Chapter XI: Faustian and Apollinian Nature-Knowledge (4)

See Vol. II, pp. 207 et seq., and Chapter IV B.

Footnote 421:

See Vol. II, p. 80.

Footnote 422:

I.e., adherents of the various syncretic cults. Sec Vol. II, pp. 212
et seq.

Footnote 423:

This applies even more forcibly to the other “long-range” episode,
that of the Ten Thousand (Xenophon, _Anabasis_ I).—_Tr._

Footnote 424:

In this place it is exclusively with the conscious, religio-
philosophical morale—the morale which can be known and taught and
followed—that we are concerned, and not with the racial rhythm of
Life, the habit, Sitte, ἦθος, that is unconsciously present. The
morale with which we are dealing turns upon _intellectual_ concepts of
Virtue and Vice, good and bad; the other, upon ideals in the _blood_
such as honour, loyalty, bravery, the feeling that attributes nobility
and vulgarity. See Vol. II, 421 et seq.

Footnote 425:

The original is here expanded a little for the sake of clarity.—_Tr._

Footnote 426:

After what has been said above regarding the absence of pregnant words
for “will” and “space” in the Classical tongues, the reader will not
be surprised to hear that neither Greek nor Latin affords exact
equivalents for these words action and activity.

Footnote 427:

See Vol. II, pp. 293 et seq.

Footnote 428:

“He who hath ears to hear, let him hear”—there is no claim to power in
these words. But the Western Church never conceived its mission thus.
The “Glad Tidings” of Jesus, like those of Zoroaster, of Mani, of
Mahomet, of the Neo-Platonists and of all the cognate Magian religions
were mystic benefits _displayed_ but in nowise imposed. Youthful
Christianity, when it had flowed into the Western world, merely
imitated the missionarism of the later Stoa, itself by that time
thoroughly Magian. Paul may be thought of as urgent; the itinerant
preachers of the Stoa were certainly so, as we know from our
authorities. But _commanding_ they were not. To illustrate by a
somewhat farfetched parallel—in direct contrast to the physicians of
the Magian stamp who merely proclaimed the virtues of their mysterious
arcana, the medical men of the West seek to obtain for their knowledge
the _force of civil law_, as for instance in the matter of vaccination
or the inspection of pork for trichina.

Footnote 429:

For the Buddhist Four Truths see Ency. Brit., XI ed., Vol. IV, p. 742.
English translation of Kant’s _Kritik der praktischen Vernunft_ by T.
K. Abbott.—_Tr._

Footnote 430:

See p. 201.

Footnote 431:

See p. 205 and 222 et seq.

Footnote 432:

See Vol. II, p. 334.

Footnote 433:

The philosophy and dogma of charity and almsgiving—a subject that
English research seems generally to have ignored—is dealt with at
length in Dr. C. S. Loch’s article _Charity and Charities_, Ency.
Brit., XI ed.—_Tr._

Footnote 434:

Not only as local sovereigns enforcing order, like the good Bishop
Wazo of Liége who fought down his castled robber-barons one by one in
the middle of the 11th Century, but even as high commanders for the
Emperor in distant Italy. The battle of Tusculum in 1167 was won by
the Archbishops of Köln and Mainz. English history, too, contains the
figures of warlike prelates—not only leaders of national movements
like Stephen Langton but strong-handed administrators and fighters.
The great Scots invasion of 1346 was met and defeated by the
Archbishop of York. The Bishops of Durham were for centuries
“palatines”; we find one of them serving _on pay_ in the King’s army
in France, 1348. The line of these warlike Bishops in our history
extends from Odo the brother of William the Conqueror to Scrope,
archbishop and rebel in Henry IV’s time.—_Tr._

Footnote 435:

A paraphrase of the opening of “John Tanner’s Revolutionist’s
Handbook,” Ch. V.—_Tr._

Footnote 436:

See Vol. II, pp. 116 et seq.

Footnote 437:

Rousseau’s _Contrat Social_ is paralleled by exactly equivalent
productions of Aristotle’s time.

Footnote 438:

The first on the atheistical system of Sankhya, the second (through
Socrates) on the Sophists, the third on English sensualism.

Footnote 439:

See Vol. II, pp. 441 et seq.

Footnote 440:

It was many centuries later that the Buddhist ethic of life gave rise
to a religion for simple peasantry, and it was only enabled to do so
by reaching back to the long-stiffened theology of Brahmanism and,
further back still, to very ancient popular cults. See Vol. II, pp.
378, 285.

Footnote 441:

The articles _Buddha_ and _Buddhism_ in the Ency. Brit., XI ed., by T.
W. Rhys Davids, may be studied in this connexion.—_Tr._

Footnote 442:

See “The Questions of King Milinda,” ed. Rhys Davids.—_Tr._

Footnote 443:

Of course, each Culture naturally has its own kind of materialism,
conditioned in every detail by its general world-feeling.

Footnote 444:

To begin with, it would be necessary to specify _what_ Christianity
was being compared with it—that of the Fathers or that of the
Crusades. For these are two different religions in the same clothing
of dogma and cult. The same want of psychological _flair_ is evident
in the parallel that is so fashionable to-day between Socialism and
early Christianity.

Footnote 445:

The term must not be confused with _anti_-religious.

Footnote 446:

Note the striking similarity of many Roman portrait-busts to the
matter-of-fact modern heads of the American style, and also (though
this is not so distinct) to many of the portrait-heads of the Egyptian
New Empire.

Footnote 447:

See Vol. II, pp. 122 et seq.

Footnote 448:

The original is here very obscure; it reads: “... es ist der
‘Gebildete,’ jener Anhänger eines Kultus des geistigen Mittelmasses
und der Offentlichkeit als Kultstätte.”—_Tr._

Footnote 449:

See P. Wendland, _Die hellenist.-röm. Kultur_ (1912), pp. 75 et seq.

Footnote 450:

See Vol. II, pp. 318 et seq.

Footnote 451:

See Vol. II, pp. 269 et seq.

Footnote 452:

Compare my _Preussentum und Sozialismus_, pp. 22 et seq.

Footnote 453:

See Vol. II, pp. 324 et seq., 368 et seq.

Footnote 454:

See Vol. II, p. 345. It is possible that the peculiar style of
Heraclitus, who came of a priestly family of the temple of Ephesus, is
an example of the form in which the old Orphic wisdom was orally
transmitted.

Footnote 455:

See Vol. II, p. 307.

Footnote 456:

Here we are considering only the scholastic side. The mystic side,
from which Pythagoras and Leibniz were not very far, reached its
culminations in Plato and Goethe, and in our own case it has been
extended beyond Goethe by the Romantics, Hegel and Nietzsche, whereas
Scholasticism exhausted itself with Kant—and Aristotle—and degenerated
thereafter into a routine-profession.

Footnote 457:

Zeno the Stoic, not to be confused with Zeno of Elea, whose
mathematical fineness has already been alluded to.—_Tr._

Footnote 458:

_Neue Paralipomena_, § 656.

Footnote 459:

Even the modern idea that unconscious and impulsive acts of life are
completely efficient, while intellect can only bungle, is to be found
in Schopenhauer (Vol. II, cap. 30).

Footnote 460:

In the chapter “Zur Metaphysik der Geschlechtsliebe” (II, 44) the idea
of natural selection for the preservation of the genus is anticipated
in full.

Footnote 461:

See Vol. II, pp. 36 et seq.

Footnote 462:

This began to appear in 1867. But the preliminary work _Zur Kritik der
politischen Ökonomie_ came out in the same year as Darwin’s
masterpiece.

Footnote 463:

Vol. II, p. 625. See, for example, Leonard, _Relativitäts-Prinzip,
Aether, Gravitation_ (1920), pp. 20 et seq.

Footnote 464:

See Vol. II, pp. 369 et seq., 624 et seq.

Footnote 465:

See p. 57.

Footnote 466:

E.g., in Boltzmann’s formulation of the Second Law of Thermodynamics:
“the logarithm of the probability of a state is proportional to the
entropy of that state.” Every word in this contains an entire
scientific concept, capable only of being sensed and not described.

