Chapter X: A Bibliography of the Urban Community (2)

Just as the city as a whole is influenced in its position, function, and growth by competitive factors which are not the result of the design of anyone, so the city has an internal organization which may be termed an ecological organization, by which we mean the spatial distribution of population and institutions and the temporal sequence of structure and function following from the operation of selective, distributive, and competitive forces tending to produce typical results wherever they are at work. Every city tends to take on a structural and functional pattern determined by the ecological factors that are operative. The internal ecological organization of a city permits of more intensive study and accurate analysis than the ecology of the city from the external standpoint. For the latter phase of the subject we will have to rely on further investigations of the economists, the geographers, and the statisticians. The facts of the local groupings of the population that arise as a result of ecological factors are, however, readily accessible to the sociologist.

I. Plant ecologists have been accustomed to use the expression “natural area” to refer to well-defined spatial units having their own peculiar characteristics. In human ecology the term “natural area” is just as applicable to groupings according to selective and cultural characteristics. Land values are an important index to the boundaries of these local areas. Streets, rivers, railroad properties, street-car lines, and other distinctive marks or barriers tend to serve as dividing lines between the natural areas within the city.

Addams, Jane. _A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil_ (New York, 1912).

A discussion of vice and the vice district in Chicago. (V, 4; VI,
6.)

Anderson, Nels. _The Hobo: The Sociology of the Homeless Man_
(Chicago, 1923).

The study of a typical deteriorated area in the city where the
homeless men congregate. (VII, 5; IX, 4.)

Bab, Julius. _Die Berliner Bohème_, Vol. II in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

An intimate study of a natural area which has developed an exotic
atmosphere as a result of the social isolation of its members and
their peculiar personalities. At the same time furnishes an
excellent history of a local community and is a unique contribution
to the mentality of city life. (V, 3; VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)

Booth, Charles. _Life and Labor of the People of London_ (London,
1892).

The most comprehensive study of London in existence. Especially
interesting in this connection for its description of the natural
areas of that city. Volume V, on East London, offers a wealth of
insight into city life. These volumes cover almost every phase of
city life and should be cross-referenced with most of the categories
suggested in this outline.

Brown, Junius Henri. _The Great Metropolis: A mirror of New York_
(Hartford, 1869).

Gives a view of New York at about the middle of the nineteenth
century. Is of interest for a comparative study of the city then,
and now from the point of view of its natural divisions. (VII, 2;
IX, 1.)

Denison, John Hopkins. _Beside the Bowery_ (New York, 1914). (VII, 2.)

Dietrich, Richard. _Lebeweltnächte der Friedrichstadt_, Vol. XXX in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A view of Berlin’s bright-light area. (VI, 6; VII, 2, 5; IX.)

Goldmark, Pauline. _West-Side Studies_ (New York, 1914).

Historical and social investigations of local urban areas,
especially from the point of view of social welfare and pathology.
(V, 2, 3; VI; VII, 2, 5; VIII; IX, 1.)

Harper, Charles George. _Queer Things about London; Strange Nooks and
Corners of the Greatest City in the World_ (Philadelphia, 1924).
(II, 3; V, 2, 3; VI, 3, 5, 8, 10.)

Kirwan, Daniel Joseph. _Palace and Hovel, or Phases of London Life;
Being Personal Observations of an American in London_ (Hartford,
1870). (II, 3; VI; VII, 2; IX, 1, 4.)

Ostwald, Hans O. A. _Dunkle Winkel in Berlin_, Vol. I in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A description of the more obscure areas in Berlin, particularly
those of the underworld. (II, 3; VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)

Scharrelmann, Heinrich. _Die Grossstadt; Spaziergänge in die
Grossstadt Hamburg_, 1921.

Sketches of city areas encountered in a walk about the city.

Seligman, Edwin R. A. (editor). _The Social Evil, with Special
Reference to Conditions Existing in the City of New York_ (New
York and London, 1912).

The vice area of a large city. Typical of a number of surveys of
moral areas in the larger cities of the United States. Compare, for
instance, with the report of the Illinois investigation, _The Social
Evil in Chicago_. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 1.)

Smith, F. Berkley. _The Real Latin Quarter_ (New York, 1901). (V, 3;
VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)

Strunsky, Simeon. _Belzhazzar Court, or, Village Life in New York
City_ (New York, 1914). (V, 2, 3; VII, 2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)

Timbs, John. _Curiosities of London_ (London, 1868). (IX, 1, 4.)

Werthauer, Johannes. _Moabitrium_, Vol. XXXI of the “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A report of a personal investigation of the rooming-house area of
Berlin. (VII, 2, 4; IX, 2, 3, 4.)

Woods, Robert A. _The City Wilderness: A Settlement Study of South
End, Boston_ (Boston and New York, 1898).

One of a number of similar studies viewing the city and its slums
from the standpoint of the settlement worker. (V, 2, 3; VI; VII, 5.)

Young, Erle Fiske. “The Social Base Map,” _Jour. App. Sociol._, IX
(January-February, 1925) 202–6.

A graphic device for the study of natural areas. (VII, 2.)

2. The neighborhood is typically the product of the village and the small town. Its distinguishing characteristics are close proximity, co-operation, intimate social contact, and strong feeling of social consciousness. While in the modern city we still find people living in close physical proximity to each other, there is neither close co-operation nor intimate contact, acquaintanceship, and group consciousness accompanying this spatial nearness. The neighborhood has come to mean a small, homogeneous geographic section of the city, rather than a self-sufficing, co-operative, and self-conscious group of the population.

Daniels, John. _America via the Neighborhood_ (New York, 1920). (V, 3;
IX, 3.)

Felton, Ralph E. _Serving the Neighborhood_ (New York, 1920). (V, 3;
VI, 4.)

Jones, Thomas Jesse. _The Sociology of a New York City Block_,
“Columbia University Studies in History, Economics, and Public
Law,” Vol. XXI (New York, 1904).

A minute cross-section of a congested urban block. (VI; VII, 2, 4,
5; VIII; IX, i, 3.)

McKenzie, R. D. _The Neighborhood: A Study of Local Life in Columbus,
Ohio_ (Chicago, 1923).

An excellent study of local groupings. (V, 1, 3; VII, 1, 2, 4, 5.)

Perry, Clarence A. “The Relation of Neighborhood Forces to the Larger
Community: Planning a City Neighborhood from the Social Point of
View,” _Proceedings of the National Conference of Social Work_
(Chicago, 1924), pp. 415–21. (V, 2, 3; VII, 5.)

White, Bouck. _The Free City: A Book of Neighborhood_ (New York,
1919).

A fantastic, sentimental picture of what city life might become if
the author’s views of social organization were a reality. (V, 3, 5;
IX, 1, 2, 3.)

Williams, James M. _Our Rural Heritage; the Social Psychology of Rural
Development_ (New York, 1925).

A book which has as its subject matter the analysis of rural life in
New York State up to about the middle of the last century. Chapter
iii deals with the distinction between neighborhood and community.
(V, 3; X, 1, 2, 3.)

