Chapter IX: Introduction (2)

XXX. Whales of enormous size frequent the outer ocean, besides other fish larger than those found in the Mediterranean. Nearkhos relates that when they were bearing away from Kyiza, the sea early in the morning was observed to be blown up into the air as if by the force of a whirlwind. The men greatly alarmed enquired of the pilots the nature and cause of this phenomenon, and were informed that it proceeded from the blowing of the whales as they sported in the sea. This report did not quiet their alarm, and through astonishment they let the oars drop from their hands. Nearkhos, however, recalled them to duty, and encouraged them by his presence, ordering the prows of those vessels that were near him to be turned as in a sea-fight towards the creatures as they approached, while the rowers were just then to shout as loud as they could the _alala_, and swell the noise by dashing the water rapidly with the oars. The men thus encouraged on seeing the preconcerted signal advanced to action. Then, as they approached the monsters, they shouted the _alala_ as loud as they could bawl, sounded the trumpets, and dashed the water noisily with the oars. Thereupon the whales, which were seen ahead, plunged down terror-struck into the depths, and soon after rose astern, when they vigorously continued their blowing. The men by loud acclamations expressed their joy at this unexpected deliverance, the credit of which they gave to Nearkhos, who had shown such admirable fortitude and judgment.

We learn further, that on many parts of the coast whales are occasionally stranded, being left in shallow water at ebb-tide, and thus prevented from escaping back to sea, and that they are sometimes also cast ashore by violent storms. Thus perishing, their flesh rots away, and gradually drops off till the bones are left bare. These are used by the natives in the construction of their huts, the larger ribs making suitable bearing beams, and the smaller serving for rafters. The jaw-bones make arches for the door-ways, for whales are sometimes five and twenty _orguiæ_ (fathoms) in length.[79]

XXXI. When they were sailing along the Ikhthyophagi coast, they were told about an island which was said to be about 100 stadia distant from the mainland, and uninhabited. Its name was Nosala, and it was according to the local tradition sacred to the sun. No one willingly visited this island, and if any one was carried to it unawares, he was never more seen. Nearkhos states that a transport of his fleet, manned with an Egyptian crew, disappeared not far from this island, and that the pilots accounted for their disappearance by saying that they must have landed on the island in ignorance of the danger which they would thereby incur. Nearkhos, however, sent a galley of 30 oars to sail round the island, instructing the men not to land, but to approach as near as they could to the shore, and hail the men, shouting out the name of the captain or any other name they had not forgotten. No one answered to the call, and Nearkhos says that he then sailed in person to the island, and compelled his company much against their will to go on shore. He too landed, and showed that the story about the island was nothing but an empty fable. Concerning this same island he heard also another story, which ran to this effect: it had been at one time the residence of one of the Nereids, whose name, he says, he could not learn. It was her wont to have intercourse with any man who visited the island, changing him thereafter into a fish, and casting him into the sea. The sun, however, being displeased with the Nereid, ordered her to remove from the island. She agreed to do this, and seek a home elsewhere, but stipulated that she should be cured of her malady. To this condition the sun assented, and then the Nereid, taking pity upon the men whom she had transformed into fish, restored them to their human shape. These men were the progenitors of the Ikhthyophagi, the line of succession remaining unbroken down to the time of Alexander. Now, for my part I have no praise to bestow on Nearkhos for expending so much time and ingenuity on the not very difficult task of proving the falsehood of these stories, for, to take up antiquated fables merely with a view to prove their falsehood, I can only regard as a contemptible piece of folly.[80]

XXXII. To the Ikhthyophagi succeed the Gadrôsii, who occupy a most wretched tract of country full of sandy deserts, in penetrating which Alexander and his army were reduced to the greatest extremities, of which an account is to be found in my other work. But this is an inland region, and therefore when the expedition left the Ikhthyophagi, its course lay along Karmania.[81] Here, when they first drew towards shore, they could not effect a landing, but had to remain all night on board anchored in the deep, because a violent surf spread along the shore and far out to sea. Thereafter the direction of their course changed, and they sailed no longer towards sunset, but turned the heads of the vessels more to the north-west. Karmania is better wooded and produces better fruit than the country either of the Ikhthyophagi or the Oreitai. It is also more grassy, and better supplied with water. They anchor next at Badis, an inhabited place in Karmania, where grew cultivated trees of many different kinds, with the exception of the olive, and where also the soil favoured the growth of the vine and of corn.[82] Weighing thence they ran 800 stadia, and came to an anchor off a barren coast, whence they descried a headland projecting far out into the sea, its nearest extremity being to appearance about a day’s sail distant. Persons acquainted with those regions asserted that this cape belonged to Arabia, and was called Maketa, whence cinnamon and other products were exported to the Assyrians.[83] And from this coast where the fleet was now anchored, and from the headland which they saw projecting into the sea right opposite, the gulf in my opinion (which is also that of Nearkhos) extends up into the interior, and is probably the Red Sea. When this headland was now in view Onesikritos, _the chief pilot_, proposed that they should proceed to explore it, and by so shaping their course, escape the distressing passage up the gulf; but Nearkhos opposed this proposal. Onesikritos, he said, must be wanting in ordinary judgment if he did not know with what design Alexander had sent the fleet on this voyage. He certainly had not sent it, because there were no proper means of conducting the whole army safely by land, but his express purpose was to obtain a knowledge of the coasts they might pass on their voyage, together with the harbours and islets, and to have the bays that might occur explored, and to ascertain whether there were towns bordering on the ocean, and whether the countries, were habitable or desert. They ought not therefore to lose sight of this object, seeing that they were now near the end of their toils, and especially that they were no longer in want of the necessary supplies for prosecuting the voyage. He feared, moreover, since the headland stretched towards the south, lest they should find the country there a parched desert destitute of water and insufferably hot. This argument prevailed, and it appears to me that by this counsel Nearkhos saved the expedition, for all accounts represent this cape and the parts adjacent as an arid waste where water cannot possibly be procured.

XXXIII. On resuming the voyage they sailed close to land, and after making about 700 stadia anchored on another shore called Neoptana.[84] From this they weighed next day at dawn, and after a course of 100 stadia anchored at the mouth of the river Anamis[85] in a country called Harmozeia.[86] Here at last they found a hospitable region, one which was rich in every production except only the olive. Here accordingly they landed, and enjoyed a welcome respite from their many toils—heightening their pleasure by calling to remembrance what miseries they had suffered at sea and in the Ikhthyophagi country, where the shores were so sterile, and the natives so brute-like, and where they had been reduced to the last extremities of want. Here, also, some of them in scattered parties, leaving the encampment on the shore, wandered inland searching for one thing and another that might supply their several requirements. While thus engaged, they fell in with a man who wore a Greek mantle, and was otherwise attired as a Greek and spoke the Greek language. Those who first discovered him declared that tears started to their eyes, so strange did it appear, after all they had suffered, to see once more a countryman of their own, and to hear the accents of their native tongue. They asked him whence he came, and who he was. He replied that he had straggled from the army of Alexander, and that the army led by Alexander in person was not far off. On hearing this they hurry the man with shouts of tumultuous joy to the presence of Nearkhos, to whom he repeated all that he had already said, assuring him that the army and the king were not more than a 5 days’ march distant from the sea. The Governor of the province, he added, was on the spot, and he would present him to Nearkhos, and he presented him accordingly. Nearkhos consulted this person regarding the route he should take in order to reach the king, and then they all went off, and made their way to the ships. Early next morning the ships by orders of Nearkhos were drawn on shore, partly for repair of the damages which some of them had suffered on the voyage, and partly because he had resolved to leave here the greater part of his army. Having this in view, he fortified the roadstead with a double palisade, and also with an earthen rampart and a deep ditch extending from the banks of the river to the dockyard where the ships were lying.

