Chapter LXV: Appendix: III. Materials on Policy (3)

Mr. Mao's opinion that we "may approach Germany" does not sound very safe or very natural. Mr. Mao does not adopt the foreign policy of "befriend those who help us and hate those who help our enemy," but rather of "befriend Soviet Russia's friend, attack Soviet Russia's enemies." This is flatly against the principles of independent foreign policy. The old German-Italian line advocated by Wang Ch'ing-wei is wrong because it makes us bend our knees. But we must also know what the new German line amounts to. Japan's _rapprochement_ with Soviet Russia and Great Britain are rumors scattered out simultaneously, but are things that cannot be possible. According to foreign telegraphic reports, the German foreign minister is now trying to pull together Japan and Soviet Russia, with the hope of forming a future grand alliance among Germany. Italy, Japan, and Soviet Russia. As to the Japan-Soviet line, it is based upon the "double-south policy" of attacking Great Britain. Japan will move south from the Pacific and [Soviet] Russia will move south from Central Asia, so that British interest in all districts lying between the Near and the Far East will be equally divided up by [Soviet] Russia and Japan. Their method of procedure is like this: 1, A treaty will be signed by Soviet Russia, as the protector of Outer Mongolia, and Japan; Soviet Russia will stop enmity against "Manchukuo" and Japan, so that Japan may concentrate her attention on China. 2, A commercial treaty will be signed between them. 3, A final alliance promising mutual non-interference with appended clauses. Of course this is Germany's dream, or may be a flat rumor, since it is unbelievable that Soviet Russia should join Japan. Even from the point of material benefit, why should Soviet Russia act so as to hurt others but remain doubtful that she can derive real benefit? But to insure absolute safety, we must be careful of any German intrigue. We must warn her often. In the past we used to buy munitions from her, so we must have her goodwill. Now with the War, it is unlikely that Germany will still sell us munitions. Hence why must we still follow Germany and "approach her"? After all, what is the difference between this and the German-Italian line advocated by Wang Ch'ing-wei? Now, just a "warning": if [Soviet] Russia and Japan do join up to form an alliance, I must ask the Chinese Communist Party a question: Concerning the name, the Chinese Communist Party, are they going to throw away the word "Chinese" and adopt a Soviet Russian nationality, or, as said in the _Hsin Min Pao_, to be so base as to join Wang Ch'ing-wei's regime, or shall they stick to the word "Chinese" and cancel the word "Communist"? I hope they will reply to my question.

Concerning the theory of a Second Imperialistic War, Mao himself has for two years forbidden his followers to comment, on the charge of being a Rightist, a closed-door Rightest, a childish Rightest, or a Trotskyite who is plotting with Germany. Now we see that he himself has fully adopted a Trotskyite view. In that article he used the words "progressive" and "retrogressive" to suppress any upheaval within his party; but now what he means by "progressive" is exactly "retardation"; what he formerly advocated as "progress" is now a discarded fig. He is just making a circle, like a donkey fastened to turn a grind-stone, pressed onward by whipping and kicking, and when he has turned half a circle, he may be said to have retarded half a circle.

Now Mr. Mao condemns every country as imperialistic. But we must ask, in his opinion, does he think that Poland is imperialistic? Why is the war of national defense on the part of Poland not a rightful war? Under the exactly similar conditions, why did the Communists formerly show sympathy for Abyssinia and Spain, and are now cold toward Poland? He says that Communists always hate wars; then why did he advocate the Help-Abyssinia Movement? This is a paradox. Perhaps the saying that Communists hate war is invented by Mr. Mao himself. So far as we know, the Communists in Poland, Great Britain, and France are absolutely sympathizing with the Poles in their defensive war.

There is another ridiculous point: Mr. Mao also labelled Chamberlain and Daladier as Fascist Reactionaries. Before the German-Soviet Pact, they were hailed as saints, but now they are convicts, as it were. If Mr. Mao is not satisfied with them, then condemn them as he wishes. But why must he put such a "Fascist" hat upon the oldest democratic countries? This spring, one American political commentator predicted jokingly that in the near future Hitler will say that the headquarters of the Communists are located in London and Paris, hence anti-Communist will mean anti-French. Now the direction of this pseudo-prophecy is already established, though Hitler did not give the above reason. But we did not expect that the Chinese Communists would adopt such a belief by calling democratic countries Fascist and by advocating "that we may approach Germany." This is perhaps a conclusion by their special logic.

VI. A REASONLESS CONCLUSION

Concerning the future of China, Mr. Mao made many surface talks, though in general there is no serious fault. But his theories and his conclusions are disjointed. For example, if he makes light of the Polish war, what will be the value of this Oriental war? Besides, is the policy of "single alliance with Soviet Russia" in unison with the principle: "We will befriend those who aid us, and attack those who aid our enemy"? If Soviet Russia aids Japan, what shall then be done? If he opposes the splitting movement, then why not advocate unity? These are but a few of the numerous contradictions that may be found in his article.

Especially strange is his idea that to ally with countries other than Soviet Russia, we should ally with their peoples and not with their governments. But the word "people" is not used in foreign affairs and its meaning is also most indistinct. According to him (I presume) he desires that China fan up revolutions in all countries while carrying on the War of National Resistance. True, the method may apply to Japan, but not to other countries. Otherwise, all world Powers will begin to hate China who is still fighting the War of National Resistance. What will we think of this? Now to speak frankly, the Communists in various countries have not succeeded in fanning up revolutions in their countries, and on the contrary, with their force weakening year after year, what shall we help them for? When we ourselves have not yet stood up firmly, we are already thinking of shouldering a weight of a thousand pounds. Is there a reason in such an attempt? In reality, we know the force of the Chinese proletarian classes. They amount to about two million people, mostly in Shanghai and Tientsin. Now the puppet regimes of Yin Ju-keng and Wang Ch'ing-wei are all formed in these districts. Ch'ên Shao-yü is the chief representative of the Shanghai section of the Communist Party. Has he gone there for an investigation? To whom do those who are performing Anti-Japanese and Anti-Traitor work belong--to the Communist Party, or what? It is better for Communists to moderate their tune and not boast of any more world revolution.

Concerning the present European war, Mr. Mao's attitude is that of a man expressing his joy on seeing others' loss and misfortune. This is not the way of the Chinese people. We always express our sorrow in a war. What General Chiang has said concerning his hope for peace in Europe is the natural revelation of the Chinese moral character based upon love and compassion. What Mr. Mao expresses is something like the spirit of "kill-kill-kill" advocated by the notorious robber Chang Shen-chou. This is because Mr. Mao has not yet thoroughly imbibed the idea of "Chinafying" things. I express my sympathy for him in his policy of "Chinafication." This of course does not mean that I believe in the preachings of old-fashioned Chinese that the eight planets were first discovered by the Chinese because a line can be found in the _Book of Poetry_:[5] "Three and Five stars in the East." What I mean by sympathy is that I like the way he appreciates the Chinese national culture, and wants to be a one hundred per cent Chinese.[6] In this respect he is more worthy than Ch'ên Shao-yü, and hence deserving of greater achievement.

[Footnote 5: _Shih Ching_, one of the Confucian classics.]

[Footnote 6: The Americanism, _i-pai-fên chih pai-ti Chung-kuo-jen_,
occurs in the original.]

Lastly, I sincerely hope that Mr. Mao can find a better secretary, without considering the question of class. He must not follow the example of Mr. Lu, the Vice-President of the Anti-Japanese University, who never employs a secretary unless she is beautiful. Though he does not consider the question of class, such actions do not befit Mr. Mao. But speaking about this, we can have a comparison. The second wife of Mr. Mao, Miss Ho, is the heroine who marched with the Red Army for a distance of twenty-five thousand _li_ to North Shensi. But why is it that Mr. Mao sends her to Soviet Russia, and lives together with film actress Miss Lan Pin? The reason is quite simple: considering the question of class, Miss Ho stands higher than Miss Lan; considering the question of sexual love, Miss Lan is much more beautiful than Miss Ho. Hence with similar reasoning, I should say that the standard set by Mr. Mao concerning the employment of a secretary will be whether she can write beautifully, and the question of class must not be considered. If so, I can predict that Mr. Mao's articles will be better written, not like his past ones which arouse a great deal of unnecessary argumentation. I hereby humbly present before him my personal ideas.[7]

[Footnote 7: The conclusion, couched in billingsgate, is less a
violation of the unmentionable in China than it would be in America;
but it does strike a note sharply discordant to the gently sardonic
tone of the main line of debate. A secretary is germane to the point
of literary style, however; ghost-writing is a rarely disturbed
tradition of Chinese public life. Mao Tsê-tung, according to Western
observers, is, with Chiang K'ai-shek, one of the few leaders to write
his own speeches, so that the present charge, while familiar, is
certainly unjust.]

