Chapter I: Part 1

THE

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION.

VOL. VIII.

THE

DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE

OF THE

AMERICAN REVOLUTION;

BEING

THE LETTERS OF BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, SILAS DEANE, JOHN ADAMS, JOHN JAY, ARTHUR LEE, WILLIAM LEE, RALPH IZARD, FRANCIS DANA, WILLIAM CARMICHAEL, HENRY LAURENS, JOHN LAURENS, M. DE LAFAYETTE, M. DUMAS, AND OTHERS, CONCERNING THE FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES DURING THE WHOLE REVOLUTION;

TOGETHER WITH

THE LETTERS IN REPLY FROM THE SECRET COMMITTEE OF CONGRESS, AND THE SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

ALSO,

THE ENTIRE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH MINISTERS, GERARD AND LUZERNE, WITH CONGRESS.

Published under the Direction of the President of the United States, from the original Manuscripts in the Department of State, conformably to a Resolution of Congress, of March 27th, 1818.

EDITED

BY JARED SPARKS.

VOL. VIII.

BOSTON:

NATHAN HALE AND GRAY & BOWEN;

G. & C. &. H. CARVILL, NEW YORK; P. THOMPSON, WASHINGTON.

1830.

Steam Power Press--W. L. Lewis' Print.

No. 6, Congress Street, Boston.

CONTENTS

OF THE

EIGHTH VOLUME.

JOHN JAY'S CORRESPONDENCE,

CONTINUED.

Page.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, December
13th, 1781, 3

Military operations in the South.--Requests more
frequent communications.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, February 2d,
1782, 5

State of affairs in the South.--New order introduced
into the financial department.--Interest of Spain to
attack Britain in America.--Apostacy of Mr Deane.

To Robert R. Livingston, Secretary of Foreign Affairs.
Madrid, February 6th, 1782, 8

Correspondence interrupted and examined in the
post-offices.

To the President of Congress. Madrid, February 6th, 1782, 10

Delays of the Spanish Court.--Thinks it advisable to
demand a categorical answer.

To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 16th, 1782, 12

Capitulation of Fort St Philip.

To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, February 18th, 1782, 12

Encloses the articles of capitulation for Fort St
Philip.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, March 8th,
1782, 13

Military operations in the South.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, April 27th,
1782, 14

General expectations from Spain.--Conduct of Spain
towards America.--Spanish Claims on Great Britain and in
America.--That Court can only secure the exclusive
navigation of the Mississippi by an alliance with the
United States.--The sums advanced by Spain to the United
States will be repaid.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, April 28th,
1782, 20

State of the American military force.