3. The local community and the neighborhood in a simple form of society are synonymous terms. In the city, however, where specialization has gone very far, the grouping of the population is more nearly by occupation and income than by kinship or common tradition. Nevertheless, in the large American city, in particular, we find many local communities made up of immigrant groups which retain a more or less strong sense of unity, expressing itself in close proximity and, what is more important, in separate and common social institutions and highly effective communal control. These communities may live in relative isolation from each other or from the native communities. The location of these communities is determined by competition, which can finally be expressed in terms of land values and rentals. But these immigrant communities, too, are in a constant process of change, as the economic condition of the inhabitants changes or as the areas in which they are located change.

Besant, Walter. _East London_ (London, 1912).

A remarkable account of an isolated community in a metropolis. (V,
1; VII, 2; IX, 1, 2, 3, 4.)

Buchner, Eberhard. _Sekten und Sektierer in Berlin_, Vol. VI in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1904).

An intimate account of the habitat of the many obscure religious
sects that congregate in local communities in the large city. (VII,
2; IX, 2, 3, 4.)

Burke, Thomas. _Twinkletoes: A Tale of Chinatown_ (London, 1917).

A romantic account of London’s Chinatown. (VII, 2.)

Daniels, John. _In Freedom’s Birthplace_ (Boston and New York, 1914).

The Negro community in Boston. (VII, 2.)

Dreiser, Theodore. _The Color of a Great City_ (New York, 1923).

The various aspects of city life by an observer with keen insight
and rare literary genius. (IX, 2, 4)

Dunn, Arthur W. _The Community and the Citizen_ (Boston, 1909).

An elementary textbook in civics. Gives a simple presentation of the
concept community. (V, 3, 2; I, 4; II, 3; IV, 3; VI.)

Eldridge, Seba. _Problems of Community Life: An Outline of Applied
Sociology_ (New York, 1915).

A sociological textbook dealing with the various phases of community
organization and disorganization. (V, 2, 4, 5; VI; VII, 5; VIII; IX,
3.)

Hebble, Charles Ray, and Goodwin, Frank P. _The Citizens Book_
(Cincinnati, 1916).

Discusses the foundations of community life, its cultural
activities, business interests, governmental activities, and gives
suggestions on the future city. (VI, 7; IX, 3.)

Jenks, A. E. “Ethnic Census in Minneapolis,” _Amer. Jour. Sociol._,
XVII (1912), 776–82.

The ethnic groupings in a large city.

_Jewish Community of New York City: The Jewish Communal Register of
New York City_ (New York, 1917–18).

A collection of studies on the organization, size, distribution,
history, and activities of the New York Jewish Community. (VII, 2,
3, 4, 5; IX, 3, 4.)

Katcher, Leopold (pseudonym, “Spektator”). _Berliner Klubs_, Vol. XXV
in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

An inside view of club life in Berlin. (VI, 6; IX, 1, 2, 3, 4.)

Lucas, Edw. V. _The Friendly Town: A Little Book for the Urbane_ (New
York, 1906). (V, 1; IX, 2, 3.)

Maciver, R. M. _Community; a Sociological Study, Being an Attempt to
Set Out the Nature and Fundamental Laws of Social Life_ (London,
1917).

Distinguishes between natural areas and communities, showing how
occupational and cultural groupings enter into the political
process. (IV, 3; V, 1, 2, 4; VI, 7.)

Maurice, Arthur Bartlett. _The New York of the Novelists_ (New York,
1916).

The New York as seen through the eyes of literary men.

Park, Robert E., and Miller, H. A. _Old-World Traits Transplanted_
(New York, 1921).

A study of immigrant communities. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 3, 4.)

Sears, C. H. “The Clash of Contending Forces in Great Cities,”
_Biblical World_, XLVIII (October, 1916), 224–31. (VII, 5; IX, 1,
3.)

Symposium, “The Greatest Negro Community in the World,” _Survey
Graphic_, LIII (March 1, 1925), No. 11.

A collection of articles on the Negro community in Harlem, New York.
(VII, 2, 3; IX, 1, 3, 4; X, 1.)

Williams, Fred V. _The Hop-Heads: Personal Experiences among the Users
of “Dope” in the San Francisco Underworld_ (San Francisco, 1920).
(VII, 2; IX, 3, 4.)

4. The city may be graphically depicted in terms of a series of concentric circles, representing the different zones or typical areas of settlement. At the center we find the business district, where land values are high. Surrounding this there is an area of deterioration, where the slums tend to locate themselves. Then follows an area of workmen’s homes, followed in turn by the middle-class apartment section, and finally by the upper-class residential area. Land values, general appearance, and function divide these areas off from each other. These differences in structure and use get themselves incorporated in law in the form of zoning ordinances. This is an attempt, in the face of the growth of the city, to control the ecological forces that are at work.

Cheney, C. H. “Removing Social Barriers by Zoning,” _Survey_, XLIV
(May, 1922), 275–78. (V, 1, 5; VII, 2.)

Eberstadt, Rudolph. _Handbuch des Wohnungswesens und der
Wohnungsfrage_ (4th ed.; Jena, 1910).

An encyclopedic work on housing, city-zoning, and planning. (VI, 1,
2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10; VII.)

Kern, Robert R. _The Supercity: A Planned Physical Equipment for City
Life_ (Washington, D.C., 1924).

A planned model city with co-operative services of many sorts, with
zoning as an important feature. (V, 5; VI.)

Wuttke, R. _Die deutschen Städte_ (2 vols.; Leipzig, 1904).

A collection of articles on various technical phases of city life.
Article 4, “Die Baupolizei,” by Oberbaukommissar Gruner, is a
discussion of the public regulation of buildings and the function of
zoning and building codes in the modern city. (VI; VII, 3; VII, 1,
2.)

In addition there are available reports of zoning commissions of the various cities and numerous articles in magazines dealing with the administrative aspects of city life, such as _The American City_, in which digests, criticisms, and discussions of these zoning devices may be found.

5. The needs of communal life impose upon the city a certain degree of order which sometimes expresses itself in a city plan which is an attempt to predict and to guide the physical structure of the city. The older European cities appear more like haphazard, unplanned products of individualistic enterprise than the American cities with their checkerboard form. And yet, most European cities were built according to some preconceived plan which attempted to take account of the needs of the community and the limitations of the environment. There is a tendency, however, for the city to run counter to the plan which was laid out for it, as is seen, for instance, in the problems of city-planning of the city of Washington. The fact is that the city is a dynamic mechanism which cannot be controlled in advance unless the conditions entering into its genesis and its growth are fully known. City-planning, which has grown into a highly technical profession, is coming to be more concerned with studying the problems of a changing institution, with city growth, and the forces operating in city life than with the creation of artistic schemes of city structure. On the one hand the importance of devising a scheme of wholesome, orderly existence in the city is being recognized, on the other hand, the limitations of any attempt to make the city conform to an artificial plan impresses itself upon the experience of the technicians engaged in this work.

