Chapter I: Front Matter

THE COMMERCIAL PRODUCTS OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM,

CONSIDERED IN THEIR VARIOUS USES TO MAN AND IN THEIR RELATION TO THE ARTS AND MANUFACTURES;

FORMING A PRACTICAL TREATISE & HANDBOOK OF REFERENCE FOR THE

Colonist, Manufacturer, Merchant, and Consumer,

ON THE CULTIVATION, PREPARATION FOR SHIPMENT, AND COMMERCIAL VALUE, &c. OF THE VARIOUS SUBSTANCES OBTAINED FROM TREES AND PLANTS,

ENTERING INTO THE HUSBANDRY OF TROPICAL AND SUB-TROPICAL REGIONS, &c.

BY P.L. SIMMONDS,

HONORARY AND CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL AND COMMERCIAL SOCIETIES OF JAMAICA, BRITISH GUIANA, ANTIGUA, BARBADOS, KONIGSBERG, CAPE OF GOOD HOPE, NATAL, THE NEW YORK STATE SOCIETY, THE NOVA SCOTIA CENTRAL BOARD OF AGRICULTURE, THE SOCIETIES FOR PROMOTING AGRICULTURE IN PHILADELPHIA AND NEW ORLEANS; ONE OF THE EDITORS OF "JOHNSON'S FARMER'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA;" MANY YEARS EDITOR AND PROPRIETOR OF THE "COLONIAL MAGAZINE," &c. &c.

MDCCCLIV.

LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.

African Steam Ship Company, 3, Mincing Lane Archbell, J., Esq., Pietermaritzburg, Natal Assam Company, 30, Great Winchester-street Aubert, Honourable J.M.A., M.C., St. Lucia

Botanical Society (the Royal), Regent's Park Burton, C.H., Esq., 133, Fenchurch-street Boddington, Messrs. & Co., 9, St. Helen's Place Bristol Chamber of Commerce, Bristol Brown, Messrs. & Co., 4, Pancras Lane Begg, Thomas, Esq., 3, Corbett Court, Gracechurch-street Bow, J.B. De., Editor of Commercial Review, New Orleans Breede, L. Von, Esq., Natal Breen, H.H., Esq., St. Lucia Barbados General Agricultural Society British Guiana Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society Browne, Hunter & Co., Messrs., Liverpool Bagshaw, John, Esq., M.P., Cliff House, Harwich Berry, Richard L., Esq., Chagford, Devonshire Blyth, Messrs., J. & A., Steam Engine House, Limehouse Blyth, Philip P., Esq., 23, Upper Wimpole Street Brown, Messrs. Robert & Co., 25, Lawrence Pountney Lane

Carmichael, Sir James, Bart., Sussex Gardens Christopher, J.S., Esq., 26, Coleman-street Challis, Alderman, 32, Wilson Street, Finsbury Childs, R.W., Esq., 26, Coleman Street Cape of Good Hope Agricultural Society Campbell, C.T., Graham's Town, Cape of Good Hope (3 copies) Central Board of Agriculture, Halifax, Nova Scotia (5 copies) Crum, H.E., Esq., (Messrs. J. Ewing & Co's.,) Glasgow Clegg, T., Esq., Manchester Carleton, Percival A., Esq., Stipendiary Magistrate, Bahamas

Davis, Messrs. T.E. & W.W., manufacturers, 159 and 160, Whitechapel Road Dinneford, Messrs. & Co, 172, New Bond-street Denoon, Messrs. D. & Co., 6, Adam's Court, Old Broad-st. Decasseres, Phineas, Esq., Falmouth, Jamaica Dod, Francis, Esq., Savanna le Mar, Jamaica Duke, Sir James, M.P., Portland Place Dunbar, Messrs. D., & Sons, 95, Fore-street, Limehouse Dennistoun, Messrs. J. & A., Glasgow Drysdale, Hon. J.V., Colonial Secretary, St. Lucia Drumm, Mr. W., Chemist, Barbados (12 copies)

Ede, Francis, Esq., Great Winchester-street Ede, Limbrey, Esq., merchant, Winchester-street Edmonds, E., junr., Esq., Bilcomb Brook, Bradford, Wilts Evett, Thomas, Esq., Trelawney, Jamaica

