Chapter VIII: Hemiptera, or Bugs—anoplura 532 (26)

[98] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, xxi. 1852, p. 619.

[99] Horn, _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ xv. 1888, p. 23; Riley, _Insect Life_, i.
1889, p. 300.

[100] _Insect Life_, i. 1889, pp. 200 and 306.

[101] _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ viii. 1880, pp. 219-321.

[102] Westwood, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_ (N.S.) iii. 1855, p. 90; Wasmann,
_Krit. Verzeichniss Myrmekoph. Arthropod._ 1894, p. 121.

[103] _Rev. ent. franc._ ix. 1890.

[104] _Die Käfer von Mitteleuropa_: II. _Familienreihe, Staphylinoidea._
Vienna, 1895 and 1899.

[105] _Vergleichende Studien über Ameisengäste_, Nijhoff, 1890; and
_Tijdschr. ent._ xxxiii. 1890, pp. 93, etc.; _Biol. Centralbl._ xv.
1895, p. 632.

[106] Schiödte, _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (4) v. 1857, p. 169.

[107] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Col._ ii. pt. i. 1888, p. 156.

[108] Monograph, _Trichopterygia illustrata_, by A. Matthews, London, 1872.

[109] For further information refer to Matthews, _An Essay on_ Hydroscapha,
London, 1876, 20 pp. 1 pl.

[110] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) xix. 1887, p. 115.

[111] _Larves de Coléoptères_, 1878, p. 11, pl. i.

[112] _Biol. Centr. Amer. Col._ ii. pt. i. p. 438.

[113] The family was monographed by the Abbé de Marseul in _Ann. Soc. ent.
France_, 1853-1862, but great additions have been made since then.

[114] For characters of larvae of various genera, see Perris, _Larves,
etc._ p. 24.

[115] _SB. Ak. Wien._ xxiv. 1857, p. 330.

[116] Catalogue of Trogositidae, by Leveillé, in _Ann. Soc. ent. France_,
1888, p. 429.

[117] For classification, see Sharp, _Biol. Centr. Amer. Col._ ii. pt. i.
1894, p. 443.

[118] See Ganglbauer, _Käf. Mitteleuropas_, i. p. 530, as well as Leconte
and Horn _Classification_, etc., p. 130.

[119] Perris, _Larves, etc._, p. 75.

[120] Ritsema, _Catalogue of_ Helota, _Notes Leyden Mus._ xiii. 1891, p.
223, and xv. 1893, p. 160.

[121] _Zool. Anz._ xviii. 1895, p. 244.

[122] Gerstaecker, _Monographie der Endomychiden_, Leipzig, 858, 1433 pp.
Since this work was published, the species known have been multiplied
two or three times.

[123] _Stettin. ent. Zeit._ xlii. 1881, pp. 104-112.

[124] It is probable that we do not know more than the fiftieth part of the
existing species, most of which lead lives that render them very
difficult to find.

[125] _Bull. ent. ital._ 1886, p. 406, and _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xliii.
1887, pp. 201-206. Emery does not mention the name of the species,
but we presume it to be the common Italian fire-fly, _Luciola
italica_.

[126] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxxvii. 1882, p. 354; also Emery, _op. cit._
xl. 1884, p. 338. For another theory as to the luminescence, see p.
259.

[127] _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, xii. 1887, p. 137, _postea_.

[128] _Deutsche ent. Zeitschr._ xxxii. 1888, pp. 145-167.

[129] _Ent. Mag._ xxiv. 1887, p. 148.

[130] _Larves des Coléoptères_, 1878, p. 208.

[131] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1894, p. 7.

[132] Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) ix. 1851, p. 48.

[133] _Arch. Naturgesch._ xlviii. 1, 1882, p. 371.

[134] "Les Élatérides lumineux," _Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, xi. 1886; also
_Leçons de Physiologie générale_, Paris, 1898, and _C.R. Ac. Sci._
cxxiii. 1896, p. 653.

[135] It seems impossible to understand the morphology of the anterior
segments by mere inspection; the anterior spiracle being seated on
the segment behind the broad thorax. Considerable difference of
opinion has prevailed as to what is head, what thorax; the aid of
embryology is necessary to settle the point. The larva described by
Westwood (_Mod. Classif._ i. 1839, p. 229), and figured as probably
_Buprestis attenuata_ is doubtless a Passalid.

[136] Casey has examined the wings in the genus _Blapstinus_ (an "apterous"
genus), and found that the wings are extremely varied in development,
according to the species; in no case, however, did they appear to be
capable of giving more than a laboured and feeble flight.—_Ann. New
York Ac._ v. 1890, p. 416.

In _Eleodes_, though the meso- and meta-notum are formed of delicate
membrane, the wings exist as minute flaps, requiring some examination
for their detection.

[137] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (4) vi. 1870, p. 314; and _Ent. Mag._ xxvii. 1891,
p. 18.

[138] _Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ iv. 1876, p. 556.

[139] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, lx. 1891, p. 447.

[140] "On the Natural History, Anatomy, and Development of the Oil-Beetle,
_Meloe_," _Tr. Linn. Soc._ xx. 1851, p. 297; and xxi. 1853, p. 167.

[141] _Rep. U.S. ent. Commission_, i. 1878, p. 297.

[142] _Amer. Nat._ xvii. 1883, p. 790.

[143] For illustration of this metamorphosis, see Vol. V. p. 159 of this
work.

[144] _Les Insectes Vésicants_, Paris 1890, 554 pp. Parts of this work were
previously published in _J. de l'Anat. Phys._, xxi. xxii. xxiii. 1886
and 1887.

[145] _Genera des Coléoptères (Suites à Buffon)_, x. Paris, 1874, p. 15.

[146] _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ 1887, p. 325, and 1889, p. 299.

[147] _Ann. Soc. Liége_, x. 1855, p. 260.

[148] _Mem. Soc. Liége_, xvi. 1861, p. 387.

[149] Packard, 5th Rep. _U.S. Ent. Comm._ 1890, p. 689.

[150] Not a growing tree, but the instrument used for stretching boots.

[151] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xli. 1896, SB. p. 22.

[152] Sharp, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxviii. 1884, CR. p. cvii.