XXXIV. While Nearkhos was thus occupied, the Governor being aware that Alexander was in great anxiety about the fate of this expedition, concluded that he would receive some great advantage from Alexander should he be the first to apprize him of the safety of the fleet and of the approaching visit of Nearkhos. Accordingly he hastened to Alexander by the shortest route, and announced that Nearkhos was coming from the fleet to visit him. Alexander, though he could scarcely believe the report, nevertheless received the tidings with all the joy that might have been expected.

Day after day, however, passed without confirmation of the fact, till Alexander, on comparing the distance from the sea with the date on which the report had reached him, at last gave up all belief in its truth, the more especially as several of the parties which he had successively despatched to find Nearkhos and escort him to the camp, had returned without him, after going a short distance, and meeting no one, while others who had prosecuted the search further, and failed to find Nearkhos and his company were still absent. He therefore ordered the Governor into confinement for having brought delusive intelligence and rendered his vexation more acute by the disappointment of his hopes, and indeed his looks and perturbation of mind plainly indicated that he was pierced to the heart with a great grief. Meanwhile, however, one of the parties that had been despatched in search of Nearkhos, and his escort being furnished with horses and waggons for their accommodation, fell in on the way with Nearkhos and Arkhias, who were followed by five or six attendants. At first sight they recognized neither the admiral himself nor Arkhias, so much changed was their appearance, their hair long and neglected, their persons filthy, encrusted all over with brine and shrivelled, their complexion sallow from want of sleep and other severe privations. On their asking where Alexander was, they were told the name of the place. Arkhias then, perceiving who they were, said to Nearkhos—“It strikes me, Nearkhos, these men are traversing the desert by the route we pursue, for no other reason than because they have been sent to our relief. True, they did not know us, but that is not at all surprising, for our appearance is so wretched that we are past all recognition. Let us tell them who we are, and ask them why they are travelling this way.” Nearkhos, thinking he spoke with reason, asked the men whither they were bound. They replied that they were searching for Nearkhos and the fleet. “Well! I am Nearkhos,” said the admiral, “and this man here is Arkhias. Take us under your conduct, and we will report to Alexander the whole history of the expedition.”

XXXV. They were accordingly accommodated in the waggons, and conducted to the camp. Some of the horsemen, however, wishing to be the first to impart the news, hastened forward, and told Alexander that Nearkhos himself, and Arkhias with him, and five attendants, would soon arrive, but to enquiries about the rest of the people in the expedition they had no information to give. Alexander, concluding from this that all the expedition had perished except this small band, which had been unaccountably saved, did not so much feel pleasure for the preservation of Nearkhos and Arkhias as distress for the loss of his whole fleet. During this conversation Nearkhos and Arkhias arrived. It was not without difficulty Alexander after a close scrutiny recognized who the hirsute, ill-clad men who stood before him were, and being confirmed by their miserable appearance in his belief that the expedition had perished, he was still more overcome with grief. At length he held out his hand to Nearkhos, and leading him apart from his attendants and his guards he burst into tears, and wept for a long time. Having, after a good while, recovered some composure, “Nearkhos!” he says, “since you and Arkhias have been restored to me alive, I can bear more patiently the calamity of losing all my fleet; but tell me now, in what manner did the vessels and my people perish.” “O my king!” replied Nearkhos, “the ships are safe and the people also, and we are here to give you an account of their preservation.” Tears now fell much faster from his eyes than before, but they were tears of joy for the salvation of his fleet which he had given up for lost. “And where are now my ships,” he then enquired. “They are drawn upon shore,” replied Nearkhos, “on the beach of the river Anamis for repairs.” Upon this Alexander, swearing by Zeus of the Greeks and Ammon of the Libyans, declared that he felt happier at receiving these tidings than in being the conqueror of all Asia, for, had the expedition been lost, the blow to his peace of mind would have been a counterpoise to all the success he had achieved.

XXXVI. But the Governor whom Alexander had put into confinement for bringing intelligence that appeared to be false, seeing Nearkhos in the camp, sunk on his knees before him, and said: “I am the man who brought to Alexander the news of your safe arrival. You see how I am situated.” Nearkhos interceded with Alexander on his behalf, and he was then liberated. Alexander next proceeded to offer a solemn sacrifice in gratitude for the preservation of his fleet unto Zeus the Preserver, and Heraklês, and Apollo the Averter of Destruction, and unto Poseidôn, and every other deity of ocean. He celebrated likewise a contest in gymnastics and music, and exhibited a splendid procession wherein a foremost place was assigned to Nearkhos. Chaplets were wreathed for his head, and flowers were showered upon him by the admiring multitude. At the end of these proceedings the king said to Nearkhos, “I do not wish you, Nearkhos, either to risk your life or expose yourself again to the hardships of sea-voyaging, and I shall therefore send some other officer to conduct the expedition onward to Sousa.” But Nearkhos answered, and said: “It is my duty, O king! as it is also my desire, in all things to obey you, but if your object is to gratify me in some way, do not take the command from me until I complete the voyage by bringing the ships in safety to Sousa. I have been trusted to execute that part of the undertaking in which all its difficulty and danger lay; transfer not, then, to another the remaining part, which hardly requires an effort, and that, too, just at the time when the glory of final success is ready to be won.” Alexander scarcely allowed him to conclude his request, which he granted with grateful acknowledgment of his services.[87] Then he sent him down again to the coast with only a small escort, believing that the country through which he would pass was friendly. He was not permitted however to pursue his way to the coast without opposition, for the barbarians, resenting the action of Alexander in deposing their satrap, and gathered in full force and seized all the strongholds of Karmania before Tlepolemos, the newly appointed Governor, had yet succeeded in fully establishing his authority.[88] It happened therefore that several times in the course of a day Nearkhos encountered bands of the insurgents with whom he had to do battle. He therefore hurried forward without lingering by the way, and reached the coast in safety, though not without severe toil and difficulty. On arriving he sacrificed to Zeus the Preserver, and celebrated gymnastic games.