Footnote 467:

See Vol. II, p. 369.

Footnote 468:

See Vol. II, pp. 382 et seq.

Footnote 469:

E. Wiedermann, _Die Naturwissensch. bei den Arabern_ (1890). F.
Struntz, _Gesch. d. Naturwissensch. im Mittelalter_ (1910), p. 58.

Footnote 470:

An order of encyclopædists and philosophers; see Ency. Brit., XI ed.,
Vol. II, p. 278a.—_Tr._

Footnote 471:

M. P. E. Berthelot, _Die Chemie im Altertum u. Mittelalter_ (1909),
pp. 64 et seq. (The reference is evidently to a German version;
Berthelot published several works on the subject, viz., _Les origines
de l’Alchémie_ [1885]; _Introduction à l’étude de la chimie des
anciens et du moyen âge_ [1889]; _Collection des anciens alchimistes
grecs_ [1887, translations of texts]; _La chimie au moyen âge_
[1893].—_Tr._

Footnote 472:

For the metals, “mercury” is the principle of substantial character
(lustre, tensility, fusibility), “sulphur” that of the attributive
generation (e.g., combustion, transmutation). See Struntz, _Gesch. d.
Naturwissensch. im Mittelalter_ (1910), pp. 73 et seq.

(It seems desirable to supplement this a little for the non-technical
reader, by stating, however roughly and generally, the principle and
process of transmutation as the alchemist saw them. All metals consist
of mercury and sulphur. Remove “materiality” from common mercury (or
from the mercury-content of the metal under treatment) by depriving it
(or the metal) of “earthness,” “liquidness” and “airiness” (i.e.,
volatility) and we have a prime, substantial (though not material) and
stable thing. Similarly, remove materiality from sulphur (or the
sulphur-content of the metal treated) and it becomes an elixir,
efficient for generating attributes. Then, the prime matter and the
elixir react upon one another so that the product on reassuming
materiality is a different metal, or rather a “metallicity” endowed
with different characters and attributes. The production of one metal
from another thus depends merely on the modalities of working
processes.—_Tr._)

Footnote 473:

See Vol. II, pp. 370, 627.

Footnote 474:

See Vol. II, pp. 314 et seq.

Footnote 475:

See the article under this heading, and also that under _Alchemy_,
Ency. Brit., XI ed.—_Tr._

Footnote 476:

During the Gothic age, in spite of the Spanish Dominican Arnold of
Villanova (d. 1311), chemistry had had no sort of creative importance
in comparison with the mathematical-physical research of that age.

Footnote 477:

For even Helmholtz had sought to account for the phenomena of
electrolysis by the assumption of an atomic structure of electricity.

Footnote 478:

Which in their physical aspect are individual centres of force,
without parts or extension or figure. (For their metaphysical aspect,
see Ency. Brit., XI edition. Article _Leibniz_, especially pp. 387-8.—
_Tr._)

Footnote 479:

M. Born, _Aufbau der Materie_ (1920), p. 27.

(So many books and papers—strict, semi-popular and frankly popular—
have been published in the last few years that references may seem
superfluous, the more so as the formulation of this central theory of
present-day physics. The article _Matter_ by Rutherford in the Ency.
Brit., XIIth edition (1922), and Bertrand Russell, _The A.B.C. of
Atoms_, are perhaps the clearest elementary accounts that are
possible, having regard to the scientist’s necessary reservations of
judgment.—_Tr._

Footnote 480:

See p. 231.

Footnote 481:

See p. 172.

Footnote 482:

See p. 121 and Vol. II, pp. 11 et seq.

Footnote 483:

See p. 169.

Footnote 484:

See p. 166 and Vol. II, p. 18.

Footnote 485:

See p. 152.

Footnote 486:

See p. 116 et seq., pp. 151 et seq.

Footnote 487:

See Vol. II, pp. 369 et seq.

Footnote 488:

J. Goldziher, _Die islam. und jüd. Philosophie_ (“Kultur der
Gegenwart,” I, V, 1913), pp. 306 et seq.

Footnote 489:

See Vol. II, pp. 27 et seq., 427 et seq.

Footnote 490:

And it may be asserted that the downright faith that Haeckel, for
example, pins to the names atom, matter, energy, is not essentially
different from the fetishism of Neanderthal Man.

Footnote 491:

See p. 126.

Footnote 492:

Compare Vol. II, pp. 38 et seq.

Footnote 493:

See Vol. II, p. 305.

Footnote 494:

See Vol. II, pp. 343 et seq., and p. 346.

Footnote 495:

E. Mogk, _Germ. Mythol._, Grundr. d. Germ. Philos., III (1900), p.
340.

Footnote 496:

See Vol. II, p. 241 et seq., 306 et seq.

Footnote 497:

See p. 268.

Footnote 498:

The pantheistic idea of Pan, familiar in European poetry, is a
conception of later Classical ages, acquired in principle from Egypt.—
_Tr._

Footnote 499:

Few passages in the Acts of the Apostles have obtained a stronger hold
on _our_ imagination than Paul’s meeting with the altar of “the
Unknown God” at Phalerum (Acts XVII, 23). And yet we have perfectly
definite evidence, later than Paul’s time, of the plurality of the
gods to whom this altar was dedicated. Pausanias in his guide-book (I,
24) says: “here there are ... altars of the gods styled Unknowns, of
heroes, etc.” (βωμοί δε θεῶν τε ὀνομαζομένων Ἀγνώστων καὶ ἡρῴων ...
κ.τ.λ.). Such, however, is the force of our fixed idea that even Sir
J. G. Frazer, in his “Pausanias and Other Studies,” speaks of “The
Altar to the Unknown God which St. Paul, and Pausanias after him,
saw.” More, he follows this up with a description of a dialogue
“attributed to Lucian” (2nd Cent. A.D.) in which the Unknown God of
Athens figures in a Christian discussion; but this dialogue (the
Philopatris) is almost universally regarded as a much later work,
dating at earliest from Julian’s time (mid-4th Cent.) and probably
from that of Nicephorus Phocas (10th Cent.).—_Tr._

Footnote 500:

Wissowa, _Religion und Kultus der Römer_ (1912), p. 38.

Footnote 501:

See Ency. Brit., XI ed., article _Great Mother of the Gods_.—_Tr._

Footnote 502:

In Egypt Ptolemy Philadelphus was the first to introduce a ruler-cult.
The reverence that had been paid to the Pharaohs was of quite other
significance.

Footnote 503:

See Vol. II, pp. 241 et seq.

Footnote 504:

Significantly enough, the formula of the oath sworn by this stone was
not “per Jovis lapidem” but “per Jovem lapidem.”—_Tr._

Footnote 505:

The Erechtheum, similarly, was a group of cult-sites, each refraining
from interference with the others.—_Tr._

Footnote 506:

Juppiter Dolichenus was a local deity of Doliche in Commagene, whose
worship was spread over all parts of the Empire by soldiers recruited
from that region; the tablet dedicated to him which is in the British
Museum was found, for example, near Frankfurt-on-Main.

Sol Invictus is the Roman official form of Mithras. Troop-movements
and trade spread his worship, like that of Juppiter Dolichenus, over
the Empire.—_Tr._

Footnote 507:

To whom the inhabitants of “Roman” Carthage managed to attach even
Dido.—_Tr._

Footnote 508:

Wissowa, _Kult. und. Relig. d. Römer_ (1912), pp. 98 et seq.

Footnote 509:

Wissowa, _Relig. u. Kult. der Römer_ (1912), p. 355.

Footnote 510:

The symbolic importance of the Title, and its relation to the concept
and idea of the Person, cannot here be dealt with. It must suffice to
draw attention to the fact that the Classical is the only Culture in
which the Title is unknown. It would have been in contradiction with
the strictly somatic character of their names. Apart from personal and
family names, only the technical names of offices actually exercised
were in use. “Augustus” became at once a personal name, “Cæsar” very
soon a designation of office. The advance of the Magian feeling can be
seen in the way in which courtesy-expressions of the Late-Roman
bureaucracy, like “Vir clarissimus,” became permanent titles of honour
which could be conferred and cancelled. In just the same way, the
names of old and foreign deities became titles of the recognized
Godhead; e.g., Saviour and Healer (Asklepios) and Good Shepherd
(Orpheus) are titles of Christ. In the Classical, on the contrary, we
find the secondary names of Roman deities evolving into independent
and separate gods.

