Chapter X: The Papacy and Its Dangers

Relation of the Papacy to Italy and foreign countries 103

Disturbances in Rome from the time of Nicholas V. 104

Sixtus IV. master of Rome 105

States of the Nipoti in Romagna 107

Cardinals belonging to princely houses 107

Innocent VIII. and his son 108

Alexander VI. as a Spaniard 109

Relations with foreign countries 110

Simony 111

Cæsar Borgia and his relations to his father 111

Cæsar’s plans and acts 112

Julius II. as Saviour of the Papacy 117

Leo X. His relations with other States 120

Adrian VI. 121

Clement VII. and the sack of Rome 122

Reaction consequent on the latter 123

The Papacy of the Counter-Reformation 124

Conclusion. The Italian patriots 125