Agache, Auburtin and Redont. _Comment reconstruire nos cités
destruites_, reviewed in _Scott. Geog. Mag._, XXXIII, 348–52, and
_Annales de Geog._, January, 1917, by F. Schrader.

A criticism of suggested plans for the reconstruction of cities in
the French devastated area. (III, 6.)

American Institute of Architects. _City-Planning Progress in the
United States_ (New York, 1917).

Bartlett, Dana W. _The Better City: A Sociological Study of a Modern
City_ (Los Angeles, 1907). (III, 6.)

_English Catalogue_, “International Cities and Town-Planning
Exhibition, Gothenburg, Sweden, 1923.”

A comprehensive summary of the town-planning movement. A work to be
consulted by all students of the subject. (II, 3; V, 4.)

Geddes, P. _Cities in Evolution: An Introduction to the Town-Planning
Movement and the Study of Civics_ (London, 1915).

An introductory statement by the foremost authority in England. (II;
III; IV, 2; V, 4; VI, 3, 5, 6, 9; VII, 1, 2.)

Haverfield, F. J. _Ancient Town Planning_ (Oxford, 1913). (II, 1; III,
6.)

Hughes, W. R. _New Town: A Proposal in Agricultural, Industrial,
Educational, Civic, and Social Reconstruction_ (London, 1919).

Lewis, Nelson P. _The Planning of the Modern City: A Review of the
Principles Governing City-Planning_ (New York, 1916).

Mulvihill, F. J. “Distribution of Population Graphically Represented
as a Basis for City-Planning,” _American City_, XX (February,
1919), 159–61. (VII, 2.)

Purdom, C. B. _The Garden City_ (London, 1913). (IV, 6.)

Roberts, Kate L. _The City Beautiful: A Study of Town-Planning and
Municipal Art_ (New York, 1916). (VI, 3, 5, 6.)

Sennett, A. R. _Garden Cities in Theory and Practice_ (2 vols.;
London, 1905). (III, 6.)

Stote, A. “Ideal American City,” _McBride’s_, XCVII (April, 1916),
89–99.

Symposium. “Regional Planning,” _Survey Graphic_, May 1, 1925.

Contains a series of suggestive articles on various aspects of city
growth and city-planning. (V, 5; VII, 1, 2, 3; III, 6.)

Tout, T. F. _Medieval Town-Planning_ (London, 1907). (II, 2; III, 6.)

Triggs, H. Inigo. _Town Planning_ (London, 1909).

VI. THE CITY AS A PHYSICAL MECHANISM

The aggregation of large numbers of human beings within a restricted area, as is represented by the modern city, makes possible, and at the same time makes imperative, the communal effort to satisfy certain essential needs of all the inhabitants. The manner in which these needs are met has become institutionalized. The facilities which have been created to meet these needs make up the physical structure of the city as a social mechanism.

1. The need for uninterrupted water supply, fuel, and light have brought it about that the means of satisfying these wants are either in the hands of the city as a corporate body, or, if in private hands, are controlled and regulated by the city government. These public utilities are of interest to the sociologist only in so far as they have a bearing on group life and call forth attitudes, sentiments, and behavior which influences the group. These factors may have an important relation to the ecological organization of the city, and may furnish indexes to the selective and distributive processes which result in the grouping of the population. The lighting of the city may have a direct bearing on the crime of the city, the water supply, on the health, etc. The regulation of public utilities may become issues at elections and call forth factionalism, thus bringing into play the social groupings in the community.

Fassett, Charles M. _Assets of the Ideal City_ (New York, 1922).

A brief statement of various structural aspects of the city, with a
bibliography. (V, 4, 5; VI.)

Grahn, E. “Die städtischen Wasserwerke,” in Wuttke, _Die Deutschen
Städte_ (Leipzig, 1904), pp. 301–44.

A statement of the water-supply problem in German cities.

Höffner, C. “Die Gaswerke,” in Wuttke, _Die Deutschen Städte_
(Leipzig, 1904), pp. 198–238.

A statement of the evolution and present status of the technique of
gas supply in the modern city.

Jephson, H. L. _The Sanitary Evolution of London_ (London, 1907).
(VI.)

Kübler, Wilhelm. “Über städtische Elektrizitätswerke,” in Wuttke, _Die
Deutschen Städte_, pp. 239–300.

An account of the municipal electricity works in German cities.

Most books on the modern city contain a chapter on public utilities, and a great many technical journals and municipal reports are accessible giving detailed accounts of various aspects of both the technical, the administrative, and the functional sides of the public utility situation.

2. One of the most characteristic features of city life is the high degree of intercommunication. This is made possible by technical devices, such as the telephone, street cars, and the automobile. While the sociologist has no intrinsic interest in these technical devices, they become an object of study as factors entering, for instance, into the problem of mobility of the city population.

D’Avenel, G. le Vicomte. _Le Mécanisme de la Vie moderne_ (3 vols.;
Paris, 1922).

Among many other aspects of the city as a physical mechanism, has a
chapter on publicity, urban transportation, and communication. This
work has gone through many editions and is written in a popular
style. (VI; IX, 1.)

Harris, Emerson Pitt. _The Community Newspaper_ (New York, 1923). (IX,
3.)

Kingsbury, J. E. _The Telephone and Telephone Exchanges: Their
Invention and Development_ (London and New York, 1915).

Lewis, H. M., and Goodrich, E. P. _Highway Traffic in New York and Its
Environs_ (New York, 1924).

The results of a study embodied in a report for the Committee on a
Regional Plan for New York and its Environs. (IV, 2; V, 4, 5; VI, 2;
VII, 2, 4.)

Park, Robert E. _The Immigrant Press and Its Control_ (New York,
1922).

A study of the organization and the influence of the press in the
immigrant communities of the large city (IX, 3.)

The municipal transportation and communication question has developed a large literature which is to be found in many separate works on the telephone, telegraph, radio, street-car systems, busses, automobile, mail service, newspaper, and railways as well as in municipal reports, technical and administrative journals, and textbooks on the city.

3. The existence of streets, pavement, alleys, sewers, and other devices of the same sort that characterize the city as a physical mechanism influence the behavior of the person and the group, and as such are of interest to the sociologist.

Hirschfeld, Magnus. _Die Gurgel Berlins_, Vol. XLI in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A study of the main street of Berlin from the standpoint of its
effect on the individual and as a revelation of city life. (VI, 2;
VII, 2, 4.)

Quaife, Milo Milton. _Chicago’s Highways, Old and New_ (Chicago,
1923).

The changes wrought in the character of the city as viewed from the
point of view of the streets. (VI, 2; VII, 1, 2.)

Whipple, G. C. “Economical and Sanitary Problems of American Cities,”
_American City_ (February, 1921), p. 112. (VI.)

4. The many devices in the realm of public safety and welfare which are the characteristic product of the city, such as fire department, police, health inspection, and the manifold activities of the social agencies concern the sociologist as typical expressions of group life in the city environment.

Addams, Jane. _Twenty Years at Hull House; With Autobiographical
Notes_ (New York, 1910).