To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, April 28th, 1782, 21

Difficulty of obtaining supplies.--Letter to Dr
Franklin, (St Ildefonso, September 10th, 1781),
requesting supplies of money to meet the bills drawn on
him; new financial regulations of Mr Morris; they will
probably spare him the necessity of making further
demands.--Receives advances from M. Cabarrus.--Dr
Franklin permits Mr Jay to draw on him.--The Court
prepares to go to the Escurial.--Note from Mr Jay to the
Count de Florida Blanca, informing him of his intention
of returning to Madrid.--Reply of the Count de Florida
Blanca to the preceding.--Complaint exhibited by the
Count de Florida Blanca against Commodore Gillon, for
retaining deserters from the Spanish service on board
his vessel.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida
Blanca, (Madrid, October 9th, 1781), acknowledging the
justice of his demand of the surrender of the deserters,
and enclosing a copy of his letter to Commodore Gillon
on the subject; Mr Jay urges decisive measures relating
to the negotiations with America.--Letter from Mr Jay to
Commodore Gillon (Madrid, October 9th, 1781), advising
the surrender of the deserters.--Receives a statement
from Commodore Gillon, showing the charge against him to
have been precipitate.--Representations of Colonel
Searle against Commodore Gillon disproved by the
Commodore.--Continued silence of the Spanish
Minister.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida
Blanca (Madrid, October 28th, 1781), representing the
inconveniences of an ordinance requiring the legality of
prizes brought into the Spanish ports, to be tried in
the Court of Admiralty, whence the commission of the
captors issued.--Receives no answer.--Letter from Mr
Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca (Madrid, November
6th, 1781), on the detention of the American privateer
Cicero, with her prize, at Bilboa, on account of her
firing into one of the King's cutters; statement of the
case, which renders the firing justifiable.--Note from
the Count de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay, declaring his
statement to be incorrect, and insisting on
satisfaction.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de
Florida Blanca (Madrid, November 12th, 1781), requesting
a statement of the facts in the case of the Cicero, and
the speedy release of the vessel.--Letter from the Count
de Florida Blanca to Mr Jay, communicating an order for
the release of the Cicero.--Card from Mr Jay on the
subject.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida
Blanca (Madrid, November 16th, 1781), urging the
necessity of supplies.--Receives no answer.--Letter from
Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (Madrid, November 21st, 1781),
requesting advances of money to meet the bills drawn on
him.--Note from Mr Jay to the Count de Florida Blanca,
requesting an interview.--Reply to the preceding
note.--Receives no answer to a Memorial, which he
transmits from Mr Harrison; experiences the same neglect
in other similar cases.--Interview with the Count de
Florida Blanca; the Count excuses the delays on account
of the sickness of M. del Campo, and declines entering
on any business.--M. del Campo has been appointed to
confer with Mr Jay three months without Mr Jay's
knowledge.--M. del Campo declines the conference, under
pretence of ill health; and afterwards on the plea of
want of instruction.--Letter from Mr Jay to Dr Franklin
(Madrid, December 31st, 1781), asking advances of
money.--Letter from Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (Madrid,
January 11th, 1782), on the subject of
advances.--Conference with the French Ambassador; Mr Jay
complains of the delays of the Spanish Court; requests
aid from France; declares his intention in case of
protesting the bills, to assign as a reason, that he had
placed too much confidence in his Catholic Majesty; the
Ambassador advises patience.--Letter from Dr Franklin to
Mr Jay (Passy, January 15th, 1782), enclosing a letter
from the Count de Vergennes to Dr Franklin (Versailles,
December 31st, 1781), promising to advance a million to
him, if he is authorised to dispose of the Dutch
loan.--Letter from Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (Madrid,
January 30th, 1782), on the subject of advances;
important services of Dr Franklin.--Note from Mr Jay to
M. del Campo (Madrid, February 1st, 1782), expressing
his anxiety to enter upon the discussion of American
affairs.--Reply of M. del Campo, regretting that the
ill health of the Count de Florida Blanca has prevented
the drawing up of his instructions.--Letter from Dr
Franklin to Mr Jay (Passy, January 19th, 1782), stating
the difficulties of obtaining further supplies in
France; the Dutch loan principally anticipated; advises
Mr Jay to demand an immediate and explicit answer to his
proposition of a treaty, and solicit his recall in case
of further delay.--Letter from M. Cabarrus to Mr Jay
(Madrid, February 10th, 1782), requesting to know how he
is to be reimbursed for his advances.--Mr Jay replies
verbally to M. Cabarrus, that he can give him no
positive assurances of immediate repayment, but has
expectations from Dr Franklin.--The French Ambassador
promises to represent to the Count de Florida Blanca,
the critical situation of Mr Jay.--Letter from the
Chevalier de Bourgoing to Mr Jay, communicating the
reply of the Spanish Minister to the representations of
the French Ambassador.--Note from Mr Jay to the
Chevalier de Bourgoing, returning his thanks to the
Ambassador.--Letter from Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (Madrid,
February 11th, 1782), on the subject of advances.--Mr
Jay pays a visit to the Minister, who refers him to M.
del Campo.--Evasions of M. del Campo.--Letter from M.
Cabarrus to Mr Jay (Madrid, February 25th, 1782),
transmitting accounts of his advances, and requesting
repayment.--M. Cabarrus has a conference with the
Minister, who refuses any new advances, and declares
that the King is dissatisfied, that he has received no
returns from America for his good offices.--Conference
between Mr Jay and the French Ambassador.--Letter from
Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (Madrid, March 1st, 1782), on the
subject of advances.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count de
Florida Blanca (Madrid, March 2d, 1782), explaining the
causes which have prevented returns on the part of the
United States to the King's good offices; declares
himself entirely without resources.--Note from Mr Jay to
M. del Campo, enclosing the preceding letter.--Receives
no answer to the above communications.--Mr Jay has an
interview with the Minister, who laments the difficulty
of raising money, but promises aid; conversation on the
proposed treaty; the Minister promises to send M.
Gardoqui to America.--Extract from the Madrid Gazette,
giving an account of the capture of the Fort St Joseph
by Spanish troops, who take possession of the country in
the name of his Catholic Majesty.--The bills drawn on Mr
Jay are presented.--Letter of Mr Jay to the Count del
Florida Blanca (Madrid, March 14th, 1782), informing him
that the bills have been presented, and requesting to
know if he will afford any aid.--Note from Mr Jay to the
French Ambassador, communicating the preceding
letter.--Letter from the Count de Montmorin to Mr Jay,
stating that the Count de Florida Blanca consents to
become security for fifty thousand dollars, on condition
M. Cabarrus remains in the same disposition.--M.
Cabarrus refuses to abide by his former offer.--Mr Jay
protests the bills.--Conversation with the French
Ambassador on the subject.--Advices that the Parliament
have counselled the cessation of offensive measures in
America.--Letter from Dr Franklin to Mr Jay (Passy,
March 16th, 1782), offering to meet the bills; thinks it
best to pay off the whole sum due to Spain.--Letter from
Mr Jay to Dr Franklin (Madrid, March 19th, 1782),
acknowledging the supplies; proposals of a peace
separate from France ought not to be listened to;
approves of the plan of repaying Spain her advances.--M.
Cabarrus wishes a reconciliation.--Letter from Mr Jay to
M. Cabarras (Madrid, April 2d, 1782), in reply to his
claims for gratitude; his conduct requires an
apology.--M. Cabarras was the scape-goat of the
Minister.--Messrs Drouilhet employed as American
bankers.--Mr Jay does not wait on the Minister while the
Court is at Madrid.--Receives an invitation to appear on
Saturdays at the Minister's table.--No advantage to be
gained by hastening a treaty with Spain.--Spain will be
less easily satisfied than France in the articles of
peace.--Mr Jay requests the French Ambassador to inquire
if the card of invitation was intended for him.--The
Minister declares it to have been left by mistake, but
would be happy to see Mr Jay as a private gentleman.--Mr
Jay doubts the truth of this declaration.--Letter from
Mr Jay to the French Ambassador (Madrid, April 27th,
1782), stating his objections to appearing as a private
gentleman at the Spanish Minister's dinners.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, May 9th,
1782, 105

General Carleton's attempts at a
reconciliation.--Importance of securing Spain.

To Robert R. Livingston. Madrid, May 14th, 1782, 110

Is summoned to Paris by Dr Franklin.

Robert R. Livingston, to John Jay. Philadelphia, June 23d,
1782, 111

Conduct of Spain in the West Indies.--The people will
listen to no term of accommodation.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 25th, 1782, 113

Mr Jay arrives at Paris.--Visit to the Count de
Vergennes.--Dr Franklin.--Siege of Gibraltar.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 28th, 1782, 115

Services of the Marquis de Lafayette.--Intentions of the
British Ministry.--Inexpediency of any negotiations in
America.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, July 6th,
1782, 117

Complains of the sending of British prisoners into the
United States by Spain.--Remits Mr Jay's salary.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, September
12th, 1782, 119

Complains of want of information from American Ministers
in Europe.--Symptoms of a change in the British
conciliatory policy.--Importance of securing a direct
trade with the West Indies.--This is also for the
interest of the European holders of the islands.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, Sept. 18th, 1782, 125

France wishes to postpone the acknowledgment of
independence by England until the general peace, in
order to preserve her influence over America.--France
and Spain will dispute the western boundary.--Dr
Franklin's views on the French policy.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, September
18th, 1782, 127

