Chapter III: Ephod with Breastplate Folded and Attached (4)

Sanskrit medical literature as represented by Naharari, a physician of Cashmere, who wrote in the thirteenth century, finds in the ruby a valuable remedy for flatulency and biliousness. Moreover, aside from these special uses, an elixir of great potency could be made from rubies by those who properly understood the employment of precious stones in the compounding of medicines.[494] This famous “ruby elixir” may have had little in common with the stone except its color, as such remedies were generally said to have been made by some secret and mysterious process, in the course of which all material evidence of the presence of any precious stone or stones completely disappeared.

Sapphire

One of the earliest specimens of English literature, William Langley’s “Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman” (written about 1377), contains a mention of the sapphire as a cure for disease:[495]

I looked on my left half as þe lady me taughte
And was war of a woman wortheli yeclothed,
Purfiled with pelure[496] þe finest vpon erthe,
Y-crowned with a corone þe kyng hath none better.
Fetislich[497] hir fyngres were fretted[498] with gold wyre,
And þere-on red rubyes as red as any glede,[499]
And diamants of derrest pris, and double manere safferes,
Orientales and ewages[500] enuenymes[501] to destroye.

Among the rich gifts offered at the shrine of St. Erkinwald, in Old Saint Paul’s, was a sapphire given in 1391 by Richard Preston, “a citizen and grocer of London.” He stipulated that the stone should be kept at the shrine for the cure of diseases of the eyes, and that proclamation should be made of its remedial virtues. St. Erkinwald was the son of Offa, King of the East Saxons, and was converted to Christianity by Melittus, the first bishop of London. In 675 A.D. he himself became bishop of London, being the third to attain that rank after the death of Melittus. His body was interred in the cathedral, and his shrine, which was richly embellished during the reign of Edward III (1327-1377), received many valuable donations.[502]

The usefulness of the sapphire as an eyestone for the removal of all impurities or foreign bodies from the eye is noted by Albertus Magnus, who writes that he had seen it employed for this purpose. He adds that when a sapphire was used in this way it should be dipped in cold water both before and after the operation.[503] This was probably not so much to make the stone colder to the touch as to cleanse it, certainly a very necessary proceeding when the same stone was used by many persons suffering from contagious diseases of the eyes.

Richard Preston’s sapphire appears to have been only one of a class regarded as having special virtue to cure diseased eyes, as is shown by the existence of various other similar sapphires in different parts of Europe. It is not very easy to determine the precise reason—if there be one—which rendered any single sapphire more useful than another in this respect. An entry in the inventory of Charles V notes “an oval Oriental sapphire for touching the eyes, set in a band of gold.”[504] Possibly the fact that a particular gem of this kind was used remedially, and was not set for wear as an ornament, may have been the only cause for a belief in its special virtue.

That the sapphire should have been regarded as especially valuable for the cure of eye diseases serves to illustrate the wide-reaching and persistent influence of Egyptian thought, and the curious transformations through which an originally reasonable idea may pass in the course of time. We have already noted that the sapphire of the ancients was our lapis-lazuli, and in the Ebers Papyrus lapis-lazuli is given as one of the ingredients of an eye-wash. This ingredient is believed to have originally been the oxide of copper sometimes called lapis Armenus, a material possessing marked astringent properties, and which might be used to advantage in certain morbid conditions of the eye. Lapis-lazuli, another blue stone, was later substituted because of its greater intrinsic value, its similarity of color rendering it equally efficacious according to primitive ideas on this subject. When, however, in medieval times, the name sapphire came to signify the blue corundum gem known to us by this designation, the special curative virtues of the lapis-lazuli were transferred to this still more valuable stone.

The proper method of applying a sapphire to cure plague boils is given at some length by Van Helmont. A gem of a fine, deep color was to be selected and rubbed gently and slowly around the pestilential tumor. During and immediately after this operation, the patient would feel but little alleviation; but a good while after the removal of the stone, favorable symptoms would appear, provided the malady were not too far advanced. This Van Helmont attributes to a magnetic force in the sapphire by means of which the absent gem continued to extract “the pestilential virulency and contagious poyson from the infected part.”[505]

Topaz

The use of a topaz to cure dimness of vision is strongly recommended by St. Hildegard. To attain the desired end the stone was to be placed in wine and left there for three days and three nights. When retiring to sleep, the patient should rub his eyes with the moistened topaz, so that this moisture lightly touched the eyeball. After the stone had been removed, the wine could be used for five days.[506]

A Roman physician of the fifteenth century was reputed to have wrought many wonderful cures of those stricken by the plague, through touching the plague sores with a topaz which had belonged to two popes, Clement VI and Gregory II. The fact that this particular topaz had been in the hands of two supreme pontiffs must have added much to the faith reposed in the curative powers of the stone by those upon whom it was used, and this faith may really have helped to hasten their recovery.[507]

Bloodstone

A historical instance of the use of the bloodstone to check a hemorrhage is recorded in the case of Giorgio Vasari (1514-1578), the author of the lives of the Italian painters of the Renaissance period. On a certain occasion, when the painter Luca Signorelli (1439-1521) was placing one of his pictures in a church at Arezzo, Vasari, who was present, was seized with a violent hemorrhage and fainted away. Without a moment’s hesitation, Signorelli took from his pocket a bloodstone amulet and slipped it down between Vasari’s shoulder-blades. The hemorrhage is said to have ceased immediately.[508]

The bloodstone was used as a remedy by the Indians of New Spain, and Monardes notes that they often cut the material into the shape of hearts. This seems a very appropriate form for an object used to check hemorrhages. The best effect was attained when the stone was first dipped in cold water and then held by the patient in his right hand. Of course the application of any cold object would serve to congeal the blood, but the connection with the heart vanishes in the direction to place the stone in the _right_ hand. Monardes states that both Spaniards and Indians used the bloodstone in this way.[509]

The Franciscan friar Bernardino de Sahagun, a missionary to the Mexican Indians, shortly after the Spanish Conquest, writes that in 1576 he cured many natives who were at the point of death from hemorrhage, a result of the plague, by causing them to hold in the hand a piece of bloodstone. By this means he claims to have saved many lives.[510]

Robert Boyle, in his “Essay about the Origin and Virtues of Gems” (London, 1672, pp. 177-78), tells of a gentleman of his acquaintance who was “of a complexion extraordinary sanguin,” and was much afflicted with bleeding of the nose. A gentlewoman sent to him a bloodstone, directing him to wear it suspended from his neck, and from the time he put it on he was no longer troubled with his malady. It recurred, however, if he removed the stone. When Boyle objected that this might be a result of imagination, his friend disposed of his objection by relating the instance of a woman to whom the stone had been applied when she was unconscious from loss of blood. Nevertheless, as soon as it touched her, the flow of blood was checked. Boyle states that this stone did not seem to him to resemble a true bloodstone. It may have been that the cold of the stone congealed the blood, or that the flow was checked by exhaustion.

Index

A

Aaron, 102, 277, 300, 310, 318

Abdul Hamid, Sultan, 139

Abraham, diamond of, 377
luminous stones in his city, 161, 276

Abrasax (Abraxas), 126-130
meaning of name, 127

Acrostics expressed with stones, 359-362

_Adamas_ (diamond?), 39, 95, 157, 163
of high-priest, 278

Adam’s Peak, Ceylon, gems from, 75

Adelbert, St., 164

Ælian, 161

Ætites, 34

Agalmatolite, 48

Agate, 51-54, 132, 236, 237, 265, 296, 305, 336
amulets in the Soudan, 54
amulets of, cut in Idar and Oberstein, 54
banded, 39, 233, 296
coral, for an air-ship, 53
eye-agates and “Aleppo Stones,” 39, 149, 150
gem of Gemini, 346
of Mercury, 350
of Venus, 349
in breastplate, 276
with veinings figuring diadem, 267

Agatharcides, 66

Agricola, Georgius, 141

Agrippa, Cornelius, 181, 335, 336

_Aḥlamah_, stone of breastplate, 297

Air-ship, with coral agate, 52, 53

Alabaster, 35, 36

Alaric, 283

“Albert,” “Le Grand,” “Le Petit,” treatises on stones, 18

Albertus Magnus, 7, 17, 68, 77, 78, 146, 387

Albite, 48

“Aleppo Stones,” 149
boil, 149

Alexander the Great, 68, 96, 125

Alexander II of Russia, 54

Alexandria, 125, 126, 130

Alexandrite, 54, 55
cat’s-eye, 334

Alfonso X, “Lapidario” of, 63, 348, 376

Alford, Henry, 304

Allanite, from Virginia, 366

Almandine garnet, 37, 59, 293

Amazonite, from Maine, 365

Amber, 34, 55-58
in deposits of Stone Age, 55, 57
in Mycenæ, 57
origin of, 55, 56
therapeutic effect of, 372
with initials naturally marked, 57, 58