City life as seen in a typical social agency—the social settlement.
(V, 2, 3; VII, 5.)

Assessor (pseudonym). _Die Berliner Polizei_, Vol. XXXIV in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A personal account of the police force of the modern city. (IX, 1.)

Anonymous. _Berliner Gerichte_, Vol. XXIV in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

Daily experiences in a typical city court.

Carbaugh, H. C. _Human Welfare Work in Chicago_ (Chicago, 1917).

A brief account of the various specialized social agencies operating
in the large city. (VII, 5; IX, 1.)

Fitzpatrick, Edward A. _Interrelationships of Hospital and Community_,
reprint from _Modern Hospital_, February, 1925. Pamphlet.

A sketch of the possible place and nature of a health agency in a
modern urban community.

Fosdick, Raymond, and Associates. _Criminal Justice in Cleveland_,
directed and edited by Roscoe Pound and Felix Frankfurter
(Cleveland, 1922). (VI, 7.)

Fosdick, Raymond B. _European Police Systems_ (New York, 1915).

——. _American Police Systems_ (New York, 1920).

Harrison, Shelby M. _Public Employment Offices; Their Purpose,
Structure, and Method_ (New York, 1924). (IX, 1.)

Richmond, Mary E. _The Good Neighbor in the Modern City_ (Philadelphia
and London, 1913).

Suggestions to the layman about the social agencies and their work
in the large modern city. (V, 2; VII, 5.)

Wilson, Warren H. _The Evolution of the Country Community: A Study in
Religious Sociology_ (Boston, New York, Chicago, 1912).

Gives types of organizations and institutions. (V, 3; X, 2.)

In almost every large city the number of social agencies and public institutions is so large and their work so varied that directories of these agencies have been made available. In addition, reports and surveys of many cities are at hand, and the periodical literature is tremendous.

5. The cultural needs of the community find expression in the city in the form of schools, theaters, museums, parks, monuments, and other public enterprises. They exert an influence extending beyond the boundaries of the city itself, and may be regarded as agencies for the definition of the person’s wishes. They are indicative of the level of social life which the community has achieved.

Carroll, Charles E. _The Community Survey in Relation to Church
Efficiency_ (New York, 1915).

Typical of studies bearing on the place of religious and cultural
agencies in city life. (X, 2.)

For a basic statement of the problem of education in the modern
city, compare Dewey, John, _Democracy and Education_ (New York,
1916).

Moore, E. C. “Provision for the Education of the City Child,” _School
and Society_, III (February 19, 1916), 265–72.

Phelan, J. J. _Motion Pictures as a Phase of Commercialized Amusement
in Toledo, Ohio_ (Toledo, Ohio, 1919).

Tews, Johannes. _Berliner Lehrer_, Vol. XX in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

An intimate study of a professional group in the large city. (IX,
1.)

Trawick, Arcadius McSwain. _The City Church and Its Social Mission_
(New York, 1913).

Turszinsky, Walter. _Berliner Theater_, Vol. XXIX of “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (III, 4; V, 1; VI, 6.)

Ward, Edward J. _The Social Center_ (New York and London, 1915). (VI,
6; VII, 5.)

6. The leisure-time activities which the city produces are so intimately connected with the life of the people that they furnish clues as to the pathology or disorganization typical of city life. The dance hall, the movie, the amusement park, the back-yard or vacant lot improvised playground, and the many other forms of public, commercialized, or improvised recreation facilities are phases of group life which cannot escape the Sociologist.

Arndt, Arno. _Berliner Sport_, Vol. X in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

Describes various specialized, institutionalized, and commercialized
forms of sport life in Berlin. (IX, 2, 4.)

Bowman, LeRoy E., and Lambin, Maria Ward. “Evidences of Social
Relations as Seen in Types of New York City Dance Halls,” _Jour.
Social Forces_, III (January, 1925), 286–91. (IX, 2, 3, 4.)

Buchner, Eberhard. _Berliner Variétés und Tingeltangel_, Vol. XXII in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Analysis of various types of the variété, cabaret, and burlesque,
and the development of these institutions in the city. (IX, 1, 3,
4.)

Günther, Viktor. _Petersbourg s’amuse_, Vol. XXXII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

The recreational activities of the Russian capital. (III, 4; V, 1;
IX, 2.)

Herschmann, Otto. _Wiener Sport_, Vol. XII in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

Describes the recreational activities of the dominant population
groups in Vienna. (IX, 4.)

Ostwald, H. O. A. _Berliner Kaffeehäuser_, Vol. VII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Human behavior in the coffee houses of Berlin. (IX, 1, 4.)

——. _Berliner Tanzlokale_, Vol. IV in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin,
1905).

Intimate glimpses of the diverse types of dance halls and their
habitués. (V, 2, 3; VII, 5; IX, 1, 4.)

Phelan, John J. _Pool, Billiards, and Bowling Alleys as a Phase of
Commercialized Amusement in Toledo_ (Toledo, 1919). (VII, 5)

Rhodes, H. “City Summers,” _Harper’s_, CXXXI (June, 1915), 2–15.

The seasonal aspects of city recreation.

7. The city government shows, perhaps more clearly than many other phases of city life, the extent to which the city has revolutionized social life and has changed the habits and attitudes of the people. In the city government we can see the various local, national, cultural, and interest groups attempting to exert their influence. In the city we see the political boss as a typical product of an anomalous situation. Here we find such phenomena as non-voting, the clash between local and occupational groups, and many other disharmonies between the needs of the people and the institutions that are present to satisfy them.

Bruere, Henry. _The New City Government_ (New York, 1913).

A study of the commission form of government in cities.

Capes, William Parr. _The Modern City and Its Government_ (New York,
1922).

Clerk (pseudonym). _Berliner Beamte_, Vol. XLIII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A study of the types of civil servants developed by modern city
government. (IX, 1, 2, 4.)

Cleveland, Frederick A. _Chapters on Municipal Administration and
Accounting_ (New York, 1909 and 1915).

Cummin, G. C. “Will the City-Manager Form of Government Fit All
Cities—Large Cities—Machine-Controlled Cities?” _National
Municipal Rev._, VII (May, 1918), 276–81.

Ely, Richard T. _The Coming City_ (New York, 1902).

An address taking up some of the problems connected with the
government, public interest in administration, and corruption in the
modern American city. (VII, 5.)

Gilbert, Arthur Benson. _American Cities: Their Methods of Business_
(New York, 1918).

Goodnow, Frank J. _City Government in the United States_ (New York,
1904 and 1909).

Hill, Howard C. _Community Life and Civic Problems_ (New York, 1922).

An elementary textbook for community civics classes. (V, 3; VI.)

McKenzie, R. D. “Community Forces: A Study of the Non-Partisan
Municipal Elections in Seattle,” _Journal of Social Forces_
(January, March, May, 1924).

A study of the relation between local groupings and political
attitudes. (IV, 3; V, 1, 2, 3; VII, 5; IX, 3.)

