Chapter X: A Bibliography of the Urban Community (3)

Bailey, W. B. _Modern Social Conditions: A Statistical Study of Birth,
Marriage, Divorce, Death, Disease, Suicide, Immigration, etc.,
with Special Reference to the United States_ (New York, 1906).
(VII, 5; VIII.)

Bajla, E. “Come si distribuiscono topograficamente le malattee
contagiose negli aggregati urbani,” _Attualita Med. Milano_, V
(1916), 542–46.

The local distribution of contagious diseases in the urban area.

Barron, S. B. “Town life as a Cause of Degeneracy,” _Pop. Sci. Mo._,
XXXIV (1888–89), 324–30. (X, 2.)

Billings, J. S. “The Mortality Rates of Baltimore; Life Table for
Baltimore; Mortality in Different Wards; Causes of Disease,”
_Baltimore Med. Jour._, X (1883–84), 487–89. (V, 1.)

“Biological Influences of City Life,” _Literary Digest_, LII
(February, 1916), 371–72.

“Birth- and Death-Rates in American Cities,” _Amer. City_, XVI (1917),
195–99.

Bleicher, H. “Über die Eigentümlichkeiten der städtischen Natalitäts-
und Mortalitätsverhältnisse,” _Intern. Kongr._ für Hygiene und
Demographie (Budapest, 1894). (VIII, 3.)

The peculiarities of urban birth and death rates.

Dublin, Louis I. “The Significance of the Declining Birth-Rate,”
_Science_, (new series), XLVII, 201–10.

Fehlinger, Hans. “De l’influence biologique de la civilization
urbaine,” _Scientia_, X (1911), 421–34. (VIII, 3.)

Guilfoy, W. H. _The Influence of Nationality upon the Mortality of a
Community, with Special Reference to the City of New York_,
“Department of Health of New York City Monograph Series 18,” 1919.
(V, 1, 2, 3.)

——. _An Analysis of the Mortality Returns of the Sanitary Areas of the
Borough of Manhattan for the Year 1915_, “Department of Health of
New York City Monograph Series 15,” 1916.

Hammond, L. J., and Gray, C. H. “The Relation of the Foreign
Population to the Mortality and Morbidity Rate of Philadelphia,”
_Bull. Amer. Acad. of Med._, XIV (1913), 113–29. (V, 1.)

Harmon, G. E. “A Comparison of the Relative Healthfulness of Certain
Cities in the United States, Based upon the Study of Their Vital
Statistics,” _Publ. Amer. Statist. Assoc._, XV (Boston, 1916),
157–74.

Holmes, Samuel J. _A Bibliography of Eugenics_, “University of
California Publications in Zoölogy,” Vol. XXV, Berkeley,
California, 1924.

Contains a chapter on “Urban Selection and the Influence of
Industrial Development on Racial Heredity.” Has served as a source
of many references listed in this bibliography. (VIII.)

Love, A. G., and Davenport, C. B. “Immunity of City-Bred Recruits,”
_Arch. Med. Intern._, XXIV (1919), 129–53.

Macpherson, J. “Urban Selection and Mental Health,” _Rev. of Neurol.
and Psychiatry_, I (1903), 65–73. (VII, 2, 5; IX, 2, 3, 4; X, 3.)

Meinshausen: “Die Zunahme der Körpergrösse des deutschen Volkes vor
dem Kriege; ihre Ursachen und Bedeutung für die Wiederherstellung
der deutschen Volkskraft,” _Archiv für Hygiene und Demographie_,
XIV (1921), 28–72.

Points out degeneration of urban youth. (VII, 3; X, 3.)

Pieper, E. “Über die Verbreitung der Geschlechtskrankheiten nach Stadt
und Land mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der Verhältnisse der
Stadt Rostock und des Staates Mecklenburg,” _Arch. für Soz.
Hygiene und Demographie_, XIV (1923), 148–87. (X, 2.)

Sarker, S. L. “The Comparative Mortality of the Towns of the Nadia
District,” _Indian Med. Gaz._, LII (Calcutta, 1917), 58–60.

Walford, C. “On the Number of Violent Deaths from Accident,
Negligence, Violence, and Misadventure in the United Kingdom and
Some Other Countries,” _Jour. Royal Stat. Soc._, XLIV (1881),
444–521.

Number of violent deaths in cities greater than rural region. (X,
2.)

Weber, L. W. “Grossstadt und Nerven,” _Deutsche Rundschau_, CLXXVII
(December, 1918), 391–407. (IX, 2, 4.)

Weiberg, W. “Zur Frage nach der Häufigkeit der Syphilis in der
Grossstadt,” _Arch. Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol._, Vol. XI, 1914; 3
articles.

Whipple, G. C. _Vital Statistics: An Introduction to Demography_ (New
York, 1923). (VII, 1; VIII, 2, 3; IX, 2.)

2. The relative differences in the age and sex groups, in the city as over against the country, and in the various areas in the city are indicative of fundamental processes tending to produce typical results.

Baker, J. E. “City Life and Male Mortality,” _Publ. Amer. Statist.
Assoc._, XI (1908), 133–49. (VIII, 1.)

Böckh, R. “Sterbetafeln C (für Grossstädte); Die fünfzig Berliner
Sterbetafeln,” _Bericht über 14ten Intern. Kongr. Hygiene_, III
(Berlin, 1908), 1078–87. (V, 1, 2, 3, 4; VIII, 1.)

Heron, David. _On the Relation of Fertility in Man to Social Status
and on the Changes in This Relation That Have Taken Place during
the Last Fifty Years_ (London, 1906). (VII, 1, 5; VIII, 1.)

Röse, C. “Die Grossstadt als Grab der Bevölkerung,” _Aerztliche
Rundschau_, XV (München, 1905), 257–61. (VII, 3; VIII, 1.)

3. Whether the conditions of city life have an influence on the fecundity of women and the size of the family is an aspect of city life inviting accurate study, attempts at which have already been made.

Haurbeck, L. “Der Wille zur Mutterschaft in Stadt und Land,” _Deutsche
Landwirtsch. Presse._, XI (1915), 12. (VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)

Kühner, F. “Stadt und Bevölkerungspolitik,” _Städte-Zeit_, XIV (1917),
306.

Lewis, C. F., and J. N. _Natality and Fecundity: A Contribution to
National Demography_ (Edinburgh, 1906).

Based on statistics in the Scottish birth register of 1855. (VIII,
1, 2.)

Manschke, R. “Innere Einflüsse der Bevölkerungswanderungen auf die
Geburtenzahl,” _Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss., neue Folge_, VII
(1916), 100–115, 161–74. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 2; X, 2.)

Morgan, J. E. _The Danger of Deterioration of Race from the Too Rapid
Increase of Great Cities_ (London, 1866). (VII, 1, 3; VIII, 1.)

Prinzing, F. “Eheliche und uneheliche Fruchtbarkeit und Aufwuchsziffer
in Stadt und Land in Preussen,” _Deutsche Med. Wochenschrift_,
XLIV (1918), 351–54. (VIII, 1; X, 4.)

Theilhaber, F. A. _Das sterile Berlin_ (Berlin, 1913). (VIII, 1, 2.)

Thompson, Warren S. “Race Suicide in the United States,” _Sci. Mo._,
V, 22–35, 154–65, 258–69. (VIII, 1; X, 2.)

“Urban Sterilization,” _Jour. Hered._, VIII (1917), 268–69. (VIII, 1.)

IX. HUMAN NATURE AND CITY LIFE

The city is remaking human nature and each city is producing its own type of personality. These influences of city life are of prime interest to the sociologist. The materials bearing on this question are not primarily those collected by the scientist, but by the artist. It requires insight and imagination to perceive and to describe these deep-seated changes which are being wrought in the nature of man himself.