E. CHINA'S LONG-RANGE DIPLOMATIC ORIENTATION (WANG CH'UNG-HUI)[1]

[Footnote 1: Private communication transmitted from Chungking,
September 10, 1940; in possession of the present author.]

This memorandum was graciously supplied by Dr. Wang
Ch'ung-hui.

1. OUTLINE OF CHINA'S FOREIGN POLICY

Since the establishment of the National Government, China's foreign policy has been elucidated from time to time. Following the outbreak of the war, the Extraordinary Session of the Kuomintang National Congress convened in 1938 laid down five principles:

"1. China is prepared to ally herself with all states and nations that sympathize with her and to wage a common struggle for peace and justice.

"2. China is prepared to safeguard and strengthen the machinery of peace as well as all treaties and conventions that have the maintenance of peace as their ultimate object.

"3. China is prepared to ally herself with all forces that are opposed to Japanese aggression and to safeguard peace in the Far East.

"4. China will endeavor not only to preserve but also to enhance the existing friendly relations with other countries.

"5. China repudiates all bogus organizations which Japan has created and declares all their actions null and void."

2. CHINA'S STAND VIS-À-VIS JAPAN

From the above outline it can be clearly seen that China's foreign policy aims at achieving independence internally and co-existence externally.

Shortly before the outbreak of the Lukouchiao Incident I told a group of Japanese newspapermen in Nanking that "China's diplomatic policy has always been consistent. It aims at self-existence and co-existence.... It is important to harmonize the friendship between the two peoples; but such a task should not rest only upon the shoulders of one party.... If any foreign country has any designs on China, the Chinese people are determined to resist.... I hope Japan will respect China's territorial integrity and political sovereignty and will seek to readjust Sino-Japanese relations through diplomatic channels and in accordance with the spirit of reciprocity and equality."

Japan was bent on disturbing peace and order and launched her attack on North China on July 7, 1937. Not only had every effort at conciliation failed, but the hostilities were extended to Shanghai on August 13th. On the following day the Ministry of Foreign Affairs made China's position clear in an official statement, an extract of which follows:

"The Chinese Government now solemnly declares that China's territorial integrity and sovereign rights have been wantonly violated by Japan in glaring violation of such peace instruments as the Covenant of the League of Nations, the Nine-Power Treaty and the Paris Peace Pact. China is in duty bound to defend her territory and her national existence, as well as the sanctity of the above-mentioned treaties. We will never surrender any part of our territory. When confronted with aggression, we cannot but exercise our natural right of self-defense. If Japan did not entertain territorial designs on China, she should use her efforts to seek a rational solution of Sino-Japanese problems and at the same time cease all her aggressions and military movements in China. In the event of such a happy change of heart, China would, in conformity with her traditional policy of peace, continue her efforts to avert a situation pregnant with dangerous possibilities both for East Asia and for the world at large.

"In this our supreme fight not only for a national but for a world cause, not only for the preservation of our own territory and sovereignty, but for the maintenance of international justice, we are confident that all friendly nations, while showing sympathy with us, will be conscious of their obligations under the international treaties to which they have solemnly subscribed."

3. NON-RECOGNITION OF PUPPET REGIMES

With regard to Japanese-sponsored puppet regimes in China, the Chinese Government has consistently denounced them as illegal. On December 20, 1937, following the appearance of the so-called "Provisional Government" in Peiping, the National Government solemnly declared that "the establishment of any bogus regime in Peiping or other localities under Japanese military occupation constitutes a violation by Japan of China's sovereignty and administrative integrity. Any action taken by such puppet regimes, whether of an internal or external nature, shall _ipso facto_ be null and void."

Following the installation by the Japanese of Wang Ch'ing-wei as the chief puppet of the bogus "National Government" in Nanking, the Foreign Minister reiterated this stand in his identic notes of March 30, 1940 to the various embassies and legations in China to the following effect:

"The Chinese Government desires to take this opportunity to repeat most emphatically the declaration already made on several occasions that any act done by such an unlawful organization as has just been set up in Nanking or any other puppet body that may exist elsewhere in China, is _ipso facto_ null and void and shall never be recognized by the Chinese Government and people. The Chinese Government is convinced that all self-respecting States will uphold law and justice in the conduct of international relations and will never accord _de jure_ or _de facto_ recognition to Japan's puppet organization in China. Any manifestation of such recognition, in whatever form or manner, would be a violation of international law and treaties and would be considered as an act most unfriendly to the Chinese nation, for the consequences of which the recognizing party would have to bear full responsibility."

4. CHINA'S FOREIGN RELATIONS BASED ON NINE-POWER TREATY

China's foreign policy relating to the Sino-Japanese hostilities is based upon the Nine-Power Treaty, which provides that the contracting Powers, other than China, agreed to the following:

1. To respect the sovereignty, the independence and the territorial and administrative integrity of China;

2. To provide the fullest and most unembarrassed opportunity to China to develop and maintain for herself an effective and stable government;

3. To use their influence for the purpose of effectually establishing and maintaining the principle of equal opportunity for the commerce and industry of all nations throughout the territory of China.

4. To refrain from taking advantage of conditions in China in order to seek special rights or privileges which would abridge the rights of subjects or citizens of friendly States, and from countenancing action inimical to the security of such States.

Under present conditions, the aggressor is still reluctant to attend any international conference for seeking a just settlement. Therefore, the only alternative is for China to continue her war of resistance until Japan comes to her senses or reaches the point of exhaustion, which can be accomplished through the extension of greater assistance to China and the application of an embargo on military supplies to Japan.

There is no need to elaborate on the well-known fact that the role of the United States in the maintenance of peace in the Pacific area is an important one. We have great confidence in the sense of justice of America, our traditional friend, who realizes the full significance of the so-called "New Order in Greater East Asia," which Japanese spokesmen admit applies to the South Seas region.

World peace and peace between China and Japan are indivisible. An era of prosperity in this part of the world, which cannot but be of benefit to the world in general, can only be ushered in after a just and lasting solution to the Sino-Japanese conflict has been found.

GLOSSARY

[Chinese ideographs have been attached to the names of all the more important political terms, as given in the following list. Proper names may be found with their correct ideographs in _Who's Who in China_ and the _Supplement_ thereto, cited above. Place-names have been given in the Chinese Postal transliteration; all other names and terms are given in the Wade-Giles spelling, but with the tones omitted. In a few cases, the spelling of a name has been well established by long newspaper usage, by the caprice or decision of a man in re-spelling his own name, or by common practice which has become standard English. Examples are _tuchün_, Kuomintang (instead of _Kuo-min Tang_ or _Kuo-min-tang_) and T. V. Soong. Capitalization and hyphenation follow, as closely as possible, the practices established by the _Quarterly Bulletin of Chinese Bibliography_, Peking and Kunming.]