XXXVII. These pious rites having been duly performed, they again put to sea, and, after passing a desolate and rocky island, arrived at another island, where they anchored. This was one of considerable size and inhabited, and 300 stadia distant from Harmozeia, the harbour which they had last left. The desert island was called Organa, and that where they anchored Oarakta.[89] It produced vines, palm-trees, and corn. Its length is 800 stadia. Mazênês, the chief of this island, accompanied them all the way to Sousa, having volunteered to act as pilot of the fleet. The natives of the island professed to point out the tomb of the very first sovereign of the country, whose name they said was Erythrês, after whom the sea in that part of the world was called the Erythræan.[90] Weighing thence their course lay along the island, and they anchored on its shores at a place whence another island was visible at a distance of about 40 stadia. They learned that it was sacred to Poseidon, and inaccessible.[91] Next morning, as they were putting out to sea, the ebb-tide caught them with such violence that three of the galleys were stranded on the beach, and the rest of the fleet escaped with difficulty from the surf into deep water. The stranded vessels were however floated off at the return of the tide, and the day after rejoined the fleet. They anchored at another island distant from the mainland somewhere about 300 stadia, after running a course of 400 stadia. Towards daybreak they resumed the voyage, passing a desert island which lay on their left, called Pylora, and anchored at Sisidone, a small town which could supply nothing but water and fish.[92] Here again the natives were fish eaters, for the soil was utterly sterile. Having taken water on board, they weighed again, and having run 300 stadia, anchored at Tarsia, the extremity of a cape which projects far into the sea. The next place of anchorage was Kataia, a desert island, and very flat.[93] It was said to be sacred to Hermês and Aphroditê. The length of this course was 300 stadia. To this island sheep and goats are annually sent by the people of the adjoining continent who consecrate them to Hermês and Aphroditê. These animals were to be seen running about in a wild state, the effect of time and the barren soil.

XXXVIII. Karmania extends as far as this island, but the parts beyond appertain to Persia. The extent of the Karmanian coast was 3,700 stadia.[94] The people of this province live like the Persians, on whom they border, and they have similar weapons and a similar military system. When the fleet left the sacred island, its course lay along the coast of Persis, and it first drew to land at a place called Ila, where there is a harbour under cover of a small and desert island called Kaikander.[95] The distance run was 400 stadia. Towards daybreak they came to another island which was inhabited, and anchored thereon. Nearkhos notices that there is here a fishery for pearl as there is in the Indian Sea.[96] Having sailed along the shores of the promontory in which this island terminates, a distance of about 40 stadia, they came to an anchor upon its shores. The next anchorage was in the vicinity of a lofty hill called Okhos, where the harbour was well sheltered and the inhabitants were fishermen.[97] Weighing thence they ran a course of 400 stadia, which brought them to Apostana, where they anchored. At this station they saw a great many boats, and learned that at a distance of 60 stadia from the shore there was a village. From Apostana they weighed at night, and proceeded 400 stadia to a bay, on the borders of which many villages were to be seen. Here the fleet anchored under the projection of a cape which rose to a considerable height.[98] Palm-trees and other fruit-bearing trees similar to those of Greece, adorned the country round. On weighing thence they sailed in a line with the coast, and after a course of somewhere about 600 stadia reached Gôgana, which was an inhabited place, where they anchored at the mouth of a winter torrent called the Areôn. It was difficult to anchor, for the approach to the mouth of the river was by a narrow channel, since the ebbing of the tide had left shoals which lay all round in a circle.[99] Weighing thence they gained, after running as many as 800 stadia, the mouth of another river called the Sitakos, where also it was troublesome to anchor. Indeed all along the coast of Persis the fleet had to be navigated through shoals and breakers and oozy channels. At the Sitakos they took on board a large supply of provisions, which under orders from the king had been collected expressly for the fleet. They remained at this station one-and-twenty days in all, occupied in repairing and kareening the ships, which had been drawn on shore for the purpose.[100]

XXXIX. Weighing thence they came to an inhabited district with a town called Hieratis, after accomplishing a distance of 750 stadia. They anchored in a canal which drew its waters from a river and emptied into the sea, and was called Heratemis.[101] Weighing next morning about sunrise, and sailing by the shore, they reached a winter torrent called the Padargos, where the whole place was a peninsula, wherein were many gardens and all kinds of trees that bear fruit. The name of the place was Mesambria.[102] Weighing from Mesambria and running a course of about 200 stadia, they reach Taôkê on the river Granis, and there anchor. Inland from this lay a royal city of the Persians, distant from the mouths of the river about 200 stadia.[103] We learn from Nearkhos that on their way to Taôkê a stranded whale had been observed from the fleet, and that a party of the men having rowed alongside of it, measured it and brought back word that it had a length of 50 cubits. Its skin, they added, was clad with scales to a depth of about a cubit, and thickly clustered over with parasitic mussels, barnacles, and seaweed. The monster, it was also noticed, was attended by a great number of dolphins, larger than are ever seen in the Mediterranean. Weighing from Taôkê they proceeded to Rhogonis, a winter torrent, where they anchored in a safe harbour.[104] The course thither was one of 200 stadia. Weighing thence, and running 400 stadia, they arrived at another winter torrent, called Brizana, where they land and form an encampment. They had here difficulty in anchoring because of shoals and breakers and reefs that showed their heads above the sea. They could therefore enter the roads only when the tide was full; when it receded, the ships were left high and dry.[105] They weighed with the next flood tide, and came to anchor at the mouth of a river called the Arosis, the greatest, according to Nearkhos, of all the rivers that in the course of his voyage fell into the outer ocean.[106]

XL. The Arosis marks the limit of the possessions of the Persians, and divides them from the Susians. Above the Susians occurs an independent race called the Uxians, whom I have described in my other work (_Anab._ VII. 15, 3) as robbers. The length of the Persian coast is 4,400 stadia. Persis, according to general report, has three different climates,[107] for that part of it which lies along the Erythræan sea, is sandy and barren from the violence of the heat, while the part which succeeds enjoys a delightful temperature, for there the mountains stretch towards the pole and the North wind, and the region is clothed with verdure and has well-watered meadows, and bears in profusion the vine and every fruit else but the olive, while it blooms with gardens and pleasure parks of all kinds, and is permeated with crystal streams and abounds with lakes, and lake and stream alike are the haunts of every variety of water-fowl, and it is also a good country for horses and other yoke cattle, being rich in pasture, while it is throughout well-wooded and well-stocked with game. The part, however, which lies still further to the North is said to be bleak and cold, and covered with snow, so that, as Nearkhos tells us, certain ambassadors from the Euxine Sea, after a very brief journey, met Alexander marching forward to Persis, whereat Alexander being greatly surprised, they explained to him how very inconsiderable the distance was.[108] 1 have already stated that the immediate neighbours to the Susians are the Uxians, just as the Mardians, a race of robbers, are next neighbours to the Persians, and the Kossaeans to the Medes. All these tribes Alexander subdued, attacking them in the winter time when their country was, as they imagined, inaccessible. He then founded cities to reclaim them from their wandering life, and encouraged them to till their lands and devote themselves to agriculture. At the same time he appointed magistrates armed with the terrors of the law to prevent them having recourse to violence in the settlement of their quarrels. On weighing from the Arosis the expedition coasted the shores of the Susians. The remainder of the voyage, Nearkhos says, he cannot describe with the same precision; he can but give the names of the stations and the length of the courses, for the coast was full of shoals and beset with breakers which spread far out to sea, and made the approach to land dangerous. The navigation thereafter was of course almost entirely restricted to the open sea. In mentioning their departure from the mouth of the river where they had encamped on the borders of Persis, he states that they took there on board a five days’ supply of water, as the pilots had brought to their notice that none could be procured on the way.