1. The division of labor and the fine specialization of occupations and professions that is so distinctly characteristic of city life has brought into existence a new mode of thought and new habits and attitudes which have transformed man in a few generations. The city man tends to think less in terms of locality than he does in terms of occupation. In a sense he has become an adjunct of the machine which he operates and the tools he uses. His interests are organized around his occupation, and his status and mode of life is determined by it.

Bahre, Walter. _Meine Klienten._ Vol. XLII in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

Specialization and professional types and classes as seen from a
lawyer’s office. (IX, 4.)

Benario, Leo. _Die Wucherer und ihre Opfer_, Vol. XXXVIII in
“Grossstadt Dokumente.” (IX, 3, 4.)

The profession of money-lending in the large city and the behavior
patterns that this professional group exhibits. (IX, 3, 4.)

Burke, Thomas. _The London Spy: A Book of Town Travels_ (New York,
1922). (II, 3; V, 1, 2, 3; IX.)

Donovan, Frances. _The Woman Who Waits_ (Boston, 1920).

The impressions and occupational experiences of a waitress in
Chicago. (IX, 2, 3.)

Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. _The Skilled Labourer, 1760–1832_
(London, 1919).

The emergence of occupational types in the course of industrial
evolution. (III, 4; IV, 6.)

Hammond, J. L., and Barbara. _The Town Labourer, 1760–1832: The New
Civilization_ (London, 1917). (II, 3; III, 4; IV, 6; IX, 2, 3; X,
2.)

Hyan, Hans. _Schwere Jungen_, Vol. XXVIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente”
(Berlin, 1905).

Describes the life of an occupational group—the pugilists—in the
large city (Berlin). (V, 1, 3; VI, 6; IX, 4.)

Mayhew, Henry. _London Labour and London Poor: A Cyclopaedia of the
Condition and Earnings of Those That Will Work, Those That Cannot
Work, and Those That Will Not Work_ (London, 1861–62), 4 vols.

A description of occupational types created by city specialization.
(II, 3; VII, 5; IX, 4.)

Noack, Victor. _Was ein Berliner Musikant erlebte_, Vol. XIX in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

The experiences of a Berlin musician in his occupational life.
Showing the evolution of an occupational type, with many highly
specialized subtypes. (IX; X, 2.)

Roe, Clifford. _Panders and Their White Slaves_ (New York and Chicago,
1910). (V, 1; VII, 5.)

Rowntree, B. Seebohm, and Lasker, Bruno. _Unemployment: A Social
Study_ (London, 1911).

Simkhovitch, Mary K. _The City Worker’s World in America_ (New York,
1917). (V, 1, 2, 3; VI, 10; VII, 2, 5.)

Solenberger, Alice W. _One Thousand Homeless Men: A Study of Original
Records_ (New York, 1914).

What a social agency’s records reveal about occupational careers in
the city. (VI, 4; VII, 4, 5; VIII, 1.)

Veblen, Thorstein. _The Instinct of Workmanship, and the State of the
Industrial Arts_ (New York, 1914).

Showing the development of the specialization of labor and its
effect on human behavior. (IX, 2.)

Werthauer, Johannes. _Berliner Schwindel_, Vol. XXI in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Showing the extent to which fraud has become a technical profession.
(VII, 5; IX, 2, 4.)

Weidner, Albert. _Aus den Tiefen der Berliner Arbeiterbewegung_, Vol.
IX, in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

The significance of the labor movement in the large city. (V, 1, 4;
VII, 5; IX, 2, 3, 4.)

2. There is a city mentality which is clearly differentiated from the rural mind. The city man thinks in mechanistic terms, in rational terms, while the rustic thinks in naturalistic, magical terms. Not only does this difference exist between city and country, it exists also between city and city, and between one area of the city and another. Each city and each part of the city furnishes a distinct social world to its inhabitants, which they incorporate in their personality whether they will or no.

Carleton, Will. _City Ballads, City Festivals, and City Legends_
(London, 1907). (X, 2.)

Grant, James. _Lights and Shadows of London Life_ (London, 1842).

Giving a view of the picturesque aspects of the modern city.

——. _The Great Metropolis_ (London, 1836). (III, 5; IV, 6; V, 3; IX.)

Marpillero, G. “Saggio di psicologia dell’urbanismo,” _Revista
Italiana di Sociologia_, XII (1908), 599–626.

Morgan, Anna. _My Chicago_ (Chicago, 1918).

A city from the standpoint of the social aristocracy. (V, 3.)

Seiler, C. Linn. City Values. “An Analysis of the Social Status and
Possibilities of American City Life” (University of Pennsylvania,
Ph.D. Thesis, 1912).

Simmel, G. _Die Grossstädte und das Geistesleben_, in “Die Grossstadt”
(Dresden, 1903).

The most important single article on the city from the sociological
standpoint.

Sombart, Werner. _The Jews and Modern Capitalism_, translated from the
German by M. Epstein (London and New York, 1913).

The best study of a city people and the influence of city life on
their mentality. (IX, 1, 4; X, 3.)

Spengler, Oswald. _Der Untergang des Abendlandes: Umrisse einer
Morphologie der Weltgeschichte_, Vol. II (München, 1922), chap.
II, “Städte und Völker,” pp. 100–224. (II; VII, 1, 5; IX, 1.)

Winter, Max. _Das Goldene Wiener Herz_, Vol. XI in “Grossstadt
Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

A study of the financial nexus in city life. (IX, 4.)

Woolston, H. “The Urban Habit of Mind,” _Amer. Jour. Sociol._, XVII,
602 ff.

3. The medium through which man is influenced and modified in the city is the intricate system of communication. The urban system of communication takes on a special form. It is not typically the primary, but the secondary, contact that it produces. The public opinion that is built up in the city and the morale and _ésprit de corps_ growing out of it relies on such typical media as the newspaper rather than the gossip monger; the telephone and the mails rather than the town meeting. The characteristic urban social unit is the occupational group rather than the geographical area.

Chicago Commission on Race Relations. _The Negro in Chicago_ (Chicago,
1922).

A study growing out of the Chicago race riots, showing the growth of
public opinion and the behavior of crowds and mobs in the city. (V,
1, 3; VII, 2.)

Follett, Mary P. _The New State: Group Organization the Solution of
Popular Government_ (New York, 1918).

Analyzes the conditions under which public opinion of today is
formed and suggests local organization as a possible way out. (V, 3;
VII, 5; IX, 1.)

Howe, Frederic C. “The City as a Socializing Agency,” _Amer. Jour.
Sociol._, XVII, 509 ff. (VII, 5.)

——. _The City: The Hope of Democracy_ (New York, 1905).

Has chapters on the new city civilization, the causes of political
corruption, and gives a general description of city life, showing in
particular the problems of public opinion it creates. (V; VI; VII,
1, 2.)

Park, Robert E. “The Immigrant Community and the Immigrant Press,”
_American Review_, III (March-April, 1925), 143–52. (V, 3.)

Triton (pseudonym). _Der Hamburger “Junge Mann,”_ Vol. XXXIX in
“Grossstadt Dokumente.”

Shows the effect of the city and the contacts it makes possible on
the development of an _ésprit de corps_ and a type. In this case the
young office clerks of Hamburg are shown to be a product of the
international character of the port of Hamburg. (IV, 6; IX, 1, 2,
4.)

4. The final product of the city environment is found in the new types of personality which it engenders. Here the latent energies and capacities of individuals find expression and locate themselves within the range of a favorable milieu. This possibility of segregating one’s self from the crowd develops and accentuates what there is of individuality in the human personality. The city gives an opportunity to men to practice their specialty vocationally and develop it to the utmost degree. It provides also the stimulus and the conditions which tend to bring out those temperamental and psychological qualities within the individual through the multiple behavior patterns which it tolerates.