_Chan-ti Tang-chêng Wei-yüan-hui_ 戰地黨政委員會 the (Kuomintang) Party and (National) Government War Area Commission; the Chungking agency for the government of those parts of China technically occupied by the Japanese; under the Military Affairs Commission

_chang_ 長 a chief, or head

_Ch'ang-wu Wei-yüan_ 常務委員 a Standing Committee, or administrative committee

_Ch'ang-wu Tz'ŭ-chang_ 常務次長 an Administrative Vice-Minister (of a _pu_)

_chên_ 鎮 a unit of local government; "community"; the equivalent of a _hsiang_

_Chên-chi Wei-yüan-hui_ 振濟委員會 the (National) Relief Commission

_Chêng-chih-pu_ 政治部 the Political Department (of the Military Affairs Commission); the important and powerful agency which coordinates civilian aid to the war from Chungking, in propaganda, civilian mobilization, etc.; competitive with the Chinese Communists

_Chêng-wu Ch'u_ 政務處 a Political Affairs Department; the political secretariat of a _Yüan_

_Chêng-wu Tz'ŭ-chang_ 政務次長 a Political Vice-Minister (of a _pu_)

_Ch'i Chün-tzŭ_ 七君子 the "Seven Gentlemen"; the leaders of the National Salvation movement

_chia_ 甲 a group of households; a unit in the _pao-chia_ system of local government

_Chiao-t'ung Pu_ 交通部 Ministry of Communications

_Ch'iao-wu Wei-yüan-hui_ 僑務委員會 Commission on Overseas Chinese Affairs (under the Executive _Yüan_)

_Chiao-yü Pu_ 教育部 Ministry of Education (under the Executive _Yüan_)

_chien-ch'a_ 監察 one of the five powers of government in the plans of Sun Yat-sen; a combination of impeachment, audit, supervisory investigation and other functions

_Chien-ch'a Yüan_ 監察院 the Control (or Censoral) _Yüan_; one of the five major divisions of the government

_Chien Kuo Ta Kang_ 建國大綱 the _Outline of National Reconstruction_, a manifesto by Sun Yat-sen which charted the subsequent formal policies of the Kuomintang

_ch'ih_ 恥 self-respect; honor

_Chin-ch'a-chi Pien-ch'ü Lin-shih Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui_ 晉察冀邊區臨時 行政委員會 "Provisional Executive Committee of the Shansi-Chahar-Hopei Border Region"; formal style of the Border Region, _q.v._

_Ching-chi Pu_ 經濟部 Ministry of Economic Affairs (under the Executive _Yüan_)

_Chiu Kuo_ 救國 National Salvation; an anti-aggression movement organized outside the Kuomintang

_Chu-hsi_ 主席 chairman; refers particularly to the _Kuo-min Chêng-fu Chu-hsi_ (President of the National Government)

_ch'ü_ 區 a unit of local government above the _pao_, _chia_, and _hsiang_, but below the _hsien_ ("county"); a township; with reference to the Party organization of the Kuomintang, a district

_ch'ü-fên_ 區分 sub-district; the lowest territorial unit in Kuomintang organization

_ch'üan_ 權 "power," _i.e._, of the people, as contrasted with the nêng (capacity) of the government; the distinction is Sun Yat-sen's, and applies to the political process

_Ch'üan-hsü Pu_ 銓敘部 the Ministry of Personnel; under the Examination _Yüan_

_Ch'üan-hsü T'ing_ 銓敘廳 Administration of Personnel (for the military); under the Military Affairs Commission

_Ch'üan-kuo Hui-i_ 全國會議 the (Chinese Communist) National Party Convention

_Ch'üan-kuo Ta-hui_ 全國大會 the (Chinese Communist) National Party Congress

_Ch'üan-kuo Tai-piao Ta-hui_ 全國代表大會 the (Kuomintang) Party Congress

_Chün-chêng-pu_ 軍政部 the Ministry of War; under the joint jurisdiction of the Executive _Yüan_ and the Military Affairs Commission

_Chün-fa Chih-hsing Tsung-chien-pu_ 軍法執行總監部 the Directorate-General of Courts Martial; under the Military Affairs Commission

_Chün-hsün-pu_ 軍訓部 Department of Military Training; under the Military Affairs Commission

_Chün-ling-pu_ 軍令部 Department of Military Operation; office of the Chinese high command; under the Military Affairs Commission

_Chün-shih Ts'an-i-yüan_ 軍事參議院 Military Advisory Council; under the Military Affairs Commission

_Chün-shih Wei-yüan-hui_ 軍事委員會 the Military Affairs Commission; the chief politico-military organ of the National Government

_Chung-hua Min-kuo Kuo-min Chêng-fu_ 中華民國國民政府 literally: the Republic of China, National Government; the style of the National Government under the Kuomintang

_Chung-hua Min-kuo Lin-shih Chêng-fu_ 中華民國臨時政府 the "Provisional Government of the Republic of China," Peking, 1937-1940; pro-Japanese

_Chung-hua Min-kuo T'ê-ch'ü Chêng-fu_ 中華民國特區政府 "Special District Government of the Chinese Republic"; the first formal style of the Chinese Soviet area in the Northwest after the intra-national armistice

_Chung-hua Min-kuo Hsiu-chêng Kuo-min Chêng-fu_ 中華民國修正國民政府 the "Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China"; the National Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei at Nanking; pro-Japanese

_Chung-hua Min-kuo Wei-hsin Chêng-fu_ 中華民國維新政府 the "Reformed Government of the Republic of China," Nanking, 1938-1940; pro-Japanese

_Chung-hua Su-wei-ai Kung-ho-kuo_ 中華蘇維埃共和國 the Chinese Soviet Republic

_Chung-kuo Kê-ming Tang_ 中國革命黨 the Chinese Revolutionary Party; style of the Kuomintang, 1914-1920; style of the Third Party, 1929-1930

_Chung-kuo Kuo-min-tang Kê-ming Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui_ 中國國民黨革命 行政委員會 the Revolutionary Action Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang; first style of the Third Party

_Chung-kuo Kung-yeh Ho-tso Hsieh-hui_ 中國工業合作協會 the Chinese Industrial Cooperatives

_Chung-yang Chêng-chih Hsüeh-hsiao_ 中央政治學校 the Central Political Institute; under the Kuomintang

_Chung-yang Chêng-chih Wei-yüan-hui_ 中央政治委員會 the Central Political Council; the agency whereby the Kuomintang exercised its power over the National Government until the Supreme National Defense Council was created

_Chung-yang Chien-ch'a Wei-yüan-hui_ 中央監察委員會 the (Kuomintang) Central Control Committee

_Chung-yang Chih-hsing Wei-yüan-hui_ 中央執行委員會 the (Kuomintang) Central Executive Committee

_Chung-yang Hsüan-ch'uan Pu_ 中央宣傳部 the (Kuomintang) Party-Ministry of Publicity [or Central Publicity Board]

_Chung-yang Wei-yüan-hui_ 中央委員會 the (Chinese Communist Party) Central Committee

_fa pi_ 法幣 (National Government) legal tender notes

_fang_ 坊 a territorial unit of municipal government; roughly, a precinct

_Fu-hsing Shê_ 復興社 the Regeneration Club; former center of the so-called Blue Shirts

_Fu-hsüeh Wei-yüan-hui_ 撫郋委員會 the Pensions Commission; under the Military Affairs Commission

_Fu I-chang_ 副議長 Deputy Speaker (of the People's Political Council)

_Fu Mi-shu-chang_ 副秘書長 a Deputy Secretary-General

_Fu-yüan-chang_ 副院長 the Vice-President of a _Yüan_ (one of the five divisions of the government)

_Hai-chün Tsung-ssŭ-ling-pu_ 海軍總司令部 Office of the Naval Commander-in-Chief, successor to the Ministry of the Navy which manages the up-river remnants of the Chinese fleet; under the Military Affairs Commission

_Hang-k'ung Wei-yüan-hui_ 航空委員會 the (National) Aviation Commission; under the Military Affairs Commission

_Hou-fang Ch'in-wu-pu_ 後方勤務部 the [Rear-Area] Service Department under the Military Affairs Commission

_hsiang_ 鄉 a unit of local government, also termed _chên_; a village or community

_hsiao-tsu_ 小粗 the "small-group"; the lowest fraction of Kuomintang organization

_Hsieh-ho-hui_ 協和會 the Concordia Society; the propaganda agency of Manchoukuo

_hsien_ 縣 district; roughly comparable to the American county

_Hsien-fa Ts'ao-an_ 憲法草案 the Draft Permanent Constitution; the official sponsored project for the new constitution, known most widely in the version of the Double Five Draft of May 5, 1936

_Hsin-min-hui_ 新民會 a political "party" organized by pro-Japanese elements in North China

_Hsin Min Chu I_ 新民主義 a pro-Japanese doctrine taught in occupied North China

_Hsin Shêng-huo Yün-tung_ 新生活運動 the New Life Movement

_Hsin-ssŭ-chün_ 新四軍 New Fourth Army; a guerrilla force under Communist influence; operating in the Yangtze lowlands, it clashed with Chinese National forces early in 1941, and was formally disbanded

_Hsing-chêng Fa-yüan_ 行政法院 the Administrative Court; under the Judicial Yüan

_Hsing-chêng Yüan_ 行政院 the Executive _Yüan_, greatest of the five divisions of the government

_Hsün-lien T'uan_ 訓練團 the Training Corps (of the Kuomintang)