Amboin, 62

American Museum of Nat. Hist., vi, vii, 219, 234, 249, 254

Amethyst, 37, 119, 134, 145, 237, 243, 244, 297, 303, 305, 336
as antidote to drunkenness, 58, 371
as symbol of St. Matthias, 313
gem of Jupiter, 348
of Pisces, 345
in breastplate, 276
legend of, 58, 59
ring of St. Valentine, 257
symbolism of, 269

Amulets, Alexandrian, 125-129
Assyrian, of seven stones, 230
attraction of astral influence to, 340
Burmese, 266
canon on, at Council of Laodicea, 42
Chinese, of five stones, 40
directions for preparing, 39
Egyptian, 38, 226-229
etymology of word, 22
for heart, 227-229
for horses, 130
Gnostic, 125-129
in Austro-Prussian War, 25
in Russo-Japanese War, 25
Japanese, called _magatama_, 265
Jewish, 43
of five stones, _pancharatna_, 241
of nine stones, _naoratna_, 241, 242-245
origin of, 19-24
sailors’, 38, 39
with head of Alexander the Great, 131

Amymone, image of, in emerald, 139, 140

Andalusite, 47

Andreas, bishop of Cæsarea, on apostles’ stones, 311, 313

Andromeda, image of, on gem, 140

Angels, 275
guardian of the months, 326-332
guardian, stones dedicated to, 339, 340
nine orders of, 314
twelve, 303
twelve guardian, 322

“Anne of Geierstein” and the opal, 143

_Anthrax_ (carbuncle), 162

Apocalyptic gems, significance of, 305

Apollonius of Tyana, seven rings of, 244

Apostles, lists of the twelve, 304
stones of, 303-306

Aquamarine (beryl), 299, 320
therapeutic effect of, 387

Aquarius, zodiacal sign of, 345, 353

Aquinas, St. Thomas, 17

Aragonite, 251

Aries, zodiacal sign, 341, 342, 345, 353

Aristotle, pseudo-, 160, 163

Arsinoë, wife of Ptolemy II, 67, 93

_Artemisia vulgaris_, 212

Artemidorus, 356, 357

Ashmole, Elias, 167

Assher, 289, 300

Asteria, 106, 107

Astral stones, 321, 338-363
fixed stars controlling, 351, 352
images of constellations on, 352-355
influence of stars on, 338, 339

Athene of Phidias, 167

Aubrey, John, 196

Augustine, St., 126, 282

Augustus, 342

Auto-suggestion, 3

Aventurine, 48

Axinite, 48

Azchalias of Babylon, 80

“Azoth” of Paracelsus, 6

Azur-malachite, from Arizona, 364

B

Babylonian axe-head, 233, 234
cylinders, 121-123, 204

Bacchus and Amethyst, 58, 59

Baccio, Andrea, 158

Bacon, Roger, 182, 183

Baelz, Dr. Erwin, 265

Balas-ruby, 64, 349

Ball, Dr. Valentine, 76

Baltic Coast, amber of the, 56

_Bareketh_, stone of breastplate, 291, 292

Barium sulphate, 9

Bartolomæus Anglicus, 91, 94, 104, 150

Basalt, 227

Basilides, 126, 129

Basilidian gems, 126-130

Batman, Stephen, 150

Bela IV of Hungary, emerald in ring of, 77, 78

Belgium, jet in cave deposits of, 92

Belisarius, 283

Belucci collection of worked jade at Perugia, 264

Belucci, Prof. Giuseppe, vii

Benitoite, from California, 364

Benjamin, 289, 297

Benoni, Rabbi, 72

Berenice, mother of Ptolemy II, 67

Berlin Museum, 36

Berthelot, Pierre Eugène Marcellin, 174

Beryl, 39, 59, 60, 119, 133, 134, 234, 236, 237, 299, 303, 305, 313,
320, 336
as symbol of St. Thomas, 312
gem of the moon, 348
of Scorpio, 347
in breastplate, 276

Bes, god, image of, 36

Bejazet II, 154

Bezoar, 340

Birth-stones, see _Natal Stones_

Black, Christian symbolism of, 273
in occult ritual, 336
symbolism of, 32

Black opal of New South Wales, 152

Blake, W. W., vii

Blessington, Countess of, verses on opal, 143

Bloodstone, 133
causing tempests, 60
checking hemorrhages, 28
figuring blood of Christ, 267
gem of Aries, 345
in Leyden papyrus, 61
therapeutic effect of, 370, 390, 391

Blue, Christian symbolism of, 273
gems in dreams, 357
significance of, 31
silver, worn in Siam for Friday; dark for Saturday, 335

Bologna stone, 168

Bondaroy, Jean de la Taille de, 5

Book of the Dead, 38, 86, 225, 227, 228, 229, 290, 297

Book of Wings, Ragiel’s, 132

Boot, Anselmus de, 56, 65, 106, 109, 110, 271

Borgia, Card. Stefano, 234

Borneo, breeding pearls in, 42

Boyle, Robert, 169, 170, 171, 391

Braddock, Dr. Charles, vii

Breastplate of high-priest, 16, 120, 231, 307, 308, 309, 310, 319
stones of, 275-302
names of, in ancient lists, 301
probable modern names of, 301

Breastplate of Judgment, 16

Buddha, 238

Buddhabhatta, 71, 73

Budge, Dr. Ernest A. Wallis, vii, 227

Burgh, Hubert de, 44

Burke, Capt. John G., 202

Burma, amulets of, 266

Burton, Sir Richard Francis, star-sapphire of, 106

C

Cæsar, Julius, 341

Cagliostro (Giuseppe Balsamo), 198

Cairo Museum, 38, 201, 297

Calamine, religious use of, 271, 272

Calculus, renal, curious poem on, 384

California Midwinter Mem. Mus., San Francisco, vi

Californite, 323

_Callais_, 108

Cancer, zodiacal sign, 346, 354

Canrobert, Marshal, faith in amulets, 25

Cantimpré, Thomas de, 17, 59

Capricorn, zodiacal sign, 342, 347

Carbuncle, 33, 39, 145, 162, 168, 174, 243, 292, 305, 343, 357, 372
as symbol of Christ’s sacrifice, 61
brought by serpent, 62
gem of Venus, 348
in breastplate, 276

_Carcinia_, 34

Cardano, Girolamo, 52, 70, 78, 83, 98, 151, 160, 264

Carnelian, 6, 36, 37, 119, 124, 133, 226, 227, 229, 265, 290, 291, 319
Arabic inscription on, 63
engraved with zodiacal signs, 341
figures engraved in, by Israelites, 120
gem of Virgo, 346
of the Sun and Venus, 348
Goethe’s praise of, 62
identified with _odem_-stone of breastplate, 120
Mohammed’s seal-ring of, 64
Napoleon’s seal of, 64
Oriental use against envy, 63
therapeutic effect of, 370

Carrington, Hereward, vii

Catherine de’ Medici, girdle of, set with talismanic stones, 317

Cat’s-eye, 65, 238, 242, 243, 244
alexandrite, 334
chrysoberyl, 333
quartz, 334

Cellini, Benvenuto, 154

Celonite, 134

_Ceraunia_, 34, 134, 162

Cernowitz, Hungary, opals of, 148

Cethel, 140

Ceylon, 54, 65, 75, 165, 252, 324

_Chalazia_ (rock-crystal), 34

Chalcedony, 39, 65, 122, 134, 265, 303, 305, 313, 372
as symbol of St. Andrew, 312
gem of Capricorn, 347