Footnote 511:

Diagoras, who was condemned to death by the Athenians for his
“godless” writings, left behind him deeply pious dithyrambs. Read,
too, Hebbel’s diaries and his letters to Elise. He “did not believe in
God,” but he prayed.

Footnote 512:

See Vol. II, p. 376.

Footnote 513:

See Vol. II, p. 244.

Footnote 514:

Livy XL, 29.—_Tr._

Footnote 515:

In the famous conclusion of his “Optics” (1706) which made a powerful
impression and became the starting-point of quite new enunciations of
theological problems, Newton limits the domain of mechanical causes as
against the Divine First Cause, whose perception-organ is necessarily
infinite space itself.

Footnote 516:

As has been shown already, the dynamic structure of our thought was
manifested first of all when Western languages changed “feci” to “ego
habeo factum,” and thereafter we have increasingly emphasized the
dynamic in the phrases with which we fix our phenomena. We say, for
instance, that industry “finds outlets for itself” and that
Rationalism “has come into power.” No Classical language allows of
such expressions. No Greek would have spoken of Stoicism, but only of
the Stoics. There is an essential difference, too, between the imagery
of Classical and that of Western poetry in this respect.

Footnote 517:

The law of the equivalence of heat and work.—_Tr._

Footnote 518:

See p. 307.

Footnote 519:

Original: “Keine dem abendländischen Geist natürliche Art der Deutung
mechanischer Tatsachen, welche die Begriffe Gestalt und Substanz
(allenfalls Raum und Masse) statt Raum, Zeit, Masse, und Kraft
zugrunde liegt.”

Footnote 520:

See foot-note, p. 314.—_Tr._

Footnote 521:

See p. 355.

Footnote 522:

See Vol. II, p. 618.

Footnote 523:

See M. Planck, _Entstehung und bisherige Entwicklung der
Quantentheorie_ (1920), pp. 17-25.

Footnote 524:

Which in many cases have led to the supposition that the “actual
existence” of atoms has now at last been proved—a singular throw-back
to the materialism of the preceding generation.

Footnote 525:

This sentence follows the original word for word and phrase for
phrase. Its significance depends wholly on the precise meaning to be
attached to such words as “dead,” “free,” “latent,” and to attempt any
sharper formulation of the processes in English would require not only
the definition of these (or other) basic terms but also extended
description of what they imply.

The Second Law of Thermodynamics is something which is _absorbed by_,
rather than specified for, the student. Elsewhere in this English
edition, indications have been frequently given to enable the ordinary
student to follow up matters referred to more allusively in the text.
But in this difficult domain such minor aids would be worthless. All
that is possible is to recommend such students to make a very careful
study of some plain statement of the subject like Professor Soddy’s
“Matter and Energy” (especially chapters 4 and 5) and to follow this
up—to the extent that his mathematical knowledge permits—in the
articles _Energy_, _Energetics_ and _Thermodynamics_ in the Ency.
Brit., XI ed.—_Tr._

Footnote 526:

See foot-note, p. 157.

Footnote 527:

The application of the idea of “lifetime” to elements has in fact
produced the conception of “half-transformation times” [such as 3.85
days for Radium Emanation.—_Tr._].

Footnote 528:

The text of this paragraph has been slightly condensed, as in such a
field as this of philosophical mathematics partial indications would
serve no useful purpose. The mathematical reader may refer to the
articles _Function_, _Number_, and _Groups_ in the Ency. Brit., XI
ed.—_Tr._