Enclosing certain resolutions of Congress.--The letters
of the Commissioners are inspected on the passage.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, Sept. 28th, 1782, 128

Mr Oswald receives a new commission, empowering him to
treat with the thirteen United States of America.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, Oct. 13th, 1782, 128

The French Court advised treating with Mr Oswald under
his former commission.--Mr Jay refused.--The Count
d'Aranda wishes to treat with Mr Jay without exchanging
powers, and the French Court advises it.--Mr Jay
declines.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, Nov. 17th, 1782, 129

England appears disposed to evade the acknowledgement of
independence.--Visit from Sir William Jones, who desires
letters of recommendation for America.--Probable objects
of his proposed visit.--Note from the Count de Vergennes
to Dr Franklin, on Mr Oswald's powers.--Conference
between the Count de Vergennes and Messrs Franklin and
Jay; Mr Jay objects to treating with Mr Oswald, under a
commission styling the United States Colonies; opinion
of the Court assented to by Dr Franklin, that that was
no ground of objection.--Conversation on the same
subject between Dr Franklin and Mr Jay.--Extracts from
the instructions to Sir Guy Carleton, transmitted by
Lord Shelburne to Dr Franklin.--Conversation with Mr
Oswald on this subject.--Form of a commission to Mr
Oswald proposed by Mr Jay, recognising the colonies as
independent States.--Further conversation with the Count
de Vergennes on the same subject.--Extract of a letter
from Mr Townshend to Mr Oswald (Whitehall, September
1st, 1782), declaring that the negotiations were
intended to be carried on in Europe, and on the basis of
unconditional independence.--Mr Jay, in conversation
with Mr Oswald, points out the inconsistency of this
with General Carleton's instructions, and attributes it
to French influence; it is for the interest of England
to treat with America as an independent State.--Letter
from Mr Jay to Mr Oswald, stating his objections to his
commission.--Dr Franklin objects to the letter.--Letter
from Mr Jay to the Count d'Aranda (Paris, June 25th,
1782), acquainting him with his readiness to enter upon
the negotiations.--Letter from Count d'Aranda to Mr Jay
(Paris, June 27th, 1782), expressing a wish to see
him.--Conversation between Mr Jay and Count d'Aranda on
the western boundary.--The Count sends Mr Jay his
proposed boundary line.--Conversation with M. Rayneval,
in which Mr Jay declines treating with the Count
d'Aranda, without exchanging powers.--Mr Jay assures the
Count d'Aranda that the Mississippi is the ultimatum of
America; objections of the Count.--Letter from M.
Rayneval to Mr Jay (Versailles, September 4th, 1782),
requesting a visit from him.--Letter from M. Rayneval to
Mr Jay (Versailles, September 6th, 1782), transmitting
the following Memorial.--Memorial of M. Rayneval on the
right of the United States to the navigation of the
Mississippi.--Reflections of Mr Jay on this
Memorial.--Letter from Mr Jay to the Count d'Aranda
(Paris, September 10th, 1782), stating that he is not
empowered to cede any countries belonging to the United
States, but is ready to negotiate, with a Minister
vested with equal powers, a treaty of amity and
commerce.--Reply of the Count d'Aranda, declaring
himself vested with ample powers to treat.--Visit of the
Count d'Aranda to Versailles.--M. Rayneval goes to
England.--Probable objects of his visit.--Conversation
with Mr Vaughan on the subject of M. Rayneval's
visit.--Mr Jay represents the expediency of treating
with America on an equal footing; the inexpediency of
attempting to exclude the Americans from the fisheries;
and of restricting the western boundary and the
navigation of the Mississippi.--Mr Vaughan goes to
England to communicate these views to Lord
Shelburne.--Proposed draft of a letter to the Count de
Vergennes, containing objections to Mr Oswald's
commission; it does not designate the United States by
their proper title; it empowers him to treat with bodies
not having authority to treat by the American
constitution; it calls in question the independence of
the United States; precedents from acts of Congress;
America has treated with other powers as an independent
State; precedents from other States under similar
circumstances; detail of the history of the early
negotiations of the United Provinces with Spain, showing
that they treated with other powers on an equal footing,
and refused to negotiate with Spain except in like
manner; the independence exists in fact, and not as a
grant from Great Britain.--Conversation between Mr Jay,
the Count d'Aranda, and the Marquis de Lafayette, on the
propriety of Spain's treating with America on an equal
footing.--The Count de Vergennes states the object of M.
Rayneval's visit to England to be, to judge of the real
views of the English Ministry.--The claims of Spain to
countries east of the Mississippi are of recent
origin.--Conversation with M. Rayneval on this
subject.--Mr Oswald receives a new commission, under
which articles are agreed on.--Conversation between
Messrs Jay and Franklin and M. Rayneval on the
boundaries and fisheries.--The policy of the French
Court is directed to prevent a cordial reconciliation
between America and England, and thus to keep the United
States dependent on France.

Observations of the Editor on the above letter, 208

Pointing out the misapprehensions of Mr Jay as to the
objects of M. Rayneval's visit to England.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, November
23d, 1782, 212

Complains of want of information from the Ministers in
Europe.--English Commissioners will meet with no success
in America.--Mr Barlow's poem.--Mr Boudinot elected
President of Congress.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, Dec. 12th, 1782, 214

The negotiations with Spain are not begun.--Unanimity of
the Commissioners on all points in the
preliminaries.--Mr Adams's services relative to the
eastern boundary.--Dr Franklin's services on the subject
of the tories.

Robert R. Livingston to John Jay. Philadelphia, January 4th,
1783, 215

Policy of France towards America erroneously
suspected--Reasons for this belief.--Marbois's letter on
the fisheries.--The Spanish system of delay favorable to
America by putting off negotiations till a more
advantageous time for treating.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, April 7th, 1783, 222

The Spanish Ambassador informs him, that he will be
honorably received at Madrid.--Services of M. de
Lafayette.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, April 11th, 1783, 223

Change in the British Ministry.--Russia and Austria are
invited to send mediatorial plenipotentiaries to assist
at the definitive treaties.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, April 22d, 1783, 224

Spain and England may form a league to secure their
American possessions against the United States.--Meaning
of the mutual guarantee between Spain and the United
States, of their possessions.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, May 30th, 1783, 226

Proposes Mr Adams as the most suitable Minister to Great
Britain.