Hammer, Wilhelm. _Zehn Lebenslaufe Berliner Kontrollmädchen_, Vol.
XVIII in “Grossstadt Dokumente.”

The life-history of ten Berlin prostitutes with a suggested
classification of types. (VI, 4; IX, 1.)

Deutsch-German, Alfred (pseudonym). _Wiener Mädel_, Vol. XVII in
“Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

An intimate study of the types of girls to be found in the large
city. (IX, 2, 3.)

Flagg, James M. _City People. A Book of Illustrations_ (New York,
1909).

Freimark, Hans. _Moderne Geistesbeschwörer und Wahrheitssucher_, Vol.
XXXVI in “Grossstadt Dokumente” (Berlin, 1905).

Fortune-tellers and persons in the “occult fields” in the modern
city. A study of magical vestiges in city mentality. (IX, 1, 2.)

Hapgood, Hutchins. _Types from City Streets_ (New York, 1910).

——. _The Spirit of the Ghetto_ (New York and London, 1909).

An intimate study of life in the New York Jewish quarter with a
graphic presentation of personality types. (V, 2.)

Hecht, Ben. _A Thousand and One Afternoons in Chicago_ (Chicago,
1922).

Journalistic sketches of Chicago scenes, experiences, and types. (V,
3; IX.)

Mackenzie, C. “City People,” _McClure’s_, XLVII (August, 1916), 22.

Markey, Gene. _Men About Town: A Book of Fifty-eight Caricatures_
(Chicago, 1924).

Mensch, Ella (pseudonym). _Bilderstürmer in der Berliner
Frauenbewegung._

Types found in the feminist movement of Berlin. (IX, 2, 3.)

X. THE CITY AND THE COUNTRY

The city and the country represent two opposite poles in modern civilization. The difference between the two is not merely one of degree, but of kind. Each has its own peculiar type of interests, of social organization, and of humanity. These two worlds are in part antagonistic and in part complementary to each other. The one influences the life of the other, but they are by no means equally matched. The analysis of these differences, antagonisms, and interacting forces has not passed even the descriptive stage.

1. The ancient city was regarded as a parasitic growth. It dominated the country by skill and by force, but contributed little to its welfare. The modern city, too, is often regarded as a superfluous burden which the rural sections are carrying. This view of the matter is fast passing away, however, as the city extends its influence, not by force, but by fulfilling a set of functions upon which the rural population has become dependent. The economists have been especially concerned with the antagonistic interests which the city and the country have presented. These antagonisms have come to play a political rôle which influences local, national, and international affairs.

Bookwalter, J. W. _Rural Versus Urban; Their Conflict and Its Causes:
A Study of the Conditions Affecting Their Natural and Artificial
Relation_ (New York, 1911). (X, 2.)

Damaschke, Adolf. _Die Bodenreform: Grundsätzliches und
Geschichtliches zur Erkenntnis der sozialen Not_ (19th ed.; Jena,
1922). (VI, 10.)

Reibmayr, A. “Die wichtigsten biologischen Ursachen der heutigen
Landflucht,” _Arch. für Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol._, VII (1911),
349–76.

Decrease in rural population of Germany. Shows also unfavorable
effects of alcohol, venereal disease, and other factors on
population of city, and the effects of the city on the country.
(VII, 2, 5; VIII, 1.)

Ross, E. A. “Folk Depletion as a Cause of Rural Decline,” _Publ. Amer.
Sociol. Soc._, XI (1917), 21–30. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 3; X, 2.)

Roxby, P. M. _Rural Depopulation in England During the Nineteenth
Century and After_, LXXI (1912), 174–90. (VIII, 3.)

“Rural Depopulation in Germany,” _Scient. Amer. Suppl._, LXVIII
(1908), 243. (VII, 3.)

Smith, J. Russell. _North America: Its People and Resources,
Development, and the Prospects of the Continent as an
Agricultural, Industrial, and Commercial Area_ (New York, 1925).

One of the best geographical discussions of the relation between
country and city. (I, 1, 4; III, 2, 3, 4.)

Vandervelde, E. _L’exode rural et le retour aux champs_ (Paris, 1903).
(VIII, 3.)

Waltemath. “Der Kampf gegen die Landflucht und die Slawisierung des
platten Landes,” _Archiv für Innere Kolonisation_, IX (1916–18),
12.

2. As a result of city life new forms of social organization have been developed which are foreign to the country. The family, the neighborhood, the community, the state have become transformed by city needs into new institutions with a different organization and with a different set of functions. The social processes that characterize rural life do not apply in the city. A new moral order has developed which is fast breaking down the precedents of an earlier epoch of civilization.

Bowley, A. L. “Rural Population in England and Wales: A Study of the
Change of Density, Occupations, and Ages,” _Jour. Royal Stat.
Soc._, LXXVII (1914), 597–645. (VII, 2; VIII, 2.)

Brunner, Edmund de S. _Churches of Distinction in Town and Country_
(New York, 1923). (VI, 5.)

Busbey, L. W. “Wicked Town and Moral Country,” _Unpop. Rev._, X
(October, 1918), 376–92. (X, 3.)

Cook, O. F. “City and Country, Effects of Human Environments on the
Progress of Civilization,” _Jour. Hered._, XIV (1921), 253–59.

Galpin, Charles J. _Rural Life_ (New York, 1918).

One of the best analyses of rural life available, and of great value
as a basis for comparison between city life and country life. (IV,
1, 2, 5; V, 1, 2, 3; X, 1, 3.)

Gillette, J. M. _Rural Sociology_ (New York, 1922). (IV; V, 1, 2; VI,
8; X, 1, 3.)

Groves, E. R. “Psychic Causes of Rural Migration,” _Amer. Jour.
Sociol._, XXI (1916), 623–27. (IV, 5; VII, 3; X, 1, 3.)

Jastrow, J. “Die Städtegmeinschaft in ihren kulturellen Beziehungen,”
_Zeitschr. für Sozialwiss._, X (1907), 42–51.

Indicates institutions to which urban life has given impetus.

Morse, H. N. _The Social Survey in Town and Country Areas_ (New York,
1925).

Peattie, Roderick. “The Isolation of the Lower St. Lawrence Valley,”
_Geog. Rev._, V (February, 1918), 102–18.

An excellent study of provincialism as a result of isolation. (IV,
5.)

Prinzing, F. “Die Totgeburten in Stadt und Land,” _Deutsche Med.
Wochenschr._, XLIII (1917), 180–81.

The number of still births indicates the technique available in city
and country. (VIII, 1.)

Sanderson, Dwight. _The Farmer and His Community_ (New York, 1922).
(V, 1, 2, 3.)

Smith, Arthur H. _Village Life in China: A Study in Sociology_ (New
York, Chicago, and Toronto, 1899).

The oriental village and its place in social organization.

Thurnwald, R. “Stadt and Land im Lebensprozess der Rasse,” _Arch. für
Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol._, I (1904), 550–74, 840–84.

Contains excellent bibliography. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 3.)

Tucker, R. S., and McCombs, C. E. “Is the Country Healthier Than the
Town?” _Nat. Mun. Rev._, XII (June, 1923), 291–95. (VIII, 1.)

Welton, T. A. “Note on Urban and Rural Variations According to the
English Census of 1911,” _Jour. Royal Stat. Soc._, LXXVI (1913),
304–17. (VII, 3; VIII; X, 1.)

3. The rustic and the urbanite not only show certain fundamental differences in personality, but the variations found in the city far exceed the country, and the rate at which new types are constantly being created in the city far exceeds that of the country. The rural man still is to a great extent the product of the nature which surrounds him, while the urbanite has become a part of the machine with which he works, and has developed as many different species as there are techniques to which he is devoted. The attitudes, the sentiments, the life organization of the city man are as different from the country man as those of the civilized man are from the primitive. As the city extends its influence over the country the rural man is also being remade, and ultimately the differences between the two may become extinguished.

