Chapter XXVI: Appendix: C (2)

[419] _Mémoire_, pp. 59-60, 89, 95, 100. In Grotefend these are represented by ‘coelestem,’ ‘defunctum,’ ‘amplificet,’ ‘populorum.’

[420] Heeren (ed. 1815), vol. i. p. 601.

[421] _Mémoire_, Pl. 2 and 3.

[422] Elsewhere ‘fortis.’

[423] _Mémoire_, p. 119. Burnouf suspected, as we have said, that the word he transliterated ‘buiom’ and translated ‘excellent’ should be ‘bumom’ and mean ‘earth’: ‘He has given this earth’ (p. 149). The change of the _i_ into _m_ turned out afterwards to be correct, and the word ‘bum’im’ does signify ‘earth,’ the passage being ‘who created this earth.’

[424] See Spiegel, p. 47.

[425] _Göttingen Anzeigen_ (1832), p. 122. Holtzman (A.), _Beiträge_, p. 16.

[426] _Mémoire_, pp. 133, 138, 146, 154, 155. Grotefend had already detected Persia.

[427] _Ib._ p. 148. He considers Ionia the probable reading, but he cannot yet admit it decisively. Some writers add Aria to Burnouf’s correct discoveries (_J. R. A. S._ x. 12, _note_, Rawlinson), but the word he translates ‘Arion’ and identifies with Arran, between the Caspian and Black Seas, occurs in line 12 and signifies Armenia. The word for Aria is in the sixteenth line, and he identifies it with Haroyu of the Parsees, the Indian Sarayu (p. 155).

[428] _Mémoire_, pp. 40, 61, 65-6.

[429] _Ib._ pp. 41-2, 55.

[430] _Mémoire_, pp. 87, 161.

[431] _Ib._ p. 163.

[432] _Ib._ pp. 57, 108, 163, 165.

[433] _Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften_ (Bonn, 1836), preface, p. iv.

[434] Holtzmann, _Beiträge_, p. 9.

[435] _Journal Asiatique_ (3ᵉ série), v. 372.

[436] Lassen, p. 15.

[437] Burnouf, _Mémoire_, p. 2.

[438] _Ib._ p. 128.

[439] Rawlinson generously credits him with twelve (_J. R. A. S._ x. 4).

[440] See Grotefend’s alphabet in Burnouf, Pl. 1.

[441] He states that by š he means to indicate the same sound as Grotefend by _sch_ (_Altpers. Keil._ p. 24).

[442] 𐎹, _h_ (really _y_); 𐎡, _i_ = _ê_.

[443] 𐎤 (no independent value given, but in composition of the diphthong he treats it as _a_: it is really _k_); 𐎢_u_ = _ô_.

[444] 𐎢, _u_; 𐎺, _w_ (really _v_) = _q_.

[445] Lassen, p. 6.

[446] I inscription, line 12. Lassen, pp. 89, 152. Rawlinson’s _Herod._ iv. 186.

[447] See above, p. 219.

[448] Lassen, p. 48.

[449] ‘Ich glaube nämlich erwiesen zu haben, dass der Vocal “_a_” nur initial, in der Mitte nur vor “_h_” und vor andern Vocalen ausdrücklich durch ein Schriftzeichen geschrieben, allen Consonanten dagegen inhärirt, wenn er nicht durch ein anderes Vocalzeichen ausgeschlossen wird.’—Lassen, p. 16.

[450] _Ib._ p. 53.

[451] See above, p. 224.

[452] Lassen, p. 42.

[453] Lassen, p. 88.

[454] _Ib._ pp. 84, 108.

[455] _Ib._ p. 113.

[456] Lassen, p. 117.

[457] Jacquet considered this correction one of the most ingenious Lassen made (_Journal Asiatique_, 3ᵉ Série, vol. v. p. 562).

[458] Lassen, p. 38.

[459] _Ib._ p. 39.

[460] Lassen, pp. 41, 119-20.

[461] See above, p. 226.

[462] Lassen, p. 46.

[463] pp. 29, 54.

[464] Lassen, pp. 38, 107.

[465] _Ib._ p. 128.

[466] _Ib._ pp. 107, 112. _Cf._ Spiegel, p. 50.

[467] Spiegel is taken as representing the correct version. _Cf._ Spiegel, p. 64 (Inscr. Cᵃ); Burnouf, Plate III.; Lassen, p. 174; Menant, _Les Achéménides_, p. 53, Inscr. C.

[468] Lassen, pp. 94-100.

[469] Lassen’s transliteration of the provinces is as follows:

Pârᵃça, p. 155; Mâd, p. 63; Bâbis‘us‘, p. 67; Ârᵃbâh, p. 69; Âzurâ, p. 79; G‘udrâhâ, p. 84; Ârᵃmin, p. 85; Kᵃtpᵃt‘uk, p. 88; Çᵃpᵃrd, p. 89; Hunâ, p. 89; Açᵃgᵃrt, p. 101; Pᵃrzᵃwᵃ, p. 102; Zᵃrᵃk, p. 103; Aryᵃwᵃ, p. 105; Bâk‘tris‘, p. 106; Çug‘d, p. 106; Qârᵃzmiᵃh, p. 107; Zᵃtᵃgᵃdus, p. 108; Arᵃqᵃtis, p. 112; Aidus, p. 113; Gadâr, p. 114; Çᵃka, p. 114; Mᵃk, p. 114; Qwan, p. 115.

The correct transliteration is:

Pârsa, Mâda, Bâbir’u, Arabâya, Athurâ, M’udrây, Arm‘ina, Katapat’uka, Sparda, Yaunâ, Asagarta, Parthava, Zarâñka, Haraiva, Bakhtrish, Sug’da, Uvârazami‘ya, Thatag’ush, Harauvatish, Hiñd‘ush, Gañdâra, Sakâ, Maka, Uvaja.

Of these Lassen identified twenty correctly:

Persia, Media, Babylon, Assyria, Armenia, Cappadocia, Çapardia (Sparda), Acagartia, Parthae, Zarangae, Areiae (Aria), Bactria, Çugdia, Chorazmia, Sattagadus, Arachosia, India, Gadar (Gandara), Çacae, Maci.

He was wrong in Chaona, Arbela, Gudraha and Hunae (Lassen, _passim_; Spiegel, p. 50; Menant, p. 80). When Jacquet wrote, in 1838, he understood that Lassen had already given up the Huns. _Journal Asiatique_ (Oct. 1838), vi. 403.

[470] _Beiträge_ (Hanover, 1837), p. 17.

[471] Grotefend, _Beiträge_ (1837), pp. 34, 45. See Plate IV. where a misprint makes it look like _rk_.

[472] _Ib._ p. 17. See alphabet in Plate IV.

[473] Spiegel, p. 140.

[474] _Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes_, ii. 172 for _i_ and _u_; p. 174 for all three. Holtzmann, _Beiträge_, p. 15.

[475] As regards the _y_, Lassen always substitutes the palatal _j_ for the half-vowel, and Holtzmann follows him; but this was, no doubt, due to the practical exclusion of _y_ from the German alphabet. Lassen says that Beer and Jacquet both corrected the sign to _j_, though we know that Jacquet always wrote _y_; and Rawlinson acknowledges that he received the _y_ from Lassen. From the time of Benfey (1847) the _y_ is finally adopted in German transliterations.

[476] _Mémoire de E. Jacquet_, par Félix Nève (Bruxelles, 1855), p. 10.

[477] _Mémoire_, par Nève, p. 74.

[478] Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 41, _note_.

[479] _Mémoire_, par Nève, p. 101.

[480] April, May, June, and October, 1838, _Journal Asiatique_, 3ᵉ série, vols. v. and vi.

[481] _Mémoire_, p. 77. See _Journal Asiatique_, v. 561, 566, vi. 404, 424, _note_, and _passim_.

[482] _Journal Asiatique_, v. 591, vi. 403.

[483] _Journal Asiatique_, v. 571 (_cf._ 562), vi. 414, 421.

[484] _Ib._ v. 562, _note_.

[485] _Ib._ v. 592, vi. 419. _Zeitschrift für die Kunde &c._ ii. 171.

[486] Spiegel, p. 140. See _Zeitschrift_, ii. 165.

[487] Spiegel, p. 140.