_Chalchiuhatl_, “water of precious stones,” in Aztec, 40

_Chalchiuitl_ (jadeite?), 247, 251

Charles I of England, 262

Charles V of France, 388

Charles V of Germany and the turquoise, 24

Charles XII of Sweden, 57

Chau Ju-Kua, 165

Chaucer, Geoffrey, 43

_Chelonites_, 34

Chiastolite (macle) as religious symbol, 270
therapeutic effect of, 270

Childeric, crystal ball of, 219-221

Chinese amulets, 40, 84-87

Chin T’sang Khi, of loadstone, 95

Chirocrates, 93

Chlorastrolite, from Minnesota, 365

Chlorophane, luminescence of, 172, 173

Christ, blood of, figured in bloodstone, 267
colors symbolical of his sacrifice, 274
foundation stones symbols of, 313
head of, naturally figured in quartz, 267, 268
natural images of, in stones, 266, 267, 268, 269
sacrifice of, symbolized by amethyst, 269

Chromium oxide, 10

Chrysoberyl, 54, 65, 313
cat’s-eye, 333

Chrysolampis, 164

Chrysolite, 29, 133, 291, 297, 303, 305
as symbol of St. Bartholomew, 312
from the “Serpent Isle,” 66
gem of Libra, 346
of the Sun, 347
in Cologne Cathedral, 66
statue of Arsinoë in, 67

Chrysoprase, 11, 37, 67, 265, 303, 305, 313, 316, 319
as symbol of St. Thaddeus, 312
of Alexander the Great, 68

Chrysostom, John, 125

Cicero, his daughter’s emerald, 31

Claudian, 94

Clavijo, Ruy Gonzalez de, 266

Cleandro, Arnobio, 165, 372

Clemens Alexandrinus, 309

Clement VI, 389

Clement VII, 342, 378

Clerc, Dr. G. O., vii

Cock, the, on amulets, 137

Cologne, chrysolites in cathedral of, 66

Color, Christian symbolism of, 273, 274
of gems and vestments for each day of the week in Siam, 335
symbolism of, 29-33
therapeutic effect of, 27-29, 33, 370

Confucius and musical jade, 87

Consecration of precious stones, 44, 45

Constantine, King of Greece, star-sapphire in sword-hilt of, 334

Constantine the Great, 136, 286, 373

Constellations, symbols of, in engraved gems, 352-355

Coral, 40, 68, 69, 236, 237, 238, 242, 243, 244, 245, 246
gem of Venus, 348
red, superstition in regard to, explained, 160, 161
therapeutic effect of, 372

Cornelius à Lapide (Van den Steen), 280

Corundum, 39, 252, 344, 372

Council of Laodicea, canon on amulets, 42

Countries, gem of, 363, 364

Crocidolite (Krokidolite), 360

Cronstedt, Axel Frederic, 271

Crookes, Sir William, 172

Cross, monogrammatic, 136
of Christ, found by St. Helena, 286

Crusades, 66

_Crux ansata_, 135

Crystal ball, called “Currahmore Crystal,” 223
from Madagascar, 217
in Grüne Gewölbe, Dresden, 223
in sepulchres, 219-222
Japanese, 217, 218
of Childeric, 219-221

Crystal gazing, 176-224

Ctesiphon, sack of, 284, 285

“Currahmore Crystal,” 223

Cyanite, 49

_Cyanus_, 119

Cylinders, Assyro-Babylonian, 121-123, 204

“Cyrianides,” Greek treatise on stones, 16

D

Damigeron, 15, 90, 104, 132, 140, 141

Damour, A., vii

Dan, 289, 297

Days of the week, ritual gems worn in occult ceremony, 336
gems of the, 332, 333

Dee, Dr. John, 189-196

Delhi, 79

Demantoid, 49

Dendrite, 360

Diamond, 10, 28, 32, 69-76, 234, 236, 239, 240, 241, 242, 243, 269,
280, 281, 294, 344, 348, 375
as natal stone, 308, 320
breeding, 41, 72
combustion of, 71
“Diamond Throne,” 238
_elmêshu_ in Assyrian (?), 231
gem of reconciliation, 70
of the Sun, 349
of Winter, 323, 326, 327
in breastplate, 276
medicinal use of, 153
names of Hindu castes given to, 71, 73
paleness sign of infidelity, 157
Sanskrit names of, 343
secured by birds, 75, 176
symbolism of, 235
talismanic effect of various shapes of, 154
Talmudic legend of, 74
therapeutic effect of, 386-389
used as poison, Bejazet II, Paracelsus, Cellini,
Sir Thomas Overbury, 154-156

“Diamond Throne,” 238

Diana and Amethyst, 59

Diaspore, 47

Didius Julianus, Emperor, 178

Diodorus, Bishop of Tyre, 16

Diodorus Siculus, 66, 298

Dionysius Periegetes, 298

Dioptase, gem of the Congo, 363

Dioskorides, Greek gem-engraver, 342

Disease in precious stones, 5

Dolce, Ludovico, 18

Domitian, 341

_Donnerkeil_, 162

Draper, Mrs. Henry, vii

Dreams, books of, ancient, 356, 357
meaning of precious stones seen in, 356-358

E

Ebers Papyrus, 367, 368, 388

_Echites_, 34

Edda, 146

Edward III of England, 387

Edward VI of England, 98

Egmund Abbey, luminous stone of, 164

Elæolite, 47

Electrum, 37, 295

Elizabeth, Queen of England, 150, 189, 374

Elizabeth, St., 268
luminous stone in shrine of, 165
ring of, 165

Emerald, 28, 34, 68, 76-79, 90, 132, 145, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240,
242, 280, 293, 303, 305, 313, 336, 349, 372
as burnt offering, 255
as symbol of St. John, 312
blinding of serpent by, 158
engraved, of Ismenias, 139, 140
gem of Cancer, 346
of Jupiter, 348
of Spring, 323, 324
in breastplate, 276
in Revelation, 304
luminous, in tomb of Hermias, 167
of Isabella da Este, 31
of Mt. Zabara, Nubia, 292, 324
of Otho I of Germany, 260
of Tullia, 31
one adored by ancient Peruvians, 247, 248
(supposed) cup in Genoa, 258, 259
therapeutic effect of, 370, 375, 379-382

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 24

Engraved gems as talismans, 115-142

Envy, Oriental use of carnelian against, 63

Ephod of high-priest, 276, 277

Ephraim, 288, 289

Epidote, 360

Epiphanius, St., 16, 67, 157, 278, 295, 311, 313

Epitaphs illustrating symbolism of gems, 272, 273

Erasmus, Desiderius, 34

Eridanus, 56

Essonite, 359

Euclase, 47

Euphrates, 68

Europa, 33

Eusebius, 373

Evax, 15, 59

Evil Eye, 39, 42, 54, 72, 106, 107, 137, 138, 139, 148, 150

Eye-agates, 39, 149, 150

Ezekiel, 231, 275, 314

F

Farrington, Dr. Oliver C., vii

Fay, Mons du, 170, 171

Feavearyear, A. W., vii

_Feits’ui_ (Imperial jade), 83, 85

Feldspar, 229, 292

Ferez, Dr. Paul, 33

Fetichism, 19, 26, 37

Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, vi, 51, 66

Fire-opal, 47

Flint, Dr. Earle, 86

Fluorescence, 169-174

Fluorspar, 9, 67

Foundation stones, 307, 310-314, 316, 317
associated with apostles, 303-306
with Twelve Tribes, 314

Fowlerite, from New Jersey, 365

Francis I of France, 342

Friedrich Wilhelm I of Prussia, 57

G

Gabelchover, Wolfgang, 158, 380

Gad, 289, 299

Gadolinite, 49

Gagates, 49

Galactides, 49

Galen, 300, 376, 385

_Galopetræ_, Cretan seals, 123

Garcias ab Orta, 153, 166, 167

Garnets, 265, 316
almandine, 37, 59, 293
as bullets, 33
engraved, 133
gem of Aquarius, 345
therapeutic effect of, 370

Gem-city of Dwaraka, 236
of Kusavati, 236
described by Lucian, 237

Gemini, zodiacal sign, 346, 354, 355

“Gemma Augustea” of Vienna Collection, 342

Genlis, Mme. de, of “Le Saphire Merveilleux,” 105

George V of England, 288

_Geranites_, 34

Gesner, Conrad, 252, 259

Gesta Romanorum, 35

Gimma, Giacinto, 29

Glanvil, Joseph, 197

Gnostic gems, 126-130

Goethe, Wolfgang von, 62, 187

Gomara, Francisco Lopez de, 254

Gonelli, Giuseppe, 65, 379

Gonzaga da Este, Isabella, emerald of, 31

Goodrich-Freer, Miss, 208, 209

Gratacap, Dr. L. P., vii

Green, Christian symbolism of, 273
curative effects of, 28
gems in dreams, 357
significance of, 31, 226, 227
stones, therapeutic effect of, 370
worn in Siam for Thursday, 335