XLI. A course of 500 stadia having been accomplished, their next anchorage was in an estuary, which swarmed with fish, called Kataderbis, at the entrance of which lay an island called Margastana.[109], They weighed at daybreak, the ships sailing out in single file through shoals. The direction of the shoal was indicated by stakes fixed both on the right and the left side, just as posts are erected as signals of danger in the passage between the island of Leukadia and Akarnania to prevent vessels grounding on the shoals. The shoals of Leukadia, however, are of firm sand, and it is thus easy to float off vessels should they happen to strand, but in this passage there is a deep mud on both sides of such tenacity that if vessels once touched the bottom, they could not by any appliances be got off; for, if they thrust poles into the mud to propel the vessels, these found no resistance or support, and the people who got overboard to ease them off into navigable water found no footing, but sunk in the mud higher than the waist. The fleet proceeded 600 stadia, having such difficulties of navigation to contend with, and then came to an anchor, each crew remaining in their own vessel, and taking their repast on board. From this anchorage they weighed in the night, sailing on in deep water till about the close of the ensuing day, when, after completing a course of 900 stadia, they dropped anchor at the mouth of the Euphrates near a town in Babylonia called Diridôtis—the emporium of the sea-borne trade in frankincense and all the other fragrant productions of Arabia.[110] The distance from the mouth of the Euphrates up stream to Babylon is, according to Nearkhos, 3,300 stadia.

XLII. Here intelligence having been received that Alexander was marching towards Sousa, they retraced their course from Diridôtis so as to join him by sailing up the Pasitigris. They had now Sousis on their left hand, and were coasting the shores of a lake into which the Tigris empties itself, a river, which flowing from Armenia past Nineveh, a city once of yore great and flourishing, encloses between itself and the Euphrates the tract of country which from its position between the two rivers is called Mesopotamia. It is a distance of 600 stadia from the entrance into the lake up to the river’s mouth at Aginis, a village in the province of Sousis, distant from the city of Sousa 500 stadia. The length of the voyage along the coast of the Sousians to the mouth of the Pasitigris was 2,000 stadia.[111] Weighing from the mouth of this river they sailed up its stream through a fertile and populous country, and having proceeded 150 stadia dropped anchor, awaiting the return of certain messengers whom Nearkhos had sent off to ascertain where the king was. Nearkhos then presented sacrifices to the gods their preservers, and celebrated games, and full of gladness were the hearts of all that had taken part in the expedition. The messengers having returned with tidings that Alexander was approaching, the fleet resumed its voyage up the river, and anchored near the bridge by which Alexander intended to lead his army to Sousa. In that same place the troops were reunited, when sacrifices wore offered by Alexander for the preservation of his ships and his men, and games were celebrated. Nearkhos, whenever he was seen among the troops, was decorated by them with garlands and pelted with flowers. There also both Nearkhos and Leonnatos were crowned by Alexander with golden diadems—Nearkhos for the safety of the expedition by sea, and Leonnatos for the victory which he had gained over the +Oreitai+ and the neighbouring barbarians. It was thus that the expedition which had begun its voyage from the mouths of the Indus was brought in safety to Alexander.

XLIII. Now[112] the parts which lie to the right of the +Erythræan[113] Sea+ beyond the realms of Babylonia belong principally to +Arabia+, which extends in one direction as far as the sea that washes the shores of +Phœnikia+ and +Syrian Palestine+, while towards sunset it borders on the Egyptians in the direction of the +Mediterranean Sea+. Egypt is penetrated by a gulf which extends up from the great ocean, and as this ocean is connected with the +Erythræan Sea+, this fact proves that a voyage could be made all the way from +Babylon+ to +Egypt+ by means of this gulf. But, owing to the heat and utter sterility of the coast, no one has ever made this voyage, except, it may be, some chance navigator. For the troops belonging to the army of +Kambysês+, which escaped from +Egypt+, and reached +Sousa+ in safety, and the troops sent by +Ptolemy+, the son of Lagos, to +Seleukos Nikatôr+ to +Babylon+, traversed the Arabian isthmus in eight days altogether.[114] It was a waterless and sterile region, and they had to cross it mounted on swift camels carrying water, travelling only by night, the heat by day being so fierce that they could not expose themselves in the open air. So far are the parts lying beyond this region, which we have spoken of as an isthmus extending from the +Arabian Gulf+ to the +Erythræan Sea+ from being inhabited, that even the parts which run up further to the north are a desert of sand. Moreover, men setting forth from the +Arabian Gulf+ in +Egypt+, after having sailed round the greater part of +Arabia+ to reach the sea which washes the shores of +Persis+ and +Sousa+, have returned, after sailing as far along the coast of Arabia as the water they had on board lasted them, and no further. The exploring party again which +Alexander+ sent from +Babylon+ with instructions to sail as far as they could along the right-hand coast of the +Erythræan Sea+, with a view to examine the regions lying in that direction, discovered some islands lying in their route, and touched also at certain points of the mainland of +Arabia+. But as for that cape which Nearkhos states to have been seen by the expedition projecting into the sea right opposite to +Karmania+, there is no one who has been able to double it and gain the other side. But if the place could possibly be passed, either by sea or by land, it seems to me that Alexander, being so inquisitive and enterprising, would have proved that it could be passed in both these ways. But again +Hanno+ the +Libyan+, setting out from +Carthage+, sailed out into the ocean beyond the Pillars of +Hercules+, having +Libya+ on his left hand, and the time until his course was shaped towards the rising sun was five-and-thirty days; but when he steered southward he encountered many difficulties from the want of water, from the scorching heat, and from streams of fire that fell into the sea. +Kyrênê+, no doubt, which is situated in a somewhat barren part of +Libya+, is verdant, possessed of a genial climate, and well watered, has groves and meadows, and yields abundantly all kinds of useful animals and vegetable products. But this is only the case up to the limits of the area within which the fennel-plant can grow, while beyond this area the interior of Kyrênê is but a desert of sand.

So ends my narrative relating to +Alexander+, the son of Philip the Makedonian.

INDEX.

CHIEFLY GEOGRAPHICAL.

_Abbreviations._—B. Bay, C. Cape, G. Gulf, Is. Island or Islands, M. Mountain, R. River.

Common names are printed in Italics. Many proper names which in the usual orthography begin with C, will be found under K.

A Page

Abalitês, 51, 54, 55, 57

Aberia or Abiria, 113

Abhira, 114

_Abolla_, 38

Abu-Fatima C., 43

Abu-Shahr, _see_ Bushire.

Acharê, 129

Adel, 53

Aden, _see_ Eudaimôn-Arabia.

Adouli, 12-39 _passim_, 45-49

Adramitae, 87

Agbor R., 177 n.

Aginis, 161, 220, 221 n.

Agriophagoi, 43

Agrisa, _see_ Agrispolis.

Agrispolis, 194 n.