[488] See his contributions in vols. i. ii. and iii. _Urkunden in Babylonischer Keilschrift_.

[489] _Zeitschrift_, ii, 165.

[490] _Zeitschrift_, ii, 169.

[491] _Ib._ p. 172.

[492] _Ib._ p. 173.

[493] _Mémoire_, par Nève, p. 81.

[494] _J. R. A. S._ x. 5.

[495] Canon Rawlinson explains the process thus: ‘Applying to the letters of these names the phonetic values previously obtained from the trio Hystaspes, Darius, Xerxes, twenty-one out of the twenty-eight letters were found exactly to suit their place. The remainder were new forms and furnished the alphabet with four new letters, _m_, _n_, _h_, and _ch_.’ (_Memoir of Sir Henry Rawlinson_, p. 320.) Rawlinson himself, however, confessed in 1846: ‘I am neither able, nor is it of any consequence after the lapse of so many years, to describe the means by which I ascertained the power of each particular letter, or to discriminate the respective dates of the discoveries.’ (_J. R. A. S._ x. 6, _note_.)

[496] _J. R. A. S._ x. 7.

[497] See above, pp. 179, 201.

[498] _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, pp. 311-17.

[499] _Babylon and Persepolis_, preface, p. vii. _Cf._ Vaux, _Nineveh and Persepolis_, p. 426.

[500] _J. R. A. S._ x. 8-10.

[501] _Ib._ x. 10.

[502] _J. R. A. S._ x. 8, _note_. _Cf._ Behistun, Col. I. line 28.

[503] Lassen, _Ueber die Keilinschriften_, 1845 (henceforth referred to as ‘Second Memoir’), p. 49. Rawlinson in _J. R. A. S._ x. 8, 17, 130.

[504] _J. R. A. S._ x. 8, 17. See above, p. 238.

[505] Spiegel, p. 152.

[506] The German periodicals of 1839 recognised Rawlinson as discoverer of the _tr_. _Dublin University Magazine_ (1847), p. 21.

[507] _J. R. A. S._ x. 9, 12-13.

[508] His paper is noticed in the _Athenæum_, Jan. 1840. _J. R. A. S._ vol. viii. Report, 1845: _Athenæum_, Nov. 8, 1884.

[509] _J. R. A. S._ x. 18.

[510] _Beiträge_, p. 16.

[511] Rich, _Babylon and Persepolis_, 1839. See above, p. 99.

[512] These inscriptions were reviewed by Lassen in the _Zeitschrift_ (1840, iii, 442) when he attempted the translation of the Artaxerxes Inscription.

[513] See above, p. 226.

[514] So late as 1839, he could not bring himself to give up ‘Ochus’ in the Murgab inscription, although he felt greatly shaken by the arguments of Jacquet in support of ‘Kurus.’ He ended by leaving 25 𐎤 unaltered, but changed 40 (𐎽) from _s_ into _gh_ (_Zeitschrift_, ii. 169-71). His acceptance of the correct value, _r_, appears in 1844: and the approximate value of _q_ for 25 (𐎤) _k_, making ‘Qurus’ for ‘Kurus.’

[515] _Beiträge zur Erklärung &c._ (Karlsruhe, 1845), ap. Spiegel, p. 142.

[516] _Zeitschrift für die Kunde &c._ ii. 172.

[517] _Journal Asiatique_, vi. 416.

[518] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 5.

[519] See Alphabet in Burnouf.

[520] Second Memoir, p. 76.

[521] _Ib._ p. 166. This was not discovered when Lassen wrote in 1839. He then thought the new letter had the value of _x_ (_Zeitschrift_, ii. 175).

[522] Lassen, First Memoir, p. 14. In 1852 we are told that English scholars were still disposed to distrust ‘the authenticity of the Zendavesta as translated by Anquetil,’ and it is curious to learn that the Achaemenian inscriptions were appealed to, to prove ‘that there was in use in Persia in the time of Darius a language very much the same as Zend.’ _J. R. A. S._ xiii. (1852) 200.

[523] Lassen, First Memoir, p. 3.

[524] _Ib._ p. 11. Cf. _Beiträge_ (1837), p. 24.

[525] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 253. Burnouf seemed to think that the Old Persian descended directly from the Zend. Jacquet, _Journal Asiatique_, v. 371.

[526] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 6.

[527] _Dublin University Magazine_, Jan. 1847, p. 21.

[528] Rawlinson in _J. R. A. S._ x. 313.

[529] Second Memoir, pp. 80, 145.

[530] See above, p. 7.

[531] Holtzmann, _Beiträge zur Erklärung_, Carlsruhe, 1845.

[532] I Inscription, line 19 (Second Memoir, p. 176); Eᵇ Inscription, line 24 (_ib._ p. 173).

[533] Second Memoir, pp. 65, 68; Holtzmann, p. 62.

[534] Holtzmann, p. 78.

[535] By Spiegel, p. 142, who erroneously says he valued it as _j_.

[536] Lassen, Second Memoir, p. 28; Holtzmann, p. 74.

[537] First Memoir, p. 152; Second Memoir, p. 52.

[538] Lassen, Second Memoir, pp. 53, 64; Holtzmann, p. 120.

[539] I Inscription, lines 20-4; Second Memoir, p. 176; Holtzmann, p. 63; Spiegel, p. 51.

[540] Inscription H, line 11; Second Memoir, p. 27; Holtzmann, p. 65; Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 274; Spiegel, p. 49.

[541] Holtzmann, p. 117; Second Memoir, p. 116; Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 308.

[542] _Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy_ (1848), vol. xxi. pt. ii.

[543] _J. R. A. S._ ix. 387.

[544] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ loc. cit. p. 131.

[545] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ loc. cit. pp. 242, 244, 253.

[546] In _Journal of Sacred Literature_, 1855; _J. R. A. S._ (1866), vol. ii.

[547] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ loc. cit. p. 243.

[548] _Ib._ p. 233; _J. R. A. S._ x. lxx.

[549] _Athenæum_, December 19, 1846.

[550] It took forty-four days to communicate between Bagdad and London. If, therefore, Hincks’s paper had been forwarded earlier, say on June 12, it would have been in Major Rawlinson’s hands on July 26; but we have positive assurance on Mr. Norris’s authority that this was not the case. See the _Athenæum_, loc. cit.

[551] See above, pp. 229, 244; Holtzmann, pp. 60, 78.

[552] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ loc. cit. pp. 117-18.

[553] _Ib._ p. 124; _cf._ Spiegel, E Inscription, line 18, p. 60.

[554] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ loc. cit. p. 116. For Hincks’s Alphabet see _Trans. R. I. Acad._ loc. cit. p. 131 and App. A.

[555] _Athenæum_, Nov 8, 1884.

[556] _J. R. A. S._ x. 16. Hincks received Part I. in time for his papers, read on Nov. 30 and Dec. 14, 1846. _Trans. R. I. Acad._ vol. xxi. part ii. p. 233.

[557] Report, June 1847, _J. R. A. S._ x. p. vii.

[558] _Ib._ p. xvi.

[559] _J. R. A. S._ x. 18.

[560] _Ib._ x. 2.

[561] Lassen’s first letter to Rawlinson is dated August 19, 1838. See _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 316.

[562] _J. R. A. S._ x. 8, 9, 10, _notes_.

[563] _J. R. A. S._ x. 10, _note_.

[564] See _ib._ p. 8, _note_.

[565] Spiegel, p. 154.

[566] Rawlinson wrote, early in 1846: ‘The cause of the affinity of the vowel i for the characters _j_, _t_, _m_ and _v_ can neither be explained, nor can we perceive any uniform effect which the coalition produces upon the phonetic power of the consonant. I can only illustrate the formation of the different groups by adverting to the law which still prevails in the Tartarian dialects, requiring the juxtaposition of certain vowels with consonants in order to render the latter articulable; and by observing that, as a similar rule appears to hold good in the so-called Median alphabet, which has every indication of a Scythic origin, it is not improbable that the Persian writing may have been indebted to that source for so remarkable a deviation from the true principles of Arian orthography.’ _J. R. A. S._ x. 65.

[567] _J. R. A. S._ x. 176.

[568] _J. R. A. S._ x. 185.