Forbes, Dr., F.R.S., Burlington-street Fielden, J. Leyland, Esq., Feniscowles, Blackburn Fox, Mr. C., Paternoster Row Foster, T.C., Esq., Natal Framgee, Neeswanjee & Co., Bombay Forman, Mr. R.B., 14, Mincing Lane Franks & Co., Messrs., 36, Fenchurch-street

Grey, The Right Honourable Earl Grassett, Elliot, Esq., 6, Chesham-street, Belgrave Square Gray, Messrs. B.C.T. & Co., Great St. Helen's Gray & Co., Messrs., Commercial Chambers, Mincing Lane Glasgow, Messrs. Alexander & Co., Glasgow Glasgow Chamber of Commerce and Manufactures

Harker, George, Esq., 102 and 103, Upper Thames-street Henry, J.G., Esq., Bicknollon House, Williton, Somerset Holloway, Thomas, Esq., 244, Strand Hanbury, Daniel, Esq, 2, Plough Court Howard, Messrs. James & Frederick, Bedford Haywood, James, Esq., Birmingham Henley, The Right Honourable J.W., M.P. Humphreys, E.R., L.L.D., Cheltenham School Haynes, Robert, Esq., Thimbleby Lodge, Northallerton Howson, Rev. J.S., M.A., Principal of Liverpool Collegiate School Howard, W.M., Esq., Barbados Hitchins, Richard, Esq., Kingston, Jamaica Hamilton, William, Esq., 29, St. Vincent Place, Glasgow Hodge, Honorable Langford L., Antigua

Ifill, Benjamin, Esq., 86, Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park Gardens Innes, J., Esq., Moorgate-street Isle of Thanet Agricultural Association, Ramsgate

Jamaica Association, 1, New Square, Lincoln's Inn Jamaica Royal Agricultural Society Jennings, J.H., Esq., Stipendiary Magistrate, St. Lucia Jung & Burgtheel, Messrs., 2, Winchester Buildings Johnson, C.W., Esq., F.R.S., Croydon

Keane, Charles C., Esq., Bermuda Keating, Thomas, Esq., St. Paul's Churchyard Keeling & Hunt, Messrs., Monument Yard

Laird, J.M., Esq., African Steam Ship Co., Mincing Lane Laurie, W.C., Esq. 6, Great Winchester-street Lane, Crawford & Co., Messrs., Hong Kong (12 copies) Lee, D. McPhee, Esq., Bermuda Livesay, Drs., R.N., 35, Nelson Square Lloyd, B.S., Esq., Birchin Lane Liverpool, Library of Collegiate Institution Lawton, Isaac, Esq., Kingston, Jamaica (2 copies) Lyons, George, Esq., Falmouth, Jamaica (2 copies) Lawrence & Co., Messrs., Madras (3 copies) Losack, F.C., Esq., Trelawney, Jamaica Lord Mayor, The Right Honourable, Mansion House

Molesworth, The Right Honourable Sir William, Bart., M.P., Eaton Square McCulloch, J.R., Esq., Her Majesty's Stationery Office Morewood, Edward Esq., Compensation, Natal Morewood, J.J., Esq., 1, Winchester Buildings Martin, R. Montgomery, Esq., 21, Victoria Road, Kensington McHenry, George, M.D., 12, Danzie Street, Liverpool Masterman, John, Esq., M.P., Nicholas Lane, City Mayers, J.P. Esq., Staplegrove, Barbados Mouat, Richard, Esq., R.N., H.M. Dockyard, Port Royal, Jamaica McHugh, R.G., Esq., St. Lucia Marryatt, Charles, Esq., Laurence Pountney Lane Mason, J.P. and Co., 18, Mincing Lane Mosely, Mr. E.N., Nassau, Bahamas. Michelli, Mr. F., Gould Square

Nesbit, J.C. Esq., F.G.S., Scientific School, Kennington Lane Newdegate, C.N., Esq., M.P., Blackheath Natal Agricultural and Horticultural Society Newcastle, his Grace the Duke of, (2 copies) New York State Agricultural Society, Albany Noble, Messrs. G. & J.A., 11, George Yard, Lombard Street,