Green, Miss Belle Da Costa, vii

Gregory II, 389

Grossularite, 47

Gyges, ring of, 7

Gypsum, 10, 79, 80
“lucky stones” of, 80

H

_Han-yü_, or “mouth jade,” 86

Hardouin, Jean, 128

Harlequin-opal, 49

Hauffe, Frederike, 9

Hecate, image of, in amulet, 40

Hector, 30

Hei-tiki of New Zealand, 87-90

Helena, St., 286

Heliades, 55

Heliodor, 49

Heliotrope, 47

Helmont, Van, 389

Hematite, 6, 38, 80, 81, 122, 218, 227

Henrietta Maria, 262

Henry III of England, 44

Henry II of France, 166

Heuen Tsang, 238

Heraclius, 286

Hermes Trismegistus, 16, 381

Hiddenite, from North Carolina, 365

Hilda, St., Abbess of Whitby, 263

Hildegard, St., 70, 82, 389

“Hind Horn and Maid Rimnild,” ballad, 156, 157

Hirth, Dr. Frederick, vii

“History of Jewels,” old gem-treatise, 17

Hoernes, Dr. Moriz, 55, 135

Höllenzwang of Dr. Faustus, 187

Homer’s Odyssey, amber necklace, 57
Iliad, use of red, 30

Horsey, Sir Jerome, 374

Horus, eye of, as scarab, 117

Hours of the day, gems of the, 337

Hudibras, 356

Human sacrifice, 3-5

Huntilite, 49

Hyacinth, see _jacinth_

Hyades, 343

Hyde, Major, 113

Hydrolite, from Oregon, 365

_Hydromantii_, 180

Hypersthene, 49

Hypnotism, 7, 8, 11, 33

I

Iceland spar, 9

Idar, Germany, gem-cutting at, 54

Idocrase, 359

Images, natural, in stones, 266-269

Imperial Academy, Moscow, 142

Indersoen, Norway, amber from, 57

Indicolite, 360

Initials of names figured by precious stones, 47-50

Iolite, 359

Iris, 124, 130, 132, 226, 234
image signifying blood of, 120
stone, 133

Isaiah, 305

Ishtar, jewels of, 231

Isidorus of Seville, 59

Israel, twelve tribes of, 276, 278, 282, 288, 289, 305, 314

Issachar, 289, 294

Italian MS., 14th cent., 70, 77, 134

Ivan the Terrible and his curative stones, 374, 375

Ivory, 37

J

Jacinth (hyacinth), 29, 81-83, 234, 242, 243, 295, 296, 303, 305,
316, 319, 344, 349, 375
as symbol of St. Simon Zelotes, 313
electuary of, 372
gem of Jupiter, 348
of Mars, 348
to dissolve magic spells, 82
to induce sleep, 83

Jade, 68, 83-90, 122, 236, 248-254, 265, 294, 300
called, with other green stones, _chalchihuitl_ by Mexicans, 251
Chinese amulets of, 83, 84
Chinese vase of, described, 239, 240
derivation of name, 383
form of Chinese character for, 83
_hei-tikis_ of New Zealand, 87-90
large mass of, from Jordansmühl, Silesia, 250
objects of in Chinese emperor’s collection, 245
of New Zealand, 382
talismans of, among Mohammedans, 246
therapeutic use of, 239, 381-384
where found in New and Old World, 249-251
adze, known as the “Kunz Adze,” 248, 249, 252

Jadeite, 247, 249-252, 300, 382
cross made from celt of, 264
objects of, at Perugia, 264

Jagganath, image of with eyes of precious stones, 240

James I of England, 155

Jamestown Exposition, 1907, vi

Jâmi, lines in crystal mirror, 182

Jargoon, see _jacinth_

Jasper, 6, 38, 90, 91, 122, 133, 135, 226, 227, 229, 252, 265, 291,
294, 298, 300, 302, 303, 305, 313, 319, 372
as symbol of St. Peter, 311
gem of Libra, 346
green, engraved with zodiacal symbols, 342
in breastplate, 276
of King Nechepsus, 385

Jerome, St., 100, 307, 310

Jessen, Dr. Peter, vii

Jet, 39, 91, 92
in burials of Pueblo Bonito, 92
in palæolithic remains, 91
of Whitby, 263, 264

John, St., 275, 303, 311

Jordansmühl, Silesia, largest mass of European jade found at, 250

Joseph, 288, 289, 295

Josephus, Flavius, 277, 278, 283, 285, 290, 291, 292, 294, 295, 296,
297, 301, 307, 309, 310

Juba, 66

Judah, 289, 293

Junot, Marshal, and the emerald, 262

Jupiter, god, 341
planet, 32, 33, 243, 336, 348, 353, 354, 355, 372

Justinian, 283

K

Kaldoun, Ibn, 181

Kalpa Sutra, 238

Kazwini, Al, 74

Khusrau II, 284

King, Rev. C. W., 283, 342

Knopf, 253

Konrad of Megenberg, 17, 45, 141

Koran, 111, 275
Fourth Heaven of carbuncle in the, 61, 349

Korea, national emblem of, 265

Krishna, 241

Kunzite, 171, 323

L

Labradorite, 360

Labrets, 252-254

Lane, E. W., experiments in crystal gazing, 205

Lang, Andrew, 180, 181, 210

Lapidaries, gods of, in ancient Mexico, 255

Lapidario, of Alfonso X, 63, 348, 376
of Marbodus (in French), 15
of Philippe de Valois, 102
of Sir John Mandeville, 71, 72, 103, 109

_Lapis Armenus_, 388

_Lapis crucifer_ (staurolite), 271

Lapis-lazuli, 36, 37, 38, 92, 93, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230, 245, 294,
319, 336
gem of Venus, 348
image of Ma (Truth) of, 119, 122, 229, 293
therapeutic effect of, 370, 388

_Lapis nephriticus_ (nephrite), 264

Laufer, Dr. Berthold, vii

Leczinska, Marie, 320

_Leishmania tropica_, 149

Lenormant, François, 233

Leo, zodiacal sign, 29, 341, 346, 354

Leonardo, Camillo, 18, 51, 58, 132

Leopold I of Germany, 221

Lepidolite, 48

_Leshem_, stone of breastplate, 295, 296

Levi, 288, 289, 292

Leyden papyrus, praise of bloodstone in, 61

Libra, zodiacal sign, 212, 346, 354, 355

Life in precious stones, 5

Ligure, in breastplate, 276, 295, 319

“Lithica,” poem on gems, 51, 90, 94, 163, 178

Litteromancy, 16

Llewellyn, King of Wales, 44

Loadstone, 10, 81, 93-97, 134
court decision in regard to, 96
statue of Arsinoë to be held suspended by, 93
statue of Venus of, 94
symbolical names for, 95
used as charm by Alexander the Great, 96
where first found, 93

Lodge, Sir Oliver, 214, 215

Lorenzo del Escorial, San, monastery of, gems in, 263

Lorraine, northern, jet from, 92

Loreto, Santa Casa di, 174, 262, 267

Los Cerrillos, N. M., turquoise from, 111, 112

Louis XIV, 221

Luca ben Costa, 291

Lucian, 177, 237

“Lucky stones” (gypsum), from Niagara Falls, 80

Luminous stones, 101, 174
in Abraham’s city, 161, 276
of Astarte, 163
of Egmund Abbey, 164
of Emperor Manuel’s throne, 166
of Henri II of France, 166
of King of Siam, 62
of Noah in the Ark, 161, 276
of St. Elizabeth’s shrine, 165
tale of, by Ælian, 161, 162

“Lunar-stone,” 168

Luther, Martin, 294
tale of amulet vender by, 45, 46

_Lychnus_ or _lychnitis_ (a spinel?), 162, 163, 357

Lydian stone, 163

_Lyncurius_, 56, 295

M

Macon, Ga., court decision about loadstone, 96

Maeterlinck, Mme., 76

_Magatama_ amulets of Japanese, 265

Magical influences of stones, 3, 5, 6, 7, 42

Magnes, reputed discoverer of loadstone, 93

Magnet Cove, Ark., loadstone from, 96

_Maharatnani_, five chief gems of the _naoratna_, 242

Malachite, 8, 37, 299
as a child’s amulet, 97
to protect from Evil Eye, 137
to protect from falls, 97
mines of, 97