[569] Holtzmann, _Beiträge_, p. 152.

[570] _J. R. A. S._ x. 177.

[571] _Ib._ x. 175.

[572] _Athenæum_, December 19, 1846, p. 1302. Cf. _ib._ November 22, 1884.

[573] _J. R. A. S._ x. 195, _note_.

[574] _Ib._ x. 56, 60, 65, 69.

[575] _Ib._ xi. 15, 20, 47, 72. _Cf._ Spiegel, pp. 180, 204, 208, 210.

[576] _Ib._ xi. 27, 176. _Cf._ Spiegel, p. 209, 222.

[577] _J. R. A. S._ x. 83.

[578] _Ib._ p. 40.

[579] _Ib._ p. 50.

[580] _J. R. A. S._ xi. 51.

[581] _Die Persischen Keilinschriften_, Leipzig, 1847.

[582] In the Persepolitan texts there are not more than four hundred words; the Behistun comprises ten times as many as all the rest put together. Darmesteter, quoted by Perrot, _History of Art in Persia_, p. 33, _note_.

[583] _J. R. A. S._ x. p. xlvi.

[584] Spiegel, p. 23.

[585] _J. R. A. S._ x. p. lvii.

[586] Benfey, _Die Persischen Keilinschriften_ (Leipzig, 1847), p. 9.

[587] _Records of the Past_, O.S. i. 112. Spiegel, pp. 7, 86.

[588] _Records_, loc. cit. p. 112.

[589] _J. R. A. S._ x. 206.

[590] Spiegel, p. 89. Spiegel translates (1881): ‘Die Plätze der Anbetung, welche Gaumâta der Mager zerstört hatte, bewahrte ich dem Volke, die Weideplätze (?), die Heerden, die Wohnungen je nach Clanen, was Gaumâta der Mager ihnen weggenommen hatte’ (p. 9). Weissbach (1898): ‘Die Tempel, welche Gaumâta, der Mager, zerstört hatte, stellte ich wieder her, für das Volk die Hilfsmittel, die Herden und das Wohnen in den Häusern (?) welche Gaumâta, der Mager, geraubt hatte’ (p. 15).

[591] _Records_, O.S. i. 128.

[592] _Ib._ ix, 68, 69. _Cf._ Spiegel, pp. 41, 109; Menant, _Les Achéménides_, p. 122; Weissbach, _Altpersischen Keilinschriften_. p. 31.

[593] _Records_, O.S. ix. 77; Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 311; Spiegel, p. 121. M. Benfey attempted to restore this inscription, but in 1852 Oppert declared that the labour was a simple loss of time. It is perhaps to be regretted that he did not adhere to his first impression. _Journal Asiatique_, xix. 172 (March 1852).

[594] Vol. xii. p. xix, xv. p. 432; Spiegel, p. 59; Oppert, _Rec._ O.S. ix. 78.

[595] Spiegel, pp. 59, 122.

[596] _Die Grabschrift des Darius_, Zürich, 1847.

[597] Vapereau, _Dictionnaire des Contemporains_.

[598] Published at Berlin, 1847.

[599] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 403.

[600] _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 165.

[601] _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 324.

[602] _Ib._ p. 33.

[603] _Mémoire sur les Inscriptions des Achéménides_, Paris, 1852, 8vo. _Journ. Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série), vols. xvii.-xix.

[604] _Journal Asiatique_, xviii. 560.

[605] _Rec._ O.S. i. 107.

[606] _Ib._ ix. 67.

[607] _Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften_, von Fr. Spiegel, second edition, Leipzig, 1881.

[608] _Les Achéménides et les Inscriptions de la Perse_, par Joachim Menant, Paris, 1872.

[609] _Die Altpersischen Keilinschriften_, von F. H. Weissbach und W. Bang, Leipzig, 1893. _Die Achämenideninschriften zweiter Art_, von F. H. Weisbach, Leipzig, 1890.

[610] _Die Achäm. Ins. des Babylonischen Textes_, von Dr. Carl Bezold, Leipzig, 1882.

[611] This opinion is attributed to Niebuhr by M. Oppert (_Expédition en Mésopotamie_, 1859, ii. 2); in the passage referred to Niebuhr merely says there are three alphabets, but says nothing about their being in the same language (Niebuhr, ii. 113).

[612] Heeren, _Historical Researches_ (Eng. ed.), ii. 324. Durow, _Die Assyrische Keilschriften erläutert_ (Wiesbaden, 1820), p. 38.

[613] _Beiträge_, 1837, p. 24.

[614] Heeren, _ib._ pp. 329-30.

[615] _Beiträge_, 1837, p. 39.

[616] Copenhagen, 1844.

[617] Bonn, 1845. Westergaard wrote a later essay on the same subject in Danish, which we have not been able to consult (Kjöbenhavn, 1856).

[618] Copenhagen edition, pp. 330, 338.

[619] _Ib._ pp. 340, 364. The E inscription from the seventeenth line may be seen at page 347. _Cf._ with Weisbach, _Die Inschriften Zweiter Art_, p. 82.

[620] _Cf._ Copenhagen edition, p. 419; Bonn ed. p. 113.

[621] Copenhagen edition, p. 323. _Cf._ this with the declination of the same word by De Saulcy (_Journal Asiatique_, 1849, xiv. 179), where the accusative singular is ‘Keiounay,’ and the genitive plural ‘Keiouyna’ or ‘Keioulara’!

[622] _Beiträge_, 1837, p. 42.

[623] No. 24 of Weisbach.

[624] Nos. 9, 10, 18, 65. Appendix C.

[625] No. 12 in Weisbach’s list: the others are 63 and 65 in the same list.

[626] Copenhagen edition, p. 278. This statement is softened in the Bonn edition (p. 6), where he merely says that neither of the two determinatives he had recognised preceded these words. _Cf. ib._ p. 124.

[627] He thought possibly the vowels might be limited to the long and short sounds of _a_, _i_ and _u_, and in that case he was disposed to change his _e_ into _i_, which would have been correct (p. 118).

[628] Bonn edition, pp. 118-119. See Appendix C.

[629] Burnouf, _Mémoire sur Deux Inscriptions_ (1836), p. 2.

[630] Westergaard (Bonn edition), pp. 4, 123. _Cf._ Copenhagen edition, 272.

[631] _J. R. A. S._ x. 228.

[632] _Ib._ xv. 115.

[633] _J. R. A. S._ x. 20, _note_.

[634] Westergaard was also struck by the similarity of the Georgian plural affix ‘bi.’ Copenhagen edition, pp. 300, 305.

[635] _J. R. A. S._ x. 37.

[636] _Ib._ vol. ix. Report, 1846, and Report, May 1848.

[637] In his last paper he made several corrections in the values of the letters (_Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 241) which Menant has not taken into account in his Table. _Les Ecritures cunéiformes_ (second ed. 1864), p. 138.

[638] _J. R. A. S._ vol. ix. Report, 1846, p. xvii.

[639] _Transactions_, ib. pp. 125-28.

[640] _Transactions_, ib. p. 129. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 483.

[641] _Journal Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série), vols. xiv. xv. August 1849, May 1850.

[642] De Saulcy was distinguished for his success in reading the Egyptian demotic character, which Mohl regarded as the greatest achievement since Champollion (_Rapports Annuels à la Société Asiatique_, 1844, p. 36).

[643] Weisbach, _op. cit._ p. 47.

[644] _Le Peuple et la Langue des Mèdes_ (1879), p. 41.

[645] _Journal Asiatique_, xiv. 103, xv. 527.

[646] Weisbach, _op. cit._ p. 47. Oppert, Nos. 52, 77, 88.

[647] _Journal Asiatique_, xiv. 212: ‘Que certains signes de l’écriture médique avaient une assez grande ressemblance avec les signes Persans de même valeur, mais que la plupart d’entre eux étaient identiques avec des signes de l’écriture Assyrienne.’ Hincks had already pointed out, in 1845, that there were many characters common to both (_Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131); and in June 1849 he added that a ‘very large proportion of the Median characters can be identified with Assyrio-Babylonian characters, having nearly the same phonetic values’ (xxii. 4). Westergaard thought the writing originated in Babylon, ‘whence it spread in two branches, eastward to Susiana and northward to the Assyrian Empire, from whence it passed to Media, and last to ancient Persis’ (p. 273, Copenhagen edition). He thought the Median bore most resemblance to Assyrian writing, and Persian to Babylonian writing (_ib._ p. 272; _cf._ Bonn edition, p. 4).