Anthony, Joseph. “The Unsophisticated City Boy,” _Century_, CIX
(November, 1924), 123–28. (VII, 5.)

Coudenhove-Kalergi, H. “The New Nobility,” _Century_, CIX (November,
1924), 3–6.

A concise analysis of the outstanding differences in the personality
of the rustic and the urbanite. (IX, 1, 2, 3, 4; X, 1, 2.)

Humphrey, Z. “City People and Country Folk,” _Country Life_, XXXVII
(January, 1920), 35–37.

McDowall, Arthur. “Townsman and the Country,” _London Mercury_, VIII
(August, 1923), 405–13. (IV, 5; IX, 2; X, 1, 2.)

Myers, C. S. “Note on the Relative Variability of Modern and Ancient
and of Rural and Urban Peoples,” _Man_, VI (London, 1906), 24–26.

An anthropological study. (VIII.)

Vuillenmier, J. F. “A comparative Study of New York City and Country
Criminals,” _Jour. Crim. Law and Criminol._, XI (1921), 528–50.
(VII, 5; IX, 2.)

XI. THE STUDY OF THE CITY

Attempts to understand the city and city life have resulted in two types of studies. On the one hand there are the investigations into special phases of the subject, and on the other are a number of systematic, generally co-operative, scientific approaches to the city as a whole. The increased attention which the city has been receiving at the hands of various types of experts has brought into existence a number of organizations and institutions which regularly occupy themselves with the collection of information relating to the city. This has given rise to a number of technical journals which are of great importance to the student of the city.

1. There are available at the present time a number of fairly exhaustive systematic studies of various cities. In most instances they represent the combined efforts of many students, extending over a period of years, to explore the realms of urban life in diverse parts of the world, generally with a definite objective in view. Only a few of such studies have been listed under this category.

Booth, Charles. _Life and Labor of the People of London_ (16 vols.;
London, 1892).

Attempts to describe the people of London “as they exist in London
under the influence of education, religion, and administration.”
Required seventeen years for its completion. Contains a wealth of
information about the city and city life.

Gamble, Sidney D. _Peking: A Social Survey_ (New York, 1921).

Harrison, Shelby M. _Social Conditions in an American City: A Summary
of the Findings of the Springfield Survey_ (New York, 1920).

Johnson, Clarence Richard. _Constantinople Today, or the Pathfinder
Survey of Constantinople: A Study in Oriental Social Life_ (New
York and London, 1923).

Kellogg, Paul U. (editor). _The Pittsburgh Survey_ (6 vols.; New York,
1914).

Kenngott, George F. _The Record of a City: A Social Survey of Lowell,
Massachusetts_ (New York, 1912).

Ostwald, Hans O. A. “Grossstadt Dokumente,” (Berlin, 1905).

A series of fifty volumes by various authors giving accounts of
personal experience and investigation in the local communities and
among various groupings and personality types in the city of Berlin
and in some other large cities of Europe.

Rowntree, B. Seebohm. _Poverty: A Study of Town Life_ (London, 1901).

Rowntree, B. S., and Lasker, Bruno. _Unemployment: A Social Study_
(London, 1911).

2. The social survey is not only a technique which has been employed to study the urban community, but has grown into a movement of considerable proportions. From another standpoint the social survey may also be regarded as a means of control. Many of the “surveys” are merely single investigations of administration, housing, justice, education, recreation, in urban and rural communities, carried on by the group itself or by some outside experts called in for the purpose. Others are highly integrated studies of the community in all its phases. There is a tendency at the present time for systematic social research to take the place of the social survey in the study of community life. The latter emphasizes diagnosis and treatment, while the former strives to develop methods of disinterested research into various aspects of city life.

Aronovici, Carol. _The Social Survey_ (New York, 1916).

Burns, Allen T. “Organization of Community Forces,” _Proceedings of
Nat. Con. Charities and Corrections, 1916_, pp. 62–78.

Elmer, Manuel C. “Social Surveys of Urban Communities,” Ph.D. Thesis,
University of Chicago (Menasha, Wisconsin, 1914).

Considers the social survey up to 1914 and outlines the scope and
methods of the urban community survey. Also his “Technique of the
Social Surveys” (Lawrence, Kansas, 1917).

Kellogg, P. U., Harrison, S. M., and Palmer, George T. _The Social
Survey Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City
of New York_, Vol. II (July, 1912), 475–544.

“The Social Survey and Its Further Development,” _Publ. Amer. Statist.
Assoc._, 1915.

3. While there are many periodicals which contain departments devoted to the urban community, such as the _Survey_, the _Journal of Social Forces_, and a number of others, the following are listed as typical of periodicals exclusively concerned with various phases of the study of the city.

_The American City_ (monthly), New York. Now in its thirty-second
volume.

_American Municipalities_ (monthly), Marshalltown, Iowa. Now in its
forty-ninth volume.

_Municipal and County Engineering_ (monthly), since 1890.
Indianapolis, Indiana.

_The Municipal Journal and Public Works Engineer_ (weekly). Now in its
thirty-fourth year. London.

_The National Municipal Review_ (monthly), published by the National
Municipal League. Now in its fourteenth volume. New York.

_Die Städte-Zeit._ In its fourteenth volume in 1917.

_Der Städtebau. Monatsschrift für die künstlerische Ausgestaltung der
Städte nach ihren wirtschaftlichen, gesundheitlichen, und sozialen
Grundsätzen_ (monthly), since 1904. Berlin.

_The Town-Planning Review._ The journal of the department of civic
design of the school of Architecture. University of Liverpool. Now
in its eleventh volume. Liverpool.

_La Vie Urbaine._ Volume VII in 1924.

LOUIS WIRTH

INDEXES

SUBJECT INDEX

Age, the _New York_, 139

Areas: natural, 6, 50–51, 54, 77, 188;
of vice and poverty, 55;
“bright light,” 56;
local trade, 67;
commuting, 184;
of deterioration, 193

Attitudes: sentiments and interests, 16, 22;
and money, 17

Automobiles: and community growth, 70;
and vice, 107

Bohemia, 150

Chain stores, characteristic of city, 202

Chicago: Little Sicily, 10, 56;
the Gold Coast, 10;
regional planning association of, 48;
the Loop, 51;
the Ghetto, 56;
population of, 60;
land values in, 61;
occupations in, 57;
ecological forces in, 147;
Black Belt of, 147

Church, the, and city life, 24

Cities: classified by functions, 178;
satellite, 185;
as cultural centers, 186;
systematic studies of, 226

City, the: A product of nature, 1–2;
an ecological unit, 2;
natural habitat of civilized man, 2;
population of, 5, 6, 8;
and human nature, 4, 46, 63;
and the division of labor, 14;
and primary relations, 23;
vice and crime in, 25;
and secondary relations, 26;
and intellectual life, 30;
crusades in, 33;
and politics, 34;
advertising in, 37;
a melting-pot, 40;
rewards eccentricity, 41;
growth of, 47;
population groups, 47;
expansion of, 49;
age groups in, 47;
aggregation, 48;
defined, 165, 169;
statistics of, 167;
and economic development, 168;
natural history of, 170;
bibliographies of, 174;
types of, 175;
relation to town and metropolis, 180;
and ecological organization, 187, 196;
as a physical mechanism, 195;
and politics, 201;
growth of population in, 208–9, 212;
as a parasitic growth, 222

City-building, 206

City life: biological aspects of, 214;
and the new moral order, 223

City man, the, life-organization of, 225

City mentality, 219

Colonies: immigrant, 26;
and second generation, 28

Communication: mechanism of, 29, 197;
and the newspaper, 39;
and social contagion, 45