Munro, W. B. _Municipal Government and Administration_ (New York,
1923). (II, 3; IV, 3; VII, 1.)

——. _The Government of American Cities_ (3d ed.; New York, 1921).

A standard textbook on city government in the United States. By the
same author, a companion volume, _The Government of European
Cities_. (VI, 7; IV, 3.)

Odum, Howard W. _Community and Government: A Manual of Discussion and
Study of the Newer Ideals of Citizenship_ (Chapel Hill, North
Carolina, 1921).

Steffens, Lincoln. _The Shame of the Cities_ (New York, 1907).

An exposure of corruption in city governments. (VII, 5.)

Toulmin, Harry A. _The City Manager: A New Profession_ (New York,
1915). (IX, 1.)

Weber, G. A. _Organized Efforts for the Improvement of Methods of
Administration in the United States_ (New York and London, 1919).

Weyl, Walter E. “The Brand of the City,” _Harper’s_, CXXX (April,
1915), 769–75.

Wilcox, Delos F. _Great Cities in America: Their Problems and Their
Government_ (New York, 1910). (IV, 3; VI; VII, 1, 5.)

Zueblin, Charles. _A Decade of Civic Development_ (Chicago, 1905).

A discussion of the state of American city civilization at the
beginning of the twentieth century. (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 1; VIII, 1.)

8. The complexity, specialization, and dependence of the city are seen clearly in the methods by which the city gets its food supply and other vital necessities for the existence of the population. The food trains, milk trains, cattle trains, the miles of refrigerator cars and coal cars that daily enter the large city, the warehouses and the stores, the countless delivery wagons that line the streets—all these are evidence of what a tremendously complex and efficient organization has grown up to meet the urgent wants, the desires for subsistence and for luxury of our millions of city-dwellers. Here too we sometimes see examples of what anxiety and what calamity might result from the slightest interruption or dislocation in the methods of supplying the city with these varied specialties. The department store and the chain store are characteristic city institutions, corresponding to the grouping of the city population.

Colze, Leo. _Berliner Warenhäuser_, Vol. XLVII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Berlin stores. (III, 4; IV, 1; V, 1; IX, 1.)

Loeb, Moritz. _Berliner Konfektionen_, Vol. XV in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Ready-made clothing establishments. (V, 1, 4; IX, 1.)

Parker, Horatio Newton. _City Milk Supply_ (New York, 1917). (IV, 1.)

Shideler, E. H. “The Business Center as an Institution,” _Jour. Appl.
Sociol._, IX (March, April, 1925), 269–75.

An outline of the local trade center in the urban community and its
significance in city life. (IV, 1; V, 1, 2, 3; VII, 1, 2.)

9. One of the latest phases of city development is the direct result of the invention of a new technique of building. Steel construction has made possible the skyscraper, the elevated railroad, and the subway, and thus introduced a new dimension into city growth. This new technique has made possible a density, per unit of ground surface, which has given the city an entirely new complexion. The full effects of this new invention are still not fully known.

Holborn, I. B. S. “The City: The Outer Expression of an Inner Self,”
_Art World_, III (December, 1917), 217–21. (III, 1; IX, 2.)

Mumford, Lewis. _Sticks and Stones: A Study of American Civilization_
(New York, 1925).

An evaluation and critique of the architectural aspects of American
cities and their cultural significance. (V, 5; VI, 9; X, 2.)

Nichols, C. M. (editor). _Studies on Building-Height Limitations in
Large Cities_ (Chicago, 1923).

Written from the point of view of the real-estate profession.

Schumacher, Fritz. “Architektonische Aufgaben der Städte,” in Wuttke,
_Die Deutschen Städte_, pp. 47–66.

Discussion of the changing needs and methods in urban construction.

The literature on the significance of the steel-construction technique is still very small. The professional engineers and architects have contributed some to their journals, but the interpretation of their contributions is still to be made.

10. Land values are the chief determining influence in the segregation of local areas and in the determination of the uses to which an area is to be put. Land values also determine more specifically the type of building that is to be erected in a given area—whether it shall be a tenement house, an office building, a factory, or a single dwelling—what buildings shall be razed, and what buildings are to be repaired. The technique of determining city land values has developed into a highly specialized and well-paid profession. Land values are so potent a selective factor that the human ecologist will find in them a very accurate index to many phases of city life.

Aronovici, Carol. _Housing and the Housing Problem_ (Chicago, 1921).

A study of the relation between rent, income, and housing.

Arner, G. B. L. “Urban Land Economics,” in volume, _Urban Land
Economics_, Institute for Research in Land Economics (Ann Arbor,
Michigan, 1922).

Gives a summary of land values in New York City and an outline of
the subject. (VII, 1, 2.)

George, W. L. _Labor and Housing at Port Sunlight_ (London, 1909).
(III, 4, 6; V, 4, 5; IX, 1.)

“Housing and Town Planning,” _Ann. Amer. Acad._, LI (January, 1914),
1–264.

An excellent collection of authoritative articles on housing, city
planning, city land values, transportation, and government. (III, 6;
IV, 1, 2, 3; V; VII; VIII.)

_Hull House Maps and Papers_ (New York, 1895).

A presentation of nationalities and wages in a congested district of
Chicago together with comments and essays on problems growing out of
the social conditions. (VII, 2, 3, 4, 5; IX, 3.)

Hunter, Robert. _Tenement Conditions in Chicago: Report by the
Investigating Committee of the City Homes Association_ (Chicago,
1901). (VII, 5.)

Hurd, Richard M. _Principles of City Land Values_ (New York, 1924).

Land valuation on the basis of city growth. Shows that the coming of
the automobile, making available large tracts for residential
purposes, the radio, and other devices for intercommunication have
not materially changed the general principles of city growth.
Contains maps and photographs showing foot-front values for various
cities and land utilization. (VII, 1, 4; VI, 2.)

Morehouse, E. W., and Ely, R. T. _Elements of Land Economics_ (New
York, 1924).

An introduction to land valuation. Chapter vi, on urban land
utilization. (VII, 1, 2; X, 2.)

McMichael, Stanley L., and Bingham, Robert F. _City Growth and Values_
(Cleveland, 1923).

An authoritative statement. (VII, 1.)

Olcott, George C. _Olcott’s Land Value Maps_ (annually, Chicago,
1909–25).

Valuations of Chicago real estate.

Pratt, Edward Ewing. _Industrial Causes of Congestion of Population in
New York City_ (New York, 1911).

Contains an excellent bibliography. (III, 4; V, 1, 2, 4, 5; VI, 2,
3; VII, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.)

Reeve, Sidney A. “Congestion in Cities,” _Geog. Rev._, III (1917),
278–93.

Regards congestion as a growing menace to public health and social
stability, and analyzes the causes and suggests remedies. (V, 4, 5;
VI; VII, 1, 2, 5; VIII 1.)

Riis, Jacob A. _How the Other Half Lives: Studies among the Tenements
of New York_ (New York, 1890 and 1914).