[648] Copenhagen ed. p. 271.

[649] Weisbach, p. 7; Mohl, _Vingt-sept ans d’Etudes_, i. 419; _Athenæum_, July 6 and September 7, 1850. _Cf._ above, p. 194.

[650] Holtzman’s essays appeared in the _Zeitschrift D.M.G._ between 1851 and 1854. They are reported by Weisbach and Mohl, _loc. cit._

[651] _Journal Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série), xvii. 541. Cf. _Les Mèdes_, p. 2.

[652] Norris, No. 97; Weisbach, No. 108.

[653] _J. R. A. S._ xv. 5.

[654]

_m_ Norris, No. 58 Weisbach, No. 57
_r_ ” ” 78 ” ” 61
_s_ ” ” 90 ” ” 45
_s_ ” ” 94 ” Determinative
_t_ ” ” 38 ” No. 50
_t_ ” ” 43 ” ” 42 _at_

[655] He attributes this observation to Holtzmann, who wrote in 1851; but Hincks’s opinion was published three years previously in the _Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1848. Norris had heard of De Saulcy, but did not read him; see _J. R. A. S._ xv. 153, _note_.

[656] We have counted 47, _ib._ pp. 7-46.

[657] See also Nos. 67, 74 (Norris’s list).

[658] For example, Nos. 17, 35, 58.

[659] Oppert takes the credit of this to himself: ‘Depuis 1851, j’avais entrevu l’origine touranienne de l’écriture cunéiforme’ (_Les Mèdes_, p. 5), but he acknowledges that Norris had suggested it.

[660] M. Oppert claims to have suggested in 1847 that Median belongs to the ‘Finno-ouralienne’ race (_Expédition_, p. 82). He has not given any reference, and we know of no writing of his of that date except the tract already reviewed: and this opinion does not appear to be stated there.

[661] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xv. 63; _cf._ Weisbach, p. 49.

[662] _Cf._ Westergaard, Bonn edition, p. 113; _Journal Asiatique_, xv. 426.

[663] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xv. 149; _Les Mèdes_, p. 197; Weisbach, p. 77.

[664] Mohl, _op. cit._ vol. ii. Report, June 1855; Weisbach, p. 7.

[665] _Expédition scientifique en Mésopotamie_ (1851-4), par Jules Oppert, vol. ii. Paris, 1859.

[666] M. Oppert cannot always be taken seriously where his own claims are concerned. Writing in 1859, he says of the Median: ‘Tous nos devanciers, y compris M. Norris, l’ont prise pour une écriture distincte de celle des Assyriens’ (p. 71). Leaving out of account Norris’s identification of 47 of the characters, De Saulcy had pronounced them to be ‘identical’ in 1848. Oppert now compares 97 Median signs and 8 ideograms with both Babylonian and Assyrian groups.

[667] ‘Deux caractères n’expriment jamais le même son,’ p. 35. ‘Les mêmes sons syllabiques sont toujours attachés au même signe,’ p. 77.

[668] Bonomy, _Nineveh and its Palaces_ (1889), p. 479; _J. R. A. S._ xii. 482.

[669] _J. R. A. S._ (1855), xv. 97; _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 174.

[670] Layard (Sir H.), _Early Adventures_ (1894), pp. 168, 220. _Cf._ Professor Sayce in _Trans. Soc. Bib. Arch._ iii, 472.

[671] _J. R. A. S._ x. 28; _ib._ xii. 483.

[672] ‘Development of Cuneiform Syllabary’ (1887), _J. R. A. S._ vol. xix. They appeared to Mr. Vaux in 1851 ‘to contain a considerable number of new characters, for which no conjectural equivalent can be found either in the Babylonian or the Assyrian alphabet’ (_Nineveh and Persepolis_, p. 431).

[673] _Trans. S. B. A._ vol. iii. (1874), p. 479; _Records of the Past_, O.S. vol. vii. (1876), p. 81.

[674] _Trans. S. B. A._ loc. cit. p. 472.

[675] The word ‘Assyrian’ is often used as interchangeable with ‘Babylonian,’ especially by French writers. Professor Sayce, although he here lapses into this habit, is careful to explain that ‘the form of the character proves that the syllabary was derived from Babylonian, and not from Assyrian as the Armenian.’ _Trans. S. B. A._ (1874), iii, 471.

[676] Menant, _Les Ecritures_, p. 137.

[677] Weisbach, _Die Achaemenideninschriften Zweiter Art_, pp. 25-27.

[678] _Trans. S. B. A._ vol. iii, article by Prof. Sayce ‘On the Cuneiform Inscriptions of Elam and Media,’ p. 465.

[679] _Cf._ Oppert, _Les Mèdes_, p. 41; Weisbach, p. 33. With regard to the other two, he now omits No. 21, to which he had formerly assigned ‘kam’—the ‘zis’ of Weisbach (No. 25). The other, 71ᵇ, he changes from ‘tu’ to ‘kin,’ the ‘en’ of Weisbach (No. 109).

[680] These are: 16, ‘ni’ to ‘ne’; 34, ‘ta’ to ‘te’; 75, ‘ha’ to ‘a’; 77, ‘nu’ to ‘ni.’

[681] 16ᵃ, ‘çi’; 39ᶜ, ‘mak’; 60ᵃ, ‘tin.’

[682]

No. 5 appears as Nos. 9 and 56.
No. 28 ” Nos. 18 ” 69.
No. 25 ” Nos. 29 ” 76.
No. 16ᵃ ” Nos. 60 ” 94.
No. 26 ” Nos. 80 ” 81.
No. 68 ” Nos. 91 ” 101.

[683] These are:

Oppert No. 35, ‘mu’ = Weisbach No. 5.
” No. 66, ‘iz’ = ” No. 33.
” No. 107, ‘race’ = ” No. 82.
” No. 49, ‘la’ Not in Weisbach.
” No. 109, ‘paz’ (animal) Not in Weisbach.

[684] Namely, No. 21, which Weisbach values as ‘zis’ No. 25. No. 20 Oppert includes among his signs, but cannot find its value. In Norris it is ‘kwe.’ In the list given in Sayce’s article it is ‘khub.’ Weisbach gives ‘kup (?)’ No. 29.

[685] Weisbach fails to find a value for 71ᵃ, to which Oppert gives ‘nu’ (No. 41).

[686] No. 35 Oppert ‘git,’ Weisbach ‘am’; 39ᶠ Oppert ‘mun,’ Weisbach ‘tum’; 71ᵇ Oppert ‘kin’; Weisbach ‘en’; 76 Oppert _o_, Weisbach _u_.

[687] Weisbach, _op. cit._ p. 33.

[688] Oppert, _op. cit._ p. 30.

[689] Oppert, pp. 77, 81-4. Weisbach, pp. 51, 53.

[690] Oppert, p. 62. Weisbach, p. 50.

[691] Oppert, p. 196. Weisbach, p. 77.

[692] Oppert, p. 215. Weisbach, p. 79.

[693] Norris in _J. R. A. S._ xv. 145; Oppert, _Records of the Past_, vii. 109. Cf. _Les Mèdes_, p. 155; Weisbach, p. 77. See also the surprising expansion into ‘the future life,’ Col. IV. par. 7 (_Les Mèdes_, p. 149), which, however, he softens in the English version to ‘May I die as a Mazdean’ (_Records_, loc. cit. p. 106). _Cf._ Weisbach, p. 73. par. 46, line 99.

[694] ‘Nous ne connaissons pas un seul nom propre de Mède qui ne soit Aryan—ceux de Déjocès et d’Ecbatane sont du perse le plus pur.’—1852, _Les Mèdes_, p. 2.

[695] Sayce seems to be the only noteworthy exception. See _Early Israel_, p. 242.

[696] _Le Peuple des Mèdes_, Bruxelles, 1883.

[697] _Trans. S. B. A._ iii. 468.

[698] Hommel (Dr. Fritz), _Geschichte Babyloniens und Assyriens_ (Berlin, 1885), p. 101.