Community: defined, 64, 115, 144;
and human nature, 65;
four types of, 66;
agricultural, 68;
skeletal structure of, 73;
and moral codes, 105–6;
and the delinquent, 111;
local, 114, 191;
measure of efficiency, 118;
institutions of, 199

Community-center associations, 117

Community organizations, 114

Competition, and the struggle for space, 63, 64, 71

Conurbation, 49

Crisis: financial, 21;
defined, 27;
positive law, 28

Cultural areas. _See_ Bohemia, Ghetto, Gold Coast

Culture, city-born, 2;
urban life and, 3;
and political organization, 116–17;
and the local community, 145–46

Dance hall, public, and the neighborhood, 151

Delinquency triangle, the, 152

Department store, characteristic city institution, 202

Division of labor, the, and new modes of thought, 217

Ecological organization, of the city, 2, 115

Ecology: human, 2, 63, 145;
succession, 50, 75;
centralization, 51;
climax, 68, 77;
culmination, 71;
invasion, 72, 74, 76

Economic organization, 116

Family, modern, as an environment for children, 104

Gangs, boys’, 113

Geography, urban, 165

Ghetto, 150

Group, primary: defined, 23;
primitive society, 36;
politics, 37

Hobo, the mind of, 158, 160;
colleges, 159

Hobohemia: the home of homeless men, 54;
as a cultural unit, 150

Human nature: man, a “city-building animal,” 2;
and city life, 40, 217

Industry, and community growth, 70

I.W.W.: and casual labor, 159;
songs of, 160

Juvenile delinquency, 110

Land values: and community organizations, 149;
and local segregation, 203

Literacy, and city life, 139

Local community, 114.
_See_ Community

Locomotion: mind as an incident of, 156;
characteristic of animals, 157;
and social organization, 157

London, East, 10

Magic: as emotional expression, 127;
a form of thought, 129;
transition to science, 132

Magic, Thorndyke’s _History of_, 127

“Main stem,” the, 54

Markets, and news, 19

Metabolism, social, 54

Mobility: measurement of, 17, 60;
and money, 18;
and news, 22;
and routine, 58;
and disorganization, 153;
an index of metabolism, 211

Moral region, defined, 45

Natural areas. _See_ Areas

Negro migration, and delinquency, 108

Neighborhood, and the community, 148;
recreation centers, 151;
and politics, 153;
and social research, 155

Neighborhood institutions, 146

Neighborhood, scientific basis for study of, 154

Neighborhood work, scientific basis for, 142

News, and crisis, 19; defined, 93

_News-Letter, Boston_, the 83

Newspapers: why shocking, 3;
as means of social control, 38;
definition of, 80, 81–82;
circulation, 80;
and democracy, 85–86;
two types of, 93;
metropolitan and provincial, 94;
Sunday, 96;
and community morale, 220;
_New York Gazette_, _Herald_, _Sun_, _Times_, _Tribune_, _World_,
89–96;
_San Francisco Examiner_, 89–96;
_St. Louis Post Dispatch_, 89–96

New York: studies of population in, 5;
Harlem, 8;
Chinatown, 10;
Greenwich Village, 10;
foreign-language press in, 27;
Bureau of Research, 39;
city plan, 48;
transportation, 60

Obeah: Negro magic, 123;
and Negro mentality, 133;
fashions in, 135;
and popular medicine, 138;
in New York City, 139

Occupational group, the, characteristic urban social unit, 220–21

Playgrounds, as character-forming agencies, 111–12

Population: cycle, 71, 74;
sifting of, in city, 79

Position, the concept of, 64

Press: power of, 90, 91;
party, 90;
independent, 90, 94;
yellow, 94

Primitive mentality, 124–25, 126, 140

Psychic compensation, Alfred Adler’s theory of, 101–2

Public opinion, and gossip, 85

Reform, and militant minorities, 28

Reporters, parliamentary, 87

Sage Foundation, the, city-planning studies of, 5

St. Lucia, obeah in, 136

San Francisco, Chinatown, 10

_San Francisco Examiner_, 150

Science, geographical limitations of, 139

Seattle, 76, 78;
age and sex groups in, 78

Segregation, 5, 40, 56;
segregated areas, 9;
and occupations, 57

Settlement, the, and neighborhood work, 142

Skyscraper, and population density, 203

Slum, the, 148

Social agencies, 109–10

Social Centers, location of, 150

Social control: changes in, 31;
and vice, 32;
and advertising, 37;
public opinion and, 38;
and city life, 107;
as type-factors, 143