Manassah, 288, 289

Mandeville, Sir John, 71, 72, 103, 109

Manuel, Emperor, throne of, 166

Marbodus, 15, 51, 59, 70, 104, 164, 377

Marguerite de Valois, 5

Mars, the god, 81, 94, 140, 341
planet, 187, 243, 338, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355

Martial, St., jeweled gloves of, 257

Matrix-emerald, 226, 227

Medusa, head of, on talisman, 124

Meleager, 56

Mendès, Mme. Catulle, 26

Mentzel, Christian, 168

Mercury, the god, 257, 341
planet, 123, 242, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355
typical of green, 31

Metropolitan Museum of Art, 86, 130, 342

Meyer, Dr. A. B., viii

Meyers, J. L., 292, 299

“Mexican onyx,” 251

Meyer, Prof. A. B., 250

Michael, St., 257

Microcline, 50

Mithridates the Great, 80

Mizauld, Antoine, 98, 166

Mohammed’s carnelian seal-ring, 64

Moldavite, 360

Monardes, 390

Montfaucon, Bernard de, 220

Month, Hindu list of gems of the, 331
natal stones of the, 326-333

Moonstone, 8, 320, 334
as gift for lovers, 98
in India, 97
waxing and waning with moon, 98

Morales, 343

Morgan, J. Pierpont, vi, 254

Morgan Collection, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 66

Morgan-Tiffany Collection, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 106, 233

Morganite, gem of Madagascar, 364

Moryson, Fynes, Gent., 174

Moser, Consul General, vii

Moses, 278, 280, 286

Moss-agate, 48

Müller, Max, 269

Multan, India, idol of temple at, 240

Musée d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, vi

Mother-of-pearl, therapeutic use of, 239

Mycenæ, amber at, 57
gems from, 204

_Myrmecites_, 34

N

Naharari, on gems, 386

Names, initials of, figured by precious stones, 47-50

_Naoratna_, nine-gem jewel, 231, 241, 242-245
names of, in various tongues, 244
occult use of gems in, 244

Naphtali, 298

Napoleon’s carnelian seal, 64

Napoleon I, 64, 260, 309

Napoleon III, 64, 142

Natal stones, vi, 1, 307-337
list of, from various sources, 315
proposed new listing of, 317-321
selected from precious stones produced in the United States, 323

National Museum, Washington, vi

Natrolite, 50

Navajos, rain-making gods of the, adorned with coral and turquoise, 246

Neandross, Sigurd, Maori warrior by, 254

Nebo, god, image on cylinder, 123

Necklace, Egyptian, 36-38
of Vesta, 235

Nephrite, see _jade_

_Nephritfrage_, viii, 249

Neptune, god, 341

New Jerusalem, 236, 275, 302-306
foundation stones of, 307, 310-314, 316, 317

New South Wales, black opal of, 152

New Zealand jade, 87-90

Nicander, 93

Nicias, 56

Nicols, Thomas, 7, 142

Ninib, god, image on seal, 35

Noah, luminous stones of, in the Ark, 161, 276

Nodes, ascending and descending, 243

Nonius, opal of, 144-146

_Nophek_, stone of breastplate, 292

Nordenskjöld, Baron Nils Adolf Erik, 54

Novaculite, from Arkansas, 364

Nuttall, Mrs. Zelia, 86

O

Oberstein, Germany, gem-cutting at, 54, 218, 219

Obsidian, mirror of Dr. Dee, 196
Mexican mirrors of, 204

_Oculus Beli_, 107

_Oculus mundi_, 107

_Odem_, stone of breastplate, 290, 291

Ominous gems, 143-161

Oneirocritica (dream-books), 356

Onyx, 233, 265, 336
gem of Leo, 346
ill-effects neutralized by sard, 107
in breastplate, 276
“Mexican onyx,” 251
of St. Elizabeth’s tomb, 267
ominous quality of, 159
provoked discord, 98
“Tecalco onyx,” 252

Opal, 143-152
black, of New South Wales, 152
Cardanus, 151
fear of the, 21
Hungarian, 145, 146, 148
imitation of, 145
in Scott’s “Anne of Geierstein,” 143
in Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night, 150
natural, figuring serpent, 27
October’s gem, 144
of Nonius, 144-146
_patronus furum_, or patron of thieves, 148
Pliny’s praise of, 145

_Ophiokiolus_, 39

_Ophthalmius_-stone (opal?), 7, 146, 148

_Opsianus_, 39

_Orphanus_-stone (opal?), 146-148

Orthoclase, 50

Otho I of Germany, emerald of, 260

Overbury, Sir Thomas, 155, 156

P

_Panchratna_, five-gem jewel, 241

Paracelsus, Philippus Aureolus, 6, 154, 184, 185

Patrick, St., 179

Pausanius, 177

“Peacock stones,” 137

Pearls, 69, 230, 234, 236, 237, 238, 240, 241, 242, 244, 303, 306,
320, 336
breeding, 41
gem of the moon, 348, 349
of Venus, 348
therapeutic effect of, 372

Pellegrinus, Fulvius, 31

Pepper, George H., 92, 112, 113

Pericles, 373

Peridot, see _chrysolite_

Perugia, collection of jade artefacts at, 264

Peter, St., 303, 308
tooth-relic of, set with gems, 256

Petrie, W. M. Flinders, 291, 292

Phaëthon, 55

“Pharaoh’s eggs,” 80

Phenacite, from Colorado, 365

Phenomenal gems, 8, 333, 334

Philip II, of Spain, 263

Philippe Egalité, Duke of Orleans, sapphire of, 106

Philostratus, 244

Phosphorescence, 169-174

“Piers the Plowman,” curative gems in, 386

Pisces, zodiacal sign, 345

_Piṭdah_, stone of breastplate, 291

Planetary gems, 244, 338-363
controls of, in Lapidario of Alfonso X, 348
of various planets, 348-351

Planets figured on engraved gems, 355, 356

Plasma, green, 252

Plato, 93

Pleiades, 343

Pliny, 13, 66, 67, 80, 92, 100, 108, 128, 143, 162, 167, 290, 291,
293, 296, 367, 380

Plutarch, 30, 373

Porphyry, 38

Porta, Giovanni Battista, 335

Portland, Oregon, Exposition, vi

Poujet fils, 316

“Prase” of Alexander, 68

Precious stones, as adornment of goddess Sri, 239
as eyes of idols, 167, 240
as offerings to Hindu gods, 240, 241
as symbols of the Apostles, 311-314
as symbols of various countries, 363, 364
collected by birds, 21
by seals, 22
consecration of, 45
disease in, 5
for hours of the day, 337
for natal months, 326-331
for week days, 332-335
for wedding anniversaries, 337
individuality of, 26
in high-priest’s breastplate, 235-306
life in, 5
magical virtue of, 5-8, 44, 45
meaning of, seen in dreams, 356-358
names of, used as adjectives, 12, 13
used by Shelley, 13
used in typography, 12
of Mohammedan heavens, 349
perfume of, 376
principal, found in various States of the Union, 364-366
religious use of, 235-274
sex of, 40, 41, 42
symbolizing initials of names 47-50
therapeutic effect of, 367-391
to express acrostics, 359
worn by Chinese mandarins to designate rank, 256

Prehnite, 365

Preston, Richard, curative sapphire of, 387, 388

Price, Prof. Ira Maurice, 233

Procopius, 283

Psellus, 381

Ptolemy II, Philadelphus, 67, 93

Pueblo Bonito, relics from, 81, 92, 112, 113

Pueblo Indians, 81, 92, 112

_Punamu_, New Zealand jade, 87-90, 254

Puranas, 236, 241

Pyrites, Aztec mirrors of, 99
“fools’ gold,” 99

Pyrope, 34

Q

Quartz, 122, 145, 298
cat’s-eye, 334

“Questions of King Melinda,” extract from, 235

R

Rabanus Maurus, 305, 314

Rabelais, 349

Radium, 381

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 383

Raziel, Book of, 132

Read, Sir Charles Hercules, vii

Red, Christian symbolism of, 273
gems in dreams, 357
in occult ritual, 336
significance of, 30
stones, therapeutic effect of, 370
worn in Siam for Sunday, 335
Sea, chrysolites from island in, 66