[699] Gobineau, _Lectures des Textes cunéiformes_. He afterwards wrote _Traités des Ecritures cunéiformes_, 2 vols. 1864. Mohl, _op. cit._ Report 1859, ii, 257.

[700] Major Conder also, _J. R. A. S._ (1892), xxiv. 734. He thinks Akkadian is also nearest to Turkish, though Akkadian words survive unchanged to the present day in Finnic-Hungarian and Ugric (_ib._).

[701] _Op. cit._ p. 46.

[702] Weisbach, _op. cit._ pp. 13, 45. He has since given in his adhesion to the orthodox view. See _Zur Lösung der Sumerischen Frage_ (Leipzig, 1897), pp. 16, 36.

[703] _Trans. S. B. A._ iii. 466.

[704] Rawlinson was the first to show that the Alarodians of Herodotus (iii. 94, vii. 79) were probably the Uradhians or people of Ararat of the Assyrian texts. See Sayce on Van, _J. R. A. S._ 1882, vol. xiv.

[705] The knowledge of Kassite is limited to about fifty words found in a lexicon list (Hommel, p. 47, _note_ 3). Delitzsch denies their relationship to Susian.

[706] Of Hittite it could still be said in 1893, ‘So far we know nothing whatever about the Hittite language’ (_J. R. A. S._ 1893, p. 404). _Cf._ Conder’s notes in the same volume, p. 823.

[707] Mr. Sayce succeeded in deciphering the Vannic in 1893 and 1894 (_J. R. A. S._ 1894, p. 699).

[708] Conder on Lycian, _J. R. A. S._ 1891, p. 614.

[709] _Beiträge_, 1840, p. 60.

[710] Rich, _Babylon and Persepolis_, p. 185, _note_.

[711] The third system is seen in Rich, Pl. IX. No. 4. _Cf._ Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 24.

[712] _Beiträge_, 1840, p. 7.

[713] See Table, _ib._ p. 65.

[714] See Hincks, _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 242.

[715] _Beiträge_, p. 33. See Table, p. 72.

[716] Ker Porter, Pl. 78, vol. ii. East India House Inscription, Col. III. lines 15-65. Ap. Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 144.

[717] Nov. 1846; _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 243-5.

[718] In _Koordistan_, ii. 130, he gives a facsimile of writing from Nimrud. See also _Babylon and Persepolis_, Pl. IX. No. 5. Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ x. 27.

[719] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 257.

[720] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 170.

[721] In July 1849, 88 plates were out, but not the descriptive text. The work was finally in five volumes folio, and contained 220 inscriptions. The inscriptions were sold separately for 60 francs.

[722] See the drawing of it in Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 168. It is published by Layard, Pl. 53-6, and translated by Rawlinson, 1850, and by Hincks, 1854.

[723] Hincks, _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi, 253.

[724] _Neue Beiträge_ (1837), p. 41.

[725] Menant, _Les Langues perdues: Assyrie_ (Paris, 1886), p. 135.

[726] _Essai de Déchiffrement_ (1845), p. 11. Cf. _Exposé des Eléments constitutifs_ (1847), p. 11.

[727] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1846, xxi. 131.

[728] _Exposé_, p. 14, _note_.

[729] _Journal Asiatique_ (4ᵉ série, 1847-8), vols. ix-xi, _Mémoire sur l’Ecriture Assyrienne_, Paris, 1848.

[730] _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, xi. 248 ff.

[731] _Ib._ 1847, ix. 376.

[732] _Ib._ xi. 249.

[733] Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 95, _note_.

[734] _J. R. A. S._ 1847, x. 28.

[735] _J. R. A. S._ x. 22 ff. Rawlinson’s classification of the writing is as follows (1847):

{ Bricks and cylinders
{ (Lapidary)
{ Babylonian proper { East India House
{ { Inscription
{1. Babylonian { {
{ { { Cursive
{ {
{ { Third Persepolitan { Practically the same as
{ { Column { the Cursive Babylonian
Cuneiform {
Signs { { Lapidary
{ { Assyrian proper {
{2. Assyrian { { Cursive
{ {
{ { Van
{
{3. Elymaean (found by Layard at Malamir)

[736] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 407. Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_ (1849), ii. 171.

[737] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.

[738] Westergaard, Copenhagen edition, p. 271.

[739] Bertin in _Trans. S. B. A._ 1885, vol. viii. _Cf._ his article on the Syllabary in _J. R. A. S._ 1887, vol. xix.

[740] Sayce, _Hibbert Lectures_, 1887, p. 13.

[741] _Athenæum_, Sept. 20, 1884.

[742] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.

[743] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 377, xi. 266-71.

[744] _J. R. A. S._ 1848, ix. 414.

[745] The Armenian inscription Schulz, No. 8, was the one De Saulcy attempted (Mohl, _Vingt-sept ans d’histoire_, i. 350). Nos. 9, 10, and 11 are the trilingual of Xerxes.

[746] _J. R. A. S._ 1850, x. 410.

[747] Boscawen, _The Bible and the Monuments_, p. 18; Pinches, _S. B. A._, 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’ _Cf._ Sayce, _The Science of Language_ (3rd ed. 1890), ii. 168.

[748] _Beiträge_, 1887, pp. 24, 37, 39; 1840, p. 65, Plate. _Cf._ above, pp. 184, 299.

[749] See these stated by Löwenstern, _Essai de Déchiffrement_, 1845, p. 12.

[750] Löwenstern, _op. cit._ p. 13.

[751] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.

[752] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ p. 249-52.

[753] _Exposé_, p. 44.

[754] _Ib._ p. 38; Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 224.

[755] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 247; Menant, p. 216; _Journal Asiatique_, x. 146.

[756] _Journal Asiatique_, xi. 272.

[757] Sept. 14 and Nov. 27.

[758] Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 95.

[759] ‘On the Khorsabad Inscription,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 71.

[760] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 410-16.

[761] _Ib._ p. 414. Prof. Haupt in _J. R. A. S._ 1878, x. 244-6.

[762] King (L. W.), _First Steps in Assyrian_, 1898, Introduction, p. xvii. See Sayce, _J. R. A. S._ 1877, ix. 23. Cf. _Science of Language_, ii. 167.

[763] _Trans. S. B. A._ 1882, vol. vii. ‘On Assyrian Grammar.’

[764] _The Bible and the Monuments_, p. 30.

[765] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 224.

[766] Mohl, _op. cit._ i. 419.

[767] Evans (George), _Essay on Assyriology_, p. 1.

[768] Evetts, _New Lights_, p. 123.

[769] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 245; _Langues Sémitiques_, 1863, p. 63.

[770] _J. R. A. S._ vol. i. N. S. Report, May 1865, p. x.

[771] _Beiträge_, 1837, Pl. I.; _cf._ Menant, _Manuel de la Langue Assyrienne_, 1880, p. 282. _Beiträge_, Pl. III.; Menant, p. 278.

[772] _Beiträge_, 1840, Plate, p. 65.

[773] _Ib._ p. 65.

[774] _Ib._ 1837, Pl. IV.

[775] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 242.

[776] _Beiträge_, 1840, pp. 56-7, and Plate. _Cf._ Menant, _Manuel_, p. 305.

[777] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 377.

[778] _Cf._ Grotefend, _Beiträge_, 1840, p. 65. Löwenstern’s _r_ is only the first portion of Grotefend’s sign.

[779] ‘Lettre de Longpérier,’ Sept. 1847, in _Revue Archéologique_, 1848, p. 503.

[780] Postscript, written June 1846, to paper ‘On the First and Second Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 131.

[781] ‘On the Three Kinds of Persepolitan Writing,’ read Nov. and Dec. 1846: _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxi. 242.

[782] _Transactions_, ib. p. 249.

[783] _J. R. A. S._ ix. 432.

[784] ‘Lettre a Löwenstern,’ Sept. 1847, in _Revue Archéologique_, 1848.

[785] _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, xi. 247.

[786] _J. R. A. S._ 1847, x. 24.

[787] _Exposé_, p. 10, _note_.

[788] Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 98.

[789] Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_, ii. 173.

[790] _J. R. A. S._ x. 29.

[791] _Exposé_, p. 44.

[792] _Ib._ p. 73.

[793] _Exposé_, p. 58.

[794] _Ib._ pp. 56, 73.