Social distances, 145

Stock exchange, a measure of mobility, 26

Temperament, and city life, 45

Town-planning, 115

Transportation, an ecological factor, 69

Virgin Islands, changing mental habits of natives, 140

Wanderlust, and the romantic temperament, 158

Wishes, defined, 119

INDEX TO AUTHORS

Adams, 145

Addams, Jane, 188, 198, 212

Agache, Auburtin, 194

Agache, Redont, 194

Allison, Thomas W., 208

Anderson, Nels, 54, 62, 109, 158, 188

Anthony, Joseph, 225

Arndt, Arno, 200

Arner, G. B. L., 204

Aronovici, Carol, 204, 227

Ashby, A. W., 209

Assessor (pseudonym), 198

Aurousseau, M., 165, 181, 208

Bab, Julius, 188

Bader, Emil, 212

Baer, M., 187

Bagehot, Walter, 17

Bahre, Walter, 217

Bailey, W. B., 214

Baillie, J. B., 138, 139

Baily, W. L., 172

Bajla, W. B., 214

Baker, J. E., 216

Ballard, W. J., 206

Ballod, C., 210

Barron, S. B., 214

Barrows, Harlan H., 166

Bartlett, Dana W., 194

Bassett, E. M., 206

Bauer, L., 210

Bax, E. B., 171

Beard, C. A., 172

Below, George von, 168

Benario, Leo, 218

Benson, E., 171

Bercovici, Konrad, 211

Bernhard, Georg, 187

Bernhard, H., 206

Besant, Walter, 11, 26, 191

Beusch, P. 210

Bierman, Charles, 177

Billings, J. S., 214

Bingham, Robert F., 75, 204

Blanchard, Raoul, 166

Blankenburg, R., 167

Bleicher, H., 214

Böckh, R., 210, 216

Bodine, H. E., 182

Bonne, G., 212

Bookwalter, J. W., 222

Booth, Charles, 188, 226

Bowley, A. L., 210, 223

Bowman, LeRoy E., 200

Brown, Junius Henri, 188

Brown, Robert M., 206

Bruere, Henry, 201

Brunhes, Jean, 65, 178

Brunner, Edmund, deS., 223

Bryce, James, 34, 38

Bryce, P. H., 210

Bücher, Karl, 167, 172

Buchner, Eberhard, 191, 200

Burgess, Ernest W., 64, 144

Burke, Thomas, 191, 218

Burns, Allen T., 227

Busbey, L. W., 223

Buschan, G. H., 212

Bushee, F. A., 206, 208

Cacheux, E., 210

Capes, William Parr, 201

Carbaugh, H. C., 198

Carleton, Will, 219

Carroll, Charles E., 199

Chalmers, Thomas, 212

Cheney, C. H., 193

Cheney, Edward Potts, 168

Chisholm, George G., 166, 183

Classen, W. F., 212, 213

Clemens, Samuel, 42

Clements, F. E., 68, 74

Clerget, Pierre, 170

Clerk (pseudonym), 201

Cleveland, Frederick A., 201

Colze, Leo, 202

Consentius, Ernest, 171

Cook, O. F., 223

Cooley, Charles Horton, 23

Cornish, Vaughn, 178

Cottrell, E. A., 180

Coudenhove-Kalergi, H., 225

Coulanges, Fustel de, 170

Coulton, George Gordon, 171

Cruickshank, J. Graham, 123

Cummin, G. C., 201

Cunningham, William, 167

Cushing, C. P., 182

Damaschke, Adolph, 222

Daniels, John, 190, 191

D’Avenel, G. le Vicomte, 197

Davenport, C. B., 215

Davis, W. S., 170

Day, Clive, 168

Denison, John Hopkins, 188

Desmond, S., 186

Deutsch-German, Alfred (pseudonym), 221

Dewey, John, 199

Dickerman, G. S., 210

Dietrich, Richard, 189

Digby, E., 211

Dillen, Johannes Gerard van, 168

Dittmann, P., 210

Donovan, Frances, 218

Douglass, H. Paul, 68, 208

Dreiser, Theodore, 191

Dublin, Louis I., 215

Dunn, Arthur W., 191

Ebeling, Martin, 172

Eberstadt, Rudolph, 193

Edel, Edmund, 184

Eldridge, Seba, 191

Elmer, Manuel C., 227

Ely, Richard T., 182, 201, 204

Ende, A. von, 173, 174

Faris, J. T., 176

Fassett, Charles M., 196

Fawcett, C. B., 206

Feather, W. A., 206

Febvre, Lucien, 180

Fehlinger, Hans, 215

Felton, Ralph E., 190

Fitzpatrick, Edward A., 198

Flagg, James M., 221

Fleure, Herbert John, 175

Follett, Mary P., 220

Fosdick, Raymond, 198

Fowler, W. W., 170

Fraser, E., 175

Freimark, Hans, 221

Friedländer, L., 170

Galpin, C. J., 182, 183, 223

Gamble, Sidney D., 176, 226

Geddes, Patrick, 176, 194

Geisler, Walter, 181

George, M. Dorothy, 173

George, W. L., 204

Gide, Charles, 180

Gilbert, Arthur Benson, 201

Gilbert, Bernard, 180

Gillette, J. M., 70, 224

Goldmark, Pauline, 189

Goodnow, Frank J., 201

Goodrich, E. P., 197

Goodwin, Frank P., 192

Grahn, E., 196

Grant, James, 219

Gras, Norman S. B., 168, 180

Gray, C. H., 215

Green, Alice S. A., 171

Gregory, W. M., 206

Gross, Charles, 184

Groves, E. R., 210, 224

Guilfoy, W. H., 215

Günther, Viktor, 200

Hadley, A. T., 69

Hammer, Wilhelm, 221

Hammond, Barbara, 218

Hammond, J. L., 218

Hammond, L. J., 215

Hanslik, Erwin, 176

Hapgood, Hutchins, 221

Hare, Augustus J. C., 173, 174

Harmon, G. E., 215

Harper, Charles George, 189

Harris, Emerson Pitt, 197

Harrison, Shelby M., 198, 226, 227

Hassert, Kurt, 166

Haurbeck, L., 216

Haverfield, F. J., 195

Hebble, Charles Ray, 192

Hecht, Ben, 221

Hecke, W., 210

Henderson, C. R., 213

Heron, David, 216

Herschmann, Otto, 200

Herzfeld, Elsa G., 211

Hessel, J. F., 173

Hill, Howard C., 201

Hirschfeld, Magnus, 197, 208

Hoaglund, H. E., 210

Höffner, C., 196

Holborn, I. B. S., 203

Holmes, Samuel J., 215

Homburg, F., 176, 179

Hooker, G. E., 208

Howe, Frederic C., 173, 185, 220

Hughes, W. R., 195

Humphrey, Z., 225

Hunter, Robert, 204

Hurd, Richard M., 204

Hyan, Hans, 218

Irwin, Will, 93, 95, 173

Izoulet, Jean, 169

James, Edmund J., 207

Jastrow, J., 224

Jefferson, Mark, 166, 176, 187, 207, 209

Jenks, A. E., 192

Jephson, H. L., 196

Johnson, Clarence Richard, 173, 226

Johnson, James Welden, 8

Johnson, R., 61

Jones, James Jesse, 190

Kales, Albert M., 185

Katcher, Leopold, 192

Kellogg, Paul U., 179, 226, 227

Kenngott, George F., 179, 226

Kern, Robert R., 193

King, C. F., 178

King, Grace, 174

Kingsbury, J. E., 197

Kirk, William, 173

Kirwan, Daniel Joseph, 189

Knowles, L. C. A., 66, 70

Kübler, Wilhelm, 196

Kühner, F., 216

Lambin, Maria Ward, 200

Lasker, Bruno, 180, 218, 226

Lasson, Alfred, 213

Levainville, Jacques, 183

Lévy-Bruhl, 123 ff.