[153] For a more extensive account of _Rhynchites betulae_ and others refer
to Wasmann. _Der Trichterwickler_, Münster, 1884, and Debey,
_Beiträge zur Lebensund Entwickelungsgeschichte ... der Attelabiden_,
Bonn, 1846. The first includes an extensive philosophical discussion;
the second is a valuable collection of observations.

[154] _Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. ent._ New series, No. 7, 1897.

[155] Perris, _Ann. Sci. Nat._ (2) xiv. 1840, p. 89, pl. iii.

[156] In the males of the genus _Cedeocera_ the tips of the elytra are
drawn out into processes almost as long as the elytra themselves, and
rivalling the forceps of earwigs.

[157] The stature of the individuals of the same species is, in some of
these Brenthidae, subject to extreme variation, especially in the
males, some individuals of which—in the case of _Brenthus
anchorago_—are five times as long as others.

[158] This remark applies to the Strepsiptera parasitic on Hymenoptera:
nothing whatever is known as to the life-histories of the species
that attack Hemiptera.

[159] Although not an invariable, it seems that it is a general rule that
the _Stylops_ produced from the body of one individual are all of one
sex; it has even been stated that female bees produce more especially
female _Stylops_, and male bees male _Stylops_. If any correlation as
to this latter point exist, it is far from general.

[160] Von Siebold, _Arch. Naturges._ ix. 1843, pp. 137-161. Nassonoff's
recent paper is in Russian, but so far as we can gather (cf. _Zool.
Centralbl._ i. 1894, p. 766), it does not add greatly to the data
furnished by von Siebold.

[161] _Ent. Meddel._ v. 1896. p. 148, and _Ov. Danske Selsk._ 1896, p. 67.

[162] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xiv. 1879, p. 14.

[163] Named by Mr. Distant _Callidea baro_; according to the Brussels
catalogue of Hemiptera, _Chrysocoris grandis_ var. _baro_.

[164] Kellogg, _Kansas Quarterly_, ii. 1893, p. 51, plate II.

[165] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ xviii. 1885, p. 751.

[166] The writer is not quite convinced that the supposed mandibles of
these Macrolepidoptera are really entitled to be considered as such.

[167] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 263.

[168] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, p. 637. It should be recollected that
many Lepidoptera do not possess any proboscis.

[169] _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ xviii. 1885, p. 168.

[170] _Amer. Natural._ xiv. 1880, p. 313.

[171] For an account of the structures at the tip of the proboscis of this
moth, and of the beautiful manner in which the lobes of the maxillae
are dovetailed together, see Francis Darwin, _Quart. J. Micr. Sci._
xv. 1875, p. 385. For details as to numerous proboscides, and as to
the difficulties that exist in comprehending the exact mode of action
of the organ, refer to Breitenbach's papers, especially _Jena.
Zeitschr. Naturw._ xv. 1882, p. 151.

[172] See Cholodkovsky, _Zool. Anz._ ix. p. 615; Haase, t.c. p. 711; also
Riley, _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1892, p. 310.

[173] _Fourth Rep. U.S. Entom. Commission_, 1885, p. 49.

[174] _C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 360; and his _Thesis_,
Bordeaux, 1895.

[175] _C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 542.

[176] _Fauna of British India_, Moths, i. 1892, p. 6.

[177] It is impossible for us to treat of the difficulties that exist on
this point, and we must refer the student to the pamphlet, "The
Venation of the Wings of Insects," by Prof. Comstock, Ithaca, 1895,
being a reprint, with an important prefatory note, from the _Elements
of Insect Anatomy_, by J. H. Comstock and V. L. Kellogg, also to
Packard's discussion of the subject in _Mem. Ac. Sci. Washington_,
vii. 1895, pp. 84-86. The method of Spuler, alluded to in these two
memoirs, is based on development, and, when extended, will doubtless
have very valuable results. See Spuler, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liii.
1892, p. 597.

[178] The structure and development of scales and nervures is dealt with as
part of the brief study of the development of the wing, on p. 329,
etc.

[179] The internal anatomy of Lepidoptera has not been extensively studied.
For information refer to Dufour, _C.R. Ac. Paris_, xxxiv. 1852, p.
748; Scudder, _Butt. New England_, i. 1889, p. 47; Minot and Burgess,
_Fourth Rep. U. S. Entom. Comm._ 1885, p. 53.

[180] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_ (2), v. 1890, p. 143.

[181] _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, ii. 1892, p. 305.

[182] _Acta Ac. German._ li. 1887, p. 238.

[183] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1887, pp. 384-404, Pl. 7.

[184] _Isis_, 1845, p. 835.

[185] For anatomy of caterpillars refer to Lyonnet's famous work, _Traité
anatomique de la chenille qui ronge le bois de saule_, La Haye, 1762.

[186] See Plateau, _Bull. Ac. Belgique_, xv. 1888, p. 28; in reference to
structure of ocelli, Blanc, _Tête du Bombyx mori_ ... 1891, pp. 163,
etc.; and Landois in _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xvi. 1866, p. 27.

[187] _Entwickelungsgeschichte der Schmetterlinge_, Cassel, 1815.

[188] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London, Zool._ 2nd Ser., v. 1890, pp. 147, 148.

[189] For information as to the structure and function of the silk-vessels,
refer to Helm, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxvi. 1876, p. 434; and
Gilson, _La Cellule_, vi. 1890, p. 116.

[190] _Jahresber. Schlesisch. Ges._ lviii. 1881, p. 116.

[191] The student will find important information as to the varieties of
external form of pupae in Dr. T. A. Chapman's writings; see
especially _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, 1894, and 1896.

[192] Latter, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 399.

[193] _Bull. Soc. Vaudoise_, xxx. 1894, No. 115.

[194] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ liii. 1892, p. 623.

[195] _Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ iii. 1889, p. 646.

[196] _Amer. Natural._, xxvii. 1893, p. 1018.

[197] _Amer. Natural._, xxxii. 1898, p. 256.

[198] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ viii. 1857, p. 326.

[199] _Phil. Trans._ 186 B, 1896, No. 15.

[200] _Natural Science_, viii. 1896, p. 94.

[201] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1896, p. 257.

[202] _Ent. Record_, vi. 1895, p. 258.