Abile C., 59

Ahwaz, 161

Aigialos, 126

Aigidioi, 130

Aii, 134, 139

Akabah G., 74

Akabarou, 127

Akannai, 21, 54, 58, 59

Akesinês R. (Chenâb R.), 150, 170, 171

Alabagium C., _see_ Alambator.

_Alabaster_, 34

Alalaiou Is., 48, 49

Alambator C., 191 n.

Alexander, Port of, _see_ Karâchi.

Alexander the Great, _passim_.

Alexandria, 76

_Aloes_, 15, 93, 94

Anamis R., 159 n., 202 n., 207

Ananis R., _see_ Anamis R.

Andanis R., _see_ Anamis R.

Angediva Is., 130

Anger Is., 210 n.

Annesley B., 45, 48, 49

Antarah C., 68

Antigonê, 41

Aparântikâ, 113

Apokopa, 62, 65, 66, 67

Apollodotos, 121

Apollophanês, 182 n.

Apologos, 10-38 _passim_., 103, 104

Apostana, 212 n., 213

Arabah C. & B., 106, 187

Arabii, 177 n.

Arakhosioi, 121, 186, 208 n.

Arâstrâs or Aratti, 121

Aratrioi, 120

Arbitae, 106

Areôn R., 213 n.

Argalou, 14, 29, 140

Argaric G., 142

Argeirou, 142

Argyre Is., 147

Ariakê, 13-39 _passim_., 52, 64, 112, 114

Ariakê Sadinôn, 127

Arii, 121, 186

Arkhias, 169, 191, 192

Armagara, 129

Aroatis R., _see_ Arosis R.

Arômata C., 59, 62, 91, 138

Arômata (a mart), 59

Arosapes R., 183 n.

Arosis R., 160, 216 n., 218

_Arsenic_, 30

Arsinoê (Suez), 39, 40

Arsinoê (in Barbaria), 50

Arusaces R., _see_ Arosapes R.

Asaboi M., 102, 103

Asîdah C., 86

Asikh, 98

Asir C., 58-60

Asmak, 46

Astakapra, 115, 117

Astola or Ashtola Is., 188 n.

Atramitae, _see_ Adramitae.

Attanae, 84, 85

Aualités, 12-37 _passim_., 50, 53, 83

Aurangâbâd, 125

Ausera, 95

Auxumê, 46

Axum, _see_ Auxumê.

Axumitae, 5, 48

Azania (Ajan), 1-144 _passim_.

Azania, Courses of, 62, 66, 67

B

Bab-el Mandab Straits, 83

Babylon, 219, 221 n., 222

Badera or Bodera, _see_ Barna.

Badis, 181, 200

Baghwar Dasti R., 193 n.

Bagia C., 193

Bagisara, 106, 187

Bagradas R., 212 n., 213 n., 215 n.

Bahar R., 179 n.

Bahrein Is., 103

Baiônês Is., 116

Bakare, 131, 134

Bakkar, 109

Baktria, 12, 148

Baktrianoi, 121

Ba-l-hâf C., 87

Balita, 140

Balômon, 190

Baltipatna, 129

Bammala, 140

Bandâ R., 129

Bandar Barthe, 58

Bandel-caus C., 62

Bankut, 129

Banna, 63

Barakê G., 111, 112

Barbara, _see_ Berbera.

Barbarei, 108

Barbaria, 42, 43, 62

Barbarikon, 12-38 _passim_, 108, 115

Bargusoi, 145

Baricaza, 57

Barna, 190

Barousai, 145

Barugaza, 10, 39 _passim_, 64, 78, 88, 96, 116-120

Barugaza G., 112, 117

Basra, 103

Batinah, 100, 101

_Bdellium_, 16

Becare, 131, 134

Bênda R., 128

Berbera, 58

Berenîkê, 1, 3, 9, 41, 42, 74, 75, 78

Berenîkê (in Barbaria), 50

Betel, 23, 25

Bharoch, _see_ Barugaza.

Bhaunagar, 115

Bhusâl R., _see_ Tomêros R.

Bibakta Is., 159, 177

Biblos Is., _see_ Bibakta Is.

Binagara, _see_ Minnagar.

Birkeh, 100

Bombarak C., 200

Bonah, 59

Bore (of rivers), 119, 120, 157

Boshavir R., _see_ Kisht.

Boukephalos Alexandreia, 121

_Brass_, 31

Brisoana R., 214 n., 215 n.

Brizana R., 216 n.

Brokt Is., 202 n.

Bubian Is., 219

Bunah Is., 218

Bunth R., 194 n.

Burnt Island, 78

Busheab Is., 212 n.

_Butter_, 12

Buzantion, 127, 129

C

Cael, 141

Caelobothras, 6, 131

Calaeou Insulae, 101

Calcutta, 20

_Cannibals_, 146

Canary Is., 20

Carfouna, 57

Carthage, 223

Ceylon, _see_ Taprobanê.

Chaubar B., 193 n.

Chauggan, 148

Chaul, 113, 128

Chênval, 128

Chewabad, _see_ Churber.

Chimûla, 128 n.

China, 188 n.

Choaspes R., 220 n.

Choda R., 129

Chryse Is., 147

_Chrysolite_, 37

Churber B., 190 n.

_Cinnabar_, 15, 19, 94

_Cinnamon_, 18, 19

Coast Little and Great, 66

Colcis Indorum, 141

Comorin C., 125, 137, 139

_Copper_, 32

Cottonara, 131

D

Dabil, 110

Dagasira, 194

Dahra Ahbân, 212 n.

Dakhan, 124

Dakhinabadês, 124

Dakshinâpatha, 124

Damirike, 126

Damnia Is., 160

Daphnôn, 59

Daphnous, 53, 61

Debal, 129

Deirê or Dêrê, 51, 54, 60

Deimakhos, 154

Delgado C., 73

Dendrobosa, 190

Ḍeri Is., 218 n.

Desarênê, 12, 145

Dêvagiri or Deogarh, 125

Deymâniyeh Is., 100

Dhafur or Dofar, 80, 81, 97

_Diamonds_, 33

Dimurikê, 12-29 _passim_. 94, 96, 121, 126

Djerun Is., _see_ Ormus Is.,

Diodôros, Is., 47, 48

Diodôrus Is., _Perim_, 57, 82, 83

Dioskoridês Is., 15, 26, 27, 29, 91-93

Diospolis, 27, 34, 50, 53

Dîsâ, 16

Diset Is., _see_ Diodôros Is.

Domai Is., 178 n.

Dorak R., 218 n.

Dôsarôn R., 145

_Drachmai_, 121, 122

_Dragon’s-Blood_, 94

Drangiani, 186

E

Eden, 84

Eirinon G., 111

Eiros M., 158, 177, 178 n.

Elanitic Gulf, 9, 47, 74

El Bab Straits, 102

Eleazos, 87

Elephant C., 58

Elephant M., 54, 58, 61

Elephant R., 59

Elephantinê, 45

Elephantophagoi, 44, 51

Elisarôn, 81

El Kilhat, 101

Elurâ, 125

Epideirês, 57

Epiodôros, 14, 140, 142

_Epiphi_ (July), 64, 110, 124, 138

Er-rib Is., 44

Erythræan Sea—its extent, 1, 209 n., 222 n.,
why so called, 209 n.