Lewis, C. F., 216

Lewis, H. M., 197

Lewis, J. N., 216

Lewis, Nelson P., 195

Lippmann, Walter, 85, 93, 97

Loeb, Jacques, 30

Loeb, Moritz, 202

Lohman, K. B., 180

Love, A. G., 215

Lucas, Edw. V., 192

Lueken, E., 184

McCombs, C. E., 224

MacDonough, Michael, 87

McDowall, Arthur, 225

Maciver, R. M., 192

MacKenzie, C., 222

McKenzie, R. D., 190, 201

McLean, Francis H., 179

McMichael, Stanley L., 75, 204

Macpherson, J., 215

McVey, Frank L., 181

Maine, Sir H. A., 181

Manschke, R., 217

Marcuse, Max, 213

Markey, Gene, 222

Marpillero, G., 219

Martell, P., 207

Maunier, René, 169

Maurice, Arthur Bartlett, 192

Maxey, C. C., 185

Mayhew, Henry, 218

Mayr, G. von, 210

Meinshausen, 215

Mensch, Ella (pseudonym), 222

Mercier, Marcel, 177

Meuriot, P. M. G., 167, 211

Miller, H. A., 192

Moore, E. C., 199

Morehouse, E. W., 204

Morgan, Anna, 219

Morgan, J. E., 217

Morgan, W. S., 173

Morse, H. N., 224

Mowrer, Ernest R., 62

Mulvihill, F. J., 185

Mumford, Lewis, 203

Munro, W. B., 60, 201

Myers, C. S., 225

Nichols, C. M., 203

Noack, Victor, 218

Ober, Frederick A., 132

Odum, Howard W., 202

Olcott, George C., 205

Olden, Balder, 187

Ormiston, E., 182

Ostwald, Hans O., 189, 200, 213, 226

Palmer, George T., 227

Park, Robert E., 64, 119, 144, 192, 197, 220

Parker, Horatio Nelson, 203

Payne, George Henry, 89

Pearl, Raymond, 120

Peattie, Roderick, 224

Penck, Albrecht, 187

Perry, Clarence A., 190

Petermann, Theodor, 186

Phelan, John J., 200

Pieper, E., 215

Pirenne, Henry, 172

Pollock, H. M., 173

Pratt, Edward Ewing, 205

Preuss, Hugo, 172

Prinzing, F., 210, 211, 217, 224

Purdom, C. B., 195

Püschel, Alfred, 207

Quaife, Milo Milton, 197

Ratzel, Friedrich, 177

Ravenstein, E. G., 211

Reckless, Walter C., 62

Reeve, Sidney A., 205

Reibmayr, A., 222

Reuter, E. B., 167

Rhodes, Harrison, 176, 200

Richmond, Mary E., 198

Ridgley, Douglas C., 177, 207

Riis, Jacob A., 205

Ripley, W. Z., 209

Roberts, Kate L., 195

Roberts, Peter, 179

Roe, Clifford, 218

Röse, C., 216

Ross, E. A., 223

Rostovtzeff, Michael, 171

Roth, Lawrence V., 207

Rowntree, B. Seebohm, 218, 226

Roxby, P. M., 223

Salten, Felix, 209

Sanborn, Frank B., 179

Sanderson, Dwight, 224

Sarker, S. L., 215

Schäfer, D., 167

Scharrelmann, Heinrich, 189

Schmid, Herman, 209

Schrader, F., 166

Schuchard, Ernest, 213

Schumacher, Fritz, 203, 205

Sears, Charles, 192, 213

Sedlaczek, 207

Seiler, C. Linn, 219

Seligman, Edwin R. A., 189

Semple, Ellen C., 178, 179

Sennett, R. A., 195

Sharp, George W., 213

Shideler, E. H., 62, 203

Shine, Mary L., 181

Simkhovitch, Mark K., 218

Simmel, Georg, 219

Sims, Newell Leroy, 72, 181

Slosson, P., 181

Smith, Adam, 13

Smith, Arthur H., 224

Smith, F. Berkley, 189

Smith, Joseph Russell, 69, 166, 178, 223

Smythe, William Ellsworth, 205

Solenberger, Alice W., 218

Sombart, Werner, 168, 220

Spencer, A. G., 211

Spengler, Oswald, 1, 2, 3, 220

Steele, Rufus, 179

Steffens, Lincoln, 202

Steiner, Jesse F., 213

Steinhart, A., 211

Stella, A., 205

Stelze, Charles, 213

Stephany, H., 212

Stote, A., 195

Stow, John, 172

Strong, Josiah, 173, 213

Strunsky, Simeon, 189

Südekum, Albert, 205

Sumner, Charles, 36

Taylor, Graham Romeyn, 185

Tews, Johann, 199

Theilhaber, F. A., 217

Thomas, William I., 19, 27, 99, 108, 119, 128, 213

Thompson, Warren S., 217

Thorndyke, Lynn, 123

Thrasher, F. M., 62, 111

Thurnwald, R., 224

Timbs, John, 189

Todd, Robert E., 179

Toulmin, Harry A., 202

Tout, T. F., 195

Tower, W. S., 179

Traquair, Ramsay, 73

Trawick, Arcadius McSwain, 199

Triggs, H. Inigo, 195

Triton (pseudonym), 221

Tucker, R. S., 224

Turszinsky, Walter, 199

Uhde-Bernays, Herman, 176

Van Cleef, E., 207

Vandervelde, E., 223

Veblen, Thorstein, 219

Veiller, Lawrence, 205

Villchur, Mark, 81

Voss, W., 211

Vuillenmier, J. F., 225

Waentig, H., 168

Walford, C., 216

Wallas, Graham, 82, 104

Waltemath, E., 223

Ward, Edward J., 199

Warming, Eugenius, 145

Weatherly, U. G., 131

Weber, Adna Ferrin, 57, 207

Weber, G. A., 202

Weber, L. W., 216

Weiberg, W., 216

Weidner, Albert, 219

Weisstein, G., 211

Weleminsky, F., 212

Wells, Joseph, 186

Welton, T. A., 224

Werthauer, Johannes, 189, 214, 219

Weyl, Walter E., 202

Whipple, G. C., 197, 216

Whitbeck, R. H., 182

White, Bouck, 190

Wilcox, Delos F., 185, 202

Williams, Fred V., 192

Williams, James M., 190, 209

Wilson, Warren H., 72, 181, 198

Winter, Max, 209, 220

Wood, Arthur Evans, 179

Woods, Robert A., 7, 154, 189, 212

Woolston, Howard, 220

Wright, Henry C., 177, 184

Wright, R., 185

Wuttke, R., 193

Young Erle Fiske, 190

Zahn, F., 208

Zimmern, Alfred E., 171

Zimmern, Helen, 187

Znaniecki, Florian, 128, 213

Zorbaugh, H. W., 62

Zueblin, Charles, 173, 202

PRINTED IN THE U.S.A.

-----

Footnote 1:

Oswald Spengler, _Der Untergang des Abendlandes_, IV (München, 1922),
105.

Footnote 2:

Oswald Spengler, _Untergang des Abendlandes_, IV, 106.

Footnote 3:

Robert A. Woods, “The Neighborhood in Social Reconstruction,” _Papers
and Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of the American
Sociological Society, 1913_.

Footnote 4:

James Welden Johnson, “The Making of Harlem,” _Survey Graphic_, March
1, 1925.

Footnote 5:

“Wenn wir daher das Wort [Natur] als einen logischen Terminus in der
Wissenschaftslehre gebrauchen wollen, so werden wir sagen dürfen, dass
Natur die Wirklichkeit ist mit Rücksicht auf ihren gesetzmässigen
Zusammenhang. Diese Bedeutung finden wir z. B. in dem Worte
Naturgesetz. Dann aber können wir die Natur der Dinge auch das nennen
was in die Begriffe eingeht, oder am kürzesten uns dahin ausdrücken:
die Natur ist die Wirklichkeit mit Rücksicht auf das Allgemeine. So
gewinnt dann das Wort erst eine logische Bedeutung” (H. Rickert, _Die
Grenzen der naturwissenschaftlichen Begriffsbildung_, p. 212).

Footnote 6:

Walter Besant, _East London_, pp. 7–9.

Footnote 7:

Adam Smith, _The Wealth of Nations_, pp. 28–29.

Footnote 8:

Walter Bagehot, _The Postulates of Political Economy_ (London, 1885),
pp. 7–8.

Footnote 9:

Cf. W. I. Thomas, _Source Book of Social Origins_, p. 169.

Footnote 10:

Charles Horton Cooley, _Social Organization_, p. 15.

Footnote 11:

Walter Besant, _East London_, p. 13.

Footnote 12:

William I. Thomas, “Race Psychology: Standpoint and Questionnaire with
Particular Reference to the Immigrant and Negro,” _American Journal of
Sociology_, XVII (May, 1912), 736.

Footnote 13:

_Reports of the United States Immigration Commission_, VI, 14–16.

Footnote 14:

Jacques Loeb, _Comparative Physiology of the Brain_, pp. 220–21.

Footnote 15:

_Ibid._, p. 221.

Footnote 16:

James Bryce, _The American Commonwealth_, I, 566.

Footnote 17:

Sumner, _Folkways_, p. 12.

Footnote 18:

Cf. Bryce, _The American Commonwealth_, p. 267.

Footnote 19:

“British Conurbations in 1921,” _Sociological Review_, XIV (April,
1922), 111–12.

Footnote 20:

See E. H. Shideler, _The Retail Business Organization as an Index of
Community Organization_ (in preparation).

Footnote 21:

For a study of this cultural area of city life see Nels Anderson, _The
Hobo_, Chicago, 1923.

Footnote 22:

Weber, _The Growth of Cities_, p. 442.

Footnote 23:

Adapted from W. B. Munro, _Municipal Government and Administration_,
II, 377.

Footnote 24:

_Report of the Chicago Subway and Traction Commission_, p. 81, and the
_Report on a Physical Plan for a Unified Transportation System_, p.
391.

Footnote 25:

Data compiled by automobile industries.

Footnote 26:

Statistics of mailing division, Chicago Post-office.

Footnote 27:

Determined from _Census Estimates for Intercensal Years_.

Footnote 28:

From statistics furnished by Mr. R. Johnson, traffic supervisor,
Illinois Bell Telephone Company.

Footnote 29:

From 1912–23, land values per front foot increased in Bridgeport from
$600 to $1,250; in Division-Ashland-Milwaukee district, from $2,000 to
$4,500; in “Back of the Yards,” from $1,000 to $3,000; in Englewood,
from $2,500 to $8,000; in Wilson Avenue, from $1,000 to $6,000; but
decreased in the Loop from $20,000 to $16,500.

