ants, 183;
of mason-bee, 43;
of larva of _Andrena_, 26;
of _Odynerus_, 76
Parasitic, bees, 23, 29 f.;
_Prosopis_, 32;
Diptera, 507
_Parasyscia_, _175_ n.
_Parmula_, 501
_Parnassius_, _342_, 362
Parnidae, _219_, 243, _255_
_Parnopes carnea_, 4
_Parnus_, 244
Parthenogenesis, 24, 85, 86, 395, 430, 469, 530, 583, 594
Parthenogenetic young, 139 n.
Passalidae, 192;
larva, 192, _262_
_Passaloecus_, 128
Patagia, 311, 312
Pattern, formation of, 335
_Patula_, 414
Paurometabola, 542
Paussidae, _201_, 213
_Paussus cephalotes_, etc., 214
_Pavonia_, 350
Pea-weevil, 277
Peacock butterfly, _352_
Peal, on sound-producing ant, 156
Peckham, on Fossores, 130 n.;
on instinct, 70, 99
_Pectinicornia_, _194_ {619}
_Pedicinus_, 600
Pediculidae, 599
_Pediculus capitis_, 599, 601;
_P. melittae_, 274;
_P. vestimenti_, 601
Pedilidae, _266_
Peduncle, 133, 134
_Pegomyia inanis_, 79
Pelobiidae, 207
_Pelobius tardus_, 208
Pelogonidae, 562
_Pelopaeus_, 110, 112 n.;
_P. bilineatus_, 114;
_P. laetus_, 113, 117;
_P. madraspatanus_, 113;
_P. spirifex_, 112
_Peltasticta_, 245
Peltides, 233
_Pemphigus_, 589
_Pemphredon lugubris_, 128
Pemphredonides, 127
Penis, 314
Pentamera, _190_
Pentanephria, 466
_Pentatoma_, 541;
_P. rufipes_, 535
Pentatomidae, 533, 545, _546_
_Pepsis_, 104, 389;
_P. formosus_, 105
Pérez, on bee-parasitism, 32;
on _Halictus_, 24
_Pericoma canescens_, 470
Pericopinae, 409
_Peridrepana_, 401
_Perilitus_, 282
Peripneustic, 450
Peritracheal spaces, 332, 333
Perkins, R. C. L., on bee and acarid symbiosis, 70;
on _Odynerus_, 76;
on _Prosopis_, 21
_Perophora batesi_, _P. melsheimeri_, 377;
_P. sanguinolenta_, 379
Perophoridae, 377
Perothopides, 260
Peytoureau, on morphology of abdomen, 313, 314
Phaeism, 337
Phalacridae, 231
_Phalacrocera replicata_, 474
Phaloniadae, _427_
_Phanaeus splendidulus_, antenna of, 191
Pharynx, 320
Phaudinae, 392
_Pheidole_, 165
_Pheidologeton laboriosus_, 159;
_P. diversus_, 167
_Phenax_, 575
_Phengodes hieronymi_, 249
Phengodini, 251
_Philaenus spumarius_, 577
Philanthides, 124 f.
_Philanthus apivorus_, 127;
_P. triangulum_, 125
_Phileurus didymus_, antenna, 191
_Philonthus nitidus_, 225
_Phlebotomus_, 470
_Phloea corticata_, 545
Phloeides, 545
_Phloeothrips frumentarius_, 530
_Phobetron pithecium_, 403
_Phonapate_, 246
Phoridae, 494
_Phosphaenus hemipterus_, 249
Phosphorescence, 250—see also Luminescence
Phragma, 307, 313
Phragmocyttares, 81
_Phthanocoris_, 543
Phthiriasis, 601
_Phthirius inguinalis_, 601
Phycitidae, 424
Phycodromidae, _504_
_Phyllocnistis_, 431
_Phyllomorpha laciniata_, 547, 548
_Phyllorhina_, parasite of, 520
_Phylloxera_, 587
Phylogeny of butterflies, 343 n.
Phymatidae, 554
_Phymatopus_, 399
Physapoda or Physopoda, 531
Phytomyzidae, _504_
Phytophaga, _190_, _237_, 276 f.
_Phytophthires_, _544_
Phytoscopic effects, 336
_Pierella_, 348
Pieridae, _341_, 357
_Pieris brassicae_, 340;
development of wing, 328, 329, 333
_Piesma_, 550
Pigments, 330, 334, 357
Pilifer, 308
Pill-beetles, 242
Pinaridae, 405
Piophilidae, _504_
Pipunculidae, 496
_Pipunculus_, 496
_Pison_, 118
Pit-falls, 481
_Plagiolepis trimeni_, 153
_Plagithmysus_, 287
Plant-lice, 581 f.
Plants and ants, 183
Plataspides, 545
_Platycnema_, 496
Platypezidae, 496
_Platyphora lubbocki_, 495
Platypides, 289, 295
Platypsyllidae, 219
_Platypsyllus castoris_, 219
_Platysoma depressum_, 230
Platystomidae, _504_
_Plea minutissima_, 567
Pliny, on Mason-bee, 44
_Ploiaria pallida_, 556
Plume-moths, 426
Plumules, 331
_Plusia_, 415
_Pochazia_, 576
Podilegidae, _32
Poecilocampa populi_, 406 {620}
_Poecilocapsus lineatus_, 542
Poecilocyttares, 81
_Pogonomyrmex barbatus_, 164
_Pogonostoma_, 203
Poison, of Hymenoptera, 7 f.
Poison-glands, 2
Poisonous caterpillars, 376, 403, 404, 405
_Polistes_, 86;
_P._ and _Stylops_, 301, _303_
Pollen-gathering and -carrying, 11, 12
_Polybia_, nests of, 81, 82, 83
_Polyctenes fumarius_, 560
Polyctenidae, 560
_Polyergus lucidus_, 151;