[203] _Trans. ent. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 293, etc.

[204] The term mimicry is sometimes used in a wider sense; but we think it
better to limit it to its original meaning. The word is a most
unfortunate one, being both inadequate and inaccurate.

[205] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxiii. 1862, p. 507.

[206] A summary of the chief aspects of the question is contained in
Beddard's _Animal Coloration_, London, 1892. An account of the
subject with numerous illustrations has been given by Haase,
"Untersuchungen über die Mimicry," _Bibl. Zool._ iii. 1893, Heft
viii. Those who wish to see the case as stated by an advocate may
refer to Professor Poulton's work, _The Colours of Animals_
(International Scientific Series), lxviii. London, 1890.

[207] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 372.

[208] _Kosmos_, xix. 1886, p. 353. The Insects alluded to by both these
naturalists are now, we believe, placed in the Family Syntomidae (see
p. 388).

[209] _Stett. ent. Zeit._ li. 1891, p. 264; and lvi. 1895, p. 234.

[210] For an account of the antennae of butterflies, see Jordan, _Nov.
Zool._ v. 1898, pp. 374-415.

[211] Haase first proposed the name Netrocera (_Deutsche ent. Zeit. Lep._
iv. 1891, p. 1) for Hesperiidae, as a division distinct from all
other butterflies; Karsch replaced the name in the following year by
Grypocera, because _Netrocera_ is the name of a genus.

[212] The literature of butterflies has become extremely extensive. The
following works contain information as to general questions: 1,
Scudder's _Butterflies of New England_, a beautifully illustrated
work completed in 1889, and replete with interesting discussions. 2,
Staudinger, Schatz and Röber, _Exotische Tagfalter_, in three folio
volumes (Fürth, 1884-1887), with illustrations of exotic butterflies
and a detailed sketch of their characters. 3, Enzio Reuter, "Uber die
Palpen der Rhopaloceren," in _Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn._ xxii. 1896,
treating fully of classification and phylogeny.

[213] _Journal of Entomology_, i. 1862, p. 218: for early instars of South
American Nymphalidae see Müller, _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ i. 1886, p.
417.

[214] This is the subject of Scudder's _Life of a Butterfly_, 1893.

[215] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 205.

[216] Finn, _J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal_, lxvi. 1896, p. 528; lxvii. 1897, p.
213.

[217] _Trans. Linn. Soc._ xxiii, 1862, p. 495.

[218] _Kosmos_, xix. 1886, p. 355.

[219] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1879, p. xxix.

[220] Allen's Naturalists' Library, _Butterflies_, i. 1896.

[221] A most unfortunate diversity exists in the generic names applied to
these _Vanessa_, as well as in those of many other Lepidoptera.

[222] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), iv. 1889, p. 212.

[223] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 191.

[224] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1856, pp. c, ci.

[225] Baker, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1887, p. 175, Pl. ix.

[226] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), vii. 1867, p. 665, Pl. xiii.

[227] _J. Bombay Soc._ ix. 1895, pp. 338-341.

[228] Hopkins, _Phil. Trans._ 186 B, 1895, p. 661.

[229] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6), iv. 1889, p. 213. We trust there will not be
many more Künstlers, as this beautiful butterfly must certainly
become extinct, if the female be really as rare as is supposed.

[230] _Mem. Ac. Washington_, vii. 1895, p. 57.

[231] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 97, with Suppl. _op. cit._ 1896, pp.
129 and 567.

[232] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, p. 1066. See also _Ann. N. York Ac._
viii. 1895, p. 194, and _Ent. Record_, 1897, pp. 136 and 196.

[233] _Handbook of British Lepidoptera_, 1895.

[234] London, 1892. Published under the authority of the Secretary of State
for India in Council.

[235] Those numbered 2, 8, 10, 17, 22, 27, 44, and 46 in our arrangement.

[236] For explanatory diagram of the wings, see Fig. 161, I. When the
nervuration is obscured by the wing-scales, it may be rendered
temporarily visible by the application, with a camel's-hair brush, of
a little benzine. The wings may be permanently denuded of their
scales by being placed for a short time in Eau de Javelle
(hypochlorite of potash).

[237] The genus _Cyphanta_ (one species from India) has nervule 5 of the
fore wing proceeding from the lower angle of the cell.

[238] This is a mistake of Sir George Hampson's. It has long been known
that the female of _Heterogynis_ does not leave the cocoon (for
references see p. 392); the larvae, however, do not live in cases, as
those of Psychidae do.

[239] See Westwood, _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_ (2), i. 1877, p. 165, etc.

[240] For habits of some Brazilian Castnia see Seitz, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_,
li. 1890, p. 258.

[241] For pupa see Chapman, _Ent. Rec._ vi. 1895, pp. 286, 288.

[242] _Souvenirs entomologiques_, quatrième série, 1891, pp. 39-46.

[243] _Amer. Natural._ xii. 1878, p. 379.

[244] Cotes, "Wild Silk Insects of India," _Ind. Mus. Notes_, ii. No. 2,
1891, 15 plates.

[245] See on this subject Pérez, _Act. Soc. Bordeaux_, xlvii. 1894, p. 236,
etc.

[246] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxvii. 1883, p. 9.

[247] _Tr. Linn. Soc._ ser. 2, ii. 1885, p. 421.

[248] _Psyche_, vi. 1893, p. 385.

[249] Bar and Laboulbène, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, (v.) iii. 1873, p. 300.

[250] _Op cit._ (5), vii. 1877, p. 181; and _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxxix.
1878, p. 221; and xliv. 1883, p. 402.

[251] _Ann. New York Ac._ viii. 1893, p. 48.

[252] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, n.s. iii. 1854, p. 1.

[253] Dyar says, "We may surmise that it is to present a terrifying
appearance toward small enemies." He calls the Insect both
_Perophora_ and _Cicinnus_, _melsheimeri_, and states that it belongs
[according to the larva] to Tineidae; the appendages he considers to
be enormously developed setae. _J. N. York ent. Soc._ iv. 1896, p.
92.

[254] _Tijdsch. Ent._ xxxviii. 1895, p. 56, Pl. 4.

[255] _Ann. New York Ac._ viii. 1893, p. 48.