This together with his other book, _The Battle with the Slum_ (New
York, 1892), has done much to call public attention to the tenement
problem of the large American city and to invite remedial
legislation. (V, 1, 2, 4, 5; VII, 1, 2, 5.)

Schumacher, F. “Probleme der Grossstadt,” _Deutsche Rundschau für
Geog._, CXXC (July 5, 1919), 66–81, 262–85, 416–29. (V; VI; VII;
VIII.)

Smythe, William Ellsworth. _City Homes on Country Lanes: Philosophy
and Practice of the Home-in-a-Garden_ (New York, 1921). (V, 5.)

Stella, A. “_The Effects of Urban Congestion on Italian Women and
Children_,” _Medical Record_, LXXIII (New York, 1908), 722–32. (V,
1, 3; VIII, 1.)

Südekum, Albert. _Grossstädtisches Wohnungselend_, Vol. XLV in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A description of a typical tenement area in the European city and
its effects on human behavior. (VII, 5; IX, 3.)

Veiller, Lawrence. “The Housing Problem in America,” _Ann. Amer.
Academy_, XXV (1905), 248–75.

In this article, as well as in his later works (for instance,
_Housing Reform_ (New York, 1910)), the writer, who has been
regarded as one of the foremost housing students in America,
outlines some of the social consequences of bad housing in the
modern city and questions the adequacy of democratic form of
government in the slum areas. (V; IX, 3.)

VII. THE GROWTH OF THE CITY

The growth of the city has been described as the outstanding characteristic of modern civilization. The sociologist is interested in the processes underlying this phenomenon.

1. One of the most obvious phases of this growth is the addition in numbers and the expansion in area of the city. This has been accurately measured by the statisticians and geographers. The typical process of expansion is from the core of the city outward toward the periphery. While ample materials for such studies of processes exist, their interpretation and analysis is yet to be undertaken. In the process of growth the city tends to become empty, as concerns habitations, at the center. This phenomenon is referred to as “city-building.”

Ballard, W. J. “Our Twenty-nine Largest Cities, _Jour. Educ._, XXCIII
(April 27, 1916), 468.

Bassett, E. M. “Distribution of Population in Cities,” _American
City_, XIII (July, 1915), 7–8.

Bernhard, H. “Die Entvölkerung des Landes,” _Deutsche Rundschau für
Geog._, XXXVII (1914–15), 563–67.

Of twenty-one countries examined, all showed an increase in urban
population between 1880–1910, in most cases far exceeding the
natural increase in population, and a decrease in percentage of
rural population. (VII, 3; VIII, 1; X, 2.)

Brown, Robert M. “City Growth and City Advertising” (Abstract of paper
read at 1921 Conference of American Geographers), _Ann. Assoc.
Amer. Geog._, XII (1922), 155.

A discussion of the causes of growth of American cities with an
analysis of the one hundred cities showing the largest gains since
1910. Classification as to type of advertising campaigns used.

Bushee, F. A. “The Growth of Population of Boston,” _Pub. Amer.
Statistical Assoc._, VI (1899), 239–74. (VIII, 3.)

_City-Building: A Citation of Methods in Use in More Than One Hundred
Cities for the Solution of Important Problems in the Progressive
Growth of the American Municipality_ (Cincinnati, 1913). (V, 4, 5;
VI; VII, 5.)

“City Growth by Dead Reckoning,” _Literary Digest_, XXCII (August 9,
1924), 12.

Fawcett, C. B. “British Conurbations in 1921,” _Sociol. Rev._, XIV
(April, 1922), 111–22.

Feather, W. A. “Cities That Make Good,” _Forum_, LVII (May, 1917),
623–28.

Gregory, W. M. “Growth of the Cities of Washington,” _Jour. Geog._,
XIV (May, 1916), 348–53. (VII, 3.)

“How Big Should a City Be?” _Literary Digest_, LI (August 28, 1915),
399–400.

James, Edmund J. “The Growth of Great Cities,” _Ann. Amer. Academy_,
XIII (1899), 1–30. (VII, 2, 3.)

Traces the growth of the cities and the genesis of the problems
connected with it.

Jefferson, Mark. “Great Cities of the United States in 1920,” _Geog.
Rev._, XI (July, 1921), 437–41.

Martell, P. “Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung der Stadt Berlin,”
_Allgemeines Statistisches Archiv_, X (1917), 207–15. (VII, 3;
VIII, 1.)

Püschel, Alfred. _Das Anwachsen der Deutschen Städte in der Zeit der
mittelalterlichen Kolonialbewegung_ (Berlin, 1910).

Contains fifteen city plans. Traces the growth of cities in the
medieval period and the changes in city structure. (II, 2; VII, 2.)

Ridgley, D. C. “Sixty-eight Cities of the United States in 1920,”
_Jour. Geog._, XX (February, 1921), 75–79.

One of a series of postcensus-report analyses of the growth of the
urban population.

Roth, Lawrence V. “The Growth of American Cities,” _Geog. Rev._, V
(May, 1918), 384–98.

Holds that the growth of the cities of the United States has passed
through four periods, each of which in its turn was the response to
the commercial and industrial development of a new geographical
region. Distinguishes between site and situation in city growth, and
is here concerned mainly with general situation as a contributory
influence. (III, 2, 3, 4.)

Sedlaczek. “Die Bevölkerungszunahme der Grossstädte im XIX Jahrhundert
und deren Ursachen,” _Report of the Eighth International Congress
of Hygiene and Demography_ (Budapest, 1894). (VII, 3; VIII, 1; X,
1.)

United States Bureau of the Census. _A Century of Population Growth_
(Washington, 1909). (VII, 3; VIII; X, 2.)

United States Bureau of the Census. _Population: Fourteenth Census of
the United States_ (3 vols.; Washington, 1920). (VII, 3; VIII, 1,
2; IX, 1; X, 2.)

Van Cleef, E. “How Big Is Your Town?” _American City_, XVII (November,
1917), 471–73.

Weber, Adna Ferrin. _The Growth of Cities in the Nineteenth Century: A
Study in Statistics_, “Columbia University Studies in History,
Economics, and Public Law” (New York, 1899).

Besides being the most important book on the growth of the city from
a statistical standpoint, it contains many other features of great
value to the student of the city, especially of the influence of the
urban environment on the population. (VII, 2, 3; VIII.)

“Why Cities Grow,” _Literary Digest_, LVIII (August 17, 1918), 22–23.

Zahn, F. “Die Volkszählung von 1900 und die Grossstadtfrage,”
_Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik_, XXCI (1903),
191–215. (VII, 3.)

2. Every addition in numbers and expansion of the city area is accompanied by the redistribution and re-allocation of the whole population. Some elements are given a new locus, while others shift but little as a result of the stimulus incident to the arrival of newcomers. This redistribution of the city population has become a constantly operating process in view of the constant growth of the city either through natural increase of the population or through migration from without.

Allison, Thomas W. “Population Movements in Chicago,” _Jour. of Social
Forces_, II (May, 1924), 529–33. (V, 1, 3; VII, 4.)