_P. rufescens_, 150 f.
Polymorpha (Coleoptera), _189_, _190_, 213 f.
Polymorphism, 139 f., 143
_Polyphylla fullo_, antenna, 191
_Polyploca_, 386
Polyplocidae, 386
_Polyplocotes_, _248_
_Polyrhachis_, 155;
_P. pandurus_, 156;
_P. spinigera_, 138
Pompilidae, 93, 101 f.
_Pompilus_, 103;
_P. polistoides_, 104;
_P. sericeus_, 106
_Ponera contracta_, _P. ergatandria_, _P. punctatissima_, 172
Ponerides, 132, 170 f.
_Porphyraspis tristis_, 284
_Porphyrophora polonica_, 597
_Porrorhynchus_, 216
Portschinsky, on habits and development of Muscidae, 507, 512
Post-metamorphic growth, 141
Post-scutellum, 307, 312
_Potamogeton pectinatus_, beetle on, 280
_Potamophilus acuminatus_, 244
Potassium hydroxide, 328, 384
Potato-beetle, 278
Pouch, abdominal, 350, 362
Poulton, on colours, 336, 339
Praecostal nervures, 319
Praescutum, 312
Pratt, on imaginal discs, 453 n.;
on _Melophagus_, 519
_Prepona_, larva, 354
Prey, of Fossores, table, 92
_Pria dulcamarae_, 232
Primitive, beetles, 251, 252;
Diptera, 475
_Priocnemis affinis_, 5;
_P. bicolor_, 107
Priodont, 193
Prionides, 287
Proboscis, 13, 14, 16, 17, 304, 307, 309, 311, 443, 482, 485, 532
Processional maggots, 464
Processionary caterpillars, 376, 408
Prodoxidae, 432;
mouth, 309
_Prodoxus_, 433
Pro-legs, 323
Prolific, Aphids, 589;
Coccids, 594;
_Hepialus_, 397;
Lice, 601;
_Meloe_, 274;
_Stylops_, 301
Prominents, 383
_Pronuba_, 321;
_P. yuccasella_, 432;
_P. synthetica_, 432
Pronymph, 453
Propodeum, 131, 133
Propolis, 63
Propygidium, 187
_Prosopis_, _21_, 22;
hair of, 11;
proboscis of, 17;
_P. signata_, 21
Protection, 43, 413;
of trees by ants, 158;
of plant by ants, 168
Proterhinidae, 298
_Proterhinus lecontei_, 298
Protolepidoptera, _336_
_Protoparce carolina_, 309
_Protopaussus_, 214
_Psammorycter vermileo_, 481
Pselaphidae, 223;
and ants, 182
_Psen atratus_, _P. concolor_, 127
_Psephenus_, 244
Pseudholoptic, 440 n.
Pseudocorylophidae, 228
_Pseudodicthadia_, 180;
_P. incerta_, 177
_Pseudodoxia limulus_, 431
_Pseudomeria graeca_, 99
Pseudomorphides, 205, _206_
_Pseudomyrma bicolor_, 168
Pseudomyrmini, 168
Pseudoneuroptera, _527_
Pseudopaedogenesis, 303
Pseudopod, 188, 264, 267, 290, 449, 492
_Pseudopontia paradoxa_, 357
Pseudo-pupa, 271, 273
Pseudotetramera, _190_
Pseudotrimera, _239_
_Pseudovespa_, 88
Pseudovarium and Pseudovum, 584
Pseudovitellus, 588
Psilidae, _504_
_Psiliglossa_, larva, 8
_Psilocephala_, 484
_Psilura monacha_, 407
_Psithyrus_, _53_, 57, 59 f.;
_P. campestris_, 60;
_P. vestalis_, 60
Psocidae, 248
_Psyche helix_, 394
Psychidae, _369_, 392
Psychina, _394_, _395_, 404
_Psychoda_, 466
Psychodidae, 470
_Psylla pyricola_, 579, 580;
_P. succincta_, 579;
_P. buxi_, 580
Psyllidae, 578
_Pterocheilus_, 76
_Pterodecta_, 400
Pterophoridae, _340_, _371_, _425_, 426
Pterophorinae, 426
_Pterostichus_, 205
Pterothysanidae, _369_, 406
Pterygodes, 312
Pterygogenea, 542
Ptilinum, 442, 503, 520
_Ptilinus pectinicornis_, 253 {621}
_Ptilocnemus sidnicus_, 557
_Ptilomacra_, 395
_Ptilomera laticaudata_, 553
Ptinidae, 246
_Ptomaphila lacrymosa_, 222
_Ptychoptera_, 466
Ptychopterinae, 472
_Ptyelus goudoti_, 577
Pugs, 411
_Pulex avium_, _P. irritans_, _P. serraticeps_, 525;
_P. obtusiceps_, 525
Pulicidae, 522 f.
_Puliciphora lucifera_, 495
Pulvillus, 446
Pupa, of beetles, 188 f.;
coarctata, 452;
obtecta, 227, 327, 451;
depositing eggs, 469;
hairy, 407, 426;
of Lepidoptera, 326 f.;
with mandibles, 436
Puparium, 452
Pupation, of _Badamia_, 365;
of _Parnassius_ and _Thais_, 363
Pupipara, 456, 513, 517
Purple emperor, 344
Pusci, 504
Puss-moth, 328, 383, 406
Pygidium, 187
Pyralidae, _340_, _370_, 420
_Pyralidina_, _420_, _426_
_Pyrameis atalanta_, 353;
_P. cardui_, 353;
_P. tameamea_, 353
Pyraustidae, 421
_Pyrochroa rubens_, 266
Pyrochroidae, 266
_Pyrophorus_, 258;
_P. noctilucus_, 259
Pyrrhocoridae, 549
_Pyrrhocoris apterus_, 535, 549
_Pyrrhopyge_, 364
Pythidae, 265
_Pytho depressus_, 266