_Hsün-lien Wei-yüan-hui_ 訓練委員會 the (Central) Training Committee (of the Kuomintang)

_Huangpu_ 黃埔 the name of a military academy (in Cantonese, Whampoa), now applied to the Generalissimo's protégés as a political faction

_hui_ 會 a meeting, guild, league, or society

_Hui-i_ 會議 a deliberative body; particularly, a City Council (Shih-chêng Hui-i)

_i_ 議 propriety; ethics; justice

_I-chang_ 議長 Speaker (of the People's Political Council)

_I Ho Ch'üan_ 義和拳 the "Boxers" of 1900

_Kan Shih_ 幹事 the police executive in a _hsiang_ or _chên_

_K'ang-chan Chien-kuo Kang-ling_ 抗戰建馘綱領 the Program of Resistance and Reconstruction; the formal declaration of government policy during the invasion; adopted at Hankow in March, 1938

_K'ao-hsüan Wei-yüan-hui_ 考選委員會 the Examinations Commission; under the Examination _Yüan_

_K'ao-shih Yüan_ 考試會 the Examination _Yüan_; one of the five major divisions of the government

_Kung-ch'an Ch'ing-nien T'uan_ 共產青年團 the Communist Youth Corps

_Kung-ch'an Tang_ 共產黨 the (Chinese) Communist Party

_Kung-wu-yüan Ch'eng-chieh Wei-yüan-hui_ 公務員懲戒委員會 the Commission for the Disciplinary Punishment of Public Officers (under the Judicial _Yüan_), a lower agency than the Commission for the Disciplinary Punishment of Public Officials (attached to the Council of State)

_Kuo-chia Chu-i P'ai_ 國家主義派 the "Nationalist Party"; Parti Républicain Nationaliste de la Jeune Chine

_Kuo-chia Shê-hui Tang_ 國家社會黨 the (Chinese) National Social(ist) Party

_Kuo-fang Tsui-kao Wei-yüan-hui_ 國防最高委員會 the Supreme National Defense Council; the quasi-governmental agency whereby the Kuomintang controls the National Government; established in 1938 as a war measure, it supersedes the _Chung-yang Chêng-chih Wei-yüan-hui_ (Central Political Council)

_Kuo-li Chung-yang Yen-chiu Yüan_ 國立中央研究院 the Academia Sinica; the national scientific and scholastic body, attached to the Council of State

_Kuo-min Chêng-fu Wei-yüan-hui_ 國民政府委員會 "National Government Council"; commonly termed Council of State, this is the highest strictly governmental agency in China

_Kuo-min Chêng-fu Chu-hsi_ 國民政府主席 "chairman of the National Government"; more formally, President of the National Government of China; _ex-officio_ chairman of the Council of State, and ceremonial chief of the government

_Kuo-min Ching-shên Tsung-tung-yüan_ 國民精神總動員 the National Spiritual Mobilization

_Kuo-min Hui-i_ 國民會議 the National People's Convention of XX (1931), which adopted the Provisional Constitution

_Kuo-min Ts'an-chêng Hui_ 國民參政會 the People's Political Council; advisory legislature inaugurated in Hankow

_Kuo-min Ta-hui_ 國民大會 the National Congress or People's Congress; this term designates both the constituent body which shall adopt the projected Constitution, and a subsequent constitutional legislature meeting triennially

_lao-pai-hsing_ 老百姓 old inhabitants; common people; archaically or etymologically, the Old Hundred Names

_li_ 禮 rites; ceremonies; ideological conformity

_Li-fa Wei-yüan_ 立法委會 members of the quasi-cameral plenary session of the Legislative _Yüan_; experts in legal matters, they combine the function of legislators with that of consultants in codification

_Li-ja Yüan_ 立法會 the Legislative _Yüan_; one of the five divisions of the government

_lien_ 廉 integrity

_lü_ 旅 a brigade

_Mêng-ku Lien-ho Tzŭ-chih Chêng-fu_ 蒙古聯合自治政府 the "Federated Autonomous Government of Mongolia"; pro-Japanese

_Mêng Tsang Wei-yüan-hui_ 蒙藏委員會 Commission on Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs (under the Executive _Yüan_)

_Mi-shu-chang_ 秘書長 a Secretary-General

_Mi-shu Ch'u_ 秘書處 a Secretariat; particularly important in the case of the Executive _Yüan_

_min ch'üan chu-i_ 民權主義 the "principle of democracy," by Sun Yat-sen; second of the _San Min Chu I_

_min-shêng chu-i_ 民生主義 the "principle of the people's livelihood," by Sun Yat-sen; third of the _San Min Chu I_

_Min-ts'u Chieh-fang Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui_ 民族解放行政委員會 the Acting Commission for the National Emancipation of China; third, final, formal style of the Third Party

_min ts'u chu-i_ 民族主義 the "principle of nationalism," by Sun Yat-sen; first of the _San Min Chu I_

_Nei-chêng Pu_ 內政部 the Ministry of the Interior (or of home affairs); under the Executive _Yüan_

_nêng_ 能 "capacity" (see _ch'üan_)

_Nung Lin Pu_ 農林部 Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (under the Executive _Yüan_)

_Pa-lu-chün_ 八路軍 "Eighth Route Army"; the chief Chinese Communist force, formerly the Chinese Red Army and now the Eighteenth Army Corps

_pao_ 保 a unit of local government; roughly, a neighborhood

_pao-chia_ 保甲 a system of local government embodying principles of collective responsibility and mutual aid within interlocking groups of households and neighborhoods

_Pien-ch'ü_ 邊區 Frontier Area or Border Region; the former translation is used for the Communist zone in the Northwest, and the latter for the guerrilla government in North China

_Pu_ 部 a Ministry (under the _Yüan_), Department (under the Military Affairs Commission), or equivalent organ of government; the term is one of long standing in Chinese government

_Pu Chang_ 部長 Minister; head of a _pu_

_San Min Chu I_ 三民主義 the three principles of the people; Sun Yat-sen's political philosophy, now the official state dogma of China

_San Min Chu I Ch'ing-nien T'uan_ 三民主義青年團 the _San Min Chu I_ Youth Corps

_Shan-kan-ning Pien-ch'ü Chêng-fu_ 陝甘寧邊區政府 the "Government of the Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia Frontier Area"; second formal style of the Communist zone in the Northwest

_Shan-pei Hsing-chêng-ch'ü_ 陝北行政區 the "Administrative Area of North Shensi"; third formal style of the Communist zone in the Northwest (Frontier Area)

_Shê-hui Yün-tung Pu_ 社會運動部 the (Kuomintang) Party-Ministry of Social Movements

_Shên-ch'a Wei-yüan-hui_ 審查委員會 the (Chinese Communist Party) Control Committee

_Shêng_ 省 a province

_Shêng-chang_ 省長 Governor; the civilian head of a province; now superseded by a Provincial Chairman

_Shêng Chêng-fu_ 省政府 a Provincial Government

_Shih_ 市 a Municipality

_Shih-chang_ 市長 a Mayor

_Sui-ching Chu-jên_ 綏靖主任 a Pacification Commissioner; the chief military officer of a province

_Ssŭ-fa Hsing-chêng-pu_ 司法行政部 the Ministry of Justice, literally the "executive ministry of the judiciary"; under the Judicial _Yüan_ in the National Government, but under the executive in the Reorganized Government of Wang Ch'ing-wei

_Ssŭ-fa Yüan_ 司法院 the Judicial _Yüan_, one of the five divisions of the government

_ssŭ p'ai_ 四派 the "four cliques" (in the People's Political Council)

_ssŭ tang_ 四黨 the "four parties" (in the People's Political Council)

_Ta-min-hui_ 大民會 a political "party" organized by pro-Japanese elements in Central China

_tang chih_ 黨治 "party government"; the single-party tutelary dictatorship of the Kuomintang

_Tai-piao Ta-hui_ 代表大會 the (Chinese Communist) "Council of Party Delegates"

_Tangpu_ 黨部 (local) Party Headquarters of the Kuomintang

_Ti-san Tang_ 第三黨 the Third Party; a popular name

_Ts'ai-chêng Pu_ 財政部 Ministry of Finance

_Ts'an-chêng-hui_ 參政會 a People's Political Council; preceded by a term indicating the level at which established, _e.g._, _Shêng Ts'an-chêng-hui_, Provincial People's Political Council