INDEX

Prepared by DAVID Μ. MATTESON

Aachen Minster, and style, 200
Abaca, Evaristo F. dall’, sonatas, 283
Abel, Niels H., mathematic problem, 85
Absolutism, contemporary periods, table iii
Abydos, 58_n._;
contemporaries, table ii
Abyssinia, cult-buildings, 209
Academy, contemporaries, table i
Acanthus motive, history, 215
Acheloüs, as god, 403
Achilles, archetype, 203, 402
Acre, battle, 150
Acropolis, contemporaries, table ii. _See also_ Parthenon
Act, and portrait, 262, 266, 270
Action, in Western morale, 342
Actium, battle, 381
Activity, as Western trait, 315, 320;
as quality of Socialism, 362-364
Actuality, as test of philosophy, 41;
significance, 164
Adam de la Hale. _See_ La Hale
Addison, Joseph, type, 254
Adolescence, initiation-rites as symbol, 174_n._
Adrastos, cult, 33_n._
Ægina temple, sculpture, 226, 244
Æschines, portrait statue, 270
Æschylus, tragic form and method, 129, 320, 321;
and architecture, 206;
and motherhood, 268;
and deity, 313;
morale, 355
Æsthetics, and genius in art, 128
Æther, contradictory theories, 418
Agamemnon, contemporaries, table iii
Aggregates, theory, 426
Aglaure, cult, 406
Ahmes, arithmetic, 58
Ahriman, Persian Devil, 312
Aim, and direction, 361;
nebulousness, 363
Aksakov, Sergei, and Europe, 16_n._
Albani, Francesco, linear perspective, 240;
colour, 246
Albani villa, garden, 240
Albert of Saxony, Occamist, 381
Alberti, Leone B., gardening, 240
Alcamenes, contemporary mathematic, 78;
period, 284
Alchemy, as symbol, 248;
as Arabian physics, 382, 383;
process of transmutation, 382_n._;
and substance, 383;
and mechanical necessity, 393
Alcibiades, and Napoleon, 4;
and Classical morale, 351;
condemnation, 411
Alcman, music, 223
Alembert, Jean B. le R. d’, mathematic, 66, 78;
and time, 126;
mechanics and deism, 412
Alexander the Great, analogies, 4;
and Dionysus legend, 8;
romantic, 38;
and economic organization, 138;
expedition as episode, 147;
himself as epoch, 149;
as conqueror, 336;
morale, 349;
as paradox, 363;
deification, 405;
contemporaries, table iii
Alexander I of Russia, and Napoleon, 150
Alexandria, as a cultural left-over, 33, 73_n._, 79;
contemporaries, 112;
collections of University, 136_n._;
as irreligious, 358
Alfarabi, and extension, 178;
and dualism, 306;
contemporaries, table i
Algebra, defined, significance of letter-notation, 71;
Diophantus and Arabian Culture, 71-73;
Western liberation, 86;
contemporaries, table i.
_See also_ Mathematics
Algiers, origin of French war, 144_n._
Alhambra, courtyard, 235
Alien, and “proper”, 53
Alkabi, and extension, 178
Alkarchi, contemporaries, table i
Al-Khwarizmi, mathematic, 72;
contemporaries, table i
Alkindi, and dualism, 307;
contemporaries, table i
Allegory, motive and word, 219_n._
Almighty, philosophical attitude toward, 123. _See also_ Religion
Alphabet, and historical consciousness, 12_n._ _See also_ Language
Alsidzshi, mathematic, 72
Altar of the Unknown God, Paul’s error, 404
Amarna art, contemporaries, table ii
Ambrosian chants, and Jewish psalmody, 228
Amenemhet III, pyramid, 13;
portrait, 108, 262
Amida, and Arabian art, 209
Analogies, superficial and real historical, 4, 6, 27, 38, 39;
necessity of technique, 5
Analysis, and Classical mathematic, 69;
in Western mathematic, 74, 75;
inadequacy as term, 81;
and earlier mathematics, 84;
contemporaries, table i.
_See also_ Mathematics
Anamnesis, and comprehension of depth, 174
Ananke, and Tyche, 146
Anarchism, basis, 367, 373
Anatomy, in Classical and Western art, 264;
Michelangelo and Leonardo, 277
Anaxagoras, and ego, 311;
on atoms, 386;
and mechanical necessity, 392, 394;
condemnation, 411
Anaximander, and chaos, 64;
popularity, 327
Ancestral worship, cultural basis, 134, 135_n._
Ancient History, as term, 16
Anecdote, and Classical tragedy, 318;
Western, 318_n._
Angelico, Fra, and the antique, 275
Anthesteria, 135_n._
Antigone, and Kriemhild, 268
Antiphons, and Jewish psalmody, 228
Antisthenes, character of Nihilism, 357;
and diet, 361
Antonello da Messina, Dutch influence, 236
Apelles, contemporaries, table ii
Aphrodisias Temple in Caria, as pseudomorphic, 210
Aphrodite, as goddess, 268;
in Classical art, 268
Apocalypses, and world-history, 18_n._;
contemporaries, table i
Apollinian soul, explained, 183. _See also_ Classical Culture
Apollo Didymæus Temple, form-type, 204
Apollo of Tenea, contemporaries, table ii
Apollodorus of Athens, unpopularity, 35;
painting, 283, 325_n._
Apollodorus of Damascus, Roman architecture, 211
Apollonius Pergæus, and infinity, 69;
mathematic, 90
Appius Claudius, contemporaries, table iii
Arabesque, algebraic analogy, 72;
period, 108;
spun surface, 196;
character, 203, 212;
as symbol, 215, 248;
end-art, 223;
contemporaries, table ii
Arabian Culture, and polar idea of history, 18;
mathematic, significance of algebra, 63, 71-73;
expressions, 72;
and Late-Classical, 73, 209, 212, 214;
and Marycult, 137;
prime symbol, cavern, 174, 209, 215;
soul and dualism, 183, 305-307, 363;
“inside” architectural expression, 184, 199, 200, 224;
religious expression, 187, 188, 312, 401;
and Russian art, 201;
autumn of style, 207;
art as single phenomenon, 207-209;
art research, 209;
dome space-symbolism, 210-212;
ornamentation, 212;
fetters, 212;
emancipation, hurry, 213;
and mosaic, 214;
arch-column, 214;
Acanthus motive, 215;
and portraiture, 223, 262;
architecture in Italy, 235;
music, 228;
and Renaissance, 235;
gold as symbol, 247;
political concept, 335;
will-lessness, 309, 311;
art and spectator, 329;
and world-history, 363;
nature idea, chemistry, 382-384, 393;
religion in Late-Classical, 407;
spiritual epochs, table i;
art epochs, table ii
Arabian Nights, as symbol, 248
Arbela, battle, 151
Arcadians, provided history, 11
Arch, and column, 214, 236
Archæology, and historical repetition, 4;
cultural attitude, 14, 132, 254;
significance, 134.
Archery, Eastern and Western, 333_n._
Archimedes, style, 59;
and infinity, 69;
mathematical limitation, 84, 90;
contemporaries, 112, 386;
and metaphysics, 366;
and motion, 377;
as creator, 425
Architecture, ahistoric symbolism of Classical, 9, 12_n._;
symbolism of Egyptian, 69, 189, 202;
transition to and from Arabian, 72, 73;
Rococo as music, 87, 231, 285;
as early art of a Culture, mother-art, 128, 224;
undurable basis of Classical, 132, 198;
column, and arch, 166, 184, 204, 214, 236, 260_n._, 345;
dimension and direction, cultural relation, 169_n._, 177, 184, 205,
224;
symbolism in Chinese, 190, 196;
imitation and ornament, becoming and become, 194-198, 202;
history of techniques and ideas, 195;
of Civilization period, 197;
stage of Russian, 201;
Classical, feeble development of style, 204;
pseudomorphic Late-Classical, basilica, 209, 212, 214;
Arabian, dome type, 208, 210-212;
Western façade and visage, 224;
cathedral and infinite space, forest character, 198-200, 224, 396;
Arabian in Italy, 235;
place of Renaissance, 235;
Michelangelo and Baroque, 277;
and cultural morale, 345;
contemporary cultural epochs, table ii.
_See also_ Art; Baroque; Egyptian Culture; Doric; Gothic; Romanesque
Archytas, irrational numbers and fate, 65_n._;
and higher powers, 66;
contemporaries, 78, 90, 112, table i;
and metaphysics, 366
Arezzo, school of art, 268
Aristarchus of Samos, and Eastern thought, 9;
and heliocentric system, 68, 69, 139
Aristogiton, statue, 269_n._
Aristophanes, and burlesque, 30, 320_n._
Aristotle, ahistoric consciousness, 9;
entelechy, 15;
contemporaries, 17, table i;
and philosophy of being, 49_n._;
mechanistic world-conception, 99, 392;
and deity, 124, 313;
tabulation of categories, 125;
as collector, 136_n._;
as Plato’s opposite, 159;
on tragedy, 203, 318, 320, 321, 351;
on body and soul, 259;
on Zeuxis, 284;
and inward life, 317;
and philanthropy, 351;
and Civilization, 352;
and diet, 361;
culmination of Classical philosophy, 365, 366;
and mathematics, 366;
on atoms, 386;
as atheist, 409;
condemnation, 411
Arithmetic, Kant’s error, 6_n._;
and time, 125, 126.
_See also_ Mathematics
Army, Roman notion, 335
Arnold of Villanova, and chemistry, 384_n._
Art and arts, irrational polar idea, 20;
as sport, 35;
and future of Western Culture, 40;
as mathematical expression, 57, 58, 61, 62, 70;
Arabian, relation to algebra, 72;
and vision, 96;
causal and destiny sides, 127, 128;
Western, and “memory,” 132_n._;
mortality, 167;
religious character of early periods, 185;
lack of early Chinese survivals, 190_n._;
as expression-language, 191;
and witnesses, 191;
imitation and ornament, 191-194;
their opposition, becoming and become, 194-196;
typism, 193;
so-called, of Civilization, copyists, 197, 293-295;
meaning of style, 200, 201;
forms and cultural spirituality, 214-216;
as symbolic expression of Culture, 219, 259;
expression-methods of wordless, 219_n._;
sense-impression and classification, 220, 221;
historical boundaries, organism, 221;
species within a Culture, no rebirths, 222-224;
early period architecture as mother, 224;
Western philosophical association, 229;
secularization of Western, 230;
dominance of Western music, 231;
outward forms and cultural meaning, 238;
and popularity, 242;
space and philosophy, 243;
cultural basis of composition, 243;
symptom of decline, striving, 291, 292;
trained instinct and minor artists, 292, 293;
cultural association with morale, 344;
contemporary cultural epochs, table ii.
_See also_ Imitation; Ornament; Science; Style; arts by name
Aryan hero-tales, contemporaries, table i
Asklepios, as Christian title, 408_n._
Astrology, cultural attitude, 132, 147
Astronomy, Classical Culture and, 9;
heliocentric system, 68, 139;
dimensional figures, 83;
cultural significance, 330-332
Ataraxia, Stoic ideal, 343, 347, 352, 361
Atheism, and “God”, 312_n._;
as definite phenomenon, position, 408, 409;
cultural basis of structure, 409;
and toleration, 410, 411
Athene, as goddess, 268
Athens, and Paris, 27;
culture city, 32;
as religious, 358
Athtar, temples, 210
Atlantis, and voyages of Northmen, 332_n._
Atmosphere, in painting, 287
Atomic theories, Boscovich’s, 314_n._;
cultural basis, 384-387, 419;
disintegration hypotheses, 423
Augustan Age, Atticism, 28_n._
Augustine, Saint, and time, 124, 140;
and Jesus, 347;
contemporaries, table i
Augustus, as epoch, 140;
statue, 295
Aurelian, favourite god, 406;
contemporaries, table iii
Avalon, and Valhalla, 401
Avesta. _See_ Zend Avesta
Aviation, Leonardo’s interest, 279
Avicenna, on light, 381;
contemporaries, table i
Axum, empire, and world-history, 16, 208, 209_n._, 223