To Robert R. Livingston. Paris, June 1st, 1783, 227

Progress of the negotiations.--Settlement of his
accounts.

To Robert R. Livingston. Passy, July 20th, 1783, 229

Reasons for resigning his commission to the Spanish
Court.

To the President of Congress. New York, July 25th, 1784, 230

Explains the manner in which some bills drawn on him
were twice paid.--British and American ratifications of
the treaty of peace exchanged.

FRANCIS DANA'S CORRESPONDENCE.

To the President of Congress. Paris, August 10th, 1780, 239

Forwarding certain papers.

To the President of Congress. Paris, August 24th, 1780, 240

Forwarding letters of Mr Adams, who is absent in the Low
Countries.

To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, September 20th,
1780, 241

Receives despatches from Congress by Mr Searle, and sets
off in consequence for the Low Countries.--Suspicions
entertained in Holland, that the United States have
granted exclusive privileges in commerce to France.

Commission to Francis Dana, referred to in the preceding
letter, 243

Empowering him to obtain a loan in Holland, in case Mr
Adams should be prevented from attending to it.

To Jonathan Jackson. Amsterdam, November 11th, 1780, 244

Capture and confinement of Mr Laurens.--Intemperate
Memorial of Sir J. Yorke on the discovery of a plan of a
treaty, drawn up by Mr W. Lee and the Regency of
Amsterdam.--Naval forces of Holland.

Instructions to Francis Dana, as Minister Plenipotentiary to
the Court of St Petersburg. In Congress, December 19th,
1780, 247

To the Committee of Foreign Affairs. Paris, February 16th,
1781, 252

Mr Adams has not obtained a loan in
Holland.--Resolutions of Congress relative to the
Russian declaration.

To the President of Congress. Paris, March 24th, 1781, 254

Dr Franklin advises the communication of his commission
to the Count de Vergennes, and to the Russian
Court.--Objections to the latter part of his advice.--No
provision is made for any secretary or clerk to assist
him.

To the President of Congress. Paris, March 28th, 1781, 258

Dr Franklin coincides in his objections to communicating
his mission to Russia.--Desires to be kept informed of
the state of affairs in America.

To the Count de Vergennes. Paris, March 31st, 1781, 259

Communicating the objects of his mission to St
Petersburg.--Intends to appear only as a private
citizen.

To the President of Congress. Paris, March 31st, 1781, 261

Manner of communicating his mission to the Count de
Vergennes.

Count de Vergennes to Francis Dana. Versailles, April 1st,
1781, 263

Requests an interview with him relative to his mission.

To the Count de Vergennes. Paris, April 2d, 1781, 263

Mr Dana will wait on the Count before setting out for
Russia.

To the President of Congress. Paris, April 2d, 1781, 264

Delayed by the proposed interview with the Count de
Vergennes.--Impolicy of making the communication.--Is
determined to proceed to Holland and consult with Mr
Adams at all events.

To the President of Congress. Paris, April 4th, 1781, 265

Conference with the Count de Vergennes on the subject of
his mission to Russia.--The Count advises him to
communicate his intention to the Russian Minister at the
Hague.

To B. Franklin. Paris, April 6th, 1781, 268

Requests Dr Franklin's opinion, in writing, of the
sentiments of the Count de Vergennes, and of his own
opinion on the mission.--Intends to consult Mr Adams on
the subject.

B. Franklin to Francis Dana. Passy, April 7th, 1781, 270

Thinks the Count de Vergennes made no objection to his
going.--Dr Franklin thinks it expedient for him to go.

To John Adams. Leyden, April 18th, 1781, 272

Requesting his opinion as to the character under which
he should go to Russia, and as to the propriety of
communicating with the Prince Gallitzin on the subject.

John Adams to Francis Dana. Leyden, April 18th, 1781, 273

Advises him to proceed to Russia, without assuming any
distinction of character, and without communicating his
intention to the Prince Gallitzin or the Russian
Court.--The resolutions of Congress on neutral rights
ought to be communicated.--The United States should be
represented in all countries of Europe.

To Edmund Jennings. Amsterdam, April 26th, 1781, 277

Requesting him to join him on his mission.

Edmund Jennings to Francis Dana. Brussels, May 3d, 1781, 278

Accepts of the invitation to join him.

To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, May 13th, 1781, 278

Corrects some mistakes in Dr Franklin's account of the
conference with the Count de Vergennes.--Objections to
consulting the Russian Ambassador at the Hague.--Mr
Jennings.

To the President of Congress. Amsterdam, May 20th, 1781, 281

Transmitting certain papers.

To the President of Congress. Berlin, July 28th, 1781, 282

Delay on account of Mr Jennings, who finally declines
accompanying him on his route.--Policy of the European
powers.--Minutes of the Memorial of the French
Ambassador to Count Ostermann, relative to the
violations of neutrality by the English.--It is
important to discover the real sentiments of Russia
toward America.--Expects no support from the French
Minister at St Petersburg, it being the interest of
France not to render America less dependent by gaining
new friends.

To the Marquis de Verac, French Minister at St Petersburg.
St Petersburg, Aug. 30th, 1781, 289

Apprising the Minister of his arrival.

The Marquis de Verac to Francis Dana. Thursday, August 30th,
1781, 290

Expresses his satisfaction on Mr Dana's arrival.

To the Marquis de Verac, Ambassador from France. St
Petersburg, September 1st, 1781, 290

Acquainting him with his commission, and his
instructions to communicate with the French Minister at
the Russian Court.

The Marquis de Verac to Francis Dana. St Petersburg,
September 2d, 1781, 291

The Court of Russia has maintained a strict neutrality
between the belligerent powers, and may be unwilling to
receive an American Minister, as it would give rise to
complaints of favor for the American cause.--Plan of a
mediatorial Congress at which the United States will be
represented.