[795] See No. 21 of Hincks, where it is unnoticed. Cf. _Exposé_, p. 28.

[796] _Exposé_, pp. 27, 85-6. Cf. _Transactions_, xxi. 247.

[797] He instances the word for ‘earth,’ p. 86.

[798] ‘Lettre à Löwenstern,’ _loc. cit._ p. 506.

[799] Rawlinson thus describes Botta’s labours. He has been employed in ‘constructing a complete table of variants, the frequent repetition of the same word with orthographical variations furnishing him with a key to the equivalent signs: and by these means he has succeeded, he informs me, in reducing the Assyrian alphabet to some manageable compass.’—_J. R. A. S._ 1846, x. 29.

[800] _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, March, xi. 245.

[801] _Journal Asiatique_, ix. 378; ‘Lettre à Letronne,’ _Revue Archéologique_, 1848, p. 466.

[802] Cf. _Rev. Archéol._ 1848, p. 504.

[803] _Rev. Archéol._ ib. p. 503. See Oppert, _Expédition_, p. 123.

[804] _J. R. A. S._ Dec. 1847, ix. 439.

[805] _Athenæum_, Aug. 23, 1851.

[806] _J. R. A. S._ 1848, vol. ix.

[807] ‘On the Khorsabad Inscription,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 12.

[808] _Transactions_, xxi. 241, 247.

[809] _Ib._ xxii. 328; _Athenæum_, Sept. 21, 1850, p. 1000.

[810] ‘It will appear,’ he says later on, ‘that I consider the syllabary to be of Indo-European origin.’ In 1852 he adds: ‘The characters all represent syllables, and were originally intended to represent a non-Semitic language.’ _Transactions_, xxii. 57; _ib._ p. 295.

[811] _Transactions_, xxii. 25. In this case, however, it is so. Hincks afterwards instanced _an_, which, followed by _ac_, he reads, not ‘anac,’ but ‘nabu.’ _Athenæum_, Sept. 21, 1850.

[812] He explained this matter with great clearness in 1850, when he showed that the sign for _an_ is used (1) as a simple phonograph in some words, as in ‘zarangu’; (2) elsewhere it occurs alone as an independent ideograph for ‘god,’ and forms the plural ‘gods’ by the mere addition of the plural sign. (3) Again, it is found before the proper names of gods, as before Aurmuzd. Here the name is phonetically complete without it, and it is therefore simply a non-phonetic determinative. (4) Elsewhere it forms part of a compound ideograph, and may entirely change its phonetic value; and (5) it may be used ideographically for ‘god’ in Semitic proper names, where its value is not _an_ but _ilu_, or sometimes _Assur_.—_Transactions_, ib. pp. 27-30; _Athenæum_, _ib._

[813] He admits in Sept. 1850 that he had not yet seen Longpérier’s paper (_Athenæum_, Sept. 21, 1850).

[814] He explained, however, that his short a corresponds to the Greek epsilon (_Transactions_, p. 10). In his list the consonants followed by _ā_ are really those followed by _a_, and those followed by _a_ correspond to the consonants followed by _i_. His view of the four vowels dates from the paper on Van, Dec. 1847 (_J. R. A. S._ 1848, vol. ix.).

[815] _Athenæum_, Aug. 24, 1850, p. 908.

[816] _Essai de Déchiffrement_, p. 11; cf. _Journal Asiatique_, 1848, xi. 246.

[817] Thus Löwenstern, writing in 1847, before the third column was taken, says: ‘Rawlinson a, durant nombre d’années, interdit au public savant la vue des trésors dont il s’était réservé de faire un usage si utile à sa gloire.’—_Exposé_, p. 10.

[818] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 404.

[819] Mr. King has given a list of 329 signs (_First Steps in Assyrian_, p. cxxxii.). Conder reckons about 550 in all (‘On Hittite Writing,’ _J. R. A. S._ 1893, p. 829).

[820] Menant, in 1864, reports 6,000 words, _Ecritures_, p. 256.

[821] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 70.

[822] He refers to the British Museum series recently edited by Layard and Birch.

[823] _J. R. A. S._ xii. 430 ff. The greater part, if not the whole of the Obelisk inscription was translated before the publication of Layard’s book in 1849. Layard, _Nineveh and its Remains_ (1849), ii. 192, _note_.

[824] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 482-3; _Records of the Past_, N.S. 1890, iv. 39-40. The translator is Father Scheil, who has not thought it worth while to mention the name of his great predecessor. From what he says the reader might suppose the inscription was first translated by Oppert (p. 37).

[825] He thought the dynasty of Nimrud flourished B.C. 1300-1200, and the later dynasty of Khorsabad from B.C. 1100-1000. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 471.

[826] ‘The cuneiform text accompanied by a transcript in Roman characters and an interlineary Latin translation was printed’ before May; see Report, May 1851, _J. R. A. S._ xiii. p. vi. The complete volume appeared in January 1852 (_ib._ p. 199). Rawlinson returned to Bagdad in the autumn of 1851 (_Memoir_, p. 171).

[827] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 56.

[828] The report of his lecture, given in the _Athenæum_, leaves no doubt on this point. It says: ‘Major Rawlinson could not admit that the phonetic system was entirely syllabic, as had been sometimes stated. There was no doubt an extensive syllabarium, and the literal characters, moreover, required a vowel-sound either to precede or follow the consonant: _but such vowel sound was rarely uniform_. He preferred, therefore, distinguishing the literal signs as sonant and complemental, _and leaving the vowels to be supplied according to the requirements of the language_’ (_Athenæum_, March 2, 1850). And in August of the same year he vindicated the use of _bona fide_ letters, in opposition to Hincks, who maintained that ‘the characters had all definite syllabic values’ (_Athenæum_, Aug. 24, 1850).

[829] For example, he describes the signs for _ut_ and _ti_ as _t_; for _bu_ and _bil_ as _b_; for _la_ and _li_ as _l_; _su_ as _s_, and _ku_ as _k_ (_J. R. A. S._ xii. 405, 406, 424, 433). Hincks already knew that the signs indicated _ti_, _bu_, _la_, _li_ and _ku_.

[830] Cf. _J. R. A. S._ xii. 413, xiv. p. xi.

[831] Hincks, _Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1852, xxii. 306, _note_. _Cf._ Rawlinson, _J. R. A. S._ xii. 406.

[832] _J. R. A. S._ xiv. 4.

[833] Dr. Hommel has, however, come to a somewhat different conclusion, _Geschichte_, p. 99.

[834] Menant estimates ‘the necessary simple syllables’ at eighty-two, though this number is slightly modified in practice (_Manuel_, p. 6).

[835] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 70.

[836] See those marked H 1849 or 1850 in ‘Assyrio-Babylonian Phonetic Characters’ (_Trans. R. I. Acad._ 1852, xxii. 293, ff).

[837] _J. R. A. S._ xiv. 3.

[838] For Rawlinson see _J. R. A. S._ vol. xiv. Plate 1; for De Saulcy, _Journal Asiatique_, 1854, iii. 95; for Bezold, _Die Achämenideninschriften_, p. 24.

[839] The sign for ‘king’ was written ‘melik,’ after the Hebrew, till it was seen that the Assyrians pronounced it ‘sarru’ (Menant, _Manuel_, p. 265). In Rawlinson’s analysis he points out that one of the terms for ‘king’ was certainly ‘sarru,’ as in the Window inscription of Darius at Persepolis and also at Khorsabad. ‘This discovery,’ he adds, ‘of course tends to discredit the reading of “melik,” and to suggest the uniform adoption of “sarru”’ (_J. R. A. S._ xiv. p. iii, _note_). The discovery was made by Longpérier in 1847, and he gives the Hebrew equivalent (_Revue Archéologique_, 1848, Longpérier to Löwenstern, Sept. 1847, p. 503). Oppert assigns the credit to De Saulcy (_Journal Asiatique_, 1857, ix. 142), who mentions it in 1849. Hincks seems to have been the first to suggest ‘melik’ or ‘malek’ (1849). ‘On Khorsabad,’ _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 39.

