Chapter II: Preface: vii

I. THE WORSHIP OF THE SUN AND THE DAWN 1

II. THE FIRST GLIMPSES OF EGYPTIAN ASTRONOMY 9

III. THE ASTRONOMICAL BASIS OF THE EGYPTIAN PANTHEON 20

IV. THE TWO HORIZONS 40

V. THE YEARLY PATH OF THE SUN-GOD 51

VI. THE PROBABLE HOR-SHESU WORSHIP 58

VII. METHODS OF DETERMINING THE ORIENTATION OF TEMPLES 67

VIII. THE EARLIEST SOLAR SHRINES IN EGYPT 73

IX. OTHER SIMILAR SHRINES ELSEWHERE 86

X. THE SOLAR TEMPLE OF AMEN-RĀ AT KARNAK 99

XI. THE AGE OF THE TEMPLE OF AMEN-RĀ AT KARNAK 113

XII. THE STARS--THEIR RISINGS AND SETTINGS 120

XIII. THE EGYPTIAN HEAVENS.--THE ZODIACS OF DENDERAH 132

XIV. THE CIRCUMPOLAR CONSTELLATIONS: THE MYTH OF HORUS 144

XV. TEMPLES DIRECTED TO THE STARS 155

XVI. FURTHER INQUIRIES WITH REGARD TO THE STELLAR TEMPLES 167

XVII. THE BUILDING INSCRIPTIONS 173

XVIII. THE STAR TEMPLES AT KARNAK 182

XIX. THE PERSONIFICATION OF STARS--THE TEMPLE OF ISIS AT
DENDERAH 192

XX. THE PERSONIFICATION OF STARS (_Continued_)--THE TEMPLE
OF HATHOR AT DENDERAH 201

XXI. STAR-CULTS 210

XXII. STAR-CULTS (_Continued_)--AMEN-T AND KHONS 220

XXIII. THE EGYPTIAN YEAR AND THE NILE 226

XXIV. THE YEARS OF 360 AND 365 DAYS 243

XXV. THE VAGUE AND THE SIRIAN YEARS 249

XXVI. THE SOTHIC CYCLE AND THE USE MADE OF IT 257

XXVII. THE CALENDAR AND ITS REVISION 266

XXVIII. THE FIXED YEAR AND FESTIVAL CALENDARS 274

XXIX. THE MYTHOLOGY OF ISIS AND OSIRIS 287

XXX. THE TEMPLE-STARS 304

XXXI. THE HISTORY OF SUN-WORSHIP AT ANNU AND THEBES 315

XXXII. THE EARLY TEMPLE AND GREAT PYRAMID BUILDERS 325

XXXIII. THE CULT OF NORTHERN AS OPPOSED TO SOUTHERN STARS 341

XXXIV. THE ORIGIN OF EGYPTIAN ASTRONOMY--THE NORTHERN
SCHOOLS 359

XXXV. THE ORIGIN OF EGYPTIAN ASTRONOMY (_Continued_)--THE
THEBES SCHOOL 371

XXXVI. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AS TO THE NORTH AND SOUTH RACES 387

XXXVII. THE EGYPTIAN AND BABYLONIAN ECLIPTIC CONSTELLATIONS 396

XXXVIII. THE INFLUENCE OF EGYPT UPON TEMPLE-ORIENTATION IN
GREECE 412

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

The Temple of Amen-Rā looking from
the Sanctuary towards the Place of
Sunset at the Summer Solstice _Frontispiece_

The Rosetta Stone 9

Temple of Edfû, looking East; showing
Pylon and Outer Court 13

Great Court of Heaven, at the Entrance
to the Hathor Temple at Denderah 15

Temple Gate with Propylon and Obelisks 16

Hathor Temple of Dêr el-Bahari 17

The Central Portion of the Circular
Zodiac of Denderah 18

Tablet of Kings at Abydos 21

Harpocrates 23

Rā, Min-Rā; Amen-Rā 24

Sebak-Rā, Chnemu-Rā 25

Anubis, or Set, Anubis-Osiris, Osiris
(as a Mummy) 26

Osiris seated 27

Various Forms of Bes--as Warrior,
Musician, and Buffoon 28

Khons-Lunus, Thoth-Lunus, the Goddess
Sesheta 29

The Weighing of the Soul by Horus
and Anubis, in Presence of Osiris 30

Thoth and Sesheta Writing the Name
of Rameses II. on the Fruit of the
Persea 31

Cleopatra as the Goddess Isis 32

Isis (seated) 33

The Rising Sun Horus between Isis and
Nephthys 34

The Goddess Nu-t 35

The Goddess Nu-t represented Double 36

Various Forms of Shu 37

Forms of Ptah, the God of Memphis 38

Apparent Movement of the Stars to an
Observer at the North Pole 40

Apparent Movement of the Stars to an
Observer at the Equator 41

The Celestial Sphere Viewed from a
Middle Latitude 42

A Terrestrial Globe with Wafer attached
to Show the Varying Conditions of
Observation in a Middle Latitude 43

Showing Amplitudes reckoned from the
East or West Points to N.P., North
Point of Horizon, and S.P., South
Point of Horizon 46

Diagram Showing the Various Amplitudes
at which Stars of Different
Declinations Rise and Set in Different
Latitudes 49

Earth and Sun at the Equinoxes 54

Earth and Sun at the Solstices 55

Diagrams Showing Position of the Sun
in Relation to the Zenith of London
at the Northern Winter Solstice and
at the Northern Summer Solstice 56