[256] Weyenbergh, _Tijdschr. Ent._ xvii. 1874, p. 220, Pl. xiii.

[257] Jones, _P. Liverpool Soc._ xxxiii. 1879, p. lxxvii.

[258] _Studies in the Theory of Descent_, part 2, London, 1881.

[259] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1885 and 1886.

[260] _Tijdschr. Ent._ xl. 1897, pp. 27-103, 4 plates.

[261] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 351.

[262] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1887, p. 297, Pl. x.

[263] See Poulton, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, etc.

[264] _Op. cit._ 1895, p. 399.

[265] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1880, p. iii.

[266] _Ent. Monthly Mag._ xiii. 1877, p. 231.

[267] _Entomologist_, xxiii. 1890, p. 92.

[268] _Mem. Ac. Washington_, vii. 1895, 290 pp., 49 plates.

[269] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1878, p. 121, Pl. v.

[270] _Op. cit._ 1889, pp. 1-40, 6 plates.

[271] Walsingham, _Op. cit._, 1889. c. p. 21.

[272] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, lvi. 1895, p. 233.

[273] _Op. cit._ li. 1890, p. 261.

[274] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, li. 1890, p. 263.

[275] For details as to habits, etc., see Rambur, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_,
v. 1836, p. 577; and Graslin, _op. cit._ xix. 1850, p. 396.

[276] Monograph of European Psychidae, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxv.
1881, p. 29, etc.

[277] Heylaerts, _op. cit._ p. 55.

[278] _Zool. Anz._ xx. 1897, p. 473. This is probably _Apterona
crenulella_, or one of its varieties.

[279] _Bull. U.S. Dep. Agric. Ent._ x. 1887, p. 22.

[280] _Ann. New York Ac._ viii. 1893, p. 54.

[281] Kalender, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxxv. 1874, p. 203.

[282] _Ent. Tidskr._ xvi. 1895, p. 116.

[283] On larvae of Hepialidae, _J. New York ent. Soc._ iii. 1895, p. 69,
Plates III. IV.

[284] Olliff, _Australian Hepialidae, Entomologist_, xxviii. 1895, p. 114.

[285] _Ent. Mag._ xiii. 1876, p. 63; and xxiii. 1886, p. 164.

[286] Weir, _Entomologist_, xiii. 1880, p. 249, plate; King, _Ent. Record_,
vii. 1895, p. 111.

[287] Bertkau, _SB. Ver. Rheinland_, xxxvi. 1879, p. 288; and _Arch.
Naturg._ xlviii. i. 1882, p. 362.

[288] _Zool. Anz._ iii. 1880, p. 186.

[289] It is much to be regretted that, as in so many other Lepidoptera, no
satisfactory agreement as to names has been attained; our British _A.
testudo_ is variously styled _Limacodes testudo_ (by Chapman and most
naturalists), _Apoda limacodes_ (by Meyrick), or _Apoda avellana_
(Kirby, _Catalogue of Moths_). The family is called either
Limacodidae, Apodidae, Cochliopodidae, or Heterogeneidae.

[290] See Chapman, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1894, p. 345, Plate VII., for
our British species; for North American forms, Dyar, _Life-histories
of the New York Slug-caterpillars_ (in progress, with numerous
plates), _J. New York ent. Soc._ iii. etc., 1895.

[291] See Packard, _P. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xxxi. 1893, pp. 83, 108, Plates.
(He uses the term Cochliopodidae instead of Limacodidae); also Dyar,
as above.

[292] _Insects affecting the Orange_, Washington, 1885, p. 143.

[293] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1894, p. 348.

[294] _Op. cit._ 1876, p. 522; and 1877, p. 433.

[295] _P. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xxxii. 1894, p. 275.

[296] Revision of the Thyrididae; Hampson, _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1897, p.
603.

[297] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1891, p. xv.

[298] This moth is known under several generic names—_Psilura_, _Liparis_,
_Ocneria_, _Lymantria_; there is now a very extensive literature
connected with it. A good general account by Wachtl may be found in
_Wien. ent. Zeit._ x. 1891, pp. 149-180, 2 Plates.

[299] Wachtl and Kornauth, _Mitt. forst. Versuchswesen Österreichs_, Heft
xvi. 1893.

[300] Crahay, _Ann. Soc. ent. Belgique_, xxxvii. 1893, p. 282.

[301] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, p. 801.

[302] _Catalogue of Lepidoptera Heterocera_, i. 1892.

[303] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), iv. 1864, p. 689.

[304] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 188.

[305] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1892, pp. 53-140; for criticism on the
nomenclature, see Rebel, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, liii. 1892, p. 247.

[306] See Poulton, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 51; _op. cit._ 1892, p.
293; and Bateson, p. 213; Gould, p. 215.

[307] Giraud, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), v. 1865, p. 105; Fauvel, _l.c._
_Bull._ p. liii.

[308] For a table, see Meyrick, _l.c._

[309] Barrett, "Increasing Melanism in British Geometridae," _Ent. Monthly
Mag._ 1895, p. 198.

[310] _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1892, p. 192.

[311] Although this term is widely used in North America, it is not in use
in England, though it may possibly have originated in Scotland. See
Slingerland, _Bull. Cornell University Exp. Stat._ 104, 1895, p, 555.

[312] _Fourth Rep. U.S. Ent. Commission_, 1885, p. 3.

[313] _Insect Life_, vi. 1894 p. 6.

[314] See Chapman, _The Genus_ Acronycta _and its Allies_, London, 1893.

[315] _Insects Injurious, etc._, Ed. 1862, Boston, p. 437.

[316] See Westwood, _Tr. Zool. Soc. London_, x. pp. 507, etc., for
discussion of this question and for figures; also E. Reuter, _Act.
Soc. Sci. Fenn._ xxii. 1896, p. 202.

[317] _Congr. Internat. Zool._ ii. 1892, pt. 2, p. 180.

[318] Ragonot, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1890 and 1891; and Meyrick, _Tr.
ent. Soc. London_, 1890, p. 429.

[319] _Ent. Mag._ xii. 1876, p. 210, and xvii. 1881, p. 249.

[320] _Zool. Jahrb. Syst._ vi. 1892, p. 617.