Reinach, Dr. Salomon, vii

Rémusat, Abel, 300

Reuben, 289, 291

Revelation, book of, 236, 275, 295, 302, 303, 304, 307, 310, 311, 318

Rhodolite, from North Carolina, 365

Rhodonite, gem of Russia, 364

Ridgeley, Prof. W., 203

Rig Veda, of seven ratnas, 243

Ring of _elmêshu_-stone, 231
engagement, combining all favorable influences, 362
Gyges, 7
St. Elizabeth, 165
St. Valentine, 257

Rings set with scarabs, 119
seven, of Apollonius of Tyana, 244
with initials, 359

Rock-crystal, 10, 122, 133, 217, 236, 244, 265, 292, 336
as religious symbol, 100
Aztec skull of, 100, 101
gem of Aries, 347
of the moon, 348
god Maya’s tank of, 237
humorous tale of, 101
temples of, in China, 101
used as fetich by Cherokees, 254

“Roman de la Rose,” magic stones in, 43

Rosicrucians, 269

Rostand, Edmond, 138

Rubellite, 360

Ruby, 10, 26, 33, 40, 101-103, 124, 133, 234, 236, 238, 240, 241,
242, 243, 244, 280, 292, 343, 372, 375, 381
as natal stone, 308, 316, 319, 320, 335
curative effects of, 28
embedded in flesh by Burmese, 103
gem of Capricorn, 347
of Mars, 348, 349
of Summer, 323, 324
of Taurus, 343, 347
in dreams, 357
lost and regained brilliancy, 159
luminosity of, 101, 102
luminous, of King of Ceylon, 165, 166
of Pegu, 165
of St. Elizabeth, 165
names of Hindu castes given to, 102
ominous, of Gabelchover, 158
therapeutic effect of, 370

Rudolph II of Germany, 5, 189, 343

Rumphius, Georg Eberhard, 62

Ruskin, John, on crystals, 46

Rutile, 50

S

“Sacro Bambino” of Rome, 260, 261

“Sacro Catino” of Genoa, 258, 259

Sagittarius, zodiacal sign, 342, 347, 354

Sahagun, Bernardino de, 247, 251, 390

Sailors’ amulets, 38

Salisbury, John of, 183

Sapphire, 31, 32, 40, 102, 104-107, 124, 133, 236, 241, 242, 243, 244,
245, 280, 293, 296, 303, 305, 313, 320, 336, 375
as antidote for poisons, 104, 105
as symbol of St. Paul, 312
called “Le Saphire Merveilleux,” 105
gem of Autumn, 323, 325
of Jupiter, 348
of Saturn, 349
of Taurus, 346
of Venus, 348
great star-sapphire of Morgan-Tiffany collection, 107
in breastplate, 276
in ecclesiastical rings, 104, 371
named from Hindu castes, 344
pavement of God’s throne, 275
procures favor of Saturn, 344
Sanskrit names of, 344
star-sapphire of Sir Richard Burton, 106
tables of the Law of, 104
therapeutic effect of, 370, 386-389

_Sappir_, stone of breastplate, 293

Sard, 107, 305
as symbol of St. Philip, 312
a foundation stone, 303
in breastplate, 276, 290

Sardonyx, 290, 292, 303, 305, 313, 319, 320
as symbol of St. James, 312

Saturn, planet, 32, 243, 330, 344, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355

Saxo, Arnoldus, 59

_Scarabæus sacer_, 115, 116

Scaraboid seal, 122

Scarabs, Egyptian, 115-119, 132, 140, 227, 228, 229

Schliemann, Heinrich, 57

Scorpio, zodiacal sign, 340, 342, 347, 352, 355

Scott, Sir Walter, 143, 183

Seals, Babylonian, 121-123
Cretan, 123
one of Napoleon, 64, 142

Seasonal gems, 323, 324

“Seeress of Prevorst,” 9

Selenite, 336, 349

Sendal, Nathaniel, 57, 58

Sentiment, 8, 9
for each day of week, 332-335
for each month in connection with natal gems, 326-331

Septuagint, 290, 291, 297, 298, 301

Serapis, image of, in talisman, 124

“Serpent Isle,” 66

Serpentine, 108, 121, 122, 229, 252, 291, 298

Sex in gems, 40, 41, 42, 72

Shakespeare in “Twelfth Night” of opal, 150

Shamash, Assyrian sun-god, 233

_Shamir_ (emery), 278, 294

Sheard, Virna, 12

_Shebo_, stone of breastplate, 296

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 13

Siam, King of, luminous carbuncles of, 62

Siegstein, or “Victory Stone,” 106

Signorelli, Luca, 390

Simeon, 289, 291

Sin, Assyrian moon-god, 92

Sindbad the Sailor and diamonds, 75

“Sleeping-stone,” 163, 164

_Smaragdus_ (emerald), 291

Sodalite, gem of Canada, 363

Solomon, King, precious stones of, 78

Sophia, St., in Constantinople, 266, 283

Sophocles, 56

Soudan, agate amulets in the, 54

Sources, literary, 13-18

Spartianus, 178

_Specularii_, 183, 184

“Speculum lapidum” of Camillo Leonardo, 18

Spener, John Jacob, 159

Spessartite, from Virginia, 366

Sphalerite, 171

Spinel, 10, 102
therapeutic effect of, 370

Spodumene, 48

Star-ruby, 334

Star-sapphire, 8, 106, 107
in sword-hilt of King of Greece, 334

Staurolite Fairy Stones, plate

Staurolite, religious symbolism of, 271

Steatite, 265

Stone Age, amber in deposits of, 55
idols of, 23

“Stone of Destiny,” 107

“Stone of Forgetfulness,” 35

“Stone of Hate,” 35

“Stone of Love,” 35

“Stone of Memory,” 35

“Stones of Power” in Scottish regalia, 183

Stones with natural images, 266-269

_Storchstein_, 162

Suetonius, 341

Sumerian magic formula, 35

Sunstone, 366

Superstition, v, 1-5, 8, 9

Swastika emblem, 135, 265

Sylvester, St., stone, 258

Sympathy and antipathy, doctrine of, 24

T

Tabari, 286

Tagore, Rajah Sir Sourindro Mohun, viii

Takowaya, Russia, alexandrite found in the, 54

Talismanic gems, 1, 42, 52, 124, 322
girdle of Catharine de’ Medici set with, 317
of the hours, 337
of the months, 326-331
of the week, 332, 333

Talismans, etymology of word, 23
from New Caledonia, 23
of jade favored by Mohammedans, 246
see _amulet_, and separate stones
temple gifts as, 241

Talmud, 71, 73, 275, 306, 377

Tamerlane, ruthlessness of, 32

_Tarshish_, stone of breastplate, 297, 298

Taurus, zodiacal sign, 341, 342, 343, 346, 353, 354

Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, 260

Taw Sien Ko, vii

“Tecalco onyx,” 252

Teifashi, Ahmed, 75, 104, 158, 381

Tempe, Arizona, turquoise in ruins of Los Muertos near, 112

Tetragrammaton, 182

Thayngen, Switzerland, jet of, 91

Theophrastus, 290, 293, 299, 370

Thomas, N. W., 180

Thomsonite, 365

Thoth, 16

Thothmes II, talisman of, 120

Tiberius, 342

Tiffany, Charles L., 172

Tiffany & Co., 172

Tiffany Collection, 106, 219

Titus, 283, 289

Topaz, 40, 133, 238, 242, 243, 244, 245, 291, 297, 298, 303, 305,
313, 344
as symbol of St. Matthew, 312
gem of Sagittarius, 347
in breastplate, 276
therapeutic effect of, 372, 389

Topazos, island of, 67

Totten, Lieut., on Hebrew tribes, 288

Tourmaline, 320, 321
gem of New England, 364

Trees bearing precious stones, 232
Kalpa tree, 238

Trevisa, John of, 105

Triboluminescence, 173

Tritheim, Abbot, 181

Trocadéro, Paris, 99

Tullia, daughter of Cicero, emerald of, 31

Turquoise, 6, 37, 64, 108-114, 336, 345, 375
Apache name for, 113
as natal stone, 308, 320
De Boot’s tale of a, 109, 110
fading of, indicating illness, 24, 26, 114
from Los Cerillos, N. M., 111
from Pueblo Bonito, N. M., 112, 113
from Los Muertos, Arizona, 112
gem of Jupiter, 348
Persians’ praise of, 111
protecting from falls, 24, 26, 109, 110
strikes the hour, 111
talismanic virtues of, 114
usually worn by men in 17th century, 111
with Aztecs, 247
with Navajos, 246