_Quartenia_, _89_
Queen, 66, 67, 69, 140

Races, of _Apis_, 68
Radial nervures, 319
Raffray, on _Pogonostoma_, 204;
on classification of Paussidae, 214;
on classification of Pselaphidae, 224
Railway-beetle, 251
_Ranatra linearis_, 563
Raptorial legs, 493, 554, 556
Réaumur, on _Xylocopa_, 33
Receptaculum seminis, 140
Rectal cauda, 538
Red admiral, _352_
Red ant—see _Formica rufa_
Reduviidae, 555 f. 537
_Reduvius personatus_, 558
Régimbart, on Gyrinidae, 216
Resemblance, between ant, wasp, and spider, 169;
between _Anthophora_ and _Bombus_, 33;
between _Arctia villica_ and _Eusemia villicoides_, 410;
between beetle-larva and Termite, 206;
between _Bombus_ and _Eulema_, 35;
between Bombyliidae and Hymenoptera, 489;
between bug and ant, 556, 557;
bug and Tipulid, 556, 558;
bug and fly, 547;
in butterflies, 348;
between Callidulidae and Lycaenidae, 400;
between _Celyphus_ and Hemiptera, 505;
between Cleridae and insects they destroy, 254;
between Dioptinae and Ithomiides, 409;
between Diptera and Hymenoptera, 499, 500;
between _Epicopeia_ and _Papilio_, 418;
between Flatides and Lepidoptera, 576;
of flies and bees, 502;
to galls, 403;
between host and parasite-bees, 30;
between Insects of different Orders, 339;
of Ithomiides to other butterflies, 346;
between lady-bird and Endomychid, 237;
of larva to a colony of larvae, 418;
of larva of _Odynerus_ and of _Chrysis_, 4;
between larvae, 162;
in Limacodidae, 401;
of Lobster caterpillar, 385;
between Longicorns and Hymenoptera, 287;
of moth to bird-excrement, 401;
of parasite and prey, 95;
of Pericopinae and Heliconiides, 409;
between protected butterflies, 345;
between _Psithyrus_ and _Bombus_, 59;
of Reduviid and _Pepsis_, 558;
between _Rhyphus_- and _Mycetobia_-larvae, 463;
of Syntomids to other Insects, 388 f.;
of Tipulids and Hymenoptera, 475;
between two kinds of ants, 162
Resting-larva, 306
Retinaculum, 316, 319, 420
Retort-shaped bodies, in mouth of Hemiptera, 535
Reuter, E., on classification of butterflies, 343 n.
_Rhachicerus_, 480
_Rhagovelia plumbea_, 552
_Rhaphiorhynchus_, 483
_Rhegmatophila alpina_, 305, 386
_Rheumatobates bergrothi_, 553
Rhinomacerides, 291
_Rhinopsis_, 115;
_R. ruficornis_, 169
_Rhinosimus_, 266
_Rhipicera mystacina_, 256
Rhipiceridae, 256
Rhipidiini, 267
_Rhipidioptera_, 543
Rhipiphoridae, 267
Rhipiphorides, 268
Rhipiptera, 298 [in error for Rhiphiptera]
_Rhizophagus_, _232_
_Rhizotrogus_, 191
_Rhodoneura_, _405_
_Rhogmus_, 179, _180_
Rhopalocera, 340, 341 f.
_Rhopalomelus angusticollis_, 206
Rhopalomeridae, 504 {622}
_Rhopalosoma poeyi_, 100
Rhopalosomides, _100_
_Rhygchium brunneum_, _R. carnaticum_, _R. nitidulum_, _R. oculatum_, 77
_Rhynchites betulae_, 291, 292
Rhynchitides, 291
Rhynchophora, _190_, 277, 288 f.
Rhynchophorous series, _240_
_Rhynchopsylla pulex_, 526
Rhynchota, 532
Rhyphidae, 478
_Rhyphus_, 463
Rhysodidae, _201_, 234
Riley, on _Epicauta_, 270, 271;
on spermathecal bodies, 321;
on Yucca-moth, 432
_Ripidius pectinicornis_, 269
Rippe, of Schäffer, 334
Robber-flies, 491
Rose-chafers, 200
_Rosema_, 401
Rostrum, 291, 472
Rothney, on _Ampulex_, 115;
on _Sima_, 169;
on _Sphex_, 110
Rothschild, N. C., on morphology of fleas, 523 n.
Royal jelly, 66
_Rozites gongylophora_, 167
Ruby-wasps, 1 f.
Rurales, _342_
Rutelides, _195_, 198