[321] _Nat. Hist. Aquatic Insects_, London, 1895.

[322] For Bibliographic references connected with the divisions of
Pyralidae see Ragonot, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (6), x. 1890, pp. 458,
etc.

[323] Monograph, by Ragonot, in Romanoff, _Mem. Lep._ vii. 1893.

[324] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, 1878, p. 230.

[325] Howard, _Insect Life_, vii. 1895, p. 402.

[326] Monograph by Hampson, _P. Zool. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 897-974.

[327] Disqué, _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, li. 1890, p. 59. Cf. also Rebel, _Zool.
Jahrb. Syst._ xii. 1898, p. 3.

[328] Classification; Meyrick, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. 1.

[329] _P. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales_ (2), vi. 1881, p. 410.

[330] _Handbook Brit. Lep._ 1895, p. 493.

[331] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 495.

[332] _Zool. Anz._ v. 1882. p. 262.

[333] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4), x. 1870, p. 1, pl. vii.

[334] For table of the larvae, according to number of feet and other
characters, see Sorhagen, _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ xxvii. 1883, pp. 1-8.

[335] _P. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales_ (2) vii. 1892, p. 593.

[336] Durrant, _Ent. Mag._, xxxi. 1895, p. 107.

[337] "The Yucca moth and Yucca Pollination," _Rep. Missouri Botanical
Garden_, 1892, pp. 99-158.

[338] The maxillary tentacle is considered by Prof. J. B. Smith to be a
prolongation of the stipes, cf. _antea_, p. 309; also _Insect Life_,
v. 1893, p. 161.

[339] Chapman, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1894, p. 366.

[340] Walter, _Jena. Zeitschr. Naturw._ xviii. 1885. He did not distinguish
_Eriocephala_ as a genus, as we have explained on p. 308.

[341] _Amer. Natural._ xxix. 1895, pp. 636 and 803.

[342] Wood, _Ent. Mag._ xxvi. 1890, p. 148.

[343] See Chapman, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1893, p. 255.

[344] Osten Sacken, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 501, and _Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 423, etc.

[345] Osten Sacken has recently discussed the intermediate conditions, and
proposed the name "pseudholoptic" for some of them, _Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr._ xli. 1896, p. 367.

[346] Girschner, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1887, p. 155.

[347] It may be well to remark that this name was formerly applied to all
Diptera except Nemocera.

[348] _Zool. Anz._ xvii. 1894, p. 35, and _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (6) xiii. 1894,
p. 372; _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ lviii. 1895, p. 475.

[349] Cf. Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxviii. 1893; and Becher,
_Wien. ent. Zeit._ i. 1882, p. 49. For an account of the condition,
with diagrammatic figures, of the fly emerging from the pupa, cf.
Sasatti, _J. Coll. Japan_, i. 1887. p. 34, pl. vi.

[350] It is frequently said that one sex of a single species may be
dimorphic in this respect, but we shall subsequently mention (in
Blepharoceridae) that this is not yet sufficiently established.

[351] _Fluernes Munddele, Copenhagen_, 1881, 91 pp. 6 plates; _Ent.
Tidskr._ i. 1879, p. 150; Becher having given (_Denk. Ak. Wien._ xlv.
1882, p. 123) an interpretation different from that of Meinert, this
author set forth his general views in _Zool. Anz._ v. 1882, pp. 570
and 599.

[352] The reader should not suppose that there are only two views as to the
Dipterous mouth, for actually there are several; our object is here
only to give a general idea of the subject.

[353] _Tr. Linn. Soc. London_ (2) v. 1892, p. 271.

[354] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1884, p. 497.

[355] Osten Sacken, although making use of the terms tegula and antitegula,
suggested the propriety of using squama and antisquama, as we have
done.

[356] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ li. 1891, p. 55.

[357] Brandt, _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xiv. 1878, p. vii.; xv. 1879, p. 20.
Brauer, _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlvii. 1883, pp. 12-16. Künckel, _C.R. Ac.
Paris_, lxxxix. 1879, p. 491.

[358] _Blow-fly_, 1895: in two vols. For Anatomy of _Volucella_, see
Künckel d'Herculais, _Recherches sur l'org. des Volucelles, Paris_,
1875 and 1881.

[359] _Tijdschr. Ent._ xxxviii. 1895, pp. 65-100.

[360] _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlvii. 1883, pp. 1-100, pls. i.-v.

[361] Since our brief and imperfect sketch of metamorphosis appeared in
Vol. V. of this series, Packard has treated the subject more fully in
his _Text-book of Entomology_, New York, 1898; and Pratt has
summarised the state of knowledge as to imaginal discs in _Psyche_,
viii. 1897, p. 15, etc.

[362] Monograph of Oestridae, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, 1863, and other papers
_op. cit._ 1864, 1867, 1869; also _Denk. Ak. Wien_, xlii. 1880,
xlvii. 1883.

[363] Becher, _Wien. Ent. Zeit._ i. 1882, p. 49; for observation on
connecting forms see Brauer, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xl. 1890, p. 272.

[364] The palpi are said to be of only one segment in some genera of
Cecidomyiidae. The Cecidomyiidae are easily distinguished by the
minute size—body not more than a line long—and by there not being
more than six nervules at the periphery of the wing. _Aëdes_
(Culicidae) has also short palpi.

[365] It is said by Schiner that in the anomalous genus _Nemestrina_ the
palpi are of three segments.

[366] For tables of the families of flies the student may refer to Loew,
_Smithson-Misc. Coll._ vi. Art. i. 1862; to Brauer, _Denk. Ak. Wien_,
xlii. 1880, p. 110 (Orthorrhapha only); to Williston, _Manual of N.
American Diptera_, 1896; to Schiner, _Fauna austriaca, Diptera,
Vienna_, 1860, etc.

[367] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 365, and xli. 1897, p. 365.

[368] _Tr. Amer. ent. Soc._ iii. 1871, p. 345.

[369] _Bull. Soc. ent. France_, 1893, p. lxxx.

[370] _Naturhist. Tidskr._ (3) viii. 1874, p. 34, pl. xii.

[371] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) vii. 1849, p. 346.

[372] _Trans. New Zealand Inst._ xxiii. 1890, p. 48.