To the Marquis de Verac. St Petersburg, September 4th, 1781, 294

Considerations on the policy pursued by Russia towards
the belligerents.--The admission of an American Minister
to the proposed mediatorial Congress would be an
acknowledgment of independence.--The present is a
favorable opportunity for establishing freedom of
commerce and navigation for all nations.--Reasons which
render it proper to assume his public character.

The Marquis de Verac to Francis Dana. St Petersburg,
September 12th, 1781, 300

The American Minister at the proposed Congress is
intended to treat only with England, and is not
therefore to be admitted as the representative of an
independent power, unless after consent of
England.--Objections to Mr Dana's assumption of his
public character.

To the Marquis de Verac. St Petersburg, September 13th,
1781, 304

Thanking him for his information and advice.

To the President of Congress. St Petersburg, September 15th,
1781, 305

Commerce of the southern shore of the Baltic.--The
objections of the French Ambassador to his assumption of
a public character are unsatisfactory.--Reasons drawn
from the terms of the proposition of mediation, prove
that the mediators intended to treat America as
independent.--The mediators expected this proposition
would be rejected by England, and would thus leave them
to treat more decidedly with the United States.--If the
Empress will not receive a Minister from America it had
better be known at once.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, October 1st, 1781, 312

Article in the project of a treaty proposed by France to
Russia, stipulating, that French goods exchanged in
Russia for the productions of the country shall be
entitled to a drawback.--Reason given for this
proposition, that otherwise France could obtain the same
articles in America, and create a market for French
manufactures there.

To the President of Congress. St Petersburg, October 15th,
1781, 314

Receives a copy of the propositions of mediation and of
the French answer.--Confirmed by these documents in his
former opinion, that the United States were to be
treated as independent.--Has been informed, that one of
the objects of the armed neutrality was a general
pacification on the basis of American
independence.--This plan was obstructed by the delays of
Holland.--Count Panin.--Expectations from the neutral
confederation.--The plan of a general pacification
founded on a desire to preserve the balance of power by
sea.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, October
22d, 1781, 319

Announcing the appointment of a Secretary of Foreign
Affairs.--Successes in the south.--Encloses resolutions
of Congress relative to the propositions of the Empress
of Russia, respecting the rights of neutrals.

To William Ellery. St Petersburg, January 17th, 1782, 323

Different offers of mediation by Russia.--Effect of the
American revolution on the policy of the European
powers.--Jealousy of American commerce in Russia.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana, Philadelphia, March
2d, 1782, 325

The cause of the United States may be served by
representations of their actual condition.--Military
operations in America.--Financial concerns.--Ordinance
relating to captures.--Requests frequent communications.

To Robert R. Livingston, Secretary of Foreign Affairs. St
Petersburg, March 5th, 1782, 330

Congratulations on his appointment.--The capture of Lord
Cornwallis has satisfied Europe, that England cannot
succeed in recovering the United States.--The Empress's
offer of mediation will prevent her from favoring the
United States.--Another campaign must be
expected.--State of the neutral confederation.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, March 30th, 1782, 336

The depressed condition of England may lead her to
accept the mediation, to which the French and Spanish
Courts will accede, on condition of the presence of the
Ministers of the United States.--Schemes of Austria and
Russia for extending their commerce on the Black
Sea.--These plans may injure the American cause by
directing the attention of Russia to a different
quarter.--Account of Russian commerce.

To John Adams. St Petersburg, April 23d, 1782, 341

Congratulates him on his success in Holland.--Favorable
opportunity for the maritime powers to secure the
commerce with America.--Delays on their part may produce
a separate pacification between Britain and the United
States.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, May
10th, 1782, 345

Reasons which should prevent him from assuming a public
character.--Absurdity of supposing, that France would go
to war for the independence of America, and then oppose
the recognition of it.--Congress still adhere to their
instructions on this point.--Desires him to write
frequently.--State of the military in America.--Sir Guy
Carleton succeeds General Clinton.--Attempts of England
to gain over America to a reconciliation entirely
without success.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, May 22d,
1782, 350

The change of administration in England has produced no
change of feeling in America.--Congress refuses a
passport to General Carleton's Secretary.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, May
29th, 1782, 352

Transmitting letters of earlier date.--Ten thousand
British prisoners in America, which the English refuse
to ransom.--The Germans will be sold for three years.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, June 28th, 1782, 352

The Marquis de Verac advises against disclosing his
character, notwithstanding the chances in the British
Ministry.--Reflections drawn up by Mr Dana without
signature, and communicated indirectly to the Russian
Cabinet, showing that the commerce of Russia will not
suffer by the independence of America.--Difficulties of
transmission prevent frequent communications.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, August 30th, 1782, 362

The only safe channel of communication with him is
through Holland.--The Russian Court is fully convinced
that the independence of the United States is
permanently established.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, September 5th, 1782, 364

The Empress is prevented, by her desire of acting as
mediator, from taking any decisive measures in favor of
the United States.--The belligerent powers were never
intended to be parties to the marine convention.--Custom
at Russian court for a power entering into a treaty with
Russia to pay six thousand rubles to each of the four
Ministers.--Portugal accedes to the armed
neutrality.--Rank of diplomatic agents.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia,
September 18th, 1782, 369

Complains of want of information as to his
proceedings.--Military operations in America.--Changes
of measures in consequence of the changes of
administrations in England.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, September 23d, 1782, 371

Russia will not make any advances towards America.--The
Russian Cabinet.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, September 29th,
1782, 373

Russian commerce.--Apprehensions in Russia, that the
United States may interfere with that country,
particularly in the articles of hemp and
iron.--Considerations showing the groundlessness of
these fears.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, October 14th, 1782, 379

Projects of Russia on Turkey.--Anglican character of the
Russian Cabinet.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, November 1st, 1782, 382

Project for supplying Russia with West India goods by
American vessels.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, November
7th, 1782, 384

Encloses resolutions of Congress, directing the foreign
Ministers of the United States to transmit frequent
communications.--Also resolutions, declaring the
intention of Congress not to conclude a peace without
their allies.--State of affairs in the United
States.--Mr Boudinot elected President of
Congress.--Provisions for the payment of the salaries of
the Ministers.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, November 18th, 1782, 387