_Saccoderes_, 558;
_S. tuberculatus_, 537
Saccus, 314
_Sagra splendida_, 279
Sagrides, _279_
_Salda_, _560_
Saldidae, _544_, 562
Salivary, duct, 320;
gland, 320
Sand-flea, 525;
-flies, 477
_Saperda populnea_, 285, 286
Sapromyzidae, _504_
_Sapyga quinquepunctata_, 100
Sapygides, 99
_Sarcophaga_, 510;
_S. carnaria_, 510
Sarcophagidae, 510
_Sarcophila magnifica_, _S. wohlfahrti_, 510
_Sarcopsylla gallinacea_, _S. penetrans_, 525
Sarginae, 479
_Saropoda_, _32_
_Sarrothripus_, 410
Sasaki, on parasite of silkworm, 508
_Saturnia_, 307, 310;
_S. pavonia_, 313, 374
Saturniidae, _368_, 372
Satyrides, 347
Sauba, or Sauva, ant, 137
Saunders, E., on feathered hairs, 11;
on proboscis of bees, 16
Saunders, Sir S., on Hymenopterous larvae, 8
Scale, 131, 133, 315, 467;
development of, 329 f.;
-formation, 333;
-holder, 331
Scale-Insects, 592 f.;
enemy of, 356, 357, 417, 425, 430
Scalpella, 443
Scape, 441
Scaphidiidae, 229
_Scaphisoma agaricinum_, 229
Scaphium, 314
Scapulae, 312
Scarabaeidae, 194 f.
Scarabaeini, 196
_Scarabaeus sacer_, 196, 197
Scatomyzidae, _504_
Scatophagidae, _504_
_Scatopse_, 477
_Sceliphron_, 112;
_S. nigripes_, 91
Scenopinidae, 484
Schäffer, on structure of wings and nervures, 330
Schiödte, on Anoplura, 599 f.;
on Hemiptera, 543
_Schistocerca peregrina_, enemy of, 506, 514
_Schizocarpus mingaudi_, 220
Schizometopa, _504_
_Schizoneura_, 589
Schizophora, 455
Schmidt-Schwedt, on _Donacia_, 280
_Schoenbergia_, 360, 361
Schoenobiinae, _425_
_Sciapteron_, 387
_Sciara militaris_, 464
Sciomyzidae, _504_
_Sciophila unimaculata_, 462
_Scolia bifasciata_, _S. haemorrhoidalis_, 97
Scoliidae, 93, 94 f.
Scoliides, 97 f.
Scolytidae, 294
Scopariidae, _421_
Scopariinae, _421_
_Scopelodes_, 401
Scopulipedes, _20_, 32 f.
Screw-worm, 512
Scudder, on butterflies, 543
Scutata or Scutati, _546_
Scutellerides, 545
_Scutelligera_, 501
Scutellum, 307, 312, 537
Scutum, 307;
S. proboscidis, 443
Scydmaenidae, 223
Scymnites, 238
_Scymnus minimus_, 238
Seasonal dimorphism or variation, 335
Seitz, on Syntomid resemblances, 388, 389
Semi-loopers, 415
Seminal duct, 321
Semi-pupa, 271
Semper, on development of wing, 333
Sense-organ, 442, 448;
thoracico-abdominal, 414;
in Uraniidae, 419
Sepsidae, _504_
_Sericaria mori_, 375
Sericteria, 325 {623}
Seroot-fly, 482
Serricornia, _189_, _213_, _255_
_Sesia_, 387;
_S. scoliaeformis_, 321
Sesiidae, 386, _388_, 370 (for Syntomidae), 389
Setae, 534 f.;
aërostatic, 408
_Setina_, 410
Seventeen-year _Cicada_, 569
Sex, differences, 92, 95;
production of, 32, 67;
in larva, 325
Sexuparous, 586
Sharp, on classification of Dytiscidae, 213 n.
Sheep, bot-fly, 517;
-tick, 518
Shield, 592
Shoulder, -lappets, 312;
-tufts, 312;
of wing, 316, 319
_Siagona_, 206
Siculodidae, 423
Siebold, von, on Strepsiptera, 301
_Sigara minutissima_, 568
Sight, of _Pompilus_, 104
Silk-glands, 325
Silkworm, 375;
affected by parasitic fly, 507, 508;
Madagascar-, 405
_Silpha_, 221;
_Silpha atrata_, _S. laevigata_, _S. lapponica_, 222;
_S. obscura_, 222;
_S. opaca_, _S. thoracica_, 222
Silphidae, 221 f., _252_, _256_
_Sima_, _168_;
_S. leviceps_, stridulating organ, _169_;
_S. rufonigra_, 169
Simuliidae, 477
_Simulium columbaczense_, 477
_Sinodendron cylindricum_, 194
Siphon, 563, 581, 589
Siphonaptera, 522 f.
Siphonophora, 239
Siphunculata, 600
_Sitaris_, 33;
_S. humeralis_, 272
_Sitodrepa_, 247
Skippers, 363
Slave-making ant, 149, 150, 163
Sloth, 430
Slug-worms, 402
Smallest Insect, 228
Smerinthini, 380
_Smerinthus populi_, 309, 381
Smith, F., on _Mellinus arvensis_, 123
Snails, enemies of, 205, 222, 510;
parasite of, 495
Social, bees, 35;
wasps, 78, 84
Sociales, _20_, 53 f.
_Solanum dulcamara_, beetle on, 232
Soldiers, 132
Soldier-ant, 150
_Solenobia_, 395, 430
_Solenopsis fugax_, 137
Solitary wasps—see Fossores and Eumenidae
Song, of _Cicada_, 572
_Soronia_, 232
Sound-organs, 448;
of _Ageronia_, 354;
of _Hecatesia_, 371;
of _Cicada_, 573, 574—see also stridulating organs
Sound-production, 155, 156;
by _Aegocera_, 411;
by Arctiidae, 410;
by Sphingidae, 382—see also Stridulation
Spalacopsini, 288
Spatula, 459
Spencer, Herbert, on Weismann, 143
_Spercheus emarginatus_, 218, 219
Spermatheca, 320, 321
_Spermophila_, 506
Sphaeridiides, _219_
Sphaeriidae, 227
_Sphaerites_, _223_
Sphaeritides, 229
_Sphaerius acaroides_, 227
Sphaerocarides, 279
_Sphecia_, 387
_Sphecius speciosus_, 123
_Sphecodes_, _21_, 22;
_S. gibbus_, 23, 23;
_S. rubicundus_, 22;
_S. subquadratus_, 23
Sphegidae, 93, 107 f.
Sphegides, 107 f.
_Sphex coeruleus_, 110;
_S. flavipennis_, 108;
_S. lobatus_, 110;
_S. maxillosus_, 108
Sphindidae, 245
Sphingidae, 309, 315, 316, _368_, 380 f.
_Sphinx ligustri_, 380
Spider parasite, 490
_Spilosoma_, 408
Spinneret, 324, 325, 403, 417
_Spirachtha_, 227
Spiracles, 188, 191;
of Diptera, 449 f.;
of Hippoboscidae, 519;
of Lepidoptera, 313, 314;
of _Lipara_, 451;
of _Nepa_, 564;
of Thrips, 528
_Spondyliaspis_, 581
Spondylidae, 288
Springing plant-lice, 579
Spuler, on nervures, 317 n.
Squama, 448
Squeakers, 209
_Staetherinia_, 401
Stag-beetles, 193
Stalk, 317, 319
Staphylinidae, _223_, 224 f.
Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, on butterflies, 343 n.
_Stauronotus maroccanus_, 489
_Stauropus fagi_, 385
_Stelis minuta_, 29;
_S. nasuta_, 30, 43;
_S. signata_, 30
Stelocyttares, 81
_Stenamma westwoodi_, _159_
_Stenopteryx hirundinis_, 519
_Stephostethus_, 240
Sternorhyncha, _544_
_Sterrhopteryx_, 394
Stethopathidae, 496
Stigmata—see Spiracles
_Stigmatomma_, _180_
_Stigmus pendulus_, 128
Sting, 4, 5, 6, 58, 144; {624}
development of, 8, 9
Stinging, 98;
by _Calicurgus_, 102;
by Pompilidae, 104;
by _Sphex_, 109
Stingless bees, 61
Stink-gland, 257, 533;
-vessel, 225
Stipes, 309
Stizinae, 123
Stomach, 320
_Stomoxys calcitrans_, 512
Stratiomyidae, 478
_Stratiomys_, 452
Straus-Durckheim, on _Melolontha_, 198
Strawberries, eaten by beetles, 205
Streblidae, 521
Strepsiptera, _189_, 298 f.
_Streptoperas_, 401
Stridulating organ, of _Myrmica_, 133;
of _Heterocerus_, 243;
of _Passalus_-larva, 192;
of _Sima leviceps_, 169
Stridulation, of ants, 134;
of _Corixa_, 568;
of Criocerides, 281;
of Dynastides, 199;
of _Geotrupes_, 195;
of Ipides, 232;
of _Lomaptera_, 200;
of Longicorns, 287;
of larva of _Lucanus cervus_, 194;
of Megalopides, 282;
of _Melolontha_-larva, 198;
of _Mutilla_, 94;
of _Pelobius_, 208;
of _Phonapate_, 246;
of _Phyllomorpha_, 548;
of _Praogena_, 264;
of _Siagona_, 206;
of _Trox_, 195
Strigil, 568
Striphnopterygidae, _376_
_Strongylognathus huberi_, _S. testaceus_, 162
_Strumigenys_, 170
Style, 442
Stylopidae, 298
Stylopised bees, 26
_Stylops dalii_, 299
_Styx infernalis_, 340, 358
_Suana_, 405
Subcostal nervure, 318
Submedian nervure, 318
Suboesophageal ganglion, 320
Sucking-stomach, 311, 449
Suction by Lepidoptera, 311
Suctoria, 526
Supericornia, 546
Swallow-flies, 519
Swarming of wasps, 70 n.
Swarms, 62, 65, 67, 80, 135, 467, 505, 584
Swift-moths, 396
Symbiosis, of ants and plants, 139;
of bee and Acarid, 70.
See also Ants'-nest Insects, and Association
_Symbius blattarum_, 269
Symphily, 183
Synecthry, 183
_Synemon_, 371
_Synoeca cyanea_, nest, 82
_Syntelia westwoodi_, 229
Synteliidae, 229
Syntomidae, 339 n., _369_, 388
_Syntomis phegea_, 390
Syringe, 535, 536
Syrphidae, 439, 498 f.
_Systoechus oreas_, 489
_Systropus crudelis_, 489