Erythrês, 202 n., 209

Esan, 88

Essina, 67

Esvautgadh, 129

_Etesian Winds_, 138, 174 n.

Eudaimôn-Arabia (Aden), 6, 84-86, 138

Eulæus R., 103, 220 n., 161

Eumenês, Grove of, 57

Euphrates R., 10, 219, 220

Eynounah, 75

F

Fartak C., 10, 91, 95

Felix or Felles M., _see_ Elephant M.

Filik C., 58

Fillam C., 101

_Fluor-spath_, 34, 35

Foul Bay, 42

_Frankincense_, 21, 90, 97

Fuggem C., 194 n.

G

Galla, 66

Gandarioi, 121

Gangê, 14, 23, 25, 146

Ganges R., 146

Gaza (Bandar Gazim), 57

Gedrosia, 10, 16, 186, 199

Gêrsappa, Falls of, 130

Ghalla or Cella, 84

Ghâra R., 176 n.

Ghodabandar, 129

Ghubet-al-Kamar, 86

Ghunse C., 191

Girishk, 194 n.

_Glass_, 36, 37

Goa, 129

Goaris R., 127

Godâvarî R., 144

Godem C., 194 n.

Gôgana, 213 n.

_Gold_, 33

_Gold-stone_, 33, 122

Govind R., _see_ Juba R.

_Graai_ (_Alligators_), 108

Granis R., 215 n.

Guadel C., 106, 191

Guardafui C., 9, 10, 58

Guesele, 57

Gujarât, 34, 113, 114

Gwattar B., 193 n.

H

Hadâs R., 48

Hadhramaut, 21, 87

Hafûn C., 64, 65

Haidarâbâd, 156

Halanî Is., 87

Hanfelah B., 35, 49

Hanjam Is., _see_ Angar Is.

Hanno, 223

Harkânâ, 181 n.

Harmozeia, 159, 202 n.

Hâsek, 98, 99

Hassani Is., 75

Hastakavapra, _see_ Astakapra.

Hâthab, _see_ Astakapra.

Hauara, 75

Haur, 177 n.

Hazine (Ajan), 65, 66

Hejid, 77

Heroöpolite Gulf, 40

Heptanêsia, 130

Heratemis, 214

Hercules, Pillars of, 223

Herônê, 117

Hieratis, 214

Himaryi, 80

Hingal R., _see_ Tomêros R.

Hippalos, 5, 7, 10, 131, 135, 138

Hîppioprosôpoi, 146

Hippokoura, 128

Hisn Ghorab, 87, 88, 91

Homerites, 80, 81

Homnae, 84, 104

Honâvar or Onore, 130

Horitai, _see_ Oreitai.

Hormara B., _see_ Arabah B.

Hutemi, 77

Hwen-Thsang, 181 n.

_Hyacinth_, 36

Hydaspês R., 156, 168, 171

Hydrakês, 189

Hydriaces R., 193

Hydriakus, 189 n.

_Hyenas_, 124

I

Iambe, 41

_Ibis_, 61

Ikhthyophagi _passim_.

Ikhthyophagi of Mekran described, 195

Ila, 212

Inderabia Is., 212 n.

_Indigo_, 17

Indo-Skythia, 10, 25, 107

Indôr, 114

Indus R., 107 and _passim_.

_Iron_, 31

Isis R., 61

Istabel Antai, 75

J

_Jacinth_, 36

Jahsseb, 80

Jask C., 189, 199 n.

Jaygaḍh, 129

Jebel Sanâm M., 219 n.

Jerd Hafûn, 60

Jerim, 80

Jibba, 101

Jibûs Is., 87

Jifâtin Is., 40

Juba R., 66, 68, 70

Junnar, 125

K

Kabana, 181

Kabolitai, 123

Kâbul, 20, 123

Kachh, Gulf of, 111

Kaḍattanâḍu, 28, 132

Kaes or Keesh Is., 211 n.

Kaikander Is., 212 n.

Kaineitai, 130

Kakee R., _see_ Sitakos R.

Kalaiou Is., 100, 101

Kalama, 187

Kalami R., 180 n., 188 n., 189

Kalat C., 194 n.

Kalliena, 127

Kalon M., 101, 102

Kalpê, Straits of, 83

Kaltis, 147

Kalyâṇa, 127

Kalybi, _see_ Karbine.

Kamara, 141, 143

Kammôni, 117

Kanasis, 194

Kanate, 194

Kanê, 1-39 _passim_, 86, 88, 138

Kannettri, 131, 134

Kanraîtai, 77

Kanthatis, 200

Kara-Agach R., 160, 214 n.

Karâchi, 158, 176 n.

Karbinê, 188 n., 199 n.

Karbis, 189

Karmana, _see_ Kirman.

Karmania, 10, 35, 86, 199 n.

Karoura, 133

_Karpasos_, 18

Karpella C., 200

Karûn R., 103

Karun, 202 n.

Karûn R., 220

Kâśmîr, 20

Kaspian Sea, 148

Kassia, 18, 19

Kataderbis, 218 n.

Kataia Is., 211 n., 212 n.

Kâṭhiâvâḍ, 16

Kaumana, 158

Kaveripattam, 143

Kavery R., 143

Kâyal C., 141

Kenjan-fu, 148

Kenn Is., _see_ Kataia.

Kêprobotres, 6, 132

Kêrala, 131

Keralaputra, 132

Kerazi C., 200

Keroot, _see_ Kerazi C.

Keshin, 90

Kesmacoran (Mekran), 99

Khabêris, 143

Khabêros R., 143

Khambhât G., 95, 112, 116

Kharibaël, 7, 39, 80, 82

Khartan Is., 90

Kheil C., 65

Khersonêsos, the Golden., 15, 143, 146

Khersonêsos, in India, 129, 130

Khori R., 58

Kholaibos, 79

Khrusê Is., 146

Kilwa (Quiloa), 62, 72

Killouta Is., 157

Kirrhadia, 23, 145

Kirkê, 199

Kirman, 199 n.

Kissa, 189

Kishm Is., 202 n.

Kisht R., 215 n.

Kobê, 54

Koiamba, 180 n., 181 n.

Kôkala, 159, 182

_Kolandiophonta_, 142, 143

Kolatta-nâḍu, 132

Kôlis, 142

Kolkei, 144

Kolkhoi, 14, 138, 141

Kolöê, 48

Kolta, 187 n.

Kolum, 134

Komar C., 139

Kommana, 194 n.

Komta, 130

Konkan or Kanoun, 213 n.

Kôphas, 189 n., 191

Koppa C., _see_ Kôphas.

Koptos, 41, 42, 76

Koreatis, 158, 175

Korodamon C., 100

Korû C., 142

Kossaeans, 217

_Kostus_, 20

Koṭi, 142

Kottonara, 28, 132

Creophagoi, 60

Krishnâ R., 144

Krôkala Is., 158, 176

Kumârî (Durga), 140, 141

Kungoun, 194 n.

Kunokephali, 61

Kurmut R., 180 n.