_Ts'an-chün Ch'u_ 參軍處 Office of Military Affairs; a military secretariat attached to the Council of State

_Ts'an-i-hui_ 參議會 an Advisory Council, as in the Municipality

_Tsui-kao Fa-yüan_ 最高法院 the Supreme Court; under the Judicial _Yüan_

_Tsung-li_ 總理 the [Party] Leader; the formal office held by Sun Yat-sen in the Kuomintang; his in perpetuity, the title is used as a respectful form of reference to Sun

_Tsung-ts'ai_ 總裁 the [Party] Chief, or leader; title vested in Chiang K'ai-shek as formal head of the Kuomintang by the Emergency Party Congress, Hankow, March, 1938

_t'uan_ 團 a regiment

_tuchün_ 督軍 the military chief of a province, a war-lord

_Wai-chiao Pu_ [also written _Waichiaopu_] 外交部 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs; under the Executive _Yüan_

_Wang Tao_ 王道 "the kingly way," a cardinal concept of traditional Chinese political thought; now, reinterpreted, the state philosophy of Manchoukuo

_Wei-shêng Shu_ 衛生暑 National Health Administration (in the Ministry of the Interior)

_Wei-yüan-chang_ 委會長 chairman (of a committee, commission, etc.); this title often refers to Generalissimo Chiang in his capacity of Chairman of the Military Affairs Commission

_Wên-kuan Ch'u_ 文官處 Office of Civil Affairs; a civilian secretariat attached to the Council of State

_wu-ch'üan hsien-fa_ 五權憲法 the "five power constitution"; the five-fold separation of powers taught by Sun Yat-sen and applied by the National Government

_Yüan_ 院 literally "board"; one of the five divisions of the National Government of China

_Yüan-chang_ 院長 the President of a _Yüan_

_Yüeh Fa_ 約法 the Provisional Constitution, adopted in 1931

INDEX

Ability (_nêng_), 253

Academia Sinica (_Kuo-li Chung-yang Yen-chiu Yüan_), 56

_Act Governing the Elections of Representatives to the National
Congress_, 302

_Acting Commission for the National Emancipation of China_ (_Min-ts'u
Chieh-fang Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui_), 178

Administration of Personnel (_Ch'uan-hsü T'ing_), 62

Administrative agencies, chart, 80

Administrative Area of North Shensi (_Shan-pei Hsing-chêng-ch'ü_), 112

Administrative Court (_Hsing-chêng Fa-yüan_), 67

Administrative:
development, 96
law, 65
organs, 69
pattern, 79

Administrative Vice-Minister (_Ch'ang-wu Tz'ŭ-chang_), 96

Adult education, 30

Agitation, 61

Agrarian problems, 104

Agriculture, 91

Agriculture and Forestry, Ministry of (_Nung Lin Pu_), 91

Air communications, 90

Alexander the Great, 239

Alley, Rewi, 224

Amendments to the Constitution (proposed constitutional provisions), 300

American Friends of the Chinese People, 234

American Lease-lend Bill, 217, 274

American loans, 19

Ao-yü-wan, 161

Appointment and discharge of officials, 59

Armistice, intra-national, 10

Army participation in rural reform, 221

Atatürk, Kemal, 272

Audit, Ministry of, 96, 320

Autonomous East Hopei Anti-Communist Government, 185

Bank of China, 87

Bank of Communications, 87

Basic patterns of modern Chinese politics, 8

Bibliographical notes, 20, 21, 160, 190, 221, 223, 242, 256

"Blue Shirts," 144

Border Region, 16, 35, 116
chart of government, 118

Boxers (_I Ho Ch'üan_), 213, 237

Buddhism, 258

Budget, 59, 75

Bureaucracy:
traditional ideal, 44
at Chungking, 68

Burma, 189

Burma road, 93, 95, 279

Bukharin, 164

Bus services, 93

Cabinet, 56

Canton, 18

Cantonese clique, 145

Capacity (_nêng_), 43

Capitalism, 30

Caribbean, 188

Carlson, Major Evans Fordyce, 116, 167

"C.C." clique, 142

Censor _Yüan_ (_see_ Control _Yüan_)

Censoral power, 27

Censorship of news, 138

Censure, motion of, 314

Central America, 188

Central Bank of China, 87

Central China clique (_Hua-chung P'ai_), 76

Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang, 72

Central government (proposed constitutional provisions), 287

Central Secretariat of the Kuomintang (_Chung-yang Mi-shu-ch'u_), 137

Central News Agency, 137

Central Political Council (_Chung-yang Chêng-chih Wei-yüan-hui_), 16, 46

Central Political Institute (_Chung-yang Chêng-chih Hsüeh-hsiao_), 134

Central Publicity Board (_see_ Party-Ministry of Publicity)

Chamberlain, Neville, 15

Chang, Carson (_Chang Chia-shêng_), 179

Chang Ching-chiang, 261

Chang Hsüeh-liang, 9, 200

Chang Kuo-tao, 163, 167, 168

Chang Peh Chuen (Chang Pai-chün), 178

Charts (_see also_ type of government)
Control _Yüan_, 318
_Hsien_ classifications, 388
Kuomintang organization, 331
national governmental structure, 330
provincial and urban government, 98

_Chên_ (_see_ Community)

Chen Ch'i-mei, 260

Chen Chi-tang, 91

Chen, Eugene, 178

Ch'ên brothers, 134

Ch'ên Ch'êng, 340

Ch'ên I, 102

Ch'ên Kung-po, 198

Ch'ên Kuo-fu, 84, 134, 142

Ch'ên Kuo-hsin, essay on Mao Tsê-tung, 403

Ch'ên Li-fu, 84, 142

Ch'ên Lo, 204

Ch'ên Shao-yu (Wang Ming), 163

Ch'ên Tu-hsiu, 163

_Ch'ê-yeh Chiao-yü P'ai_ (_see_ Vocational Educationists' Clique)

_Chia_, 107, 324, 395

Chiang Chieh-shih (_see_ Chiang K'ai-shek)

Chiang Ching-kuo, 262

Chiang K'ai-shek:
biography, 254
in Canton, 260
character, 255
childhood, 257
Chinese appraisals, 266
and Christianity, 257
on constitutionalism, 32
_Definition of the Problems of Various Classifications of Hsien_, 388
ethical theory, 150
governmental role, 48
historical role, 255
ideals, 257
kidnapped at Sian, 10
in the Kuomintang, 128
life, 256
marriage, 261
military rise, 263
military writings, 260
nature of his power, 268
and the New Life Movement, 149
political theory, 265, 269
present personality, 265
and President Lin, 53
relations with Wang Ch'ing-wei, 201
rise in the Kuomintang, 263
and Roosevelt, 278
secret police, 268
in Shanghai, 261
and the Shanghai Communists, 263
statement to the author, 371
Soviet training, 262
and Sun Yat-sen, 245
training in Japan, 259
_What I Mean by Action (Li-hsing Chê-hsiao)_, 373
writings, 268

_Chiao-shou P'ai_ (_see_ Professors' Clique)

Chicherin, 164

Chief (_Tsung-ts'ai_), 239

_Chien-ch'a_ power, 27

_Chien Kuo Ta Kang_, 6

_Ch'ih_, 150

China Branch of the International Peace Campaign, 234

China Defense League, 119

_China Forum, The_, 235

_China Herald, The_, 234

"China's Long-range Diplomatic Orientation," 418

China National Aviation Corporation, 93

Chinese Central Asia (_see_ Sinkiang)

Chinese Communist Party (_see_ Communist Party)

Chinese ideals, 2

Chinese Industrial Cooperatives (_see_ C.I.C.)