Aurousseau, M. “Distribution of Population: A Constructive Problem,”
_Geog. Rev._, XI (October, 1921), 568–75.

“Density concerns itself with the number of people per unit of area;
distribution deals with the comparative study of density from area
to area; and arrangement considers the way in which people are
grouped. Grouping is the fundamental concept....” (I, 1; IV, 1; X,
2.)

Bushee, F. A. “Ethnic Factors in the Population of Boston,” _Pub.
Amer. Statistical Assoc._, Vol. IV, No. 2, pp. 307–477. (V, 1, 2,
3.)

Douglas, H. Paul. _The Suburban Trend_ (New York, 1925).

Traces the movement toward decentralization in the larger American
urban communities. (VII, 2, 1, 4; IV, 2; III, 5; V, 4.)

Hirschfeld, Magnus. _Berlins drittes Geschlecht_, Vol. III in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A study of the homosexuals in Berlin as a sample of the grouping of
population in the large city. (V, 1, 3; VII, 5.)

Hooker, G. E. “City-Planning and Political Areas,” _Nat. Mun. Rev._,
VI (May, 1917), 337–45. (IV, 3; V, 1, 4, 5; VI, 7.)

The London Society. _The London of the Future_ (New York and London,
1921).

An excellent view of the processes bringing about the allocation of
the population and the trend of growth of the city from the core
pressing outward toward the periphery. (II, 3; III, 1, 5, 6; IV; V;
VI; VII; VIII, 1, 2, 3; IX, 1, 2, 3, 4.)

Ripley, W. Z. “Racial Geography of Europe,” _Popular Science Monthly_,
LII (1898), 591–608; XIV, “Urban Problems.” See also his “Races of
Europe,” chap. xx, on “Ethnic Stratification and Urban Selection.”
(V, 3.)

Salten, Felix. _Wiener Adel_, Vol. XIV in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

Shows the local grouping of the nobility in the large European city.
(IX, 4.)

Schmid, Herman. _City bildung und Bevölkerungsverteilung in
Grossstädten: Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklungsgeschichte des modernen
Städtewesens_ (München, 1909).

Shows that the normal process of growth of the city is by emptying
at the center, and redistributing its population around the
periphery. (Compare Mark Jefferson, “The Anthropography of Some
Great Cities: A Study in Distribution of Population,” _Bull. Amer.
Geog. Soc._, XLI (1909), 537–66. (VII, 4, 5.))

Williams, James M. _An American Town: A Sociological Study_ (New York,
1906).

Primarily an analysis of an American community from a
socio-psychological standpoint. Contains some interesting facts on
growth and distribution of population. (III, 5; V, 1, 2, 3; IX, 1,
3.)

Winter, Max. _Im unterirdischen Wien_, Vol. XIII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A description of Vienna, showing the processes of segregation,
allocation, and communication at work in the city population. (V, 1;
VI, 4, 6; VII, 5; IX, 3, 4.)

3. During the latter part of the nineteenth century the expressions, “the flight from the country,” and “the drift to the city” began to be heard. The rapid increase in population of the cities was found to be due not to natural increase, i.e., excess of births over deaths, but to migration from the surrounding rural area. In America the rapid increase in the size of the cities was due chiefly to an increasing stream of European immigrants who avoided the farm but were attracted to the urban environment. Population statisticians have been alert to discover whether this process is continuing or whether a change is taking place. Improvements in rural life and conscious efforts to control the movement of population have been observed as to their possible effect on the rural-urban population equilibrium.

Ashby, A. W. “Population and the Land,” _Edinburgh Rev._, CCXXIV
(1916), 321–39. (X, 1, 2.)

Ballod, C. “Sterblichkeit und Fortpflanzung der Stadtbevölkerung,”
_Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik_, XXXIII (1909),
521–41. (VIII, 1, 3.)

Bauer, L. _Der Zug nach der Stadt_ (Stuttgart, 1904). Reviewed in
_Archiv f. Rassen u. Gesellschaftsbiologie_, II, 300. (VII, 1.)

Beusch, P. _Wanderungen und Stadtkultur: eine bevolkerungspolitische
und sozialethische Studie_ (München-Gladbach, 1916).

Böckh, R. “Der Anteil der örtlichen Bewegung an der Zunahme der
Bevölkerung der Grossstädte,” _Congress Intern. d’Hygiène et de
Démographie_ (Budapest, 1894). (VII, 1.)

Bowley, A. L. “Births and Population in Great Britain,” _Econ. Jour._,
XXXIV (June, 1924), 188–92. (VII, 1; VIII, 1.)

Bryce, P. H. “Effects upon Public Health and Natural Prosperity from
Rural Depopulation and Abnormal Increase of Cities,” _Amer. Jour.
Public Health_, New York, V, 48–56. (VIII; X, 1, 2.)

Cacheux, E. “Influence des grandes villes sur la dépopulation,” _Rev.
Philanthrop._ Paris, XXXVII (1916), 513–18. (VIII; X, 1.)

Dickerman, G. S. “The Drift to the Cities,” _Atlantic Monthly_, CXI
(1913), 349–53. (IX, 2; X, 1, 2.)

Dittmann, P. _Die Bevölkerungsbewegung der deutschen Grossstädte seit
der Gründung des deutschen Reiches_ (Bamberg, 1912). (VII, 1.)

Groves, E. R. “Urban Complex: A Study of the Psychological Aspects of
the Urban Drift,” _Sociol. Rev._, XII (1920), 73–81. (IX, 2; X,
2.)

Hecke, W. “Volksvermehrung, Binnenwanderung, und Umgangssprache in den
österreichischen Alpenländern und Südländern,” _Statist.
Monatsschr._, XXXIX (1913), 323–92. (VIII, 1. 3; X, 2.)

Hoaglund, H. E. “The Movement of Rural Population in Illinois,” _Jour.
Pol. Econ._, XX (1912), 913–27.

Mayr, G. von. _Die Bevölkerung der Grossstädte_, in “Die Grossstadt”
(Dresden, 1903).

One of the best statements of the problem. (VII, 1, 2; VIII, 1, 2,
3.)

Prinzing, Dr. F. “Die Bevölkerungsentwicklung Stockholms, 1721–1920,”
_Jahrbuch für Nationalökonomie und Statistik_, XLVII (1924),
87–93.

An excellent case study of the situation in a modern European city.
(VII, 1; X, 1, 2.)

——. “Einheimische und Zugezogene in den Grossstädten,” _Zeitschr. für
Sozialwiss._, VII (Berlin, 1904), 660–67.

Ravenstein, E. G. “The Laws of Migration,” _Jour. Royal Statist.
Soc._, XLVIII (1885), 167–227. (X, 2.)

Spencer, A. G. “Changing Population of Our Large Cities,”
_Kindergarten Primary Mag._, XXIII (1910), 65–71.

Steinhart, A. _Untersuchung zur Gebürtigkeit der deutschen
Grossstadtbevölkerung, Entwicklung, und Ursachen_, “Rechts und
Staatswissenschaftliche Studien,” Heft 45 (Berlin, 1912). (VIII,
1; X, 2.)