Kurya Murya Is., 92, 99

Kyêneion, 48

Kyiza, 191, 193 n., 196

Kysa, _see_ Kissa.

Kyros, 213 n.

Kyrênê, 223, 229

L

_Lac_, 13

Lamnaios R. (Narmadâ R.), 116

Lamou Is., 68

Laccadive Is., 15

Lar-Desa, _see_ Larikê.

Larikê, 113

Laristan, 199 n.

Laurel Grove, the Little, 58

Laurel Grove, the Great, 59

Las, 177 n.

_Lead_, 31

Leukê (White) Is., 127, 130

Leukê Kômê, 7-9, 74, 76

Licha, 60

Limyrikê, _see_ Dimyrikê.

_Lycium_, 22

Lykia, 22

M

Mabber C., 65

_Macer_, 22

_Madara_, 105

Madeira Is., 20

Mahi R., _see_ Mais R.

Maiôtic Lake, 148

Mais R., 116

Maisôlos R., 144

Makalleh, 91

Makdashû (Magadoxo), 67

Maklow R., _see_ Tomêros R.

Makroprosôpoi, 140

Malabar, 10, 95, 137, 143

_Malabathrum_ (_Betel_), 22, 149

Malacca, 147

Malana, 154, 185, 187

Malaô, 17-39 _passim_, 54, 55

Malava, 171 n.

Maleus M., 185 n.

Malikhos, 8

Malin C., 185

Malli, 171

Manaar G., 141, 142

Mand R., _see_ Sitakos.

Manda Is., 68

Mandagora, 127, 129

Mangalur, 130

Manora, 158, 178

Manpalli, 140

Mansura, 109

Mapharitis, 7

Mardians, 217

Margastana Is., 218

Mariabo, 189

Markah, 158

Markari, 134

Martan Is., 98

Masalia, 144, 145

Masawwâ, 45, 48

Masira, 99

Maskat, 73, 95, 97, 100

Maṭhurâ, 133

Mazênês, 209

Medina, 75

Megasthenês, 154, 208

Mekran, 186

Meligeizara, 127, 129

_Melilot_, 24

Menander, 121

Menhabery, 109

Menouthias Is., 15, 62, 69-71

Mensureh R., 218

Meroê, 45, 46, 186

Mesembria, 160, 215 n., 216 n.

Mesha, 79

Mesopotamia, 220

Mete C., 57, 59

Methora, 134

Mharras, _see_ Mopharitis.

Minâb R., 159, 202 n.

Minnagar, 108-110, 114

Mirjan, 130

Modura, 127, 131, 133

Moghostan, 199 n.

Moinanokalû C., 72

Mokhâ, 78

Mombaros, 113

Momfia Is., 69, 71

Monedes, 186 n.

Monze C., 106, 178 n.

Mopharitis, 72, 74, 79

Moran C., _see_ Malin C.

Morontobara, 178 n., 180 n.

Mosarna, 189

Moskha, 17, 21, 29, 95, 96

Moskhophagoi, 43, 49

Mossylon, 12-39, _passim_. 54

Moundou, 17-39, _passim_. 54, 57

Mouza, 9, 38, _passim_. 54-82, _passim_.

Mouziris, 6-39 _passim_. 131

Mowilah, 75

Muâri C., 178 n.

Muhammarah, 103

Muhani R., 193 n.

Multân, 20, 171 n.

Murghâb, 213 n.

_Muslin_, 26

Mussendom or Mesandum C., 102, 200 n., 212 n.

Muyiri, 131

Myos Hormos, 9, 40-42, 74, 75

_Myrrh_, 24, 25, 29

N

Nabathaea, 7, 74, 75

Nabend C., 199

Nabend or Naban R., 212 n., 213 n.

Nakb-el-Hajar, 88

Namades R., _see_ Narmadâ R.

Nammadios R., _see_ Narmadâ R.

Nanagouna R., 129

Naoura, 13, 127, 130

_Nard_, 25, 122

Narmadâ (Nerbada) R., 10, 107, 114, 117, 127

Nausari, 127

Nausaripa, 127

Neacyndon, 131

Nebaioth, _see_ Nabathaea.

Neiloptolemaios, 58

Neilospotamia, 58

Nelkynda, 10-39 _passim_. 131-135

Neoptana, 202

Nepâl, 23 n.

Nereid, story of a, 198

Nikobar Is., 145

Nikôn, 62, 66

Nineveh, 220

Nirankol, 156

Nitra or Nitria, 129-131

Nosala Is., 188 n., 198, 199 n.

Notou Keras (South Horn) C., 60, 61

O

Oarakta Is., 202 n., 209

Oboleh (Obolegh), 10, 103

Ogyris Is., 99, 202 n.

Okêlis, 54, 83, 84, 131

Okhos M., 212, 213 n.

Omana (Oman), 12-38 _passim_. 88, 92, 95, 98, 104, 105

Omana, 194 n.

Onne, 75

Onore, 130

_Onyx_, 34

Ophir, 114, 127

Opônê, 15-31 _passim_. 62-64

Opsian or Obsidian Stone, 35, 36, 49

Oraia, 27, 106

Oreinê Is., 46-48

Oreitai, 107, 177, 181 n.

Orfui C., 63

Organa Is., 202 n., 209

Ormus, Straits of, 200

Ormus Is., 202 n., 209 n.

Orneôn Is., 87

Oroatis R., 160

Ozênê (Ujjain), 25, 26, 29, 34, 114, 122

P

Pab M., 178 n.

Padargos R., 214

Pagala, 181

Paithana, 34, 125

Palaipatmai, 127, 129

Palaisimoundou (Ceylon), 4, 143

Palk Bay, 142

Pallacopas R., 160, 219 n.

Pandæ, 133

Pandiôn, 6, 131, 133, 135, 139

Panôn Kômê, 63, 64

Papias Is., 101, 102

Papikê C., 115, 117

_Papyrus_, 61

Parada, _see_ Parthians.

Paragôn B., 106

Paralaoi Is., 62

Paralia, 139

Parsidai, 105

Parthians, 110

Pasargada, 213 n.

Pasinou Kharax, _see_ Spasinou Kharax.

Pasira, 106, 187

Pasirees, 106, 187

Pasitigris R., 103, 161, 220

Passence C., 188 n., 189

Pattala, 156

_Pearl Fisheries_, 102, 103, 141, 178, 212

Pegada, _see_ Pagala.

Pekhely, 121

Pemba Is., 69

_Pepper_, 27, 28, 132

Peram Is., 116

Perim Is., 82

Persian Gulf, aspect of, 209 n.

Persis, Climates of, 216, 217

Persis, Coast of, 86, 88, 212

Peshawar, 121

Petra, 75, 76

Phagiaura, 180 n.

Pharan C., 74

Phœnikia, 222

Pirate Coast, 129

_Pirates_, 95, 130, 131, 177, 188

Piti R., 176 n.

Plocamus, 7, 8

Podoukê, 141, 143

Polior Is., 211 n.

Polymita, 39

Pondicherry, 143

Pontos, 148

_Porcelain_, _see_ _Fluor-spath_.