Tabanidae, 481, 492
_Tabanus_, 482
Tachinidae, 507, _514_
_Tachysphex panzeri_, 117
_Tachytes_, 116;
destroyer of, 275;
_T. australis_, 113, 117;
_T. pectinipes_, 117
Tachytides, 116
_Taenia_, fleas as hosts of, 526
_Tajuria diaeus_, pupa, 357
_Taleporia_, 395
Taleporiidae, 430
Tanypezidae, _504_
Taphroderides, 296
_Tapinoma erraticum_, 157
Tarantula-killer, 105
_Tarphius_, 233
_Tarsolepis_, 383
Taschenberg, on anatomy of flea, 523 n.
_Tascina_, _372_
Tea-plant bug, 562
_Teara melanosticta_, 408
Tegula, 71, 187, 307, 311, 312, 447
Tegmina, 539
Teleodont, 193
Telephorides, _248_
_Telmatophilus_, 235
_Temnochila coerulea_, 232
Temnochilides, _233_
_Tenebrio molitor_, 263
Tenebrionidae, 263
_Tenebroides mauritanica_, 232
Tentacle, maxillary, 309, 432
Tenthredinidae, parasite of, 4
Terebrantia, 531
Termites, 203, 206, 227, 231
Terrifying attitude, 384
Tesseratomides, 546
Testes, 321, 324, 400, 429;
in larva, 325
_Tetanocera ferruginea_, 504
Tetanoceridae, _504_
_Tetragona_, _53_, _61_
Tetramera, _190_
_Tetramorium caespitum_, 160, 163
Tettigometrides, _567_
_Teucrium_, bug and galls on, 550
_Thais_, pupation of, 363
_Thanaos_, _342_;
_T. tages_, androconia, 332
Therevidae, 484
_Thiridopteryx_, 420
Thomas, on androconia, 331
Thorictidae, 236
_Thorictus_, 236
Thrips, 526 f.;
_Thrips lini_, 531;
_T. secalina_, 530
Throscides, _260
Thyatira batis_, _T. derasa_, 386 {625}
Thymaridae, 392
Thynnides, 96
Thyreophoridae, _504_
Thyrididae, _370_, 404
_Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis_, 394
Thysanoptera, 526 f.
Tiger-beetles, 201 f.
Tiger-moths, 409
_Tillus elongatus_, 253, 254
Tinaegeriidae, _370_, 387
_Tinea_, 305;
_T. pellionella_, 429, 430;
_T. vastella_, 430;
_T. vivipara_, 430
Tineidae, _340_, _370_, _394_, _427_, 428
Tineodidae, 423
_Tineola biselliella_, 430
Tingidae, 549
_Tipula brobdignagia_, 475
Tipulidae, 471 f.;
T. Brevipalpi, 472, 473;
T. Longipalpi, 472, 475
Tipulinae, 475
_Tiresias serra_, 241
_Titanus giganteus_, 287
_Tithorea_, 346
Tomicides, 295
_Tomognathus sublaevis_, 161
Tongue, 309
Tortoise-shell butterflies, 352
Tortricidae, _340_, _395_, 427, _432_
Tortricina, _395_
_Toxorrhina_, 472
_Toxotrypana_, 506
_Trechus_, 205
Trichiini, 200
_Trichocera_, 473
_Trichodes alvearius_, _T. ammios_, _T. apiarius_, 254
_Trichophaga tapetzella_, 430
Trichoptera, 306, _425_
Trichopterygidae, 227
_Trichopteryx fascicularis_, 227
Trichroism, 351
Trichterwickler, 294
_Trichura_, 389, 390
Trictenotomidae, 275
_Triecphora_, 543
_Trigona_, _53_, _61_;
_T. carbonaria_, 63;
_T. crassipes_, 65;
_T. mosquito_, 62
Trimera, _238_, 544
_Trimeria_, _89_
_Trineura aterrima_, 494
_Triodites mus_, 489
_Trioza rhamni_, 580
_Triphaena_, 415
_Triphleps_, 530
_Tritoma bipustulata_, 236
Triungulin, 262, 268, 270, 271, 272, 299, 300
Trochalopoda, _543_, _544_
Trochanter, 307;
divided, 123
_Trochilium_, 387
Trogini, _195_
Trogositidae, 232, 235
_Trogosita mauritanica_, 232
Tromoptera, 457
Trophi—see Mouth-parts
_Trox_, stridulation, 195
Truffle-beetle, 222
Trumpeter bumble-bee, 58
_Trypanaeus_, 230
Trypanidae, 395
Trypetidae, _504_, 506
Trypoxylonides, 118
_Trypoxylon_, 118;
_T. albitarse_, 118;
_T. figulus_, 119
Tse-tse fly, 512, 513
Tubulifera, _1_ f.
Tubulifera (Thrips), 531
Tulip-tree, tubes on, 578
Turkey-gnats, 477
Turnip-flea, 278
Tusser, or Tussore, silk, 374
_Tympanoterpes gigas_, 572
_Typhlatta_, _179_, _180_
_Typhlopone_, 178, 179, 180