Tyszkiewicz Collection, 234

U

Umiña, emerald goddess of Peruvians, 247, 248

United States, principal gem-stones found in various States
of the, 364-366

_Uparatnani_, four minor gems of the _naoratna_, 243

Urim and Thummim, 231, 277, 282, 283, 287

Utahlite, 361

V

Vajra, “the thunderbolt,” Sanskrit name of diamond, 239, 343

Valentine, St., ring of, 257

“Valley of Diamonds,” 74, 75

Varro, 22

Vasari, 390

Venus, goddess, emerald dedicated to, 28
planet, 243, 336, 344, 348, 352, 353, 354, 355
represented by blue, 31

Verrall, Mrs. A. W., 211

Vespasian, 283

Vesta, necklace of, taken by Serena, 235

Vesuvianite, 50

“Victory Stone,” 68

Violet, Christian symbolism of, 273
symbolism of, 32

Violet-blue, curative effects of, 33

Virgin Mary, 30, 130, 175, 261, 262, 266, 267, 268, 273
rich decorations of statue of, at Loreto, 262, 263

Virgen del Sagrario, Toledo, emerald of, 261, 262

Virgo, zodiacal sign, 341, 346

Vishnu, 236, 241

Voiture, his letter on curative use of jade, 383, 384

Volmar, “Steinbuch” of, 67, 109, 373

Vulgate, 290, 291, 292, 301

W

Wada, Dr. T., vii

Walker, T. B., 254

Walpole, Horace, 195

Ward, Dr. W. Hayes, vii

Wedding anniversaries, gems for, 337

Wenceslaus, St., supposed emerald in chapel of, 259

Whitby Abbey, 263

White, Christian symbolism of, 273
significance of, 30
worn in Siam, for Monday, 335

“White sapphire” (corundum), 72

Wiedemann, Dr. Alfred, 121

Willemite, 171

Wissler, Dr. Clark, vii

Witherite, 9, 10

Wood-opal, 50

World’s Columbian Exhibition, vi, 51

Wright, Thomas, 221

Würtemberg, jet deposits of, 91

Y

_Yahalom_, stone of breastplate, 294, 295

_Yarkastein_, 146

_Yashpeh_, stone of breastplate, 299

Yellow, Christian symbolism of, 273
curative effects of, 28
girdle worn by Chinese emperors, 245
in occult ritual, 336
significance of, 29
stones, therapeutic effect of, 370

Z

Zebulun, 289, 295

Zechariah, 294

Zenochlorite, 360

Zircon (hyacinth), 238

Zodiacal gems, 1, 124, 131, 310, 321, 322, 338-363
stones of the various signs, 345-347

Zodiacal signs associated with the Twelve Tribes, 314
names of, in Hebrew, 332

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Jean de la Taille de Bondaroy, “Le Blason de la Marguerite,” Paris, 1574.

[2] De Boot, “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” lib. i, cap. 25, Lug. Bat., 1636, pp. 87, 91.

[3] De Boot, “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” lib. i, cap. 26, Lug. Bat., 1636, p. 103.

[4] Mackey, “Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions,” London, n. d., p. 144.

[5] Nicols, “Faithful Lapidary,” London, 1659, pp. 32, 33.

[6] Görres, “Die christliche Mystik,” Regensburg, 1840, vol. iii, pp. 190 sqq.

[7] Virna Sheard, “The Jewelled Princess,” in Canadian Magazine.

[8] De Mély, “Les lapidaires de l’antiquité et du moyen-âge,” vol. ii, “Les lapidaires grecs,” Paris, 1898, pp. 1-50.

[9] Lucas, “The Swallowing Stones by Seals,” Science, N. S., vol. xx, No. 512, pp. 537, 538; Report of Fur Seal Investigation, vol. iii, p. 68.

[10] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Wien, 1898, p. 108.

[11] Giglioli, “Materiale per lo studio della ‘Età della Pietra,’” Archivio per l’Antropologia e l’Etnologia, vol. xxxi, p. 83, Firenze, 1901.

[12] Rose, “Handleiding tot de Kennis van diamanten,” etc., Amsterdam, 1891, p. 110.

[13] “Della storia naturale delle Gemme,” Napoli, 1730, Vol. I, pp. 131-137.

[14] Il., xxiv, 795, 796.

[15] Paper by Dr. Paul Ferez in the Revue de l’Hypnotisme, Paris, No. 10, April, 1906, p. 306.

[16] Erasmi, “Colloquia,” Lipsiæ, 1713, pp. 597-8. Suggested by Pliny, lib. xxxvii, cap. 71-73.

[17] Morris Jastrow, “Die Religion Babyloniens und Assyriens,” vol. i, Giessen, 1905, p. 374.

[18] Morris Jastrow, l. c., p. 462.

[19] Delitzsch, “Assyrisches Wörterbuch,” Leipzig, 1896, p. 604.

[20] “Aegyptische Goldschmiedearbeit,” ed. by Heinrich Schäffer, Berlin, 1910, pp. 25-32; necklace figured on Pl. V, other objects on Pls. V-VII.

[21] Ibid., p. 14, Pl. II, figs. 3a, 3b.

[22] See Reisner, “Catalogue générale des antiquités égyptiennes du Musée du Caire: Amulets” Le Caire, 1907.

[23] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, vol. iii, p. 393.

[24] Kropatschek, “De amuletorum apud antiquos usu,” Gryphiæ, 1907, p. 24 (Paris papyrus, 2630).

[25] Surindro Mohun Tagore, “Mani Málá,” Pt. II, Calcutta, 1881, p. 943.

[26] Seler, “Codex Borgia: Eine altmexicanische Bilderschrift,” Berlin, 1904, vol. i, p. 16.

[27] Francisci Ruei, “De gemmis,” Tiguri, 1566, f. 4.

[28] “Histoire critique des pratiques superstitieuses; par un prêtre de l’Oratoire,” Paris, 1702, p. 320.

[29] Blum, “Das altjüdische Zauberwesen,” Strassburg, 1898, p. 91.

[30] A projection serving to fasten down the belt.

[31] Compleat Works of Geoffrey Chaucer, ed. Skeat, Oxford, 1894, vol. i, p. 139.

[32] Matthæi Paris, “Historia major,” London, 1684, p. 318.

[33] “Le Grand Lapidaire” of Jean de Mandeville, Vienna, 1862, pp. 126-128.

[34] Güdermann, “Das jüdische Unterrichtswesen,” Wien, 1873, p. 225.

[35] “Ethics of the Dust,” New York, 1886, p. 96.

[36] See also the writer’s pamphlet: “The Folk-Lore of Precious Stones,” Chicago, 1894; a paper read before the Folk-Lore Congress held at the World’s Columbian Exhibition, and describing the Kunz Collection exhibited in the Anthropological Building there. This collection is now in the Field Museum, Chicago.

[37] King’s version in his “Natural History of Precious Stones,” London, 1865, p. 392.

[38] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 10.

[39] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. 22.

[40] Albertus Magnus, “Le Grand Albert des secretz des vertus des Herbes, Pierres et Bestes. Et aultre livre des Merveilles du Monde, d’aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes,” Turin, Bernard du mont du Chat (c. 1515). Liv. ii, fol. 8 recto.

[41] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” Basileæ, 1560, p. 460.

[42] Cardani, “De gemmis,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 323.

[43] Valentini, “Museum museorum oder die vollständige Schau-Bühne,” Franckfurt am Mayn, 1714, vol. ii, pt. 3, p. 34; figure of air-ship on p. 35.

[44] Hoernes, “Urgeschichte der bildenden Kunst,” Vienna, 1898, p. 376. Figured in S. Muller’s “Ordn. af Danm. Olds.,” i, Pl. XV, Figs. 252 sq.

[45] Ovidii, “Metamorphoses,” lib. ii, 11. 340 sqq. Some have proposed to read Redanus instead of Eridanus and have seen in the former name the designation of a stream flowing into the Vistula.

[46] Plinii, “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 7.

[47] Bk. xviii, 11, 295-298, trans. of William Cullen Bryant.

[48] Du Chaillu, “The Viking Age,” New York, 1889, vol. ii, p. 314. (Figs. 1210, 1211, 1212.)