Poulipoula, 127

Pouna C., 72

Prasii, 24

Prasum C., 73

Proklaïs, 20, 121, 122

Psammêtikḥos, 45

Pseudokêlis, 184

Psygmus, 61

Ptolemaïs Thêrôn, 12, 15, 13, 45

Ptolemy Euergetês, 47

Ptolemy Lagos, 41

Ptolemy Philadelphos, 40, 41, 44

Puduchchêri, 143

Pulikât, 143

Purâli R., 177 n.

Puthangelos, Chase of, 51

Pythangelus, 61

Pylora Is., 211 n.

Puralaoi Is., 68

Pytholaus, 61

R

Râjapur, 129

Rambakia, 106

Râmeśvaram C., 142

Ran, _see_ Eirinon.

Ras-al-Sair C., 96

Ras-el-Had C., 10, 90, 95, 99, 100

Regh, 215 n.

Rhapsioi, 73

Rhapta, 9, 62, 71

Rhaptum C., 72, 73

Rhapua, 187 n.

_Rhinoceros_, 14

Rhinokoloura, 76

Rhizana, 180 n.

Rhogonis R., 215 n.

_Rice_, 27, 64

Rizophagoi, 43

Rumrah R., _see_ Kurmut R.

Rangpur, 23

S

Sabæa, 10, 11

Sabæans, 81, 86

Sabaïtai, 80

Sabbatha, 87-89

Saber M., 79

Sabota, _see_ Sabbatha.

Saghar, 91

Saimur, 113

Śâka, 107

Śâkâbda, 110

Sakala, 178

Sakhalitis Regio, 97

Sakhalîtes G., 90

Sakhlê, 91

Salama C., _see_ Mussendom C.

Salikê (Ceylon), 4

Salour, 142

Salsette Is., 125

_Sandalwood_, 28

Sandanes, 128

_Sandarakê_, 28

Sangada, 177 n.

Sangadip Is., 188 n.

Sangara, 142, 143

San Pedro R., 58, 59

Sauê, 79, 80

Saugra C., 90

Saphar, 80

_Sapphire_, 36

Saraganes, 127, 128

Saranga, 178

Śarâvatî R., 130

Sawa, 89

Schevar, 212 n.

Seger M., 95

Semiramis M., 102, 103

Semulla, 127, 128, 129

Sephar, 97

Serapiôn, 62, 67

Serapis Is., 15, 99

Sesatai, 23, 148

Sêsekreienai Is., 129, 130

Sesostris, 83

_Shadows_, 85 n.

Shat-el-Arab R., 220 n.

Shamba, 70

Sheba, 82, 89

Shehr, 93

Shenarif C., 60

Shi-Hwengti, 148

Shiraz, 213 n.

Sibyrtios, 208

Sigerus, 129

Sijan M., 83

Sikkah Is., 87

Simulla, 128

Sinai (Chinese), 148

Sindhu, _see_ Sinthos.

Sindhudrug, 129

Sinthos (Indus R.), 107

Sisidone, 211 n.

Sitakos R., 160, 214 n.

Sitioganas R., _see_ Sitakos R.

Skythia, 88, 107, 122, 138

Soal R., 57

Sohar, 104

Sokotra Is., _see_ Dioskoridês Is.

Somâli, 66

Sonmiyâni, 177 n., 179 n., 180 n.

Sôpatma, 141, 143

Sôphir, 127

Soupara, 127

Sous M., 98

Sousa, 220, _passim_.

Sousis, Coast of, 218

Spasinou Kharax, 103, 104

Spermatophagoi, 43

_Spikenard_, _see_ _Nard_.

_Stadium, length of_, 162 n.

St. George Is., 130

Stibium, 32

_Storax_, 30

Stoura, 158, 175

Strongylê M., 102

Suari, 106 n.

Subaha M., 98

Suche, 44

Sudich R., 194 n.

_Sugar_, 11, 23, 65

Sumatra Is., 134

Supârâ, 127

Surat, 127, 209 n.

Suagros C., 10, 21, 90, 91, 95

Surastrênê, 113, 114

T

Taaes, 79

Tâb R., 160, 216 n.

Tabai, 16-31 _passim_. 62

Tabis M., 147

Tagara, 26, 125, 126

Talmena, 193

Tamil, 126, 127

Taôkê, 215 n.

Tapatêgê, 58

Tapharon, _see_ Sapphar.

Taprobanê, 7-33 _passim_., 143, 144

Tarphara, _see_ Sapphar.

Tarsia, 211

Tejureh G., 52, 55

Tellicherry, 132

Terabdôn B., 106

Terêdôn, _see_ Diridôtis.

Thaṇa, 113

Tḥaṭha, 109, 156

Thibet, 124

Thîna (China), 147, 148

Thînai, 12, 14, 23

_Thôth_, 52, 82

Thurbot Ali C., 96

Tigre, 46

Tigris R., 160

Tiashanes (Chashtana), 115

Timoula, 128

_Tin_, 31

Tinnevelly, 139, 144

Tirakal R., 129

Tisa, 193 n.

Tiz, 193 n.

Tlepolemos, 208

Tombo Is., 210 n.

Tomêros R., 183 n.

Tonikê, 67

Topazas Is., 28

Toperon, 127

Torra or Torre, 68

Touag, 215 n.

Travancore, 134, 139

Troglodytes, 45, 47

Troisi, 194 n.

Trombay Is., 128

Troullas Is., 87

Tuna, 144

Tutikorin, 138, 141

Tybi, 52

Tyndis, 13, 129, 131

Turanosboas, 127

U

Ujjain, _see_ Ozênê.

Ulai R., 161

Ulûlah Bandar, 59

Urmara C., _see_ Arabah C.

Uxians, 216

V

Valabhi, 115

Vasâï, 127

Vatrachitis R., 215 n.

Veneris Portus, 41

Vijayadrug, 129

Vikramâditya, 110

Vingorla Rocks, 130

Vrokt Is., _see_ Brokt Is.

W

Wadi Meifah, 88

Wejh, 75

_Whales_, 196, 215

_Wheat_, 28

_Wine_, 27

Y

Yemen, 78, 80

Yenbo, 74

Yeukaotschin, 110

Z

Za-Hakale, 5

Zalegh, 55

Zanzibar Is., 69, 71

Zapphar, _see_ Sapphar.

Zarotis R., 216 n.

Zeyla, 54

Zeyla G., 52

Zenobios Is., 98, 99

Zhafâr, 97

Zoskalês, 5, 49

Zouileh, 55

BOMBAY: PRINTED AT THE EDUCATION SOCIETY’S PRESS.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The Introduction and Commentary embody the main substance of Müller’s Prolegomena and Notes to the _Periplûs_, and of Vincent’s _Commerce and Navigation of the Ancients_ so far as it relates specially to that work. The most recent authorities accessible have, however, been also consulted, and the result of their inquiries noted. I may mention particularly Bishop Caldwell’s Dravidian Grammar, to which I am indebted for the identification of places on the Malabar and Coromandel coasts.

[2] The enumeration is Vincent’s, altered and abridged.

[3] The numerals indicate the sections of the _Periplûs_ in which the articles are mentioned.