Voss, W. “Städtische Kleinsiedlung,” _Archiv für exacte
Wirtschaftsforschung_, IX (1919), 377–412.

Weisstein, G. “Sind die Städte wirklich Menschenverzehrer?” _Deutsche
Städte Ztg._ (1905), pp. 153–54.

4. The mobility of a city population incident to city growth is reflected in the increased number of contacts, changes of movement, changes in appearance, and atmosphere of specific areas due to succession of population groups, and in differences in land values. Mobility implies not mere movement, but fresh stimulation, an increase in number and intensity of stimulants, and a tendency to respond more readily to new stimulation. The process by which the city absorbs and incorporates its own offspring or foreign elements into its life, and what becomes of them, may be referred to as the metabolism of city life. Mobility is an index of metabolism.

Bercovici, Konrad. _Around the World in New York_ (New York, 1924).

Discusses the local communities and the sifting process in the large
city. (VII, 1, 2; IX, 3; V, 1, 2, 3.)

Digby, E. “The Extinction of the Londoner,” _Contemp. Rev._, London,
XXCVI (1904), 115–26. (VII, 2, 3; VIII, 1; IX, 2, 3.)

Herzfeld, Elsa G. _Family Monographs; The History of Twenty-four
Families Living in the Middle West Side of New York City_ (New
York, 1905).

Examples of extreme mobility (tendency to migrate) in the tenement
district. (VII, 5.)

Meuriot, P. “Les Migrations internes dans quelques grandes villes,”
_Jour. Soc. Stat._, Paris, L (1909), 390. (V, 1; VII, 2.)

Prinzing, F. “Die Bevölkerungsbewegung in Paris und Berlin,”
_Zeitschr. für Soziale Medizin_, Leipzig, III (1908), 99–120.

Stephany, H. “Der Einfluss des Berufes und der Sozialstellung auf die
Bevölkerungsbewegung der Grossstädte nachgewiesen an Königsberg i.
_Pr._,” _Königsb. Statist._, No. 13, 1912. (VII, 2, 3.)

Weleminsky, F. “Über Akklimatisation in Grossstädten,” _Archiv für
Hygiene_, XXXVI (1899), 66–126. (VII, 3, 5; VIII, 1.)

Woods, Robert A. _Americans in Process: A Settlement Study, North- and
West-End Boston_ (Boston, 1902). (VII, 2; V, 3; IX, 3.)

Typical of a number of settlement studies giving a view of the
effect of the city on its foreign population.

5. City growth may be thought of as a process of disorganization and reorganization. Growth always involves these processes to some extent, but when the city grows rapidly we see the disorganization assuming proportions which may be regarded as pathological. Crime, suicide, divorce, are some of the behavior problems in which social disorganization, when viewed from the personal side, expresses itself. The disappearance of the neighborhood and the local community with its personal forms of control is one of the immediate causal elements in this process.

Addams, Jane. _The Spirit of Youth and the City Streets_ (New York,
1909). (V, 1, 2, 3; IX, 3; X, 2.)

Bader, Emil. _Wiener Verbrecher_, Vol. XVI, “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905). (VI, 4; VII, 5; IX, 4.)

Bonne, G. “Über die Notwendigkeit einer systematischen
Dezentralisation unserer Grossstädte in hygienischer, sozialer,
und volkswirtschaftlicher Beziehung,” _Monatschr. für soz. Med._,
I (Jena, 1904), 369, 425, 490. (V, 5; VIII.)

Buschan, G. H. _Geschlecht und Verbrechen_, Vol. XLVIII, “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Some observations on the natural history of the city population.
Very fragmentary. (VIII, 2; IX, 3, 4.)

Chalmers, Thomas. _The Christian and Civic Economy of Large Towns_
(Glasgow, 1918). (IV, 5; VII; VIII, 1, 4.)

Classen, W. F. _Grossstadt Heimat: Beobachtungen zur Naturgeschichte
des Grossstadtvolkes_ (Hamburg, 1906).

Classen, W. _Das stadtegeborene Geschlecht und seine Zukunft_
(Leipzig, 1914).

Henderson, C. R. “Industry and City Life and the Family,” _Amer. Jour.
Sociol._, XIV, 668. (VIII, 1, 2, 3.)

Lasson, Alfred. _Gefährdete und verwahrloste Jugend_, Vol. XLIX,
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

The dangers confronting youth in the city and juvenile delinquency.
(IX, 4.)

Marcuse, Max. _Uneheliche Mütter_, Vol. XXVII in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VIII, 1, 3; IX, 3.)

Illegitimacy in Berlin. Types of unmarried mothers.

Ostwald, H. O. A. _Das Berliner Spielertum_, Vol. XXXV in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905). (VI, 6; IX, 4.)

Gambling in the city.

——. _Zuhältertum in Berlin_, Vol. V, “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin,
1905). Panderers and their victims in the city. (IX, 1, 4.)

Schuchard, Ernst. _Sechs Monate Arbeitshaus_, Vol. XXXIII in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Six months’ experiences in the workhouse of the city, where the
opportunity to observe social disorganization is great. (VI, 4; IX,
3, 4.)

Sears, Charles H. _The Redemption of the City_ (Philadelphia, 1911).

Sharp, Geo. W. _City Life and Its Amelioration_ (Boston, 1915).

Steiner, Jesse F. “Theories of Community Organization,” _Jour. Social
Forces_, III (November, 1924), 30–37. (V; VIII, 3.)

——. “A Critique of the Community Movement,” _Jour. App. Sociol._, IX
(November-December, 1924), 108.

Problems of social control in relation to community organization and
disorganization. (V; VIII, 3.)

Stelze, Charles. _Christianity’s Storm Center: A Study of the Modern
City_ (New York and Chicago, 1907).

Strong, Josiah. _The Challenge of the City_ (New York, 1907).

From a religious and moral standpoint. (X, 1, 2.)

Thomas, W. I., and Znaniecki, Florian. _The Polish Peasant in Europe
and America_, Vol. V, “Organization and Disorganization in
America” (Boston, 1920). (V, 3; VII, 2.)

“The Tragedy of Great Cities,” _Outlook_, CXXVI (1920), 749–50.

Werthauer, Johannes. _Sittlichkeitsdelikte der Grossstadt_, Vol. XL in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A collection of typical city delinquencies of the sex type. (V, 4;
IX, 4.)

VIII. EUGENICS OF THE CITY

Considerable literature has grown up recently dealing with the biological aspects of city life. Detailed studies as to the effect of city life on the human stock remain to be made. On the basis of the material now available, however, fruitful avenues of research are opened, and certain tentative conclusions may be entertained.

1. The changes incident to city life in the birth, death, and marriage rates of the population are noticeable on the basis of statistics. These phenomena permit of sociological interpretation and analysis. The difference between the urban and the rural span of life offers a similar problem to the investigator. The proportions of the human scrap-heap and its social consequences in the city have been recognized as an important phase of urban existence.