[840] Singularly enough, Hincks had just independently deciphered in the Obelisk inscription the names of Menahem and Jehu the son of Omri. Prof. Wilson, Jan. 1852, _J. R. A. S._ xiii. 198. See also George Smith, _Assyrian Discoveries_, 1883, p. 10. Hincks did not at first recognise Rawlinson’s identification of Samaria (see _Athenæum_, Sept. 13, 1851).

[841] _J. R. A. S._ 1851, xiv. p. iii.

[842] _Athenæum_, Aug. 23, 1851, p. 902.

[843] _Trans. R. I. Acad._ xxii. 293-363.

[844] _Revue Orientale_, 1852, ii. 162.

[845] These figures may be arranged thus:

100 signs valued by Hincks up to 1850. } In these Hincks and
77 signs taken from Rawlinson. } Rawlinson agree.
49 signs, decipherer not mentioned; values disputed.
118 signs newly valued.
---
344 discussed in present paper.

[846] See Menant, _Manuel_, p. 10.

[847] Although the British Museum contains a multitude of tracts by De Saulcy on numismatics and other subjects, those on Assyrian do not appear to be among the number, and we have advertised for them in Paris without result.

[848] _Les Langues perdues: Assyrie_, p. 139. De Saulcy’s early contributions were letters to Burnouf, June 20 and 30, 1847.

[849] _Revue Orientale_, 1852, ii. 165.

[850] Menant, _op. cit._ pp. 141-5.

[851] _Revue Orientale_, loc. cit. p. 167.

[852] Mohl, _op. cit._ Report, Aug. 1848.

[853] Menant, _op. cit._ p. 149.

[854] _Memoir_ by Canon Rawlinson, p. 159.

[855] Menant, p. 151.

[856] _Ib._ p. 146. For an even more enthusiastic appreciation of his services see p. 148.

[857] _Sur les Inscriptions de Ninive_ (Paris, 1850); _Revue Orientale_, 1852, ii. 168. _Cf._ Menant, _Les Ecritures_, p. 225; _Langues perdues_, p. 150.

[858] _Athenæum_, Jan. 26, 1850, p. 105.

[859] _Journal Asiatique_, 1854, iii. 93.

[860] _Revue Orientale_, loc. cit.

[861] _Langues perdues_, p. 146.

[862] _Memoir_, p. 172.

[863] _Ib._ p. 181.

[864] _J. R. A. S._ Report, 1853, xv. p. xvii.

[865] _Ib._ Report, 1854, vol. xvi.

[866] _Ib._ Report, 1854, xvi. p. xiv.

[867] _Ib._ xii. 477.

[868] See Rassam’s account in _Trans. S. B. A._ vol. vii. _Cf._ Hommel, _Geschichte_, p. 86.

[869] Bertin acknowledges in 1887 that Rawlinson was the first to discover the existence of the Akkadian language (_J. R. A. S._ 1887, N.S. xix. 644).

[870] _J. R. A. S._ 1855, xv. 221, _note_.

[871] _Ib._ Report, 1856, xvi. p. vii.

[872] Talbot in _J. R. A. S._ 1862, xix. 196.

[873] Talbot, _ib._ 1867, N.S. iii. 7. _Cf._ _ib._ 1873, vi. p. xxix.

[874] _On Akkadian_, 1855.

[875] _J. R. A. S._ Report, June 1866, N.S. ii.

[876] _Trans. S. B. A._ 1886, ix., article by Mr. Pinches. Dr. Birch’s interest in the subject dates from 1846, when he wrote on the discovery of the name of Babylon, in _Proceedings of the Society of Literature_.

[877] See _Athenæum_, Sept. and Oct. 1851; _J. R. A. S._ 1854-5, and many others.

[878] _Athenæum_, March and April, 1854.

[879] Layard, _Nineveh and Babylon_, 1882, p. xlvii.

[880] _J. R. A. S._, N.S. Report, 1867, iii.

[881] _Ib._ Report, 1856, xvi.

[882] _Ib._ N.S. 1866, ii. The first instalment of the separate publication appeared in 1868 (_J. R. A. S._ Report, May 1868, iii. p. xv).

[883] Mohl, _op. cit._ Report, June 1859.

[884] Second edition in 1864.

[885] Menant, _Ecritures_, p. 239; _Langues perdues_, p. 165.

[886] _J. R. A. S._ 1852, xiii. p. 196.

[887] Mohl, _op. cit._ i. 418, Report, 1851.

[888] _J. R. A. S._ 1861, xviii.

[889] See Menant, _Langues perdues_, p. 177. He refers to _Athenæum_, May 1857, p. 663.

[890] Mohl, _op. cit._ Report, June 1869, ii. 257.

[891] _Ib._ June 1864, ii. 565.

[892] Mohl, _op. cit._ June 1861, ii. 364.

[893] _Trans. S. B. A._ 1886, ix., article by Mr. Pinches. _Cf._ Report, May 1862, _J. R. A. S._ 1862, xix.

[894] Layard, _Nineveh and Babylon_, new ed. p. xxxviii, _note_.

[895] _J. R. A. S._ 1860, xvii. Report, 1859. _Memoirs_, p. 241.

[896] For a list of these see _Memoir_, p. 170.

[897] He received the Conyngham Medal of the Royal Irish Academy in 1848 (_Athenæum_, May 1850). Layard has well said: ‘In any other country but England a man of such attainments and so eminently calculated to confer honour upon the nation to which he belonged, would have received some reward, or would have been placed in a position of independence to enable him to pursue his studies. But in spite of numerous representations to Government and of the European reputation he had established, he was allowed to remain without any public recognition of his literary and scientific acquirements.’—_Nineveh and Babylon_, new ed. p. xlvi, _note_.

[898] Aug. 24, 1850.

[899] The signs are reproduced from M. Oppert, _Le Peuple des Mèdes_, 1879.

[900] The values in this column assumed to be correct are taken from Weisbach, _Die Achämenideninschriften_, Zweiter Art., 1890, p. 33.

[901] _Keilinschriften_, Bonn, 1845. _Mémoire des Antiquaires_, Copenhagen, 1844. The values in brackets [*] in this column are from the Copenhagen Edition.

[902] _Transactions R. I. Acad._ xxi., 241.

[903] _Journal Asiatique_, 4ᵉ série, xv., 526. The vowels in brackets in this column are those supposed to follow the consonant.

[904] _Journal Royal Asiatic Society_, 1855, vol. xv.

[905] _Expédition en Mésopotamie_, 1859, ii., 71.

[906] _Le Peuple des Mèdes_, 1879, p. 41.

[907] Ideogram recognised by Grotefend.

INDEX

Abbas, Shah of Persia (1587-1628):
encourages merchants and travellers; Persian antiquities and
inscriptions first became known to Europe in his reign by the
voyages of Gouvea and others, 12;
his relations with Robert Shirley, 32;
he adorned his palace at Ispahan with marbles from Persepolis, 69

Abbas II., Shah, 57

Aberdeen, Lord: his Persian specimens given to British Museum, 86_n._

Achaemenes, 245

Achaemenian inscriptions:
first mentioned by Gouvea, 1609, 15;
described by Don Garcia, 19;
five letters copied by Della Valle, 28;
Herbert, 46;
found at Behistun, Elvend, Persepolis, Susa, Van, written in three
languages: _see_ Babylonian, Persian, Susian (Median)

Akkadian language first discovered by Rawlinson, 410.
_See_ Sumerian

Akkadians, their first appearance in modern history, 385

‘Alarodian’ family of languages, 336

Alarodians or Uradhians, 336_n._

Alexander (of Macedon), 2, 18, 75

Amanus, 385

Amardians, the, of Strabo, 325

Anahita, 136

Andreas, Dr., expedition to Persia (1874), 128

Angel, M., Dutch artist, 57

Anquetil de Perron, on Zend and the Zendavesta, 173, 176, 182, 204,
256_n._

Apadana of Susa, 136, 139, 143

Arabia, 219, 235

Ararat, Mount, 108

Araxes, river, 18, 25

Aria, 219_n._

Ariaramnes, 245

Aristobulus, 85

Armenia, 210, 219, 229

Arran (on Caspian Sea), 219_n._

Arrian, on the tomb of Cyrus, 9

Arsaces, seal cylinder of, 148

Arsames, 245, 262

Artaxerxes I. (Longimanus):
his defaced inscription at Persepolis, 6_n._, 136, 262;
Venice Vase attributed to him, 292