The British Commissioner having received powers to treat
with those of the United States, Mr Dana proposes to
make known his public character.--The Marquis de Verac
opposes this intention.--Advantages of the
measure.--Sums to be paid to the Russian Ministers in
case of a treaty.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, December
17th, 1782, 391

Military operations of the preceding campaign.--General
Carleton's attempts at negotiation.--Spirit of the
people.--Flourishing State of commerce.--State of the
circulating medium.--Success of the bank.--Condition of
the finances.--Formation of the State
governments.--General tranquillity.--Insurrection in
Massachusetts represented as the revolt of New
England.--Character of Congress.--Transmits the
constitutions.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, December 21st, 1782, 398

Opportunities on which the communications of his powers
seemed proper.--Circumstances which render it expedient.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, December 27th, 1782, 402

Intends to return to America as soon as a commercial
treaty with Russia shall be completed.--Reasons for this
measure.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, December 30th, 1782, 404

Advantages of postponing the conclusion of a commercial
treaty with Russia.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, January 3d, 1783, 406

Treaty between Denmark and Russia on the principles of
the Marine Convention.--The Marine Convention itself is
limited to the duration of the present war.

To the Commissioners of the United States at Paris. St
Petersburg, January 14th, 1783, 408

Congratulations on the conclusion of the preliminary
treaty.--The French Ambassador thinks his admission
would be delayed, if not refused.

To John Adams. St Petersburg, Jan. 15th, 1783, 409

Is prevented by his instructions from communicating his
mission.--The attention of Russia is turned chiefly to
the east.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, January 15th, 1783, 411

Delays the communication of his mission in compliance
with the opinion of the French Ambassador.--State of
affairs between Russia and Turkey.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, January 31st, 1783, 413

Dr Franklin promises to advance the money necessary to
conclude the treaty with Russia.--Intends to return to
America.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, February 10th, 1783, 414

High standing of America in Europe.--A direct
intercourse between the West Indies and the United
States ought to be secured.--Plan of Portugal to
establish factories in America.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, February 25th, 1783, 417

The French Ambassador advises him not to communicate his
mission until the formal announcement of the signing of
the preliminaries by the British Minister.--Intends to
draw on Dr Franklin for the expenses of the treaty.

Mr Dana's Communication of his Mission to Count Ostermann.
St Petersburg, March 7th, 1783, 419

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, March 7th, 1783, 420

Communicates his mission without the advice of the
French Ambassador, on assurances of reception from the
Russian Cabinet.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, March 12th, 1783, 420

Conversation with one of the Russian Cabinet, who
declares there will be no impediment to his reception.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, March 21st, 1783, 422

Importance of a direct intercourse with the West
Indies.--Intends to return to the United
States.--Insufficiency of the appointment for a Minister
at the Russian Court.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, April 17th, 1783, 424

Has yet received no answer to his communication of his
mission.--Intends to renew his application for an
audience.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, April 22d, 1783, 427

Enclosing a copy of his second letter to Count
Ostermann, requesting to know the pleasure of the
Empress on the subject of his mission.--Is informed that
an objection will be made to his letter of credence, on
the ground, that it bears date prior to the
acknowledgment of the independence of the United States
by Great Britain.--Reasons which should prevent Congress
from granting new letters on that account.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, April 25th, 1783, 430

Interview with Count Ostermann, who declares that the
Empress could not receive a Minister from the United
States till the conclusion of the definitive treaty
between the belligerents; that she could not then
receive one whose letter of credence was dated prior to
the acknowledgment of their independence by Great
Britain, nor prior to her own acknowledgment of it, nor
previous to the reception of an American Minister by
Great Britain.--The Count declines delivering these
objections in writing.--Mr Dana replies to these
objections.--Is advised to send a memorial to the Vice
Chancellor, showing the fallacy of his objections to Mr
Dana's reception.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, May 1st,
1783, 436

Enclosing resolutions recalling Mr Dana.--Mr Dana has
no power to sign a commercial treaty, and there can be
no advantage in joining the Marine Convention.

To Count Ostermann. St Petersburg, May 8th, 1783, 438

Enclosing a Memorial to Count Ostermann, containing the
objections of the Count to the reception of an American
Minister, with Mr Dana's replies.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, May 9th, 1783, 449

Transmitting his Memorial to Count Ostermann.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, May 9th, 1783, 449

Reasons for presenting his Memorial as containing only
his private sentiments.--Intention of returning.--Effect
of the acceptance of the mediation of Russia by the
belligerent powers on the present policy of the Empress.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, May 13th, 1783, 451

Absurdity of the objections on the part of Russia, to
the immediate reception of an American Minister.--The
other neutral powers are desirous of forming connexions
with the United States.--In case no answer is returned,
intends leaving Petersburg for Stockholm.

To John Adams. St Petersburg, May 15th, 1783, 453

Objections to his reception.--Congress ought not to
consent to issue new letters of credence of later date.

Robert R. Livingston to Francis Dana. Philadelphia, May
27th, 1783, 455

Transmitting resolutions of Congress, directing that the
commercial treaty with Russia be limited to fifteen
years, and be subject to the approbation of
Congress.--Requesting information on the condition of
Russia.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, May 30th, 1783, 457

Prepares another letter to the Vice Chancellor, desiring
an answer to his Memorial.--A promise of an answer
prevents the sending of this letter.--In case his
reception is not determined on, intends to leave the
country.--Prospect of a war between Russia and
Turkey.--Russia has become mistress of the Black
Sea.--Rumored project of the House of Bourbon to render
the Mediterranean a privileged sea by a confederation of
the powers occupying its shores.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, June 6th, 1783, 459

Answer to his Memorial not given as promised.--The
delay is probably caused by the expectation of the
conclusion of the definitive treaty.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, June 17th, 1783, 460

Has an audience of Count Ostermann, who explains away
his former objections.--Written answer of the Count,
stating that Mr Dana shall be received when the
definitive treaties are concluded.--Answer of Mr Dana to
the note of Count Ostermann.--Reasons for not
transmitting more full information relative to Russia.