Pakington, Right Hon. Sir John S., M.P. Poole, David, Esq., Analytical Chemist, 18, Jubilee Street, Mile End Road. Poole, Braithwaite, Esq., London and North Western Railway, Liverpool. Pitts and Gavin, Messrs., Kandy, Ceylon. Porteous, The Honorable James, Jamaica. Prescott, George W., Esq., 62, Threadneedle Street

Rowland, Messrs. Alex. and Sons, 20, Hatton Garden (3 copies) Ransomes and Sims, Messrs., Implement Makers, Ipswich (2 copies) Rolph, Thomas, Esq., M.D., Portsmouth. Richardson, Robert, Esq., 3, Jermyn Street, St. James's Richardson, Mr. J.M., Cornhill Rowe, Sir Joshua, Chief Justice of Jamaica Roberts, Charles, Esq., 38, Mincing Lane Russell, Graham, Esq., 63, Miller Street, Glasgow Rothschild, Baron, Lionel De, M.P., New Court, Swithin's Lane

Sampson, M.B., Esq., City Editor of the _Times_, Lombard Street Saunders, Trelawney W., Esq., F.R.G.S., 6, Charing Cross Staunton, Sir George Thomas, Bart., M.P., F.B.S., Hants Strousberg, B.H., Esq., F.R.G.S., Editor of "The Merchant's Magazine." Straube, Dr., 36, Moorgate Street Stewart, Charles, Esq., 4, Adam's Court, Old Bond-street (2 copies) Schomburgk, Sir R.H., British Consul, St. Domingo Sewell, William, Esq., St. James's, Jamaica Stephenson, R. Macdonald, Esq., East India Railway, Calcutta Simmonds, Richard, Esq., R.N., Admiralty, Somerset House Simmonds, J.G., Esq., R.N., H.M.S. _Crane_, West Coast of Africa Simeon, Hardy and Sons, Messrs., Cork Samuelson, B., Esq., Britannia Iron Works, Banbury Stanford, Mr., 6, Charing Cross

Trade, The Honorable the Board of Tennent, Sir J. Emerson, M.P. Travers, Messrs., and Co., 19, St. Swithin's Lane Thibou, James B., Esq., Antigua Tollemache, Honorable F., Hillmagham Hall, Ipswich Thornton, Edward, Esq., Statistical Department, East India House

Weeding, Thomas, Esq., 6, Great Winchester Street (2 copies) Weguelin, T.M., Esq., 7, Austin Friars Wyld, James, Esq, Great Globe, Leicester Square Westgarth, Ross and Co., Messrs., Melbourne, Port Philip Wortley, S.S., Esq., Cumberland Pen, Spanish Town, Jamaica Wray, Leonard, Esq., Natal Wells, Charles, Esq., Grenada Woodifield, R.D., Esq., Custom House Woods, R.C., Esq., Straits Times, Singapore (20 copies) Wilson, Mr. Effingham, Royal Exchange Buildings (2 copies)

Yeatman, Rev. H.F., L.L.B., Stockhouse, near Sherborne Young, Bryan, T., Esq., Barbados

WORKS CONSULTED.

SIMMONDS'S COLONIAL MAGAZINE, 15 vols.

PORTER'S TROPICAL AGRICULTURIST.

PAXTON'S BOTANICAL DICTIONARY.

LAWSON'S MERCHANT'S MAGAZINE, 2 vols.

PROFESSOR ROYLE, on the Productive Resources of India.

CRAWFORD'S HISTORY OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, 3 vols.

LOGAN'S JOURNAL OF THE INDIAN ARCHIPELAGO, 3 vols.

REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS CONNECTED WITH THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE EAST INDIA COMPANY, in regard to the Cultivation and Manufacture of Cotton, Wool, Raw Silk, and Indigo in India.

JOURNAL OF THE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

MILBURN'S ORIENTAL COMMERCE.

URE'S DICTIONARY OF ARTS AND MANUFACTURES, AND SUPPLEMENTS.

CHASE'S HISTORY OF THE CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.

PROFESSOR BALFOUR'S MANUAL OF BOTANY.

DUPON'S TRAVELS IN SOUTH AMERICA, 2 vols.

COUNT DANDOLO on the art of Rearing Silk Worms.

JOURNAL AND TRANSACTIONS OF THE NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY, 7 vols.

PRIDHAM'S HISTORY OF CEYLON AND ITS DEPENDENCIES, 2 vols.