[373] Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 442; and
Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) vii. 1849, p. 202.

[374] See Guérin-Méneville, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) iv. 1846; _Bull._
p. 8; and Nowicki, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xvii. 1867, _SB._ p. 23.

[375] For details as to the family cf. Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent.
Zeitschr._ xl. 1895, p. 148; and for the larvae F. Müller, _Arch.
Mus. Rio-Jan._ iv. 1881, p. 47. The name "Liponeuridae" was formerly
applied by some authorities to this family, but it is now generally
recognised that Blepharoceridae is more legitimate.

[376] _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ xxv. 1881, p. 61; and cf. Brauer, _Wien. ent.
Zeit._ i. 1882, p. 1.

[377] _Natural History of Aquatic Insects_, London, 1895, chap. ii.

[378] _Tr. Linn. Soc. Lond._ (2) ii. 1884, p. 367.

[379] For an extremely interesting account of _Chironomus_ refer to Miall's
book, already cited, and, for the larva, to the valuable work of
Meinert on Eucephalous larvae of Diptera, _Danske Selsk. Skr._ (6)
iii. 1886, p. 436.

[380] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (4) viii. 1871, p. 31.

[381] _Ibid._ (6) xv. 1895, p. 133.

[382] For metamorphoses of aquatic species of _Ceratopogon_, see Miall and
Meinert, already quoted: for examples of the terrestrial species, and
their illustrations, refer to Mik, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ vii. 1888, p.
183.

[383] Monograph, Eaton, _Ent. Mag._ xxix. and xxx. 1893, 1894: supplement
_op. cit._ 1896, etc.

[384] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 141.

[385] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1895, p. 479.

[386] _A Naturalist's Sojourn in Jamaica_, London, 1853, p. 284.

[387] _Bull. Illinois Lab._, iv. 1895, p. 193.

[388] Miall's _Aquatic Insects_, 1895, p. 174.

[389] "Studies," etc., _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1887.

[390] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1897, p. 362.

[391] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1897, pp. 343-361.

[392] _Acta Univ. Lund._ xxxiii. (2) No. 7, 1897.

[393] "Studies," etc., _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxx. 1886, p. 153.

[394] Osten Sacken, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxvii. 1892, p. 450.

[395] _Entomologist_, xiv. 1881, p. 287. This observation has never, we
believe, been confirmed.

[396] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) v. 1847, p. 46.

[397] Perris, in _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (2) v. 1847, p. 37, pl. i.

[398] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5) i. 1871, _Bull._ p. lxvii.

[399] _Rep. Dep. Agric. Ent. Washington_, 1886, p. 492.

[400] Cf. Réaumur, _Mem._ v. 1740, p. 21; and Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent.
France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 190.

[401] _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xxx. 1880, p. 343.

[402] _Arch. Naturges._ xli. i. 1875, p. 48.

[403] _Bull. Illinois Lab._ iv. 1895.

[404] _Ent. Mag._ xxiii. 1886, p. 51.

[405] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, ii. 1833, p. 492.

[406] _Wien. ent. Zeit._ ii. 1883, pp. 11 and 24, pl. i.

[407] _Ent. Mag._ xiv. 1878, p. 196.

[408] For figures, etc., cf. Westwood, _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1876, p.
507, pls. v. vi.

[409] _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 737, pl. xiii.

[410] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_ (3) i. 1862, p. 338, pl. xi.

[411] _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xix. 1869, p. 941.

[412] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 221.

[413] _SB. Ak. Wien_, xci. 1885, p. 392.

[414] _Ent. Mag._ xiv. 1877, p. 226; for a discussion of the subject see
Mik, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ xiii. 1894, p. 273.

[415] _Amer. Natural._ xxviii. 1894, p. 35.

[416] Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 321, pl. 4; and
Laboulbène, _op. cit._ (5) iii. 1873, p. 50, pl. v.

[417] Perris, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 354.

[418] _Ent. Meddelelser_, ii. 1890, p. 213.

[419] Frauenfeld, _Verh. Ges. Wien_, xx. p. 37, pl. iii.

[420] For monograph of Pipunculidae, see Becker, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._
xlii. 1897, pp. 25-100.

[421] _Ofv. Ak. Forh._ xi. 1854, p. 302, pl. v., since confirmed by others,
see Giard, _C.R. Ac. Sci._ cix. 1889, pp. 79 and 708.

[422] _Natural History of Aquatic Insects_, 1895, p. 198.

[423] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, vi. 1845, p. 384, pl. i.

[424] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (6) iii. 1883, p. 23, pl. i.

[425] _Ent. Nachr._ xviii. 1892, p. 13.

[426] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) x. 1870, p. 330.

[427] See on this difficult subject, Becher, _Wien. ent. Zeit._ i. 1882, p.
49.

[428] _Loudon's Magazine_, v. 1832, p. 302; _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1871, p.
x.

[429] Baron von Osten Sacken informs the writer that this statement has
since been withdrawn by Portschinsky as being erroneous.

[430] _Ent. Amer._ iii. 1887, p. 126.

[431] _J. Coll. Japan_, i. 1886, pp. 1-46, plates i.-vi.

[432] _Souvenirs entomologiques_, 1879, pp. 246-254.

[433] A list of the Insects known to be attacked by Dipterous parasites has
been given by Brauer and Bergenstamm, _Denk. Ak. Wien_, lxi. 1895.

[434] _Berlin. ent. Zeit._ xxx. 1886, p. 135.

[435] _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxi. 1887, p. 17.

[436] _Biol. Centralbl._ vii. 1887, p. 521.

[437] For an account of the habits of this fly, see Kirk, _J. Linn. Soc._
viii. 1865, pp. 149-156; and for a bibliographic list, Wulp,
_Tijdschr. Ent._ xxvii. 1884, p. xci. and pp. 143-150.

[438] _Preliminary Report on the Tse-tse Fly Disease_, 1895.

[439] _P. Liverpool Soc._ xxxiii. 1878, p. 13, note.

[440] We may specially mention the monograph of Oestridae, published in
1863 by the _K. k. Zool.-Bot. Ges. Wien_, and supplements in _Wien.
ent. Zeit._ v. vi. 1886, 1887; these include copious bibliographic
lists.