Mr Dana's plan of a Commercial Treaty between Russia and the
United States, 466

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, June 24th, 1783, 495

Prospect of a war between Russia and the
Porte.--American vessels in Russian ports.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, July 1st, 1783, 497

Visit of the Empress to the King of Sweden.--Forces of
the two powers on their mutual boundary.--Prospect of a
war with Turkey, and probable consequences.--Changes of
the _corps diplomatique_ at the Court of St Petersburg.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, July 8th, 1783, 499

Alliance, offensive and defensive, of Austria and Russia
against Turkey.--Probable policy of the other powers.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, July 27th, 1783, 501

Having received the resolutions of Congress, permitting
his return, he will not wait for an audience.--Conceives
his instructions direct him to conclude a commercial
treaty with Russia.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, August 8th, 1783, 504

Informs Count Ostermann of his intention to return.

To Robert R. Livingston. St Petersburg, August 17th, 1783, 505

Encloses his letter to Count Ostermann, stating ill
health to be the cause of his departure.--Interview with
Count Ostermann relative to his return.

To the President of Congress. Cambridge, December 17th,
1783, 510

Announcing his return.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

JOHN JAY;

MINISTER PLENIPOTENTIARY TO THE COURT OF SPAIN, AND ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS FOR NEGOTIATING PEACE.

THE

CORRESPONDENCE

OF

JOHN JAY.

CORRESPONDENCE CONTINUED.

* * * * *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.

Philadelphia, December 13th, 1781.

Dear Sir,

My last letter of the 28th of November, sent by the Marquis de Lafayette, must for the most part have been unintelligible to you, owing to an unfortunate mistake of Mr Thompson, who delivered me a cypher sent by Mr Palfrey, which you never received, instead of that sent by Major Franks. The duplicate enclosed is in the last, so that you will no longer be at a loss for my meaning. Since the date of that letter the enemy have thought it prudent to abandon Wilmington, in North Carolina. This port was extremely important to them, not only as it checked the trade of that State, but as it directly communicated with the disaffected counties. For it must be confessed, that though in other parts of the continent they had only well wishers, in North Carolina they had active partisans. These they have left to the mercy of their country, and abandoned as disgracefully as the capitulation of York did those of Virginia. It is not improbable, that when General St Clair joins the southern army, the enemy will evacuate Savannah, as they are at present extremely weak there; and unless they reinforce from New York, may be attacked with a prospect of success.

Your letter of the 20th of September has been received and read in Congress. They have not been pleased to direct any particular answer thereto, so that you are to consider it as their wish, that you execute the commission with which they have intrusted you.

You will see that I neglect no opportunity of writing. I flatter myself that you will be equally attentive to let us hear from you. It is not without some degree of pain, that we receive our earliest intelligence frequently from the Minister of France. I know you may retort upon us with too much justice, but I hope to give you less reason to do so in future. I send a packet of newspapers with this. I sent another sometime ago. I hope they may reach you. In one of them you will find an ordinance of Congress, which comprizes all their resolutions with respect to captures; and forfeits all British goods, which have not been taken, as prizes. Perhaps this may make some arrangements with the Court of Spain necessary; that is, if any prize goods are re-shipped from thence to America.

I am, my Dear Sir, with the greatest esteem and regard, &c.

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

* * * * *

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON TO JOHN JAY.

Philadelphia, February 2d, 1782.

Dear Sir,

Having heard that a vessel is soon to go to Cadiz from Baltimore, I embrace the opportunity to send a quadruplicate of my last letter, and to add thereto the little information which this inactive season affords. Nothing passes here between the armies; they are cantoned at a distance from each other. The enemy is secure from attack by the nature of their situation; and we by our numbers, our success, and the apprehensions of Sir Henry. We turn our faces therefore to the south, and expect from the enterprize of General Greene an activity, which the season will not admit of here.

I had a letter from him of 13th of December, which contains the latest advices. His camp is at Round O. He writes in high spirits, and assures me he is preparing for the siege of Charleston, which he is not without hopes of carrying even before any foreign assistance can arrive. I must confess for my own part, notwithstanding the natural coolness of General Greene, that I believe he is much too sanguine on this occasion; for I have no conception that his means are adequate to so important an object, more especially as troops have since the date of his letter sailed from New York, as I suppose for Charleston.

The governments of Georgia and Carolina are again established, and their legislatures are now sitting. The detestation of the people for the British can hardly be conceived. General Greene's letter expresses it in the following words; "The tyrants of Syracuse were never more detested than the British army in this country; even the slaves rejoice, and find a kind of temporary freedom from oppression on the return of their masters."

I congratulate you upon the capture of St Eustatia and St Martin's. The enterprise does the highest honor to the abilities and spirit of the Marquis de Bouillé; and his disinterested generosity is finely contrasted with the sordid avarice of the British commanders.

Order and economy have taken place in our finances. The troops are regularly clothed and fed at West Point, and most of the other posts, at the moderate rate of ninepence a ration when issued, so that the innumerable band of purchasing and issuing commissaries is discharged. The hospitals are well supplied in the same way, and small advances of pay are made to the officers and men. Upon the whole, they were never in so comfortable a situation as they are at present. Our civil list formed upon plans of the strictest economy, after having been many years in arrear, is now regularly paid off; and the departments, in consequence of it, filled with men of integrity and abilities. Embargoes and other restrictions being removed, our commerce begins to revive, and with it the spirit of industry and enterprise; and what will astonish you still more is, that public credit has again reared its head. Our bank paper is in equal estimation with specie. Nothing can be more agreeable than to see the satisfaction with which people bring their money to the bank, and take out paper; or the joy mixed with surprise with which some, who have hesitatingly taken bank bills for the first time, see that they can turn them into specie at their option.