Baader, Franz X. von, and dualism, 307
Baal, shrines as basilicas, 209_n._;
cults, 406, 407;
contemporaries, table i
Baalbek, basilica, 209_n._;
Sun Temple as pseudomorphic, 210
Babylon, and time, 9, 15;
geographical science, 10;
place in history, 17;
autumnal city, 79
Baccio della Porta. _See_ Bartolommeo
Bach, John Sebastian, contemporaries, 27, 112, 417, table ii;
as analysist, 62;
contemporary mathematic, 78;
fugue, 230;
and dominance of music, 231;
and popularity, 243;
pure music, 283;
ease, 292;
ethical passion, 355;
God-feeling, 394
Bachofen, Johann J., Classical ideology, 28;
on stone, 188
Backgrounds, in Renaissance art, 237;
in Western painting, 239;
in Western gardening, 240.
_See also_ Depth-experience
Bacon, Francis, Shakespeare controversy, 135_n._
Bacon, Roger, world-conception, 99;
and mechanical necessity, 392;
contemporaries, table i
Bähr, Georg, architecture, 285
Baghdad, autumnal city, 79;
contemporary cities, 112;
philosophy of school, 248, 306, 307;
contemporaries of school, table i
Ballade, origin, 229
Bamberg Cathedral, sculpture, 235
Barbarossa, symbolism, 403
Baroque, mathematic, 58, 77;
musical association, 87, 228_n._, 230;
as stage of style, 202;
sculpture as allegory, 219_n._;
origin, 236;
depth-experience in painting, 239;
in gardening, 240;
portraits, 265;
Michelangelo’s relation, 277;
philosophy, reason and will, 308;
soul, 313, 314;
contemporaries, table ii.
_See also_ Art
Bartolommeo, Fra (Baccio della Porta), and line, 280;
dynamic God-feeling, 394
Basilica, as pseudomorphic type, 209, 210;
and Western cathedral, 211, 224;
contemporaries, table ii
Basilica of Maxentius (Constantine), Arabian influences, 212
Basra School, philosophy, 248, 306;
contemporaries, table i
_Basso continuo._ _See_ Thoroughbass.
Baths of Caracalla, Syrian workmen, 211, 212
Battista of Urbino, portrait, 279
Baudelaire, Pierre Charles, sensuousness, 35;
autumnal accent, 241;
and the decadent, 292
Bayle, Pierre, and imperialism, 150
Bayreuth. _See_ Wagner
Beauty, transience, cultural basis, 194;
as Classical rôle, 317
Become, Civilization as, 31, 46;
philosophers, 49_n._;
explained, relationships, 53;
and learning, 56;
and extension, 56;
and mathematical number, 70, 95;
relation to nature and history, 94-98, 102, 103;
and symbolism, 101;
and causality and destiny, 119;
and problem of time, 122;
and mortality, 167;
in art, 194.
_See also_ Becoming; Causality; Nature; Space
Becoming, and history, 25, 94-98, 102, 103;
philosophers, 49_n._;
explained, relationships, 53;
intuition, 56;
and direction, 56;
and chronological number, 70;
relation to nature and destiny and causality, 119, 138, 139;
and mathematics, 125, 126;
in art, 194.
_See also_ Become; Destiny; History; Time
Beech, as symbol, 396
Beethoven, Ludwig van, contemporary mathematic, 78, 90;
and pure reason, 120;
and imagination, 220;
orchestration, 231;
inwardness, “brown” music, 251, 252, 252_n._;
music as confession, 264;
period, 284;
straining, 291;
contemporaries, table ii
Bell, as Western symbol, 134_n._
Bellini, Giovanni, and portrait, 272, 273
Benares, autumnal city, 99
Benedetto da Maiano, and ornament, 238;
and portrait, 272
Bentham, Jeremy, and imperialism, 150;
and economic ascendency, 367;
contemporaries, table i
Berengar of Tours, controversy, 185
Berkeley, George, on mathematics and faith, 78_n._
Berlin, megalopolitanism, 33;
as irreligious, 79, 358
Berlioz, Hector, contemporaries, table ii
Bernard of Clairvaux, Saint, contemporaries, 400, table i
Bernini, Giovanni Lorenzo, architecture, 87, 231, 244, 245;
contemporaries, table ii
Bernward, Saint, as architect, 107_n._, 206
Berry, Duke of, Books of Hours, 239
Beyle, Henri. _See_ Stendhal
Bible, and periodic history, 18;
as Arabian symbol, 248.
_See also_ Christianity
Biedermeyer, contemporaries, table ii
Binchois, Égide, music, 230
Binomial theorem, discovery, 75
Biography, and portraiture, 12;
Cultures and, 13, 14;
and character, 316;
and Western tragedy, 318.
_See also_ Portraiture
Biology, and preordained life-duration, 108;
in politics, 156;
as weakest science, 157;
and Civilization, 360
Bismarck, Fürst von, wars and cultural rhythm, 110_n._;
and destiny, 145;
morale, 349
Bizet, Georges, “brown” music, 252
Blood, Leonardo’s discovery of circulation, 278
Blue, symbolism, 245, 246
Boccaccio, Giovanni, and Homer, 268_n._
Body, as symbol of Classical Culture, 174;
and geometrical systems, 176_n._;
in Arabian philosophy, 248;
and soul, Classical expression, 259-261.
_See also_ Sculpture; Spirit
Böcklin, Arnold, act and portrait, 271_n._;
painting, 289, 290
Boehme, Jakob, contemporaries, table i
Bogomils, iconoclasts, 383
Bohr, Niels, and mass, 385, 419
Boltzmann, Ludwig, on probability, 380_n._
Boniface, Saint, as missionary, 360
Book, and cult-building, 197_n._
Books of Hours, Berry’s, 239
Books of Numa, burning, 411
Boomerang, and mathematical instinct, 58
Borgias, Hellenic sorriness, 273
Boscovich, Ruggiero Giuseppe, and physics, 314_n._, 415
Botticelli, Sandro, Dutch influence, 236;
goldsmith, 237;
and portrait, 271, 272
Boucher, François, and body, 271
Boulle, André C., Chippendale’s ascendency, 150_n._
Bourbons, analogy, 39
Boyle, Robert, and element, 384
Brahmanism, transvaluation, 352;
Buddhist interpretation of Karma, 357;
contemporaries of Brahmanas, table i.
_See also_ Indian Culture
Brain, and soul, 367
Bramante, Donato d’Angnolo, plan of St. Peter’s, 184
Brancacci Chapel, 237, 279
Brass musical instruments, colour expression, 252_n._
Bronze, and Classical expression, 253;
patina, 253;
Michelangelo and, 276
Brothers of Sincerity, on light, 381;
contemporaries, table i
Brown, symbolism of studio, 250, 288;
Leonardo and, 280
Bruckner, Anton, end-art, 223;
“brown” music, 252
Bruges, loss of prestige, 33;
as religious, 358
Brunelleschi, Filippo, linear perspective, 240;
and antique, 275_n._;
architecture, 313
Bruno, Giordano, world, 56;
martyrdom, 68;
and vision, 96;
esoteric, 326;
astronomy, 331;
contemporaries, table i
Brutus, M. Junius, character, 5
Buckle, Henry T., and evolution, 371
Buddhism, and Civilization, end-phenomenon, materialism, 32, 352, 356,
357, 359, 409;
and state, 138;
Nirvana, 178, 357, 361;
morale, 341, 347;
scientific basis of ideas, 353;
moral philosophy, 355;
as peasant religion, 356_n._;
and Christianity, 357;
and contemporaries, 357, 358, 361, table i;
and diet, 361.
_See also_ Religion
Burckhardt, Jacob, Classical ideology, 28;
on Renaissance, 234
Buridan, Jean, Occamist, 381
Burlesque, Classical, 30, 320
Busts, Classical, as portraits, 269, 272
Buxtehude, Dietrich, organ works, 220
Byron, George, Lord, and Civilization, 110
Byzantinism, as Civilization, 106;
and portraiture, 130_n._;
style, 206;
Acanthus motive, 215;
allegorical painting, 219_n._;
contemporaries, tables ii, iii.
_See also_ Arabian Culture
Byzantium, tenement houses, 34_n._