PRIDHAM'S HISTORY OF THE MAURITIUS.

TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY OF JAMAICA, 5 vols.

THE BARBADOS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S REPORTER, 2 vols.

LOW'S DISSERTATION ON THE AGRICULTURE OF THE STRAITS SETTLEMENTS.

M'CULLOCH'S COMMERCIAL DICTIONARY, last Edition and Supplements.

HUNT'S NEW YORK MERCHANT'S MAGAZINE, 27 vols.

DE BOW'S COMMERCIAL REVIEW, New Orleans, 6 vols.

RENNY'S HISTORY OF JAMAICA.

SCHOMBURGK'S HISTORY OF BARBADOS.

BREEN'S HISTORY OF ST. LUCIA.

CAPTAIN BEEVER'S AFRICAN MEMORANDA.

PERREIRA'S ELEMENTS OF MATERIA MEDICA.

SPRY'S PLANTS, &c., required for India.

HOOPER'S MEDICAL DICTIONARY.

PERLEY'S REPORTS ON THE FOREST TREES AND FISHERIES OF NEW BRUNSWICK.

ESSAYS ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE TEA PLANT IN THE UNITED STATES, by Junius Smith, L.L.D.

THE MAHOGANY TREE, its Range, &c.

THE STATES OF CENTRAL AMERICA, by John Bailey, R.M.

THE INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF NOVA SCOTIA, by A Gesner.

REPORTS ON THE PAST AND PRESENT STATE OF H.M.'s COLONIAL POSSESSIONS, for the years 1849-50.

POOLE'S STATISTICS OF COMMERCE.

PATENT OFFICE REPORTS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1849-50.

DE BOW'S INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES OF THE SOUTHERN AND WESTERN STATES OF AMERICA, 4 vols.

OFFICIAL AND DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION; Part 1.--RAW MATERIALS.

DR. O'SHAUGHNESSY'S BENGAL DISPENSATORY.

ARCHER'S ECONOMIC BOTANY.

A FEW WORDS ON THE TEA DUTIES, by J. Ingram Travers.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE VEGETABLE PRODUCTS OF CEYLON.

GENERAL STATISTICS OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE, by James McQueen.

A HISTORY OF THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM, by W. Rhind.

THE STATISTICAL COMPANION, by Banfield and Weld.

FORTUNE'S TRAVELS IN CHINA.

BALL ON TEA CULTURE.

PROFESSOR ROYLE ON COTTON.

LECTURES ON THE RESULTS OF THE GREAT EXHIBITION, delivered before the Society of Arts, 2 vols.

JOHNSON'S FARMER'S ENCYCLOPÆDIA.

A DISSERTATION UPON TEA, by Thomas Short, M.D.; 1753.

PARLIAMENTARY PAPERS ON TRADE AND NAVIGATION.

THE HONG KONG ALMANAC AND DIRECTORY.

JAMAICA ALMANACS, &c.

KEEFER'S PRIZE ESSAY ON THE CANALS OF CANADA, 1850.

COLMAN'S CONTINENTAL AGRICULTURE, 1848.

CUBA IN 1851, by Alexander Jones.

MARTIN, on China.

CEYLON ALMANACS.

EARL'S ENTERPRISE IN TROPICAL AUSTRALIA.

CUNNINGHAM'S HINTS FOR AUSTRALIAN EMIGRANTS.

DR. TURNBULL'S CUBA, with Notes of Porto Rico.

LT. MOODIE'S TEN YEARS IN SOUTH AFRICA, 2 vols.

FARMER'S MAGAZINE, 20 vols.

ROBERTSON'S LETTERS ON SOUTH AMERICA, 3 vols.

STEVENSON'S TWENTY YEARS RESIDENCE IN SOUTH AMERICA, 3 vols.

JOURNALS OF THE STATISTICAL SOCIETIES OF LONDON AND PARIS.

PHARMACEUTICAL JOURNAL, 10 vols.

THE LEADING AGRICULTURAL PERIODICALS OF THE UNITED STATES AND THE COLONIES.

BALANZA GENERAL DE COMERCIO OF CUBA.

KNIGHT'S CYCLOPÆDIA OF THE INDUSTRY OF ALL NATIONS.