Whether Spain wishes for peace or war, it is certainly her interest to push the enemy where they are most vulnerable, and where she can do it with the smallest expense to herself, and the greatest to her enemy. Every additional man she enables us to maintain here, forces Britain to lay out four times as much in procuring, transporting, and feeding another to oppose him. It has been acknowledged in the British House of Commons, that every man in America costs the nation annually one hundred pounds sterling. Though this may appear exorbitant, yet whoever reflects on the first expense of raising and transporting a regiment, and the additional charge of sending over recruits to make up deficiencies, and that of sending provisions to an army and its innumerable dependants three thousand miles, will think it deserves some degree of credit. It is obvious then as nations are only strong in proportion to the money they can command, that every thousand men we oblige the British to maintain here must make a diminution of their strength in some other quarter, equal to three times that number.

Enclosed you have copies of two original letters from Mr Deane, in which he acknowledges others that Rivington has published, which speak a still more dangerous language. No doubt is entertained here of his apostacy, or of his endeavor to weaken the efforts of the United States, and to traduce the character of the people and their rulers, both in Europe and America. You will doubtless use every means in your power to destroy the ill effects, which his calumnies may have had upon the minds of people with you. I enclose you the gazettes, and again entreat you to let us hear from you more frequently, and to leave letters at all times at Cadiz, and in the hands of our Consul in France, so that no vessel may sail without bringing us some intelligence. The last letter we had from you is dated in September, near five months ago. I dare say this has been owing to some accidental cause, and I only mention it, that you may guard against it by writing more frequently in future, as the silence of our Ministers excites more uneasiness here than you can conceive. Pray send me, when no other subject presents itself, and you have leisure, a sketch of the government of Spain, and the present state of its trade, marine, military establishments, commerce, revenues, and agriculture.

I could also wish to have the Madrid Gazette, and Mercury, and the Court Kalendar of this year. I have the pleasure of informing you, that your friends here are well, and as numerous as ever.

I am, my dear Sir, with those sentiments of esteem and friendship, which I shall always feel for you, your most obedient humble servant,

ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

* * * * *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON, SECRETARY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

Madrid, February 6th, 1782.

Dear Sir,

The Secretary of the Minister of State sent me yesterday morning your favor of the 13th of December last, accompanied by various papers.

These are the first letters or papers of any kind, that I have as yet had the pleasure of receiving from you since your appointment; and they must for the present remain unintelligible for the want of your cypher. The one mentioned to have been enclosed with these papers is missing, and the other never came to hand.

On the 29th of November last, I received a packet, in which I found enclosed a set of cyphers endorsed by Mr Secretary Thomson, and nothing else. Mr Barclay had sent it by the post, under cover to a banker here. It had evident marks of inspection, but I acquit the banker of any hand in it.

A letter of the 18th ult. from Mr Joshua Johnson, at Nantes, mentions the arrival there of the brig Betsey, from Philadelphia, and that she brought letters for me, which were put into the post-office by the captain. I have not yet seen them.

There are letters in town, brought by the Marquis de Lafayette to France; but I have not yet received a line by or from him.

We must do like other nations; manage our correspondences in important cases by couriers, and not by the post.

I have not written you a single official letter, not having been ascertained of your having entered on the execution of your office. I have, indeed, sent you by more than one opportunity my congratulations on your appointment.

You may rely on my writing you many letters, private as well as official, and as I still have confidence in Mr R. Morris's cypher, I shall sometimes use it to you.

A duplicate of my letter of the 3d of October to Congress, which goes with this, renders it unnecessary for me to go into particulars at present. Nothing having since happened but a repetition of delays, and, of consequence, additional dangers to the credit of our bills.

I am, dear Sir, &c.

JOHN JAY.

* * * * *

TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS.

Madrid, February 6th, 1782.

Sir,

My last particular letter to your Excellency was dated the 3d of October last, by Major Franks. I now transmit a duplicate of it by Mr Stephen Codman, a young gentleman of Boston, who is passing through this city to Cadiz, from whence he will either be the bearer of it himself to America, or forward it by some person of confidence.

From the date of that letter to this day, the Minister has found it convenient to continue the system of delay mentioned in it. I have not been able to obtain anything more than excuses for procrastination, and these excuses are uniformly want of health, or want of time.

There is little prospect of our receiving speedy aids from this Court, and Dr Franklin gives me reason to fear, that a great number of the bills drawn upon me must, after all our exertions to save them, be finally protested for non-payment. I have, from time to time, given the Doctor a great deal of trouble on this subject, and I ought to acknowledge, that I am under many and great obligations to him for his constant attention to our affairs here.

As soon as I get a little better of the rheumatism, with which I am now, and have for sometime past been much afflicted, I shall write your Excellency another long and particular letter.

I have just received, through the hands of the Minister's Secretary, a letter from Mr Livingston, dated the 13th of December, marked No. 3. It is in cypher, but I cannot read it, nor a duplicate of No. 2, enclosed in it, for want of a key, which, though mentioned to have been enclosed, is missing. None of his other letters have reached me. A duplicate of Mr Thomson's cypher, brought by Mr Barclay, came to me through the post-office with such evident marks of inspection, that it would be imprudent to use it hereafter.

Notwithstanding all our difficulties here, I think we should continue to oppose obstacles by perseverance and patience, and my recall should rather be the result of cool policy than of resentment. I am somewhat inclined to think, that it may become politic to suspend it on the reply of the Court to a demand of a categorical answer. Unless the Minister's system should change, (for they still give me hopes) it might perhaps also be proper for me to consult with Dr Franklin and Mr Adams on the subject, and send Congress the result. For this purpose, I submit to Congress the propriety of giving me permission to go to France or Holland.

Advantages are certainly to be derived from preserving the appearance of being well here; and such is the general opinion at present. But I am still much inclined to think it advisable to push this Court by a demand of a categorical answer. I doubt their venturing to break with us. The French Ambassador thinks it would be rash, and opposes it. Hence principally arises my suspense.

I have the honor to be, &c.

JOHN JAY.

* * * * *

TO ROBERT R. LIVINGSTON.

Madrid, February 16th, 1782.

Dear Sir,

No letters by the Marquis de Lafayette have as yet reached me. I had the honor of writing to you on the 6th and 13th instant.