[441] Riley, _Insect Life_, iv. 1892, p. 302.

[442] See Blanchard, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (7) ii. 1892, pp. 109, 154.

[443] See Bigot, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (6) ii. 1882, p. 21, Brauer,
_Monograph_, 1863, p. 51, and _Wien. ent. Zeit._ vi. 1887, p. 75.

[444] _Arch. Naturgesch_. lviii. i. 1892, pp. 287-322, pls. xv. xvi.

[445] Stein, _Deutsche ent. Zeit._ xxi. 1877, p. 297.

[446] _Abh. Ges. Halle_, iv. 1858, p. 145.

[447] _Arch. Naturgesch._ lix. i. 1893, p. 151.

[448] _SB. Ak. Wien._ cv. 1896, _Abtheil._ i. p. 400.

[449] _Arch. Naturges._ lviii. i. 1892, p. 287.

[450] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ ii. 1863, p. 90.

[451] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1881, p. 360.

[452] The best general description of the external anatomy of the flea is
to be found in Taschenberg, _Die Flöhe_, 1880. The morphology is
better elucidated, though still incompletely, in Wagner's valuable
"Aphanipterologische Studien," _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xxiii. 1889,
pp. 199-260, 5 plates, and _op. cit._ xxxi. 1897, pp. 555-594, 3
plates. Cf. also N. C. Rothschild, _Nov. Zool._ v. 1898, pp. 533-544,
3 plates.

[453] Howard, _Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent._ N.S. No. 4, 1896.

[454] Schimkewitsch, _Zool. Anz._ vii. 1884, p. 673.

[455] _P. Boston Soc._ xxvi. 1894, pp. 312-355.

[456] _Monographie der Ordnung Thysanoptera_, Königgrätz, 4to, 1895.

[457] _Bull. Essex Inst._ xxii. 1890, p. 24; also _Amer. Natural._ xxx.
1896, p. 591.

[458] Jordan in an interesting paper, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlvii. 1888,
p. 573, says that in the division "Terebrantia" there are only three
pairs of stigmata.

[459] _Insect Life_, i. 1888, p. 138.

[460] See Lindeman, _Bull. Soc. Moscou_, lxii. 1886, No. 2, p. 296, and
Uzel, _Mon._ 1895, pp. 397, 398.

[461] _Entomological Magazine_, iii. 1836, p. 439, and iv. 1837, p. 144.

[462] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xvi. 1866, p. 389.

[463] _Arb. Inst. Wien_. iv. 1882, p. 415.

[464] _Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xix. 1896, p. 176.

[465] _P. ent. soc. Washington_, iii. 1895, p. 241.

[466] _Ent. Nachr._ xxii. 1896, p. 173.

[467] _Zool. Anz._ 1897, No. 527, p. 73.

[468] _Arch. Anat. Physiol._ 1874, p. 313, and 1875, p. 309.

[469] For the structure and development of the Hemipterous trophi, see
Mayer, _Arch. Anat. Physiol._ 1874 and 1875; Mecznikow, _Zeitschr.
wiss. Zool._ xvi. 1866, p. 389; Geise, _Arch. Naturgesch._ xlix. 1,
1883, p. 315; Wedde, _op. cit._ li. 1, 1885, p. 113; Mark, _Arch.
mikr. Anat._ xiii. 1877, p. 31: Smith, _Tr. Amer. Phil. Soc._ xix.
1896, p. 176.

[470] _Ent. Nachr._ xix. 1893, p. 369.

[471] _Naturhist. Tidskr._ (3) vi. 1896; translated in _Ann. N. Hist._ (4),
vi. 1870, p. 225.

[472] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxvii. 1866, p. 321.

[473] _Ent. Nachr_. xix. 1893, p. 375.

[474] On this subject, see Reuter, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (5) v. 1875, p.
225.

[475] _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) vii. 1867, p. 45.

[476] The chief work on the internal anatomy of Hemiptera is still Dufour's
_Recherches anatomiques et physiologiques sur les Hémiptères, Mem.
Savans Étrangers_, Paris, iv. 1833, p. 129.

[477] Künckel, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_ (4) vii. 1867, p, 45, and _C.R. Ac.
Paris_, cxx. 1895, p. 1002.

[478] In Slingerland's _Cornell Univ. Bull._ No. 58, 1893, p. 222.

[479] _SB. Ak. Wien._ xci. 1 Abth., 1885, p. 275.

[480] _Les Insectes fossiles, etc._, 1894, p. 452.

[481] _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (4) vi. 1870, p. 225.

[482] A table of the families is given by Ashmead, but does not work out
quite satisfactorily, _Entom. Americana_, iv. 1888, p. 65; a brief
table of the characters of the British families is given by Saunders,
_Hemiptera-Heteroptera of the British Islands_, 1892, p. 12.

[483] Those who wish to see tables of the families are referred to Ashmead,
_loc. cit._; to Pascoe, _Ann. Nat. Hist._ (5) ix. 1882, p. 424; to
Stål's _Hemiptera Africana_, vol. iv. 1866; and for the families
found in Britain to Edwards, _Hemiptera-Homoptera of the British
Islands_. For a discussion in Danish on the value of the characters
used, cf. Hansen, _Ent. Tidskr._ xi. 1890, pp. 19-76.

[484] _Ent. Mag._ vii. 1870, p. 53.

[485] _Insect Life_, i. 1889, p. 234.

[486] _C.R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, cxviii. 1894, p. 1282.

[487] _Verh. Ges. Wien._ iii. 1858, p. 157.

[488] _Ent. Mag._ xxix. 1893, p. 227.

[489] _Wien. ent. Zeit._ xi. 1892, p. 169.

[490] _Monograph of Phymatidae_: Handlirsch, _Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, xii.
1897, p. 127.

[491] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, li. 1890, p. 281.

[492] _Naturalist's Voyage_, ed. 1884, p. 330; chap. xv.

[493] _Thesaurus ent. Oxoniensis_, 1874, p. 197.

[494] _Ind. Mus. Notes_, iii. No. 5, 1894, p. 53.

[495] Ferrari, Monograph of _Nepa, Ann. Hofmus. Wien_, iii. 1888, p. 171.