Chinese Mass Education Movement, 218

Chinese National Socialist Party (_Kuo-chia Shê-hui Tang_), 179

Chinese Red Army, 13, 161

Chinese Republic, 2

Chinese Revolutionary Party (_Chung-kuo K'ê-ming Tang_), 178

Chinese Soviet Republic (_Chung-hua Su-wei-ai Kung-ho-kuo_), 13, 112, 161

Chinese Turkestan (_see also_ Sinkiang), 85

Chi, C.C., 139

Chin P'u-yi, 184, 256

Ch'in state and dynasty, 2, 107

Ch'in Po-k'u, 168

Chou En-lai, 64, 168

Chou Fu-hai, 198

Christian activities, 235

Chu Djang, 153

_Chu-Mao_, 166

Chung Fu Joint Mining Administration, 90

Chungking, 1, 15, 18, 56

Chung Shan (_see also_ Sun Yat-sen), 249

Chu Tê, 166, 261

_Ch'ü_, 107, 327, 391

_Ch'üan_ (power), 253

Ch'üan-min K'ang-chan Shê (United Front Club), cited, 37

Ch'u Chia-hua, 136

C.I.C. (Chinese Industrial Cooperatives; _Chung-kuo Kung-yeh Ho-tso
Hsieh-hui_):
appraisal, 233
distribution of profits, 230
establishment, 224
formation of cooperatives, 226
the Model Constitution, 232
regions, 226
relation to government, 223
social welfare work, 231
the three zones, 224

Citizenship (proposed constitutional provisions), 284

City Council (_Shih-chêng Hui-i_), 104

Civil governor of a province (_Shêng-chang_), 99

Civil service reform, 66

Civil Service Training Corps, 134

Clark-Kerr, Sir Archibald, 224

Class politics in China, 146

Class war, 13

Coal and iron, 228

Coal mining, 90

Collection of revenue, 86

College students, 9

Commission for the Disciplinary Punishment of Public Officers
(_Kung-wu-yüan Ch'êng-chieh Wei-yüan-hui_), 67

Commission on Mongolian and Tibetan Affairs (_Mêng Tsang
Wei-yüan-hui_), 8

Commission on Overseas Chinese Affairs (_Ch'iao-wu Wei-yüan-hui_), 84

Committee Chairman (_Wei-yüan-chang_; _see_ name of Committee)

Communications, Ministry of (_Chiao-t'ung Pu_), 92

Communications Southward, 95

Communications system, foreign personnel in, 95

Communism, 30, 270

Communist communes, 213

Communist Party (_Kung-ch'an Tang_), 13, 159, 263, 275
and American aid to China, 172
appraisal of, 173
Branch Party Organs, 363
Central Party Committee, 368
chart of structure, 162
and Chiang K'ai-shek, 175
_Constitution_, 359
Council of Party Delegates, 162, 364
foundation, 160
_Hsien_ Organs, 364
international policy, 403
leaders, 166
and Moscow, 163
motives, 164
National Party Congress, 367
National Party Convention, 367
organization, 361
and peasants, 165, 213
in perpetual revolution, 213
policy toward the Kuomintang, 174
potential treason, 172
Provincial Party Organs, 366
purges and schisms, 169
Sun Yat-sen's alliance, 245
Supreme Party Organs, 362
views on Chiang K'ai-shek, 267

Communist Youth Corps (_Kung-ch'an Ch'ing-nien T'uan_), 132, 370

Communist zone (_see_ Frontier Area)

Communists:
compared with Kuomintang, 146
and the five-power system, 45
and the guerrillas, 162
in the People's Political Council, 76
policy of collaboration, 121
and the proposed Constitution, 37
rivalry with Kuomintang, 159

"Community" (_hsiang_), 107

Community life in China, 4

Complexity of government structure, 61

Concordia Society (_Hsieh-ho-hui_), 194

Conflict: the term, 11

Confucianism, 2, 3, 45, 189, 250

Confucius, 239

Constitution, Chiang's comment on, 32

_Constitution of the Chinese Soviet Republic_, 31

_Constitution of the_ San Min Chu I _Youth Corps_, 331

Constitutional change, issues of, 31

Constitutionalism, 6, 177, 213, 371

Constitutions (_see also_ Draft Constitution), 21

Constitutions, ineffectual, 39

Consultative organs, 39

_Control_ (_chien-ch'a)_ power, 27

Control _Yüan_ (_Chien-ch'a Yüan_):
appraisal, 66
chart of functions, 318
diagram of organization, 319
proposed constitutional provisions, 292
reorganization under the proposed Constitution, 29
war work, 313, 318

Cooperatives (_see also_ C.I.C.), 89, 393

Corruption, 38, 120

Cotton, 228

Council of State (_Kuo-min Chêng-fu Wei-yüan-hui_):
administrative and constitutional status, 52
agencies directly attached, 54
functions, 47
proposed constitutional role, 28

County (_see hsien_)

Courts of justice (proposed constitutional position), 292

Credit, national, 86

Currency, Japanese, 186

Currency rivalry, 87

Currents of documents in Chinese government, 55

Customs, 88

Declarations of war and peace, 59

_Definition of the Problems Concerning the Organization of the
Various Classifications of Hsien_, 388

Delegates to the constituent People's Congress, 38

Democracy (_min chu_; Sun Yat-sen's term, _min ch'üan_), 270

Democracy in free China, 371

Democracy, inauguration of, 38

Democracy, prospects, 273

Democracy (_min ch'üan_), the theory of, 253

Democratic Centralism, 162

Democratic tendencies in the armies, 372

Democratic toleration, limits of, 40

Department of Military Operations (_Chün-ling-pu_), 62

Department of Military Training (_Chün-hsün-pu_), 62

Deputy Secretary-General (_Fu Mi-shu-chang_) of the People's
Political Council, 73

Deputy Speaker (_Fu I-chang_) of the People's Political Council, 72

Dialectical materialism (_see_ Communism, Communists)

Diplomacy, 310

Diplomatic Orientation, China's Long-range, 418

Direct taxes, 87

Director of Political Affairs, 57

Directorate-General of Courts-Martial (_Chün-fa Chih-hsing
Tsung-chien-pu_), 62

_Discussion of Mao Tsê-tung's Comments on the Present State of
International Relations_ (Ch'ên Kuo-hsin), 403

District (_see hsien_ for government; _ch'ü_ for parties)

Double Five Constitution (_see_ Draft Permanent Constitution)

Draft Permanent Constitution (_Hsien-fa Ts'ao-an_), 25, 283

_Duties and General Activities of the_ San Min Chu I _Youth
Corps_, 340

East Hopei Autonomous Anti-Communist Government, 192

Eastern Inner Mongolia, 85

Economic affairs:
advance in the West, 89
industrial development, 90
in _Program of Resistance and Reconstruction_, 311
policy and administration, 85
proposed constitutional provisions, 296
war finance, 87

Economic Affairs, Ministry of (_Ching-chi Pu_), 88

Economic cycle in China, 106

Economic groups in politics, 236

Economic theory in the _San Min Chu I Youth Corps_, 351

Economics of old China, 3

Education, 30, 61, 83, 214, 312, 393

Education, Ministry of (_Chiao-yü Pu_), 83

Education: proposed constitutional provisions, 298

Eighteenth Army Corps, 168

Eighth Route Army, 13, 168

Election Committee for Representatives to the People's [Constituent]
Congress, 38

Elections, Communist, 163

Elections of representatives to the National [People's]
Congress, 302

Emergency Session of the Kuomintang Party Congress, 16

Empire, Chinese, 2

_Erh Ch'ên_ group, 142

Espionage, 61

Establishment, period of, 5

Eurasia airlines, 93

Examination _Yüan_, 56, 66, 68, 134
proposed constitutional provisions, 292

Examinations Commission (_K'ao-hsüan Wei-yüan-hui_), 68

_Exclusive inspection_, 316

Executive _Yüan_ (_Hsing-chêng Yüan_):
executive responsibility, 57
functions, 59
Meeting, 58
proposed constitutional provisions, 29, 288
structure, 58

_Fa chih_ (government of laws), 33

Farmers, 218

Farmers' Bank of China, 87

Fêng Yü-hsiang, 104

Fenghua, Chekiang, 262

Farouk, 255

Fascism, 270

Finance, Ministry of (_Ts'ai-chêng Pu_), 86

Five-fold separation of powers, 27, 206, 264

Five-power constitution (_wu-ch'üan hsien-fa_), 42, 68

_Five rights_, 43

Five _yüan_, 253

Foo Shing Corporation, 88

Foochow insurrection, 179

Ford, Henry, 233

Foreign Affairs, Ministry of (_Waichiaopu_), 81

Foreign financial aid, 87

Foreign policy, 403, 418

Foreign trade, 88

Formosans, 187

Four Cliques (_Ssŭ P'ai_), 76

Four Parties (_Ssŭ Tang_), 76

_Four powers_, 43

France, 181

Frederick the Great, 255

Free China, extent of, 98

Free China, prosperity, 89, 222

Freedoms under the proposed constitution:
assembly and forming associations, 285
domicile, 284
religious belief, 284
speech, writing, and publication, 284