Azimuth Compass 67

Theodolite for Determining Azimuth
and Altitudes 68

Magnetic Map of the British Isles,
Showing the Variation at Different
Points 71

Plan of the Mounds at Abydos. From
Mariette 74

The Mounds and Obelisk at Annu 76

The Colossi of the Plain at Thebes at
High Nile, Oriented to the Sunrise
at the Winter Solstice 79

Plan of Memphis 80

East and West Pyramids and Temples
at Gîzeh 81

Temple and Temenos Walls of Tanis 82

Temple and Temenos Walls of Saïs
(Sa-el-Hagar) 83

The Temple near the Sphinx, looking
West (True), Showing its relation
to the South Face of the Second
Pyramid 84

Stonehenge, from the North 90

Stonehenge Restored 91

Plan of St. Peter's at Rome, Showing
the Door Facing the Sunrise 96

St. Peter's at Rome; Façade Facing the
East (true) 97

Axis of the Temple of Amen-Rā from
the Western Pylon, Looking South-East 100

Plan of the Temple of Amen-Rā and
some of its Surroundings, Including
the Sacred Lake 101

View to the South-West from the Sacred
Lake of Amen-Rā 103

Ruins of Door at Entrance of the Sanctuary 104

The Obelisks near the Oldest Part of
the Temple of Amen-Rā 105

Inner Court and Sanctuary at Edfû 106

Plan of the Temple of Amen-Rā 118

Model Illustrating the Precession of
the Equinoxes 125

Star-map Representing the Precessional
Movement of the Celestial Pole
from the Year 4000 B.C. to the year
2000 A.D. 127

Northern Half of the So-called Square
Zodiac of Denderah 136

Sirius and Orion (18th Dynasty) 139

Astronomical Drawing's from Bibân el-Mulûk
(18th Dynasty) 140

Ruins of the Ramesseum, where the
Month-Tables were found 142

The God of Darkness--Set 144

Various Forms of Anubis 145

Forms of Typhon 146

Mestha. Hāpi, Tuamāutef, Qebhsennuf 147

Set-Horus 149

Illustration from a Theban Tomb 151

Horus and Crocodiles 152

Horus and Crocodiles, Ptah and Crocodiles 153

Ground Plan of Edfû 157

Ground Plan of the Temple of Hathor
at Denderah; Plan of the Temple of
Seti at Abydos 158

Plan of the Temple of Rameses II. in
the Memnonia at Thebes 159

Plan of Temples at Medînet-Habû 164

The Bent Axis of the Temple of Luxor 165

The Laying of the Foundation Stone
Ceremonial 174

Plan of the Temples at Karnak Showing
their Orientations _To face p._ 183

Plan of Denderah 192

Ruins of the Mamisi (Place of Birth) or
Temple of Isis at Denderah 195

Ceremonial Procession in an Egyptian
Temple 199

Orientation of the Temple of Hathor at
Denderah 202

Capital, with Masks of Hathor with
Cow's Ears 216

The Cow of Isis 217

Hathor as a Cow 218

Hathor, "The Cow of the Western Hills" 219

The Annual Rise and Fall of the Nile 228

Hāpi, the God of the Nile 229

Different Forms of Thoth 232

Scale of the Nilometer at Rôda 235

The Island of Rôda 236

Conditions of the Heliacal Rising of
Sirius from 4000 B.C. to 600 A.D. 255

The Distribution of the 1st of Thoth
(representing the Rise of Sirius)
among the Egyptian Months in the
1460-year Sothic Cycle 258

Julian Dates of the 1st of Thoth
(Vague) from 23 A.D. and 240 A.D. 267

The Month-Table at the Ramesseum 276

Black Granite Statue of Sekhet from
the Temple of Mut at Thebes 288

The Goddess Taurt; the Goddess Serk-t
or Selk-t (both with Horns and Disk) 289

Nit (two forms of); Bast 290

Anuqa; Sati 291

Isis Nursing Horus 292

Isis, Osiris and Horus 297

A "Change of Cult" at Luxor 298

Curves showing the Declinations of
Some of the Stars used by the
Egyptian Astronomers at Different
Epochs 307

The Temples at Tell el-Amarna 322

Apis (two forms of) 330

Mnevis 331

The Two Great Pyramids at the Time
of the Inundation 332

The Step-Pyramid of Sakkarah 334

The Pyramid of Mêdûm 335

The "Blunted Pyramid" of Dashûr 336

Ship of Hāt-Shepset Laden with Produce
from Pun-t 346

Huts Built on Piles in Pun-t 347

Cynocephalus Ape with Moon Emblem 349

Plan of the Pyramids at Nuri 355

Plan of the Temples and Pyramids at
Gebel Barkal 358

Statue of Chephren, Found in Temple
near the Sphinx 368

The Temples at Philæ 382

The Temple at Amada 383

Chnemu 385

The Winged Solar Disk 391

A Greek Temple Restored--the Temple
of Poseidon at Pæstum 413

The Temple of Theseus at Athens: the
Acropolis, with the Parthenon, in the
Background 414

The East Front of the Parthenon, Facing
the Rising of the Pleiades 415

The Temple of Jupiter Olympius Below
the Acropolis at Athens. Oriented to
α Arietis 420

ERRATA.

Page 34, inscription to illustration: for _Iris_ read _Isis_.

Page 83, inscription to illustration: for _Sā-el-lager_ read _Sa-el-Hagar_.

Page 327, line 8 from top: for _Dies_ read _This_.

THE

DAWN OF ASTRONOMY.