Cabeo, Nicolaus, theory of magnetism, 414
Caccias, character, 229
Cæsar, C. Julius, analogies, 4, 38;
and newspaper, 5;
and democracy, 5;
conquest of Gaul, 36_n._;
practicality, 38;
and calendar and duration, 133;
and economic organization, 138;
and destiny, 139;
bust, 272;
morale, 349;
Divus Julius, 407;
contemporaries, table iii
Cæsarism, and money, 36;
contemporary periods, table iii
Calchas, cult, 185
Calculus, and Classical astronomy, 69;
limit-idea, 86;
Newtonian and Leibnizian, 126_n._;
and religion, 170;
as Jesuit style, 412;
basis threatened, 419.
_See also_ Mathematics
Calderon de la Barca, Pedro, plays as confession, 264
Calendar, Cæsar’s, 133
Caliphate, Diocletian’s government, 72, 212;
deification of caliph, 405
Callicles, ethic, 351
Calvin, John, predestination and evolution, 140_n._, 141;
and Western morale, 348;
variety of religion, 394;
contemporaries, table i
Can Grande, statue, 272
Cannæ, as climax, 36
Canning, George, and imperialism, 149_n._
Cantata, and orchestra, 230
Canzoni, character, 229
Caracalla, and citizenship and army, 335, 407
Carcassonne, restoration, 254_n._
Cardano, Girolamo, and numbers, 75
Care, and distance, 12;
cultural attitude, relation to state, 136, 137;
and maternity, 267
Carissimi, Giacomo, music, pictorial character, 230, 283
Carneades, and mechanical necessity, 393
Carstens, Armus J., naturalism, 212
Carthage. _See_ Punic Wars
Carthaginians, and geography, 10_n._, 333
Castle, and cathedral, 195, 229
Catacombs, art, 137_n._, 224
Categories, tabulation, 125
Catharine of Siena, Saint, and Gothic, 235
Cathedral, as ornament, 195;
and castle, 229;
forest-character, 396;
contemporaries, table ii.
_See also_ Gothic; Romanesque
Cato, M. Porcius, Stoicism and income, 33
Cauchy, Augustin Louis, notation, 77;
mathematic problem, 85;
and infinitesimal calculus, 86;
mathematical position, 90;
goal of analysis, 418;
contemporaries, table i
Causality, history and Kantian, 7;
and historiography, 28;
and number, 56;
and pure phenomenon, 111_n._;
and destiny and history, limited domain, 117-121, 151, 156-159;
and space and time, 119, 120, 142;
and principle, 121;
and grace, 141;
and reason, 308;
and Civilization, 360;
and destiny in natural science, 379;
and mechanical necessity, 392-394.
_See also_ Become; Destiny; Nature; Space
Cavern, as symbol, 200, 209, 215, 224
Celtic art, as Arabian, 215
Centre of time, and history, 103
Ceres, materiality, 403
Cervantes, Miguel de, tragic method, 319
Ceylon, Mahavansa, 12
Cézanne, Paul, landscapes, 289;
striving, 292
Chæronea, issue at battle, 35
Chalcedon, Council of, and Godhead, 209, 249
Chaldeans, astronomy, Classical reaction, 147
Chamber-music, as summit of Western art, 231
Chan-Kwo period, contemporaries, table iii
Character, and person, 259;
and will, Western ego, 314, 335;
Cultures and study, 316;
gesture as Classical substitute, 316;
in Western tragedy, Classical contrast, 317-326.
_See also_ Morale; Soul
Chardin, Jean B. S., and French tradition, 289
Chares, Helios and gigantomachia, 291
Charity. _See_ Compassion
Charlemagne, analogies, 4, 38;
contemporaries, table iii
Charles XII of Sweden, analogy, 4
Chartres Cathedral, sculpture, 235, 261
Chemistry, thoughtless hypotheses, 156_n._;
no Classical, 383;
Western so-called, 384;
as Arabian system, 384, 393;
new essence, entropy, 426.
_See also_ Natural science
Cheops, dynasty, 58_n._
Chephren, dynasty, 58_n._;
tomb-pyramid, 196, 203
Chian, contemporaries, table iii
Children, Western portraiture, 266-268. _See also_ Motherland.
Chinese Culture, historic feeling, 14;
imperialism, 37;
philosophers, 42, 45;
time-measurement, 134_n._;
ancestral worship, 135_n._;
and care, 136;
attitude toward state, 137;
economic organization, 138;
destiny-idea, landscape as prime symbol, 190, 196, 203;
lack of early art survivals, 190_n._;
and tutelage, 213;
music, 228;
gardening, 240;
bronzes, patina, 253_n._;
portraiture, 260, 262;
Civilization, 295;
soul, perspective as expression, 310_n._;
passive morale, 315, 341, 347;
and discovery, 333, 336;
political epochs, table iii.
_See also_ Cultures
Chippendale, Thomas, position, 150_n._
Chivalry, southern type, 233_n._
Chorus, in art-history, 191;
in Classical tragedy, 324
Chosroes-Nushirvan, art of period, 203
Chóu Li, on Chóu dynasty, 137
Chóu Period, and care, 137;
contemporaries, table iii
Christianity, comparisons, 4;
Eastern, and historical-periods, 22_n._;
and poor Stoics, 33_n._;
as Arabian, 72, 402;
Mary-cult, Madonna in art, 136, 267, 268;
destiny in Western, 140;
architectural expression of early, 208-211;
colour and gold as symbols, 247-250;
in Western art, spiritual space, 279;
dualism in early, 306;
“passion”, 320_n._;
Eastern, and home, 335;
Western transformation of morale, 344, 347, 348;
and Buddhism, 357;
of Fathers and Crusades, 357_n._;
missionarism, 360;
God-man problem as alchemistic, 383;
and mechanical necessity, miracles, 392, 393;
elements of Western, 399-401;
foreign gods as titles, 408_n._
_See also_ Religion
Chronology, relation of Classical Culture, 9, 10;
as number, 97, 153_n._;
and the when, 126;
and archæology, 134.
_See also_ History
Chrysippus, and Stoicism, 33, 358;
and corporeality, 177
Chuang-tsü, practical philosophy, 45
Chun-Chiu Period, contemporaries, table iii
Cicero, M. Tullius, analogy, 4
Cimabue, Giovanni, and nature, 192;
and Byzantine art, 238;
and Francis of Assisi, 249_n._;
and portraiture, 273
Cimarosa, Domenico, ease, 292
Cistercians, soul, 360
Citizenship, Classical concept, 334. _See also_ Politics
Civilization, defined, as destiny of a Culture, 31-34, 106, 252, 353,
354;
and the “become”, 31, 46;
and megalopolitanism, 32, 35;
money as symbol, 34-36;
and economic motives, 35;
imperialism, 36;
destiny of Western, 37, 38;
and scepticism, 46, 409;
Alexander-idea, 150;
English basis of Western, 151, 371;
Western, effect on history, 151;
so-called art, 197, 293-295;
style histories, 207;
Western painting, _plein-air_, 251, 288, 289;
and gigantomachia, 291;
Manet and Wagner, 293;
transvaluation of values, striving, 351, 353;
Nihilism and inward finishedness, 352;
manifestations, 353, 354;
problematic and plebeian morale, 354, 355;
and irreligion, 358;
diatribe as phenomenon, 359;
and biological philosophies, philosophical essence, 361, 367;
natural science, 417;
contemporary spiritual epochs, table i;
contemporary art epochs, table ii;
contemporary political epochs, table iii.
_See also_ Cultures
Clarke, Samuel, and imperialism, 150
Classical Culture, philosophy, culmination, 3, 45;
ahistoric basis, 8-10, 12_n._, 97, 103, 131-135, 254, 255, 264, 363;
and chronology, 9, 10_n._;
and geography, 10_n._;
religious expression, bodied pantheon, later monotheistic tendencies,
10, 11, 13, 187, 312, 397, 398, 402-408;
and mortality, funeral customs, 13, 134;
portraiture, 13, 130, 264, 265, 269, 272;
and archæology, 14;
and measurement of time, 15;
mathematic, 15, 63-65, 69, 77, 83, 84, 90;
contemporary Western periods, 26;
Western views, ideology, 27-31, 76, 81, 237, 238, 243, 254, 270, 323;
“Classical” and “antike”, 28_n._;
civilization, Rome, Stoicism, 32-34, 36, 44, 294, 352;
cosmology, astronomy, 63, 68, 69, 147, 330;
cultural significance of mathematic, 65-67, 70;
and algebra, 71;
surviving forms under Arabian Culture, 72, 73, 208;