French Indo-China, 19

Friends of the Wounded Society, 155

Frontier Area (for Chinese, _see_ Administrative District of North
Shensi), 13, 16, 111, 115, 162

Fu Hsiao-ên, 212

Fukien province, 102, 217

Function of auditing, 313

Fup'ing, 118

Future development of Chinese politics, 274

_Gaimusho_, 82

Galens, General (Vassili Blücher), 142

Gasoline, 91, 95

Gautama Buddha, 239

_General inspection_, 316

General Staff, 62

General strikes, 39

Generalissimo (_Tsung-ssŭ-ling_), 61

Genghis Khan, 239

Gentry in politics, 106

George, Henry, 30, 254

Germany, 273, 274

Glossary, 423-433

Gold-washing, 228

Government-owned corporations, 90

Government, nature of, 211

Government organization: chart, 330

Grants in aid to the provinces, 109

Grass cloth, 228

Great Revolution, 5, 60, 213

Green Gang, 261

Groups of households (_chia_), 107

Guerrillas:
areas, 372
governments, 116
and the Military Affairs Commission, 62
and the National Salvationists, 177
schools, 84
strategy, 12
warfare, 310
zones under Chungking, 64

Guilds, 10

Han dynasty, 3

Han Fu-ch'u, 202

Hankow, 4, 15

Hanson, Haldore, 116

Hedin, Sven, 255

Highway system, 93

Hitler, Adolf, 239

Hong Kong, 4

Honolulu, Sun Yat-sen in, 243

Hopei-Chahar Political Council, 195

Hopei-Chahar-Shansi Border Region (_Chin-ch'a-ch'i Pien-ch'ü Lin-shih
Hsing-chêng Wei-yüan-hui_), Provisional, Administrative Committee
of, 116

Ho Ying-chin, 63

_Hsiang_ (or _chên_; "community"), 107, 324, 391

_Hsiang_ guild, 393

_Hsiao-tsu_ ("small group") training program, 354

_Hsien_ ("county" or district), 29, 107, 253, 311
area, 391
definition of problems by Chiang K'ai-shek, 388
experimental, 219
governments, 391
organizations of the Communists, 364
proposed constitutional provisions, 294
regulations (text), 324

_Hsin Min Chu I_, 194

_Hsin Min Hui_, 208

Huang, J. L., 149

Huang Hsing, 245, 259, 262

_Huangpu_ (Whampoa) Academy and political group, 142, 262

Huapeikuo, 194

Hu Han-min, 8, 142, 202, 262

_Hui-i_ (a legislative "council"; _see_ level of government concerned)

Hull, Cordell, 278

Hunan, 19

Hung Hsiu-ch'üan, 241

Hu Shih, 215

Hypo-colony, 190

_I_ (ethics), 150

Ideological control, 251

_I Ho Ch'üan_ (Boxers), 237

Impeachment, 313

Impeachment, proposed constitutional provisions, 293

"In accordance with law," 26

Incident, 11

Income taxes, 87

Indirect rule, 183

Indo-China, 183

Indusco (_see_ C.I.C.)

Industrial cooperatives (_see_ C.I.C.)

Inheritance, the Chinese political, 1

Inheritance taxes, 87

Inner Mongolia, Federated Autonomous Government of (_Mêng-ku Lien-ho
Tzŭ-chih Chêng-fu_), 192

Inner Mongolia and Chungking, 85

Inspection systems, 108

Institute of National Culture, 179

Intellectual traditionalism, 251

Interior, Ministry of (_Nei-chêng Pu_), 82

Internal revenue, 88

_International Development of China, The_, 244

International relations (_see_ diplomacy, foreign policy, etc.)

Interpretation of statutes and ordinances: proposed constitutional
provisions, 291

Invasion, period of, 5

Italy, 274

Japanese:
aims in China, 184
army, 18, 276
army as a Chinese government, 185
attitudes to Chinese foreign policy, 82
Imperial Government in China, 183
prospects in China, 274
recognition of Wang Ch'ing-wei, 209
role of the army, 183
subsidiary Chinese governments (_see_ Pro-Japanese Groups)
training of Chiang K'ai-shek, 259

Japan's puppets or Japanophiles (_see_ Pro-Japanese Groups)

_Joint inspection_, 316

Judicial _Yüan_ (_Ssŭ-fa Yüan_), 65, 291

Justice, Ministry of (_Ssŭ-fa Hsing-chêng Pu_), 67, 96

K'an Nai-kuang, 137, 140

Kang Tê, Emperor of Manchoukuo, the (_see_ Chin P'u-yi)

Kao Tsung-wu, 198

Kentwell, L. K., 205

Kialing river, 18

Kiang Kang-hu, 181

Kiangsi, 161

Korea, 189

Kung, H. H., 57, 86, 223

Kung, Mme. H. H. (Ai-ling Soong), 248

Kung so, 393

_Kuo-chia Chu-i P'ai_ (_La Jeunesse_ party), 181

Kuomintang:
appraisal of, 146
army connections, 143
attitude toward Communists, 144
Bolshevik pattern of organization, 131
bureaucracy, 7
central administrative structure, 72, 131, 137
Central Control Committee (_Chung-yang Chien-ch'a
Wei-yüan-hui_), 127, 131
Central Executive Committee (_Chung-yang Chih-hsing
Wei-yüan-hui_), 57, 126, 127, 131
Central Political Institute (_Chung-yang Chêng-chih
Hsüeh-hsiao_), 134
Central Publicity Board (_see_ Publicity, Party-Ministry of)
Central Training Committee (_Hsün-lien Wei-yüan-hui_), 133
chart of field organization, 139
chart of central organization, 131
chart of general structure, 331
and the Ch'ên brothers, 84
and the Communists, 159
Congress (_Ch'üan-kuo Tai-piao Ta-hui_), 57
constitutional status, 124
democratic outlook, 143
and economic classes, 135
Emergency Session of the Party Congress, 69, 128
_hsiao-tsu_ ("small-group"), 140, 354
intra-Party politics, 142
membership, 141
monopoly of government, 41
organization, 125, 129, 331
"Orthodox" fraction, 200
Party cell, 140
Party Chief (_Tsung-ts'ai_), 126, 128
Party Congress (_see_ Congress)
Party Constitution, 125
Party democracy, 124
Party-Ministries, 136
Party purges, 141
in the People's Political Council, 76
policy toward Communist Party, 174
purposes, 125
"Reorganized" fraction, 200
rivalry with Communists in the Northwest, 135
"small-group" (_see hsiao-tsu_)
Supreme National Defense Council (_Kuo-fang Tsui-kao
Wei-yüan-hui_), 132
Training Corps (_Hsün-lien T'uan_), 133
Wang Ch'ing-wei, 197
Youth Corps (_see San Min Chu I_ Youth Corps)

Kwangsi province, 19, 102, 109, 217

Kwangtung province, 102

Labor:
law, 39
proposed constitutional provisions, 297

_La Jeunesse_ (Parti ... de la jeune Chine; _Kuo-chia Chu-i
P'ai_), 76, 181

Land problem:
proposed constitutional provisions, 296
reform, 106, 110, 218

Landlords, 4, 148, 221

_Lao-pai-hsing_ (the common people), 236

Lattimore, Owen, 3

Law: the term, 299

_Laws Governing the System of Organization of the National
Government of the Republic of China_ (1925), 23

_Laws Governing the System of Organization of the National
Government_ (1931), 24

Leader (_Tsung-li_), 239

League of Nations Union, 234

Left Kuomintang, 264

Leftists and Leftism, 9, 101, 111, 248

Legal Adviser to the National Government (_Kuo-min Chêng-fu Fa-lü
Ku-wên_), 54

Legal tender notes (_fa pi_), 87, 312

Legislative _Yüan_ (_Li-fa Yüan_): function, 65

Members (_Li-fa Wei-yüan_), 66
proposed constitutional provisions, 29, 289

_Li_ (ideological conformity), 150

_Li chih_ (government by _li_), 33

Liang, Hubert, 224

_Lien_ (integrity), 150

Li Hung-chang, 189

Li Li-san, 163

Linebarger, Paul M. W., 54, 105, 242, 246

Lin Pai-shêng, 198

Lin Shên (Lin Sen; Lim Sun), 53, 145

Li Shêng-wu, 206

Literacy, 214, 215

Liu, K. P., 224

Local finance, 402

Local government (_see also hsien_):
appraisals, 109
chart, 107
Chiang K'ai-shek's comment, 397
general role, 98
under the _Hsien Fa_, 29
proposed constitutional reforms, 294
in the recent past, 104
reform of, 311
reform under the Kuomintang, 137
reform methods, 108