_Ugimyia sericariae_, 507
Ulidiidae, _504_
_Ulopa_, _578_
Uncus, 314
_Urania rhipheus_, 419
Uraniidae, _368_, 419
Uric acid pigments, 357
_Urodon_, _278_
Uzel, on Thysanoptera, 527

_Vanessa_, 352;
larva, 354—see also _Pyrameis_ and _Araschnia_
_Vanessula_, 356
Vapourer-moths, 407
Variation, of _Anomma burmeisteri_, 179;
of _Bombus_, 58;
of larvae, 336;
of _Sphecodes_, 23;
of male and worker ants, 160;
of workers and females, 162;
due to parasites, 26;
of larva and imago, 408;
generic, 401;
local, 398;
in nervuration, 414;
and dimorphism in Geometrid-larvae, 412;
of mandibles of Lucanidae, 193;
in colour of Psyllidae, 579;
trichroism of hind wings, 351;
in size of Brenthidae, 297;
of time and form in _Cicada_, 570;
in wings, 540;
as to winged or wingless, 531;
change in, 414;
seasonal, 335
Vasa deferentia, 321
Veils, 493
Veins—see nervures
_Velia currens_, 552
_Velleius dilatatus_, 227
Verhoeff, on _Agenia_, 106;
on _Halictus_, 25;
on Siphonophora, 239;
on _Stelis minuta_, 29;
on terminal segments of beetles, 186
_Vermileo degeeri_, 481
_Vermipsylla alakurt_, 523, 526 {626}
Verson, on rudiments of wings, 328
Vertebrates, larvae of Diptera, attacking, 506, 510, 512, 514, 517, 520;
tick-fleas on, 526
_Vespa_, nests of, 79, 83;
_V. austriaca_, 81, 88;
_V. crabro_, 81;
_V. germanica_, 79
Vespidae, 78
Viviparous, Aphids, 583;
fly, 506, 511, 513, 518 f.;
moths, 430;
Staphylinidae, 227
Voice—see Song, Sound-organs, Stridulation
_Volucella_, 500;
_V. bombylans_, 441

Wagner, on morphology of fleas, 523 n.;
on paedogenesis, 460
Walker, J. J., on _Halobates_, 552
Wallace, on flight of Hesperiidae, 364
Walsingham, Lord, on Tortricidae, 427
Walter, on mouth of Lepidoptera, 308, 310
Wandering ants, 175 f.
Wanzenspritze, 536
Wasmann, on Ants'-nest Insects, 181 n., 183;
on _Lomechusa_, 142, 226;
on Weismann, 143
Wasps, 71 f.
Wasps'-nest, beetle, 235;
Insect, 268
Water-scorpion, 563
Wax, 65, 575, 576, 597
Wax-glands, 589
Wax-hairs, 580
Wedde, on mouth of Hemiptera, 535
Weeping-trees, 577
Weevil, biscuit-, 247;
pea-, 277
Weinland, on halteres, 448
Wet- and dry-season forms, 336
Whirligig-beetle, 215
White wax, 576, 597
Whittell, on _Pelopaeus_ and _Larrada_, 117
Wielowiejski, on luminous organs, 250
Wing-cases, of beetles, 186, 270
Wing, of bugs, 539;
of Diptera, 447;
of Lepidoptera, 315 f.;
development of, 328;
structure of, 329
Wingless—see Apterous
Wingless and winged Aphids, 584
Wing-nervures—see Nervures
Wing-rib, 330, 333
Wing-veins—see Nervures
Winter-gnats, 473
Winter-moth, 414
Winter-mother, 586
Wire-worm, 258
Wood-ant—see _Formica rufa_
Wood-leopard moth, 309, 395
Woodpecker, Diptera in, 506
Workers, 54, 66, 67, 79, 85, 132, 140
Worm-eaten furniture, 248

_Xantharpyia straminea_, parasite of, 521, 522
_Xenos_, 303;
_X. rossii_, 299, 301
_Xestobium_, _248_
_Xylocopa_, 32, 34, 70;
submentum of, 14;
_X. chloroptera_, 34;
_X. violacea_, 33
_Xylodiplosis_, 458, 459
Xylophagidae, 479
Xylophaginae, 480
Xylophilidae, 266
_Xylotrupes gideon_, 199

Yellow-fever-fly, 464
_Yolinus_, 558
Young carried, 556
Yucca-moth, 432

_Zabrus_, 205
_Zaitha anura_, 566
_Zelotypia staceyi_, 396
_Zemioses celtis_, 296
_Zeuzera aesculi_, 309, 395
Zeuzeridae, 395
Zygaenidae, _369_, 388, 390, _392_, _394_
_Zygia_, 253

END OF VOL. VI

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NOTES

[1] Systematic monograph, Mocsáry, Budapest, 1889. Account of the
European Chrysididae, R. du Buysson in André, _Spec. gen. Hym._ vol.
vi. 1896.