opposition to Western soul, 78;
and space, 81-84, 88, 175_n._;
“smallness”, 83;
relation to proportion and function, 84, 85;
popularity, 85, 254, 326-328;
and destiny-idea, dramatic illustration, 129, 130, 143, 146, 147,
317-326, 424;
care and sex attitude, family and home, 136, 266-268, 334-337;
attitude toward state, 137, 147;
and economic organization, 138;
actualization of the corporeal only, sculpture, 176-178, 225, 259-
261;
soul, attributes, 183, 304, 305;
architectural expression, 184, 198, 224;
weak style, 203;
art-work and sense-organ, 220;
and music, 223, 227;
and form and content, 242;
and composition, 243;
colour, 245-247;
nature idea, statics, 263, 382-384, 392;
and discovery, 278;
painting, 287;
will-less-ness, 309, 310;
lack of character, gesture as substitute, 316;
art and time of day, 325;
morale, ethic of attitude, 341, 342, 347, 351;
and “action”, 342_n._;
cult and dogma, 401, 410;
and strange gods, 404;
scientific periods, 424;
spiritual epochs, table i;
art epochs, table ii;
political epochs, table iii.
_See also_ Art; Cultures; Renaissance; Science
Classicism, and dying Culture, 108;
defined, 197;
period in style, 207
Claude Lorrain, landscape as space, 184;
“singing” picture, 219;
and ruins, 254;
colour, 246, 288;
period, 283;
landscape as portrait, 287
Cleanliness, cultural attitude, 260
Cleisthenes, contemporaries, table iii
Cleomenes III, contemporaries, table iii
Cleon, and economic organization, 138
Clepsydra, Plato’s, 15
Clock, and historic consciousness, 14;
religious aspect, 15_n._;
cultural attitude, 131, 134
Clouds, in paintings, 239
Cluniac reform, and architecture, 185
Clytæmnestra, and Helen, 268
Cnidian Aphrodite, 108, 268
Cnossos art, 224_n._, 293;
contemporaries, table ii
Cobbett, William, population theory, 185_n._
Cognition, and nature, 94, 102, 103
Colleoni, Bartolommeo, statue, 238, 272
Colosseum, and real Rome, 44;
form type, 204;
contemporaries, table ii
Colossus of Rhodes, and gigantomachia, 291
Colour, Goethe’s theory, 157_n._, 158_n._;
and depth-experience, 242;
Classical and Western use, symbolism, 245-247;
Western blue and green, 245;
Arabian Culture and gold, 247-249;
brushwork and motion-quality, 249;
studio-brown, as symbol, 250, 288;
Leonardo’s sense, 280;
_plein-air_, 288.
_See also_ Painting
Columbus, Christopher, and Spanish ascendency, 148;
and Leonardo, 278;
and space and will, 310, 337;
spiritual result, 334
Column, as symbol, 166, 184, 214, 260_n._, 345;
Classical orders, 204;
and arch, 214, 236
Compass, symbolism, 333
Compassion, times and meaning, 347-351;
and Socialism, 362
Composition in art, cultural basis, 243
Comprehension, qualities, 99
Comte, Auguste, provincialism, 24;
and economic ascendency, 367, 373;
contemporaries, table i
Confession, as Western symbol, 131, 140, 261, 264;
absence in Renaissance art, 273
Confucius, and actuality, 42;
and analogies, 357
Conic sections, contemporaries, table i
Conquest, as Western concept, 336
Consciousness, phases, 154
Consecutives in church music, 188
Conservation of energy, and causality, 393;
and first law of thermodynamics, 413;
and concept of infinity, 418;
and entropy, 420-424
Constable, John, significance of colour, 251;
and impressionism, 288
Constantine the Great, and artistic impotence, 294;
as caliph, 405;
religion, 407
Constantinople. _See_ Byzantium; Haggia Sophia
Consus, materiality, 403
Contemplation, defined, 95
Contemporaneity, intercultural, 26, 112, 177, 202_n._, 220;
number paradigm, 90;
Classical sculpture and Western music, 226, 283, 284, 291;
in physical theories, 386;
spiritual epochs, table i;
culture epochs, table ii;
political epochs, table iii
Contending States, period in China, homology, 111
Content, and form, 242, 270
Contrition, sacrament as Western symbol, 261, 263
Conversion, impossibility, 345
Copernicus, Classical anticipation of system, 68, 139;
and destiny, 94;
discovery and Western soul, 310, 330, 331
Corelli, Arcangelo, sonatas, 226, 283;
and dominance of music, 231;
colour expression, 252_n._;
Catholicism, 268_n._
Corinth, and unknown gods, 404
Corinthian column, contemporaries, table ii. _See also_ Column
Corneille, Pierre, and unities, 323
Corot, Jean B. C., colour, 246, 289;
and nude, 271;
impressionism, 286;
landscape as portrait, 287;
ease, 292
Cosmogonies, contemporaries, table i
Cosmology, cultural attitude, 63, 68, 69, 147, 330-332.
_See also_ Astronomy
Counterpoint, and Gothic, 229;
and fugue, 230.
_See also_ Music
Counter-Reformation, Michelangelo and spirit, 275
Couperin, François, pastoral music, 240;
colour expression, 252_n._
Courbet, Gustave, landscapes, 288-290
Courtyards, Renaissance, 235
Cousin, Victor, and economic ascendency, 367
Coysevox, Antoine, sculpture, 232;
decoration, 245
Cranach, Lucas, and portraiture, 270
Crassus Dives, M. Licinius, and city of Rome, 34
Cremation, as cultural symbol, 134
Cresilas, and portraiture, 130_n._, 269
Crete, inscriptions, 12_n._;
Minoan art, 198
Cromwell, Oliver, and imperialism, 149;
contemporaries, table iii
Crusades, symbolism, 15_n._, 198;
and Trojan War, 27;
Christianity, 357_n._;
contemporaries, table iii
Ctesiphon, school, 63
Cult and dogma, cultural attitudes, 401, 410, 411;
in natural science, 412
Cultures, Spengler’s morphological theory, xi;
obligatory stages, symbols, 3, 4, 6, 38, 39;
superficial and real analogies, 4, 6, 27, 38;
theory of distinct cycles, 21, 22, 31, 78;
divergent viewpoints, 23, 46, 131;
as organisms, mortality, 26, 104, 109, 167;
contemporary periods, 26, 112, 177, 202_n._, 220;
Civilization as destiny, 31-34, 106, 252, 353, 354;
symmetry, 47;
and notion of the world, language, 55;
physiognomic meaning as essence of history, 55, 101, 104, 105;
mathematical aspects, separation, 57-63, 67, 70;
and universal validity, 60, 146, 178-180, 202, 287;
number-thought and world-idea, 70;
stages, 106, 107;
application of term “habit” or “style”, 108, 205;
recapitulation in life of individuals, 110;
homologous forms, 111;
separate destiny-ideas, 129, 145;
comparative study, 145_n._;
as interpretation of soul, 159, 180, 302-304, 307, 313, 314;
cultural and intercultural macrocosm, 165;
particular, and nature, 169;
kind of extension as symbol, 173-175;
actualization of depth-experience, 175;
plurality of prime symbols, 179, 180;
tutelage, 213;
art forms and spiritualities, 214-216;
arts of form as symbolic expression, 219;
significance of species of art, 222-224;
as bases of morale, 315, 345-347;
and times of day, 325;
and nature-law, 377-380, 382, 387;
scientific period, 381;
religious springtimes, 399-402;
renunciation, second religiousness, 424;
characteristics of seasons, table i;
contemporary art epochs, table ii;
contemporary political epochs, table iii.
_See also_ Arabian; Art; Chinese; Classical; Egyptian; History;
Indian; Macrocosm; Morphology; Nature; Spirit; Western
Cupid, as art motive, 266
Cupola. _See_ Dome
Curtius Rufus, Quintus, biography of Alexander, 4
Cusanus, Nikolaus. _See_ Nicholas of Cusa
Cuyp, Albert, landscape as portrait, 287
Cyaxares, and Henry the Fowler, 4
Cybele, cult, 406
Cynics, practicality, 45;
morale, 203, 342;
and digestion, 361;
contemporaries, table i
Cypress, as symbol, 396
Cyrenaics, practicality, 45;
contemporaries, table i