[49] Sendelii, “Electrologiæ,” Elbingæ, 1725, Pt. I, p. 12, note.

[50] Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. 22.

[51] Johannis de Cuba, “Hortus Sanitatis,” [Strassburg, 1483] tractatus de lapibus, cap. vii.

[52] Belleau, “Œuvres poétiques,” ed. Marty-Laveaux, Paris, 1878, vol. ii, pp. 172 sqq. The poem in which this tale occurs is the “Amours et nouveaux eschanges des pierres précieuses,” written in 1576 and dedicated to Henri III.

[53] Rose, “Aristotles de lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo,” in Zeitschr. für D. Alt., New Series, vol. vi, p. 431.

[54] Konrad von Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” ed. by Dr. Franz Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1861, p. 436.

[55] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, vol. iii, p. 325.

[56] Kropatschek, “De amuletorum apud antiquos usu,” Gryphiæ, 1907, p. 16.

[57] Cardani, “Philosophi opera quædam lectu digna,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 323. “De gemmis.”

[58] Rumphius, “Amboinsche Rariteitkamer,” Amsterdam, 1741, p. 308.

[59] Goethe Westösterlicher Divan I, Segenspfänder.

[60] “Lapidario del Rey D. Alfonso X,” codice original, Madrid, 1881, fol. 77, p. 49.

[61] Hendley, “Indian Jewellery,” London, 1909, p. 158.

[62] Arakel, “Livre d’histoire,” chap. liii; transl. in Brosset, “Collection d’historiens arméniens,” St. Pétersburg, 1874, vol. i, pp. 544, 545.

[63] Josephi Gonelli, “Thesaurus philosophicus, seu de gemmis,” Neapoli, 1702, p. 112.

[64] “Gemmarum et lapidum historia,” Lug. Bat., 1636, p. 230.

[65] Agatharcides, “De Mar1 Erythræo,” §2. The topaz of the ancients was unquestionably the gem commonly called chrysolite at present (olivine, peridot).

[66] Diodorus Siculus, lib. iii, cap. 38.

[67] Plinii, “Naturalis Historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 32.

[68] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 16.

[69] Volmar, Steinbuch, ed. by Hans Lambel, Heilbronn, 1877, p. 22.

[70] Alberti Magni, “Opera Omnia,” ed. Borgnet, Parisiis, 1890, vol. v, p. 43. De mineralibus, lib. ii, tract. 2.

[71] Bauer, “Edelsteinkunde,” Leipzig, 1909, p. 750.

[72] Albertus Magnus, “Le Grand Albert des secretz des vertus des Herbes, Pierres et Bestes. Et aultre livre des Merveilles du Monde, d’aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes,” Turin, Bernard du mont du Chat (c. 1515). Liv. ii, fol. 9 recto.

[73] Bellucci, “Il feticismo primitivo in Italia,” Perugia, 1907, pp. 22-25.

[74] “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, f. 8.

[75] St. Hildegardæ, “Opera Omnia,” in Pat. Lat. ed Migne, vol. cxcvii, col. 1254.

[76] “De gemmis,” Tiguri, 1566, f. 52.

[77] “Philosophi opera quædam lectu digna,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 322. “De gemmis.”

[78] Anonymous writer in Ital. MS. of the fourteenth century in the author’s library; fol. 41 p. verso.

[79] See page 278 for description of this diamond by St. Epiphanius.

[80] Finot, “Les lapidaires indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 9.

[81] Finot, “Les lapidaires indiens,” Paris, 1896, p. 8.

[82] Finot, l. c., p. 9.

[83] Konrad von Megenberg, “Buch der Natur,” ed. by Dr. Franz Pfeiffer, Stuttgart, 1861, p. 433.

[84] New edition of the Babylonian Talmud, ed. and trans. by Michael L. Rodkinson, vol. v (xiii), Baba Batra, New York, 1902, p. 207.

[85] Ratzel, “Völkerkunde,” Leipzig, 1885, vol. i, p. 36.

[86] Dr. Julius Ruska, “Das Steinbuch aus der Kosmographie des al-Kazwini,” Beilage zum Jahresbericht 1894-5 der Oberrealschule Heidelberg, p. 35. See Aristoteles De Lapidibus und Arnoldus Saxo, ed. Rose, Z.f.D.A. New Series VI, pp. 364, 365, 389, 390. The “other writer” is probably Ahmed Teifashi.

[87] The work on precious stones attributed to Aristotle was composed in Arabic probably in the ninth century.

[88] Teifashi, “Fior di pensieri sulle pietre preziose,” Firenzi, 1818, p. 13.

[89] Proc. of the Royal Irish Academy, 2d Ser., Polite Literature and Antiquities, vol. ii, Dublin, 1879-1888, p. 303.

[90] Epiphanii, “De XII gemmis,” Tiguri, 1565, fol. 5.

[91] Morales, “De las piedras preciosas,” Valladolid, 1604, fol. 101.

[92] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 48; Camilli Leonardi, “Speculum lapidum,” Venetia, 1502, fol. xliii.

[93] Fol. 55 recto of Ital. MS., 14th Century. Reference is to Bela IV (1235-1270). Lo reo dilugaria bela loqale in di nostri tempi regna.

[94] Weil, “Biblische Legenden,” p. 225.

[95] Cardani, “Philosophi opera quædam,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 328. “De gemmis.”

[96] Albertus Magnus, “Le Grand Albert des secrets des vertus des Herbes, Pierres et Bestes. Et aultre livre des Merveilles du Monde, d’aulcuns effetz causez daulcunes bestes,” Turin, Bernard du mont du Chat (c. 1515). Liv. ii, fol. 11.

[97] “Naturalis historia,” lib. xxxvii, cap. 60.

[98] George H. Pepper, “The Exploration of a Burial-room in Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico,” Putnam Anniversary Volume, New York, 1909, p. 239; Fig. 5.

[99] Marbodei, “De lapidibus,” Friburgi, 1531, fol. 38.

[100] Cardani, “Philosophi opera quædam,” Basileæ, 1585, p. 323. “De gemmis.”

[101] S. Hildegardæ, Opera omnia; in. Pat. Lat. ed. J. P. Migne, vol. cxcvii, Parisiis, 1855, col. 1251.

[102] Cardani, “De subtilitate,” Basileæ, 1560, pp. 442-3.

[103] Chalfant, “Early Chinese Writing,” Mem. of Carnegie Museum, vol. iv, No. 1, Pittsburg, 1906, p. 10 and Pl. XX, No. 275. See also Pl. X, No. 132; _pei_, “shell,” “value,” as shells were used as money in very ancient times.

[104] Chalfant, “Early Chinese Writing,” Pl. XXII, No. 299.

[105] “Catalogue of the Woodward Collection of Jades and other Hard Stones,” by John Getz, Privately printed (New York), 1913, p. 11, No. 24.

[106] Zelia Nuttall, “The Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilization,” Cambridge, Mass., 1901, p. 195. Archæological and Ethnographical Papers of the Peabody Museum, Harvard University, vol. ii.

[107] The Bishop Collection. “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, privately printed, 1906, vol. i, pt. iii, “Jade as a Mineral,” by George Frederick Kunz, p. 117. Nos. 421 and 646 of the collection are excellent examples of this special jade.

[108] The Bishop Collection. “Investigations and Studies in Jade,” New York, 1906, vol. i, p. 12. Privately printed and edition limited to 100 copies. For a description of this monumental work see “The Printed Catalogue of the Heber R. Bishop Collection of Jade,” by George Frederick Kunz, supplement to the Bulletin of the Metropolitan Museum of Art for May, 1906, Occasional Notes, No. 1.

[109] See Fischer, “Ueber die Nephritindustrie der Maoris in Neuseeland,” Archiv für Anthropologie, vol. xv, Braunschweig, 1884, pp. 463-466.

[110] King’s version in his Natural History of Precious Stones, London, 1865, p. 382.

[111] Pitra, “Specilegium Solesmense,” Parisiis, 1855, p. 328.

[112] Epiphanius, “De XII gemmis,” Tiguri, 1565, fols. 7, 8.

[113] Birlinger, “Kleinere deutsche Sprachdenkmäler,” in Germania, vol. viii (1863), p. 302.

[114] Bartolomæi Anglici “De proprietatibus rerum,” London, Wynkyn de Worde, 1495, lib. xvi, cap. 51, De Jaspide. Old English version by John of Trevisa.