[2] _Ent. Mag._ vi. 1869, p. 153.

[3] _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (7) ix. 1890, p. 1.

[4] _C. R. Ac. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 873.

[5] _Trans. ent. Soc. London_, 1873, p. 408.

[6] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxv. 1875, p. 184.

[7] _Morph. Jahrb._ xxiv. 1896, p. 192.

[8] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxx. 1878, p. 78.

[9] _Proc. ent. Soc. Washington_, iii. 1896, p. 334.

[10] _Trans. ent. Soc._ 1878, p. 169.

[11] The mode of wetting the pollen is not clear. Wolff says it is done by
an exudation from the tibia; H. Müller by admixture of nectar from
the bee's mouth. The latter view is more probably correct.

[12] In studying the proboscis the student will do well to take a _Bombus_
as an example; its anatomy being more easily deciphered than that of
the honey-bee.

[13] Leuckart proposed the term lingula; but the word gives rise to the
impression that it is a mistake for either lingua or ligula. Packard
calls the part "hypopharynx."

[14] For figures and descriptions of the proboscides of British bees,
refer to E. Saunders, _Jour. Linn. Soc._ xxiii. 1890, pp. 410-432,
plates III.-X.: and for details of the minute structure and function
to Cheshire, _Bees and Bee-keeping_, vol. i.

[15] Breithaupt, _Arch. Naturges._ lii. Bd. i. 1886, p. 47.

[16] See Fig. 26, p. 71.

[17] _Bull. Mus. Paris_, i. 1895, p. 38.

[18] _C.R. Ac. Paris_, lxxxvii. 1878, pp. 378 and 535.

[19] _Catalogus Hymenopterorum_, Leipzig, 10 vols. 1892-96; _Bees_, vol.
x.

[20] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ iv. 1891, p. 779. This paper is a most valuable
summary of what is known as to the habits of European solitary bees,
but is less satisfactory from a systematic point of view.

[21] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1894, p. cxv.

[22] Marchal, _Rev. Sci._ 15th February 1890, and Ferton, _t.c._ 19th
April.

[23] _C.R. Ac. Paris_, lxxxix. 1879, p. 1079, and _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (6),
ix. 1879, No. 4.

[24] _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_, xlviii. 1895, p. 145.

[25] _Verh. Ver. Rheinland_, xli. 1884, p. 1.

[26] It is impossible for us here to deal with the question of the origin
of the parasitic habit in bees. The reader wishing for information as
to this may refer to Prof. Pérez's paper, _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_,
xlvii. 1895. p. 300.

[27] Refer to p. 70 _postea_, note, as to a recent discovery about
_Xylocopa_.

[28] _Souvenirs entomologiques_. 4 vols. Paris, 1879 to 1891.

[29] The "_Chalicodome des galets_" or _C_. "_des murailles_" of the
French writer; in some places he speaks of the species as being _C.
muraria_, in others as _C. parietina_.

[30] _Trans. Zool. Soc. London_, vii. 1870, p. 178.

[31] _Mt. Ver. Steiermark_, xxxi. 1882, p. 69.

[32] _Zool. Anz._ vii. 1884, p. 312.

[33] _SB. Ges. Wien._ xxxviii. 1888, p. 34.

[34] _Ent. Nachr._ xii. 1886, p. 177.

[35] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1868, p. 133.

[36] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 149.

[37] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5), iv. 1874, p. 567.

[38] See Pérez, _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_, xxxiii. 1880, p. lxv.; and Cameron,
_Tr. Soc. Glasgow_, n. s. ii. 1889, p. 194.

[39] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), xix. 1897, p. 136.

[40] Janet has suggested that the folding is done to keep the delicate
hind-margins of the wings from being frayed.

[41] _Zool. Anz._ xix. 1896, p. 449. See also note, _antea_, p. 70.

[42] _Monographie des guêpes sociales_, Geneva, 1853-1858, pp. cc. and
356, plates i.-xxxvii.

[43] Hence probably the great difference in the abundance of wasps in
different years: if a period of cold weather occur during the early
stages of formation of a wasp family, operations are suspended and
growth delayed; or death may even put an end to the nascent colony.

[44] _CR. Ac. Paris_, cxvii. 1893, p. 584; _op. cit._ cxxi. 1895, p. 731;
_Arch. Zool. exper._ (3) iv. 1896, pp. 1-100.

[45] Kumagusu Minakata, in _Nature_, l. 1894, p. 30.

[46] As this work is passing through the press we receive a book by Mr.
and Mrs. Peckham on _The Instincts and Habits of the Solitary Wasps_,
Madison, 1898. They are of opinion that, in the case of some species,
it does not matter much whether the victim is or is not killed by the
stinging.

[47] _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, iii. 1896, p. 303.

[48] Monograph by Lucas, _Berlin ent. Zeitschr._ xxxix. 1894.

[49] "Die Gattungen der Sphegiden," _Ann. Hofmus. Wien._ xi. 1896, pp.
233-596. Seven plates.

[50] We will take this opportunity of correcting an error in the
explanation of Fig. 333 of the preceding volume, showing the
propodeum, etc. of _Sphex chrysis_. _f_ points to a division of the
mesonotum, not of the metanotum, as there stated.