Dante Alighieri, historical consciousness, 14, 56, 142, 159;
influence of Joachim of Floris, 20;
and vision, 96;
homology, 111;
and popularity, 243;
and confession, 273;
and psychology, 319;
and time of day, 325_n._;
esoteric, 328;
morale, 355;
variety of religion, 394;
contemporaries, table i
Danton, Georges, adventurer, 149
Darwinism and evolution, and Socialism, 35, 370-372;
and practical philosophy, 45;
morphology and vision, 104_n._, 105;
Goethe and, 111_n._;
and teleology, 120;
and destiny, 140;
and cultural art-theory, 141_n._;
and usefulness, 155;
and biological politics, 156;
nature and God, 312;
anticipation, Darwin’s political-economic application, 369-373;
contemporaries, table i
Daumier, Honoré, act and portrait, 271_n._;
and grand style, 290
David, Pierre Jean, naturalism, 212
Dea Cælestis, 406
Death, and historical consciousness, 13;
and become, 54, 167;
Cultures and funeral customs, 134, 135, 185;
and space, 166;
and world-fear and symbolism, 166;
stone as emblem, 188;
and ornament, 195
Decoration, architectural, 196;
Gothic, and bodilessness, 199;
Arabian, 208, 212;
mosaic, 214;
Acanthus motive, 215.
_See also_ #Ornament#
Dedekind, Richard, notation, 77, 95
Definitions, and destiny, xiv;
fundamental, 53-56
Deism, cause, 187, 412;
concept, 312_n._;
Baroque, and mechanics, 412.
_See also_ Religion
Deities, cultural basis, 312. _See also_ Religion
Delacroix, Ferdinand V. E., and impressionism, 288;
contemporaries, table ii
Delphi, Polygnotus’s frescos, 243
Demeter cult, 83;
spring festivals, 320;
contemporaries, table i
Demeter of Knidos, statue, 136
Demetrius of Alopeke, and portraiture, 130, 269
Democracy, decay by formalism, 35;
contemporary periods, table iii.
_See also_ Politics
Democritus, and corporeality, 177;
and ego, 311;
cosmology, 331;
atoms, 385;
Leibniz as contemporary, 386;
and motion, 389;
and mechanical necessity, 392-394;
contemporaries, table i
Demosthenes, statue, 270
Depth-experience, significance, 168, 169, 172-174;
and number, 171;
and time, 172, 173;
realization as cultural symbol, 173-175;
in Western painting, 239, 246;
in Western gardening, 240;
and destiny, 241;
and philosophy in art, 243;
in portrait, 263, 266;
and impressionism, 285-287;
and will, 311;
in Socialism, 361;
and natural science, 380, 386, 394;
Western God-feeling, 395;
cathedral and organ, 396.
_See also_ Destiny; Space
Desargues, Girard, mathematic, 75
Descartes, René, civic world-outlook, 33;
and actuality, 42;
style, 61;
mathematics and religion, 66;
relation to Classical mathematic, 69;
and new number-idea, 74, 75, 81, 88, 90, 126, 188;
contemporaries, 112, table i;
and Jansenists, 314_n._;
as thinker, 366;
thinking and being, 387;
on force, 413
Des Près, Josquin, music, 230
Destiny, and pessimism, xiv;
historical, 3, 4, 6, 38-41;
as logic of time, 7;
acceptance, 40, 44;
in World War, 47;
fulfilment of Western mathematic, 90;
of a Culture, 106, 145;
and causality, 117-121;
soul and predestination, 117;
organic logic, 117;
and time and space, 119, 120;
and idea, 121;
in art, revolts, 127, 128, 233;
separate cultural ideas, illustrations, 129-131, 145-149, 189, 190,
424;
in Western Christianity, 140, 141;
and incident, 138-141, 144;
and nature, 142;
Classical “fate”, body and personality, 143, 147;
youth, 152;
and Western depth-experience, 241;
patina as symbol, 253;
and motherhood, 267;
Western, and painting, 276_n._;
ethic and soul’s view, 302, 346, 355;
and will, 308;
and Civilization, 360;
and causality in natural science, 379;
and decay of exact science, 422-424.
_See also_ Becoming; Causality; Civilization; History; Time
Devil, disappearance, 187;
and Arabian dualism, 312, 363
Diadochi, period as episode, 149, 151
Diagoras, character of atheism, 408_n._;
condemnation, 411
Diatribe, as phenomenon of Civilization, 359
Dido, cult, 406_n._
Diet, and Civilization, 361
Diez, Feodor, significance of colour, 252
Differential calculus, as symbol, 15. _See also_ Calculus
Dimension, abstract notion, 89;
significance of depth, 168;
singularity, 169_n._
Dinzenhofer, Kilian I., architecture, 285
Diocletian, as caliph, 72, 212, 405;
as epoch, 149;
and Mithras 406
Diogenes, morale, 203;
and deity, 313;
Indian kinship, 347, 357
Dionysiac movement, Alexander and legend, 8;
contemporaries, homology, 27, 110, table i;
as revolt, 233, 356;
spring festival, 320, 321, 324
Dionysius I, contemporaries, table iii
Diophantus, algebra, and Arabian Culture, 63, 71-73, 383
Dipylon vases, 73, 107, 196
Direction, and time and becoming, 54, 56;
and extension, 99, 172;
and dimension, 169_n._;
and will, 308;
and aim, 361.
_See also_ Time
Discant, music, 229
Discobolus, Myron’s, 263, 265
Discovery, as Western trait, 278, 279, 332;
and space and will, 310, 337;
spiritual results, 334
Divinities. _See_ Religion
Dogma and cult, cultural attitude, 401, 410, 411;
in natural science, 412
Doliche, Baal, 407
Dome, as Arabian art expression, 210
Dome of the Rock, characteristics, 200
Dominicans, influence of Joachim of Floris, 20
Domitian, contemporaries, table iii
Donatello, and Gothic, 225_n._;
“David”, 265;
and portrait, 272
Doric, column as symbol, 9, 195;
and Gothic, 27;
timber style, 132;
and Ionic, 205;
and Egyptian, 213;
Western exclusion, 345;
contemporaries, table ii, iii.
_See also_ Architecture; Column
Dostoyevski, Feodor M., and Europe, 16_n._;
Raskolnikov’s philosophy, 309;
and compassion, 350
Drama, cultural basis, Classical and Western, 128-131, 141_n._, 143,
147, 148, 203, 255, 317-322, 347;
German, 290;
development of Classical, 320, 321;
cultural basis of form, unities, 322, 323;
undeveloped Western, 323;
Classical elimination of individuality, 323;
chorus, 324;
and time of day, 324;
attitude toward scene, 325;
and cultural basis of morale, 347;
and philosophy of Western activism, 368, 372;
Classical, and atomic theory, 386
Dresden, architecture, 207, 285;
chamber music, 232
Droem, autumnal accent, 241
Dryads, passivity, 336;
materiality, 403
Dschang Yi, and imperialism, 37
Dualism, in Arabian Culture, 305-307, 363;
and will and reason, 309;
in religion, 312
Dühring, Eugen Karl, position in Western ethics, 373
Dürer, Albrecht, historical heads, 103;
colour, 245, 250;
and act and portrait, 270
Dufay, Guillaume, music, in Italy, 230, 236
Duns Scotus, historical place, 72;
contemporaries, table i
Dunstaple, John, music, 230
Duration. _See_ Life
Durham, palatinate, 349_n._
Dyck, Anthony van. _See_ Van Dyck
Dynamics, as Western system, 384, 393. _See also_ Natural science