Artaxerxes II, (Mnemon):
his inscription at Susa, 136;
rebuilds the Apadana, _ib._;
invokes Mithra and Anahita, _ib._, 262, 406

Artaxerxes III. (Ochus):
palace and inscriptions at Persepolis, 6, 51;
inscription copied by Rich, 99, 100;
by Flandin, 123;
shows decay of language, 262;
Venice vase also assigned to him, 292

Arundel (Lord), 38

Aryans, the, in Media, 333 _sq._

Asdod or Ashdod, 355, 365, 394

‘Aspathines,’ 293 _sq._

Assuerus, 14, 52

Assyria, 219

Assyrian inscriptions:
their discovery, 340-2;
identification of writing and language with Babylonian, 343-48;
their Semitic affinity established, 349-52;
first steps in decipherment by Grotefend (1840), Löwenstern (1845),
342, 353-56;
Hincks (1846), 343, 357, 369, 375;
Botta (1847), 343, 362;
Longpérier (1848), 368;
Rawlinson (1847), 363, (1850), 379;
language found to be syllabic:
Botta, 367;
Hincks, 374;
Rawlinson, 380, 387;
and ideographic, 370-72, 383;
its homophones, 362-64;
Longpérier’s suggestion, 366, 367, 374;
its polyphones, 365, 370, 395;
determinatives, 371;
first translations made by Rawlinson, 382, 390;
De Saulcy’s claims, 397;
Assyrian opens a new literature and history, 341, 382, 409;
later works on, 412

Assur-adan-pal, or Assur-natsir-pal (Nineveh), 383

Astyages, 47

Atropatena (= modern Maiana), 54

Aturia (= Assyria), 210, 219

Augustinian Friars, 11, 47

Babylon: the site of, 24, 163

Babylonian:
language of third column; similarity of writing and language to the
unilingual inscriptions of Babylonia, 185, 338, 343-45, 357;
name fully justified, 186, 358;
first deciphered by help of Persian column, 338, 348, 353, 362;
two styles, Cursive and Lapidary, compared, 186, 337-39;
Michaux stone and East India House inscriptions, 337;
substantial identity with Assyrian, 344-49;
large number of signs, 342, 362;
their classification, 343.
_See_ Assyrian inscriptions

Bactria, 15, 208, 219

Bagdad, 24

Bahrein, island, 11, 31

Bakhtiyari (a Persian tribe), 125_n._

Bambyce, 394

Barbaro, Giosafat: Venetian ambassador to Persia (1472): gives the
first account of Persepolis and Pasargadae, 10

Bardius, 289

Barthélemy, Abbé, 162

Bassora, 54

Bavian inscription, the, 412

Beauchamp, Abbé, 162

Beer, E. F. F. (1805-41):
his contributions to the ‘Hallische Allgemeine Zeitung,’ 238;
he finds correct values for two Persian signs, _ib._, 244

Behistun, the rock of, 102;
earliest descriptions of it, 105;
copied by Rawlinson, 106, 108, 110, 112, 245, 272;
the failure of Flandin, 119;
its mutilated condition, 286

Belikh, river, 385

Bellino, M., German secretary to C. J. Rich, 95;
his correspondence with Grotefend, 96, 186, 195

Bellino cylinder, inscription, 189

Benfey, Theodore: criticises (1847) Rawlinson’s edition of the
Persian column of the Behistun inscriptions, 272, 286, 288;
his edition of the Persian inscriptions, 294

Beroea, 394

Bertin, M., 323, 347, 410_n._

Bezold, Dr. Carl, 7_n._, 297, 390 _sqq._, 407

Birch, Dr. Samuel, 411 and _n._

Black Obelisk (Nineveh), 341, 383, 396, 401 _sq._

‘Black Stone’ of Susa, 133

Bode, Baron de: journey to Susa, 125;
adventure with the Bakhtiyari, 125_n._

Bondamiro (Portuguese form), Bandimico (French), Bindamyr (Barbaro),
9, 14;
Bradamir (Figueroa), 18

Bonomi, Joseph, 407

Bopp, Professor, 221, 257

Borsippa, 385

Bosanquet, Mr., 411

Boscawen, W. St. Chad, 351

Botta, Paul E. (French consul at Mosul):
his excavations at Khorsabad described in letters to Mohl
(1843-45), 340;
his ‘Ecriture Assyrienne’ (1848), and ‘Monument de Ninive’ (1849),
_ib._, 366;
his minute study of the Assyrian signs and their classification,
343;
he compares them with the Babylonian, 344;
shows the ‘identity’ of the two languages, 348;
doubtful as to their Semitic relationship, 350;
indicates the existence of homophones (1845), 362, 367;
his list of variants, 366;
his services to decipherment, 343, 367-68

Bouchier, George, brought original text of the Vendidad to England,
204

Bricks, Babylonian: the first brought to Europe, 24, 162;
Hager’s conjecture as to the legend on them, 165

Buckingham, J. S., 74_n._

Budge, E. A. Wallis, 348

Bunder Abbas, 31, 33, 53 _sq._

Burnouf, Eugène (1801-52): his ‘Mémoire’ on the inscriptions at
Elvend and Van (1836), 96, 206;
his great reputation as a Zend scholar, 204;
he contributes two correct values to the Persian alphabet, 208;
identifies ‘Ormuzd’ and other proper names and words, 209;
his alphabet compared with Grotefend and St. Martin, 211;
his skill as a translator, 216;
his identification of the provinces of Darius, 218;
contributions to grammar, 219;
his translations compared with Lassen’s, 234;
correspondence with Rawlinson, 247

Bushire, 76, 108

Cabul, 111

Cai Caius, 1

Caillou Michaux, the, 166;
a Kudurru, or landmark, 168_n._;
its translation only recently accomplished, _ib._;
style of writing, 337

Caleh, city, 385

Camara (‘Comerum’), 9

Cambyses, 289

Candahar, 111

‘Çapardia’ (‘Çprd,’ Lassen’s cuneiform for the Sapeires of
Herodotus), 227 _sq._

Cappadocia, 209, 219

Capuchins at Ispahan, 47

Carchemish, 394

Carmelites, 16;
at Ispahan, 47

Cartwright, John (1601), 13, 18

Catholic missions in Persia, 48

Caylus, Count: his ‘Recueil d’Antiquités,’ 162

Caylus Vase, quadrilingual inscription upon, 146, 156, 166, 170_n._,
175

Central Edifice, 50, 56, 62, 72

Champollion, M., 175

Chardin, Sir John (1643-1713):
with Thévenot and Tavernier at Persepolis, 54;
knighted by Charles II., 61;
his Travels published (1711): the drawings convey the first
adequate impression of the ruins, 61;
his confused description, 64;
built by Jamshid, 65;
designed for a temple, 66;
the cuneiform signs were gilt, 67;
he thinks the wedges can be turned in any direction, _ib._;
he makes the first complete copy of an inscription, 68;
he gives the first account of the Tomb Inscriptions at
Naksh-i-Rustam, _ib._

Charpentier, M., 61

Chehel Minar, or Forty Minarets [variant spellings: ‘Cilminar’
(Barbaro), ‘Chelminira’ (Gouvea)]:
first mentioned by Barbaro, 9;
traditionally ‘the Old Town’ of Shiraz, 14;
identified with Persepolis by Figueroa, 18;
speculations as to its origin, 2, 40, 57.
_See_ Persepolis

Chinzirus, the, of Ptolemy, 373

Choaspes, river, 134

Citadel Hill (Susa), 133, 137;
De Morgan’s mines into its side, 145

Clarendon, Lord, 417

Columnar Edifice, the, 20, 26, 28, 50 _sq._, 62, 65 _sq._, 78, 117,
136

Columnar origin of writing, 164 _sq._

Conder, Major:
on the relationship of Akkadian to other languages, 335;
on Lycian, 336_n._;
on the number of Assyrian signs, 379_n._

Coste, Pascal, and Flandin, Eugène:
travels in Persia, 118;
Coste surveys and plans the principal ruins, 122

Cotton, Sir Dormer: his mission from England to Persia (1626), 33, 38

Crystal cylinders with inscriptions, 147

Cufic: Lichtenstein on, 167