[51] _Pelopaeus_ disappears from the new catalogue of Hymenoptera as the
name of a valid genus; its species being assigned to _Sceliphron_ and
various other genera. We have endeavoured, as regards this name, to
reconcile the nomenclature of previous authors with that used in the
new catalogue by placing the generic name adopted in the latter in
brackets.

[52] When a second cell is more or less perfectly marked out, the cell
with which it is connected is said to be appendiculate. The nervures
frequently extend beyond the complete cells towards the outer margin,
forming "incomplete" cells; only complete cells are counted, except
when "incomplete" is mentioned.

[53] See on this point the note on p. 130.

[54] The pupae and cocoons of ants are usually called by the uninstructed,
"ants' eggs." In this country they are used as food for pheasants.

[55] The parthenogenetic young produced by worker females are invariably
of the male sex.

[56] The student must recollect that the winged female ants cast their
wings previously to assuming the social life. The winglessness of
these females is a totally different phenomenon from that we here
allude to.

[57] See Forel, _Verh. Ges. deutsch. Naturf._ lxvi. 1894, 2, pp. 142-147;
and Emery _Biol. Centralbl._ xiv. 1894, p. 53. The term ergatoid
applies to both sexes; a species with worker-like female is
ergatogynous; with a worker-like male ergatandrous.

[58] _Nature_ li. 1894, p. 125.

[59] _Biol. Centralbl._ xv. 1895, p. 640.

[60] Prof. Forel has favoured the writer by informing him of several cases
of these rare intermediate forms he has himself detected.

[61] _Biol. Centralbl._ xiv. 1894, p. 53.

[62] Forel's latest views on this subject will be found in the _Ann. Soc.
ent. Belgique_ xxxvii. 1893, p. 161; the very valuable paper by
Emery, in _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ viii. 1896, p. 760.

[63] _Ann. Soct. ent. France_, 1893, p. 467.

[64] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1893, _Bull._ p. cclxiv.

[65] Forel, _J. Bombay Soc._ viii. 1893, p. 36.

[66] See von Ihering, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxix. 1894, p. 364; and
Forel, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xl. 1896, p. 170.

[67] _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxvii. 1893, p. 163.

[68] _Bih. Svenska Ak._ xxi. 1896, Afd. iv. No. 4.

[69] Until recently this genus was generally known as _Atta_, but this
name is now applied to the leaf-cutting ants, that were formerly
called _Oecodoma_.

[70] Forel, _Bull. Soc. Vaudoise_, xxx. pp. 29-30, 1894.

[71] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, pp. 365-467.

[72] For a valuable revision of _Dorylus_ and its allies see Emery, _Zool.
Jahrb. Syst._ viii. 1895, pp. 685, etc. We, however, doubt the wisdom
of extending the sub-family so as to include _Cerapachys_,
_Parasyscia_, etc.

[73] A Catalogue of Myrmecophilous and Termitophilous Arthropods was
published by Wasmann, Berlin 1894.

[74] For a summary of this subject see Wasmann, _Congr. internat. Zool._
iii. 1896, pp. 411-440.

[75] For explanation of this term see vol. v. p. 524.

[76] An interesting exception occurs in the Malacodermidae, where this
coadaptation is wanting, or is imperfect; they are frequently
considered to be the most primitive of existing beetles.

[77] In a series of memoirs in various German periodicals during the last
five or six years (see especially _Deutsche ent. Zeit._ 1893 and
1894, also subsequent years of _Arch. Naturges._). It should be
noticed that in the course of his studies Verhoeff has modified some
of his earlier views.

[78] We consider this term inferior to Tetramera for nomenclatorial
purposes.

[79] _Danske Selsk. Skr._ (6), viii. No. 1, 1895.

[80] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xiv. 1879, p. 15.

[81] In this sub-family there are numerous forms in which the elytra cover
the pygidium, and in which the number of conspicuous ventral segments
is reduced to five or even four. We use the term Coprides as
equivalent to the "Laparosticti" of Lacordaire (_Gen. Col._ iii.
1856); it thus includes the "Coprini" and "Glaphyrini" of the
_Catalogus Coleopterorum_, vol. iv. Munich, 1869.

[82] _Considérations genérales sur l'anatomic comparée des animaux
articulés_, etc., Paris 1828, 4to. xix. and 435 pp., and Atlas of ten
(xx.) plates, and 36 pp.

[83] Raspail, _Mém. soc. zool. France_, vi. 1893, pp. 202-213.

[84] _Ann. soc. ent. France_, (v.) iv. 1874, p. 39.

[85] In Theratides this outer lobe is in a rudimentary state, like a seta.

[86] The first portion of a classification of Cicindelidae by Dr. Walther
Horn, _Revision der Cicindeliden_, Berlin, 1898, has appeared since
this was written.

[87] _Natural History of aquatic Insects_, 1895, p. 376.

[88] _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ xv. 1888, p. 18.

[89] _Op. cit._ v. 1881, p. 91; cf. Sharp, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1882,
p. 61.

[90] _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1892, p. 341.

[91] _Descent of Man_, i. 1890, p. 338; The views of Landois and Recker,
_Arch. f. Naturgesch._ lvii. 1, 1891, p. 101, are erroneous.

[92] See _J. Linn. Soc. Zool._ xiii. 1876, p. 161.

[93] For many particulars as to respiration of _Dytiscus_, and
peculiarities of the larva see Miall, _Aquatic Insects_, 1895, pp.
39, etc. (In the figure given on p. 60 the large stigma on the
terminal segment of the abdomen is omitted, though it is referred to
in the text.)

[94] For classification and structure see Sharp, "On Dytiscidae," _Sci.
Trans. R. Dublin Soc._ (2) ii. 1882.

[95] Descriptions of larvae that may possibly be those of Paussids have
been published by Xambeu, _Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon_, xxxix. 1892, p.
137, and Erichson, _Arch. Naturgesch._ xiii. 1847, p. 275.

[96] _Arch. Mus. Paris_ (2), viii. and ix. 1887.

[97] For classification and monograph of the family, see Régimbart, _Ann.
Soc. ent. France_, 1882, 1883, and 1886. For a catalogue, Séverin,
_Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxiii. 1889.