Footnote 30:

Nels Anderson, _The Slum: An Area of Deterioration in the Growth of
the City_; Ernest R. Mowrer, _Family Disorganization in Chicago_;
Walter C. Reckless, _The Natural History of Vice Areas in Chicago_; E.
H. Shideler, _The Retail Business Organization as an Index of Business
Organization_; F. M. Thrasher, _One Thousand Boys’ Gangs in Chicago; a
Study of Their Organization and Habitat_; H. W. Zorbaugh, _The Lower
North Side; a Study in Community Organization_.

Footnote 31:

_Encyclopedia Americana_, New York (1923), p. 555.

Footnote 32:

As indicated later on in this paper, ecological formations tend to
develop in cyclic fashion. A period of time within which a given
ecological formation develops and culminates is the time period for
that particular formation. The length of these time periods may be
ultimately measured and predicted, hence the inclusion of the temporal
element in the definition.

Footnote 33:

The word “position” is used to describe the place relation of a given
community to other communities, also the location of the individual or
institution within the community itself.

Footnote 34:

Park and Burgess, _Introduction to the Science of Sociology_, p. 509.

Footnote 35:

Although the actions of individuals may be designed and controlled,
the total effect of individual action is neither designed nor
anticipated.

Footnote 36:

_Human Geography_, p. 52.

Footnote 37:

Brunhes points out by a series of maps the very intimate relation
between the distribution of human habitations and the water systems of
different countries. He also demonstrates the relation of the modern
industrial community to the regions of coal deposits.

Footnote 38:

The close relation existing between the coal and iron areas and the
location of modern industrial communities has frequently been pointed
out. L. C. A. Knowles says: “Apart from special and exceptional
circumstances industry in Europe and the United States tends to grow
up within easy railway access to the great coal areas and on these
areas the population is massed in towns” (_The Industrial and
Commercial Revolutions in Great Britain during the Nineteenth
Century_, p. 24).

Footnote 39:

To be sure, if the interests in question are commercialized, the
growth of the community is subject to the same laws of competition as
the other types of communities, with the exception that change is
likely to be more rapid and fanciful.

Footnote 40:

See H. P. Douglass, _The Little Town_, p. 44.

Footnote 41:

F. E. Clements, _Plant Succession_, p. 3. Carr-Saunders refers to the
point of population adjustment to resources as the “optimum.”

Footnote 42:

J. Russell Smith, _Industrial and Commercial Geography_ (1913), p.
841.

Footnote 43:

A. T. Hadley, “Economic Results of Improvement in Means of
Transportation,” quoted in Marshall, _Business Administration_, p. 35.

Footnote 44:

L. C. A. Knowles, _The Industrial and Commercial Revolutions in Great
Britain during the Nineteenth Century_ (1921), p. 216.

Footnote 45:

See Gillette, _Rural Sociology_ (1922), pp. 472–73.

Footnote 46:

For a good statistical summary of the decline in village population in
the United States from 1900 to 1920 see Gillette, _op. cit._ (1922),
p. 465.

Footnote 47:

Warren H. Wilson, “Quaker Hill,” quoted in Sims, _Rural Community_, p.
214.

Footnote 48:

In actual count of some thirty-odd communities in and around Seattle
this was about the sequence of development.

Footnote 49:

The axial or skeletal structure of civilization, Mediterranean,
Atlantic, Pacific, is the ocean around which it grows up. See Ramsay
Traquair, “The Commonwealth of the Atlantic,” _Atlantic Monthly_, May,
1924.

Footnote 50:

Compare F. E. Clements, _Plant Succession_, p. 6.

Footnote 51:

For good discussions of the effect of new forms of transportation upon
communal structure see McMichael and Bingham, _City Growth and Values_
(1923), chap. iv; also Grupp, _Economics of Motor Transportation_
(1924), chap. ii.

Footnote 52:

By actual count in the city of Seattle over 80 per cent of the
disorderly houses recorded in police records are obsolete buildings
located near the downtown business section where land values are high
and new uses are in process of establishment.

Footnote 53:

A term used by members of the Department of Sociology in the
University of Chicago.

Footnote 54:

This has also been suggested by the Chicago group.

Footnote 55:

Walter Lippmann, _Public Opinion_, pp. 361–62.

Footnote 56:

Michael MacDonagh, _The Reporters’ Gallery_. Pp. 139–40.

Footnote 57:

George Henry Payne, _History of Journalism in the United States_, p.
120.

Footnote 58:

William I. Thomas, _The Unadjusted Girl—with Cases and Standpoint for
Behavior Analysis_, _Criminal Science_, Monograph No. 4, Boston, 1923.

Footnote 59:

Thomas and Znaniecki, _The Polish Peasant_, I, 87–97, quoted in Park
and Miller, _Old-World Traits Transplanted_, p. 34.

Footnote 60:

_Ibid._, II, 259, quoted in Park and Miller, _Old-World Traits
Transplanted_, pp. 39–40.

Footnote 61:

W. I. Thomas, _The Unadjusted Girl_, p. 71.

Footnote 62:

Robert E. Park, “The Significance of Social Research in Social
Service,” _Journal of Applied Sociology_ (May-June, 1924), pp. 264–65.

Footnote 63:

J. Graham Cruickshank, _Black Talk_, p. 8.

Footnote 64:

Archbishop E. J. Hanna, head of the Catholic diocese of California,
recently, during the drouth on the Pacific Coast, issued formal
instructions to the pastors of all Catholic churches to offer the
following prayer immediately after mass: “O God, in whom we live and
move and are, grant us seasonal rain that we, enjoying a sufficiency
of support in this life, may with more confidence strive after things
eternal.”—From _Los Angeles Evening Herald_, January 17, 1924.

Footnote 65:

Thomas and Znaniecki, _The Polish Peasant in Europe and America_
(Boston, 1918), I, 3: “The oldest but most persistent form of social
technique is that of ‘ordering-and-forbidding’—that is, meeting a
crisis by an arbitrary act of will decreeing the disappearance of the
undesirable or the appearance of the desirable phenomena, and the
using arbitrary physical action to enforce the decree. This method
corresponds exactly to the magical phase of natural technique. In
both, the essential means of bringing a determined effect is more or
less consciously thought to reside in the act of will itself by which
the effect is decreed as desirable, and of which the action is merely
an indispensable vehicle or instrument; in both, the process by which
the cause (act of will and physical action) is supposed to bring its
effect to realization remains out of reach of investigation.”

Footnote 66:

The following telegram was recently in the _San Francisco Bulletin_:
“Stanford University, Jan. 24, 1924—Stanford has established what is
termed a unique course in the curriculum of western universities. It
teaches scientific yell-leading, according to the rally committee,
which sponsors the course. The course is open to sophomores only.
Practices will be held in Encina gymnasium.”

Footnote 67:

Frederick A. Ober, _A Guide to the West Indies Bermudas_, New York,
1908, p. 351.

Footnote 68:

J. B. Baillie, _Studies in Human Nature_, p. 242.

Footnote 69:

A distinction made by Professor Robert E. Park.

Footnote 70:

Park and Burgess, _Introduction to the Science of Sociology_, p. 163.

Footnote 71:

P. 163.

Footnote 72:

One of the committees of the Chicago Council of Social Agencies has a
subcommittee which is studying this problem in connection with the
subject of uniform districts for social agencies. Several departments
of the city government are interested in considering the possibilities
of uniform administrative districts.

Footnote 73:

See chapter “The Growth of the City” for a more elaborate analysis of
urban expansion (pp. 47–62).

Footnote 74:

Numbers in parentheses after titles indicate that the work cited
contains material bearing on the topics in the outline corresponding
to these numbers.

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TRANSCRIBER’S NOTES

1. Silently corrected palpable typographical errors; retained non-standard spellings and dialect. 2. Reindexed footnotes using numbers and collected together at the end of the last chapter. 3. Enclosed italics font in _underscores_.