[496] _Bull. Soc. Philomat._ (8) v. 1893, p. 57. There is some diversity of
opinion as to the respiratory orifices, and some authorities say that
thoracic stigmata exist even in the imago.

[497] _Acta Ac. German._ li. 1887, p. 224, and _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._
xliii. 1886, p. 537.

[498] Korschelt, _Acta._ _t.c._ p. 245. Compare the remarks we have made on
p. 559 as to the peculiarities of eggs of many other Hemiptera.

[499] _Bull. Mus. Paris_, 1896, p. 238.

[500] See Carpenter, _Irish Naturalist_, iv. 1895, p. 59.

[501] See remarks on pp. 543, 544.

[502] We must refer those who may wish for further information as to this
complex and difficult question to the writings of the late Professor
Riley, especially to Bulletin No. 8, 1885, U.S. Department of
Agriculture, division of entomology; and to the more recent report by
Marlatt, _Bull. Dep. Agric. Ent._, N.S. No. 14, 1898.

[503] Some entomologists consider that this "railway-whistle" note is the
result of the combined efforts of several individuals. Cf. Mathew,
_Ent. Mag._ xi. 1875, p. 175.

[504] It is unnecessary to say that the poet was not Sappho, but one of the
baser sex, named Xenarchus.

[505] Swinton claims that one of the membranes in the vocal apparatus is an
auditory organ; if so, the male would be deafened by his own noise,
while the females, not possessing the organ, should not hear the
song.

[506] _P. ent. Soc. London_, 1883, p. 20.

[507] A considerable variety of these extraordinary creatures are figured
in _Biol. Centr. Amer. Rhynch. Homopt._ ii.

[508] Riley, _P. ent. Soc. Washington_, iii. 1895, p. 88. For the younger
stages of _Membracis foliata_, see _Tijdschr. Ent._ (2) iv. 1869, pl.
viii.

[509] _Tr. ent. Soc. London_, 1886, p. 329.

[510] _Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien_, xxvi. 1876, p. 167.

[511] _Cornell Univ. Agric. exp. station Bulletin_, 44, 1892, and _Bull._
108, 1896.

[512] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xlii. 1885, pp. 569-638.

[513] _Zeitschr. Naturw._ (2) xii. 1875, p. 438.

[514] Réaumur, Mém. iii. 1737, _Dixiéme Mémoire_.

[515] _P. ent. soc. Washington_, iv. 1897, p. 66.

[516] For list see Scott, _Ent. Mag._ xviii. 1882, p. 253.

[517] There is some doubt on this point, as the earlier observers seem to
have supposed that a winged individual appearing in a generation
chiefly apterous was _ipso facto_, a male; it seems, however, to be
certain that perfect winged males appear in some species in
generations producing no perfect sexual females. Speaking generally,
the course of events seems to be that in summer there exist only
wingless and winged parthenogenetic females, and that the sexually
perfect forms appear for the first time in autumn.

[518] _Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Ges._ iv. 1876, p. 529.

[519] The term pseudovum is applied, as a matter of convenience, to the
earlier condition of the viviparously-produced form, and the term
pseudovarium to the ovary producing it.

[520] Balbiani, _Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool._ (5) xi. 1869, p. 29. For concise
recent remarks on the early embryonic states, see Lemoine, _Bull.
Soc. ent. France_, 1893, p. lxxxix.

[521] _Acta Ac. German._ xxxiii. 1869, No. 2, p. 81.

[522] _Seventeenth Rep. Insects Illinois_, 1891, p. 66.

[523] Kessler, _Acta Ac. German._ li. 1887, pp. 152, 153.

[524] In connection with this the absence of a functional mouth in the
imago state of numerous Lepidoptera, and of Oestrid Diptera, should
not be forgotten.

[525] _Horae Soc. ent. Ross._ xxiv. 1890. p. 386.

[526] _Ent. Zeit. Stettin_, xxxvi. 1875, p. 368.

[527] _Zool. Anz._ xv. 1892, p. 220.

[528] _Arb. Inst. Wien_, iv. 1882, Heft iii. p. 397; see on this organ also
Mordwilko, _Zool. Anz._ xviii. 1895, p. 357.

[529] _Biol. Centralbl._ xi. 1891, p. 193.

[530] See, _inter alia_, Webster, _J. New York ent. Soc._ i. 1893, p. 119.

[531] _J. New York Ent. Soc._ i. 1893, p. 120. See also as to knowledge on
the part of ants, Forbes, _Eighteenth Rep. Insects Illinois_, 1894,
pp. 66, etc.

[532] Monograph by Buckton, _Ray Society_, 4 vols. 1879-1883.

[533] _Tr. New Zealand Inst._ xxviii. 1895.

[534] A catalogue of Coccidae has recently been published by Mr. T. D. A.
Cockerell in _Bull. Illinois Lab._ iv. 1896, pp. 318-339.

[535] Signoret's papers are to be found in eighteen parts in _Ann. Soc.
ent. France_, 1868 to 1876: the most considerable subsequent
systematic papers are those by Maskell in the _Transactions of the
New Zealand Institute_ from 1878 to the present time.

[536] _Coccidae of Ceylon_, pt. 1, 1896, p. 16.

[537] _C. R. Ac. Sci. Paris_, civ. 1887, p. 449.

[538] _Arch. Naturgesch._ li. i. 1885, p. 169.

[539] _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xliii. 1886, p. 156.

[540] For summary as to our present knowledge of this curious condition of
Insect life, see Mayet, _Ann. Soc. ent. France_, 1896, p. 419.

[541] For additional information as to useful Coccidae, see Blanchard,
_Bull. Soc. Zool. France_, viii. 1883, p. 217.

[542] Rubsaamen's paper on these Insects gives references to most of the
previous literature, _Berlin. ent. Zeitschr._ xxxix. 1894, p. 199.

[543] _Ent. Meddel._ iii. 1891, p. 82.

[544] Cf. Graber, _Zeitschr. wiss. Zool._ xxii. 1872, p. 165, and Landois
in the same Journal, xiv. 1864, p. 24.

[545] _Ann. Nat. History_ (3), xvii. 1866, p. 213.

[546] _N. York Ent. Soc._ vii. March 1899, p. 45.