Long March of the Chinese Reds, 119, 161

Long-Range Diplomatic Orientation, China's, 418

Lung Yün, 101

Mahayana Buddhism, 259

Mail censorship, 95

Main Office of the Military Affairs Commission, 62

Malaysia, 183

Malraux, André, 161

Manchoukuo, 98, 183, 189, 256

Manchoukuo-Outer Mongol war, 19

Manchu Empire of China (Ch'ing dynasty), 5

Manchuria, 89

Manchus, 2, 241

Mao Tsê-tung, 166, 403-417

Marx, Karl, 241, 254

Marxism, 160, 234, 258, 263

Marxism and Chinese history, 165

Marxism-Leninism, 84

Marxist effect on the _San Min Chu I_, 252

Mass:
action, 10
education, 215
literacy movement, 84
marriages, 153
mobilization, 157
movements, 312
singing, 154

Material and Resources Control and Supervision Ministry, 91

Mayor (_Shih-chang_), 104

Mayors under the proposed constitution, 295

Mazzini, 241

Miao Ping, 194

Migration of schools, 83

Migrations, 88

Militarism in the provinces, 100

Military Advisory Council (_Chün-shih Ts'an-i-yüan_), 62

Military affairs, 310

Military Affairs Commission (_Chün-shih Wei-yüan-hui_), 13, 60, 162

Military governor (_tuchün_), 99

Military jurisdiction under the _Hsien Fa_, 284

Military policy, 61

Military service under the _Hsien Fa_, 285

Military unification, 6

Militia, 393

_Min-ch'üan chu-i_ (_see_ Democracy, Sun Yat-sen, and _San Min Chu I_)

_Min shêng chu-i_, 30, 223, 253

_Min ts'u chu-i_ (_see_ Nationalism, Sun Yat-sen, and _San Min Chu I_)

Ming Emperors, 249

Minister (_Pu Chang_), 96

Ministry of ---- (_see_ name of Ministry)

Ministries, 81

Minor parties:
and constitutionalism, 34
at Nanking, 208
in occupied China, 235
representation, 72
status, 160

Minority democracy, 41

Mobilization, economic, 86

Model _hsien_, 109

Modernization of West China, 89

Mohammed, 239

Monarchist legitimism, 184

Morale, governmental, 236

Moscow (_see_ Communism)

Moslem rebellions, 213

Motor communications, 93

Motor fuel trade, 90

Municipal Advisory Assembly (_Shih Ts'an-i-hui_), 72, 104

Municipal food stores, 90

Municipal government, 103

Municipal People's Political Council (_see_ Municipal Advisory
Assembly)

Municipalities under the _Hsien Fa_, 295

Munitions, 90

Nanking, capture of, 14

Nanking regimes (_see_ Reorganized Government; Reformed Government)

Napoleon, 239

"National" (_see also_ "People's," "Chinese")

National Aviation Commission, 63

National capital in the _Hsien Fa_, 284

National [Constituent] Congress (_Kuo-min Ta-hui_), 25, 27, 300

National Congress: election of representatives, 302

National Congress: system of organization, 300

National Government (_Kuo-min Chêng-fu_): the term, 52

National Government Committee (_see_ Council of State)

National Health Administration (_Wei-shêng Shu_), 83

National Institute of Rural Reconstruction, 220

National Military Council (_see_ Military Affairs Commission)

National People's Convention (_Kuo-min Hui-i_), 7

National Relief Commission (_Chên-chi Wei-yüan-hui_), 92

National Salvation (_Chiu Kuo_) movement, 175

National Socialism (German), 252

National Socialist Party (_Kuo-chia Shê-hui Tang_), 75, 179

National Spiritual Mobilization (_Kuo-min Ching-shên
Tsung-tung-yüan_), 157

National treasury, 88

Nationalism (_min ts'u_), theory of, 252

Negrin, 15

Neighborhood (_pao_), 107

Nêng (ability), 253

New Fourth Army (_Hsin-ssŭ-chün_), 119

New Life Movement (_Hsin Shêng-huo Yün-tung_), 149

New Life Secretaries' Camp, 155

New Life Students Rural Summer Service Corps, 154

New Order in East Asia, 184, 189

News services, 137

North China, 14

North Shensi (_see also_ Frontier Area), 161

Northeastern Clique (_Tungpei P'ai_), 76

Occupied China:
Chungking control over, 64
missions, 235
poverty, 92

Office of Civil Affairs (_Wên-kuan Ch'u_), 54

Office of Military Affairs (_Tsan-chün Ch'u_), 54

Office of the Naval Commander-in-Chief (_Hai-chün
Tsung-ssŭ-ling-pu_), 63

Office of Political Affairs (_Chêng-wu Ch'u_), 57

Officers' Moral Endeavor Corps, 63, 149

Old China:
economics, 3
government, 5
socio-economic structure, 211
in Sun Yat-sen's theory, 251

Old Hundred Names (_lao-pai-hsing_), 236

Opinion, public, 39

Organic Law of XVII (1928), 28

Organization of the Kuomintang, etc. (_see_ relevant group or agency)

"Orthodox" Kuomintang, 200, 207

Outer Mongol People's Republic, 183, 188

_Outline of National Reconstruction_, 6

_Outline of War-Time Controlment_, 313

_Outlines of Political Tutelage_, 24

Overseas Chinese, 84

Pacification Commissioner (_Sui-ching Chu-jên_), 100

Pai Chung-hsi, 102

_pai-hua_ (written vernacular), 215

Pan American airlines, 93

Panchen Lama, 71

Pan Ch'ao, 81

_Pao_ ("neighborhood"), 107, 324, 394

_Pao_ schools, 216

_Pao-chia_ system, 106

Paper money, 86

_Parti Républicain Nationaliste de la Jeune Chine_ (_see Kuo-chia
Chu-i P'ai_)

Party Affairs Committee of the Kuomintang (_Tang-wu
Wei-yüan-hui_), 133

Party Chief (_Tsung-ts'ai_), 41

Party Constitution (_Tang-chang_):
Communist, 359
Kuomintang, 125

Party dictatorship (_tang chih_), 6, 23

Party-government relations, 49

Party and Government War Area Commission (_Chan-ti Tang-chêng
Wei-yüan-hui_), 64, 112

Party headquarters, 141

Party-politics, 158

Party-politics in the People's Political Council, 76

Party Supervisor's Net (_Tang-jên Chien-ch'a Wang_), 141

Party-Ministries of the Kuomintang, 136

Party's role in the constitutional system, 23

Peasant rebellions, 4

Pensions Commission (_Fu-hsüeh Wei-yüan-hui_), 62

People's Advisory Political Council (_see_ People's Political Council)

People's Congress (_see_ National Congress)

People's Foreign Relations Association, 234

People's Political Council (_Kuo-min Ts'an-chêng Hui_):
competence, 73
election, 72
function of representation, 66
membership, 70
nominations, 71
practicality, 74
procedure, 74
in _Program of Resistance and Reconstruction_, 311
reorganization, 75
sessions, 70

Permanent Constitution, Draft (_Hsien-fa Ts'ao-an_), 5, 25, 283

Personnel, Ministry of (_Ch'üan-hsü Pu_), 68, 96

_Philosophy of Action, A_, 373

_Pi Chiao Hsien Fa_ (_Comparative Constitutions_, by Wang Shihchieh),
translated and quoted, 23, 49, 50, 52, 67, 125

Pilsudski, 272

Planning Committee for the Western Capital (_Hsi-ching Ch'ou-pei
Wei-yüan-hui_), 56

Pluralism, 3, 211

Policy-making, 47, 74, 79

Political Affairs Department or Office (_Chêng-wu Ch'u_), 57

Political commissars in the army, 63

Political Department (_Chêng-chih-pu_) of the Military Affairs
Commission, 64

Political laxity, 251

Political rights: proposed constitutional provisions, 285

Political Scientists' group (_Chêng-hsüeh Hsi_), 145

Political Vice-Minister (_Chêng-wu Tz'u-chang_), 96

Politics of ideology, 8

Popular democracy, 39

Popular Front group, 78, 129